:H of Philippine Language GroupsLlamzon, Corazon

PART ONE: THE PHILIPPINES AND THE FILIPINOSChapter 1 – Historical BackgroundChapter 2 – Cultural Characteristics of Philippine Language GroupsChapter 3 – General Linguistic Features of Philippine Languages

PART TWO: THE LANGUAGE GROUPSChapter 4 – The Ivatans

5 – The Ilokanos 6 – The Ibanags 7 – The Itawes 8 – The Kalinggas 9 – The Ifugaws10 – The Bontoks

11 – The Kankana-is12 – The Pangasinans13 – The Pampanggos14 – The Tagalogs15 – The Bikolanos16 - The Hanunoo-Mangyans17 – The Ilonggos18 – The Warays19 – The Sebuanos20 – The Aborlans Tagbanwas21 – The Bataks22 – The Bukidnons23 – The Mamanwas24 – The Maranaws25 – The Magindanaws26 – The Bilaans27 – The Tausugs28 – The BajausGENERAL REFERENCES

IvatansIlokanosIbanags

ItawesKalinggas

IfugawsBontoks

Kankana-isPangasinansPampanggos

TagalogsBikolanos

Hanunoo-Mangyans

IlonggosWaraysSebuanosAborlans TagbanwasBataksBukidnonsMamanwasMaranawsMagindanawsBilaansTausugs Bajaus

SUBGROUPING RELATIONSHIPS (pg. 22)

A subgroup shows the relationship among the Philippine Languages.

Two kinds of Subgrouping (pg. 22):1.) those that tried to fix the positions of these languages on the Philippine family

tree as a whole2.) those that attempted to study the internal relationships between the

languages of a particular branch of the language family.

Techniques used in Language Classification (pg. 26):1. judgement by inspection of the similarities and dissimilarities between these

languages2. lexicostatistics3. shared innovations in linguistics features

A. Chretien- classified 21 Philippine languages- he studied the distribution patterns of 1,903 morphemes, coming up

with three main divisions of the Philippine languages: the Luzon sequence, Macro-Bisayan group, and the Mindanao-Sulu group

B. Conklin (1952)- GEOGRAPHICALLY divided the various Philippine languages into Luzon,

Visayas, and Mindanao- he enumerated the various groups in each section (LVM)- LINGUISTICALLY identified only two groups: a northern group and a

central group

C. David Thomas and Alan Healey (1962)- classified 37 Philippine languages, using Swadesh’s 200 basic word list.

D. Dyen (1965)- subgrouped 89 Philippine languages and dialects, using 196 out of 200

words from the Swadesh list

E. Robert B. Fox, Willis E. Sibley, and Fred Eggan- tried to determine the relationships among 17 central and northern

Luzon languages, using 197 of the items in Swadesh’s word list- they came up with the following subdivisions:

A. Northern Division1. Iloko 2. Tinguian3. Isneg4. Ibanag5. Gaddang

B. Central Division

C. Southern Division1. Ibaloy 2. Pangasinan

D. Southeastern Division1. Ilonggot

1. Kankanay2. Bontok3. Kalinga 4. Ifugao

F. Zorc (1975)- studied the genetic relationships of the Bisayan dialects on the basis of

shared innovations- he also worked on the subgrouping of the southern Philippine

languages

G. Elkins (1974)- determined the subgrouping of some 19 Manobo languages

H. Others1. McFarland on Bikol (1974) 2. Gallman on Mansakan (1974)3. Reid on Igorot (1974)4. Allison on Danao (1974)5. Yamada on Bashiic (1973)

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS (pg. 27)

PhonologyA. Vowels

SYNCHRONIC DIACHRONICThe most common vowel systems are the ff.:

Six-vowel system – i, e, , a, u, oFive-vowel system – i, e, a, u, oFour-vowel system – i, , a, uThree-vowel system – i, a, u

The vowel system which has been reconstructed for the original parent language was the four-vowel system (i, , a, u)

B. Consonants

SYNCHRONIC DIACHRONICAlmost all the Philippine languages’ phonemic inventories include the ff.:

STOPS: p, t, k, , b, d, gNASALS: m, n, FRICATIVES: s, hLATERALS: l, rSEMIVOWELS: w, j

The consonantal inventory of Proto-Austronesian reconstructed by Dempwolff (1935) and Dyen (1971) is said to have continued in the Philippine languages:p t T s k q Xb d D z g h Xm n l Z Qw ñ r c N S

y R j WH

The palatals z, n, c, and j, the velar R, and dentals T and D are said to have merged with others consonants in Philippine languages.

C. Diphthongs- All the Philippine languages employ the diphthongs aw, aj, and uj.- Additionally, some languages use iw, w, oj, and ej

D. Prosodic Features- Length, pitch, and stress correlate in terms of ACCENT, i.e., an

accented open penultimate syllable is usually longer, louder, and higher in pitch than an accented closed one, as in Tagalog sulat ‘write’ vs. minsan ‘once’.

MorphologyWhile there have been a lot of innovations, the Philippine languages, in gneral, have also retained much from Proto-Austronesian.

A. Number System

isa / esa ‘one’ pitu ‘seven’dewsa ‘two’ walu ‘eight’tetu ‘three’ siwa ‘nine’sepate ‘four’ puluque ‘ten’lima ‘five’ ratus ‘hundred’eneme ‘six’ ribu ‘thousand’

B. Pronominal System

First Person Second Person Third Person

SingularNom. aku ‘I’ kaw ‘you’ ia ‘he, she’

Poss. a(ng)ken ‘mine’ mu ‘your’ ña ‘his,, her’

PluralNom.

kita ‘we’ (inclusive)kami ‘we’ (exclusive)

kamu ‘you’ sida ‘they’

Poss. mi ’our’ (exclusive)ta ’our’ (inclusive)

ixu ‘yours’ da ‘their’

C. Verbs- The verb systems of the Philippine languages reflect the Austronesian

way of marking verb forms for ASPECT rather than tenses.- Tense is indicated by adverbs of time.- FOCUS and MOOD are indicated by changes in the verb form.

SyntaxA. Particles

- There is a two-way distinction between particles for common nouns and proper nouns, with different sets each for singular and plural numbers.

- There are three cases in the paradigm: nominative, possessive, and locative/goal. The last one being sometime called ‘the oblique case’.

B. Negatives

Use of Negative Group 1 (exemplified by Tagalog)

Group 2 (exemplified by Kinaray-a)

Group 3 (exemplified by Bikol)

1.) denial of statements or facts

hindi bkn baku

2.) to prohibit huwag ayaw dai3.) to express rejection

yaw indi habo

4.) to assert the absence of something

wala wara wara, mayo, dai

5.) negation of future verbs

hindi Indi dai

THE LANGUAGE GROUPS (from pg. 32)

1. The Ivatans (pg. 32)Place Batanes Islands (Batan, Itbayat, and Sabtang Island)People Ivatan/Batan/Batanese/IbatanLanguage *Chirin nu Ibatan/IvatanDialects/Variants Northern (Basco)

Itbayat (Itbayat Island)Southern (Sabtang Island)Yami

Census1948 13, 3671960 11, 8821970 14, 105

2. The Ilokanos (pg. 37)Place Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union; some parts of

Pangasinan, Tarlac, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, and Nueva Ecija; certain parts of Apayao-Kalinga, Ifugao, and Mountain Province

People Ilokano/IlokosLanguage Iloko/Ilokano Dialects/VariantsCensus

1948 2, 687, 8611960 3, 158, 5601970 4, 150, 596

3. The Ibanags (from bannag ‘river’) (pg. 41)Place Cagayan, Isabela, along the banks of the Cagayan

river, and the northern coast of LuzonPeople Ibanag/*Ybanag/Ibanac/Cagayan/Cagayanos Language Ibanag/*Ybanag/Ibanac/YbanacDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 179, 7421960 178, 7301970 196, 319

4. The Itawes (pg. 46)Place Southwest Cagayan – in the towns of Enrile, Piat,

Tuao, Iguig, Solano, Penablanca, and some barrios of Tuguegarao

People Itawes/Itawit/Itawiq/Tawish/Itawi/Itaves/Itabes

Language ItawesDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 59, 2421959 64, 7531960 87, 529

5. The Kalinggas (from Kalinga ‘enemy’)(pg. 50)

Place Southern part of Kalinga-ApayaoPeople Kalingga Language Kalingga/KinalinggaDialects/Variants Guinaang, Lubuagan, Pinukpuk, Tabuk, Tinglayan,

TanudanCensus

1948 36, 1131960 46, 6511970 58, 509

6. The Ifugaws (‘from the earth’)(pg. 55)

Place Ifugao province in Central Cordillera mountains of northern Luzon

People Ifugaw/Ifugao/Ipugao/*Kiangan Language *Ibannawol (varieties closely related to those spoken

at Banaue, Banawe, or Banawi)Dialects/VariantsCensus

1948 51, 7921960 74, 9381970 106, 792

The Ifugaws are subdivided into several groups, the most important of which are the Banaue, Mayoyaw, Kiangan, Hungduan, Lagawe,Potia, and Lamut.

7. The Bontoks (pg. 60)Place Central part of the Mountain Province (municipalities

of Bontoc, Sadanga, Barlig)People Igorot Language Bontok/Binontok/Bontok IgorotDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 22, 7111960 78, 1741970 57, 708

The name Igorot, an obsolete word for ‘hill people’ is used to refer to the mountain people of the Mountain Province, Ifugao, Benguet, and Pangasinan.

8. The Kankana-is (pg. 65)Place Northern Kankana-is – municipalities of Besao,

Sagada, Tadian, Bauko, and Sabangan in the western part of the Mountain Province Southern Kankana-is – municipalities of Kankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the northern half of Kapangan in Benget

People Kankana-i/KankanayLanguage Kankanay, Kankana-i, Kankana-eyDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 102, 0221960 71, 3631970 128, 216

9. The Pangasinans (‘salt basins’)(pg. 70)

Place Pangasinan and some parts of TarlacPeople Pangasinan/Pangasinanes/PangasinenseLanguage Pangasinan/*PanggalatoDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 665, 3421960 666, 0031970 838, 104s

10. The Pampanggos (pg. 74)Place Pampanga, some border towns of Bataan (Dinalupihan

and Hermosa) and Tarlac (Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, and Tarlac)

People Kapampangan (vernacular)/Pampanggo (English)/Pampangueños (Spanish)

Language Kampanpangan/Pampanggo/PampanganDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 707, 2911960 875, 5311970 1, 212, 024

11. The Tagalogs Place provinces of Rizal, Bataan, Quezon, Laguna, Batangas,

Aurora, Camarines Norte, Marinduque, Oriental and Occidental Mindoro

People Tagals, Tagalos, and TagalogsLanguage Tagal, Tagalo, and Tagalog; *Pilipino, *FilipinoDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 3,730,0281960 5,694,0721970 8,979,719

12. The BikolanosPlace provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,

Catanduanes, Masbate, and Sorsogon; *Vicor, *IbalonPeople Bikolano, BikolLanguage Bicol, Bikol, BikolnonDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 1,535,4111960 2,108,8371970 – 2,507,156

13. The Hanunoo-MangyansPlace southern sections of the island of MindoroPeople Manguianes, Mangyanes, *Hanunoo-MangyansLanguage -Mangyan, *MangyanDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 8,4591960 6,7121970 10,254

14. The IlonggosPlace of Iloilo and Negros Occidental, as well as the island of

Guimaras

People Hiligaynon, Ilonggos, *Bisaya, *YliqueynesLanguage Hiligaynon, Ilonggo, *BinisayaDialects/Variants Capiznon (Capiz), Sigaynon (Antique), Kawayanon (Negros

Occidental)Census

1948 2,436,3901960 2,817,3141970 3,745,333

15. The WaraysPlace islands of Samar and Biliran, and the eastern section of Leyte

(Waray, Waray-Waray)People Samareños; Leyteños; *BisayansLanguage Waray, Waray-Waray, or Samar-LeyteDialects/Variants Samarnon, LeytehanonCensus

1948 1,226,3141960 1,488,6681970 1,767,829

16. The SebuanosPlace islands of Cebu, Negros Oriental, Siquijor, and sections of

Masbate, Leyte, and northern MindanaoPeople : Sebuanos, Sugbuanons, Sugbuhanons (from Sugbu, Cebu’s

old name); Boholanos, Bol-anons; *PintadosLanguage *BisayaDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 4,840,7081960 6,529,8821970 8,844,996

17. The Aborlan TagbanwasPlace islands of Palawan in the western section of the archipelago,

specifically near the town of Aborlan in the central portion of the island of Palawan; large centers are now found at Lamani, Kulangdanum, Apuruan, Bobosawan and Labtay (Napsaan)

People Tagbanwa, Tagbanua, TagbanuwaLanguage Aborlan Tagbanwa, *Tagbanwa, AborlanDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 6,4181960 5,4891970 8,623

18. The BataksPlace : mountainous sections of the municipalities of Babuyan,

Tarabanan, Langugan, Caruray, Quinaritan, Buhayan, and Barbacan on the island of Palawan

People Bataks, *TinitianesLanguage Batak, BinatakDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 2611960 5421970 393

19. The Bukidnons(sub-Manobo ethnic group)Place forest settlements of northern Bukidnon, western Agusan

and the inland portions of Misamis Oriental on the island of Mindanao

People Bukidnon, *Binukid, *Higqonon, *Banwaqon, *MagahatLanguage Binukid, MinanoboDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 28,4681960 70,5861970 62,563

20. The MamanwasPlace mountainous areas of northeast of Santiago, Agusan del

Norte, and western SurigaoPeople Mamanwa, Amamamanwa, Mamaw, Kongking, Kongki,

KongkistsLanguage Mamanwa, Minamanwa, KonkiDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 411960 1511970 1,012

21. The MaranawsPlace provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur on the island

of Mindanao, also found in the provinces of Misamis Oriental and on the mountain slopes of northwestern Cotobato Province

People (mostly Muslims) Maranaws, Maranaos, Moros

Language Maranaw, MaranaoDialects/Variants IranonCensus

1948 135,2411960 150,6741970 541,838

22. The MagindanawsPlace provinces of North and South Cotobato, Sultan Kudarat, and

Mindanao esp. along the marshy basin of Pulangi River and around the vicinity of Lake Liguasan and lake Buluan down to the mouth of the Pulangi, along Ilana Bay; smaller groups in Zamboanga del Sur, and Davao provinces

People Magindanaws, Magindanaos, Mindanaos (from Magingadsadanao)

Language Magindanawon, Magindanaw, MaguinadanaoDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 229,7631960 358,8511970 465,894

23. The BilaansPlace southeastern section of Davao del Sur and in some small

areas of CotobatoPeople Bilaans, Biraan, Bara-an, Blaan, Bilan; Tagalagad

(mountainsides), Balud, Tumanao (Saranggani)Language Bilaan, BlaanDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 41,9001960 94,7381970 51,638

24. The BajausPlacePeople *Luwaan, Palau; *Kaliaggeh; Samals (sama), ocean Samals

(sama di laut), real Samals (sama toqongan ), Moros; BajauLanguage Sinama; Bajau, Badjaw, BadjaoDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 237,2911960 307,5841970 383,802

25. The TausugsPlace Islands of Jolo, Tapul; the Tawi-Tawi groups, the

coastal areas of Basilan, and the eastern coast of Malaysian Borneo

People Tawsugs, Taosugs, Tausugs, * SulukLanguage Tawsug, Taosug, TausugDialects/VariantsCensus

1948 237,2911960 307,5841970 363,802