Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learning

Yu (Aimee) Zhang • Dean CristolEditors

Handbook of MobileTeaching and Learning

Second Edition

With 372 Figures and 95 Tables

EditorsYu (Aimee) ZhangWEMOSOFTWollongong, NSW, Australia

Dean CristolDepartment of Teaching and LearningThe Ohio State UniversityLima, OH, USA

ISBN 978-981-13-2765-0 ISBN 978-981-13-2766-7 (eBook)ISBN 978-981-13-2767-4 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2766-7

1st edition: © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 20152nd edition: © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claimsin published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Foreword

The spread and adoption of mobile technologies have been phenomenal in recentyears. The number of smartphone users across the globe has reached three billion in2018, with the Asia-Pacific region accounting for more than half of that number,according to a report by market researcher Newzoo. By 2021, the number ofsmartphone users will exceed 3.8 billion. The continued prodigious growth of socialmedia coupled with unheralded connectivity through mobile devices means thatmobile technologies are transforming the sociocultural landscapes which will shapeour living, work, play, and learning.

At the same time, the demand for teaching and learning at various levels ofeducation and at various age groups has grown enormously. Many countries andregions are trying to provide quality education to prepare their citizens for employ-ability. Universities and schools are providing e-learning courses, MOOCs, continu-ing education, and other training services to reach different segments of thepopulations that need learning and training. As economies are facing structuralchanges, industrial revolutions, and disruptions, they need to train and retrainworkers for new jobs. Such an era brings about a rich ecology of those requiringand benefiting from the teaching and learning opportunities and those supplying thelearning services. Pervasive mobile technologies play an essential role by enablinglearning anywhere and anytime. And indeed for anyone, be it the preschool childtrying to learn how to code to the retiree who is learning a new hobby, language, orskill. The mobile infrastructure has enabled many mobile apps that provide entre-preneurial teaching and learning opportunities. The proliferation of social mediatools means that increasingly savvy users are tapping on online resources, commu-nities, and tools to direct, support, and sustain learning by themselves. When mobiletechnologies are ready-at-hand as well as becoming low cost, there are moreopportunities for learners to access, share, and construct knowledge readily indifferent settings and modes.

The uniqueness of mobile learning makes it stand apart from access to traditionallearning. Informed by the fields of the learning sciences, neurosciences, educationalpsychology, and educational technologies, designers of learning can make use ofidentified and proven affordances, or design new affordances to create learning andinstructional spaces, scenarios, tasks, and experiences that foster relevant, deep, andmeaningful learning.

v

In recent years, mobile learning has also evolved with its deep integration withother emerging technologies. Multiple efforts abound in the integration or immersionof mobile learning with other technologies such as Virtual Reality, AugmentedReality, Artificial Intelligence, wearables, sensor-based technologies, and otherforms of human–computer interfaces. At the same time, mobile learning has enabledthe adoption, reinterpretation, and implementation of teaching models like seamlesslearning, the flipped classroom model, and MOOCs. Recently, mobile learning workhas been complemented with approaches of learning analytics such as learningbehavior analyses. A further case in point is that the UNESCO Mobile LearningWeek of 2019 features a host of symposia, talks, and events, all mostly centered onthe field of Artificial Intelligence.

Given this expansive backdrop, this handbook is a timely contribution on thevarious multifaceted approaches, contexts, perspectives, applications, and researchof mobile teaching and learning in various parts of the world. The chapters areorganized into the themes of design, development, adoption, collaboration, evalua-tion, expectations, future, and cutting edge. The diverse perspectives as presented inthe chapters within these themes will indeed support the handbook’s intent ofpresenting a multitude of mobile teaching and learning perspectives to inspire,investigate, and collaborate.

The large collection of chapters in the handbook provides an opportunity to riseabove after scanning and understanding the landscape of these teaching and learningdesigns, and interpreting them in their different contexts and perspectives. In termsof policy design and implementation, we can understand issues about qualitylearning, equity of access, lowering the barriers to adoption, sustained use in learningpractices, scaling up, and research grand challenges. All these will add to ourknowledge base on the foundational underpinning, feasible designs, and implemen-tation challenges of mobile learning.

Professor Chee-Kit LooiNational Institute of EducationNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore

vi Foreword

Preface to the Second Edition

A product of the new globalized educational systems is the development of indig-enous high-technology capabilities such as mobile learning devices. These mobiletechnologies’ ubiquitous influence on learning is evident in all areas of teaching andlearning, from formal and informal learning environments (preschools to universi-ties), to small businesses and large corporations, to governmental and non-governmental organizations. For most consumers, these mobile devices arerelatively affordable and accessible, and often reinforce difficult concepts and amechanism for collaboration. Potentially, mobile learning technology can level thelearning field, due to the relatively low cost, and accessibility for most businesses,organizations, and households, including those that lack laptop or desktop computersor connection to the Internet. The following themes guide the book’s seven parts:design, development, adoption, partnerships, evaluation, future, and innovation.Each section includes historical and contextual perspectives, mobile teaching andlearning empirical studies, and descriptions of current and potential studies andprojects. Authors of this second edition reside in 21 countries allowing readers toexperience mobile teaching and learning in a variety of global contexts and perspec-tives. The goal of the second edition of Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learningis to present several mobile teaching and learning perspectives to inspire, investigate,and collaborate among scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and entrepreneurs.

Wollongong, Australia Yu (Aimee) ZhangLima, USA Dean CristolAugust 2019 Editors

vii

Preface to the First Edition

Mobile technologies have been used in higher education for many years. Theyprovide good solutions for teaching and learning and make learning availableanywhere and anytime. The aim of this handbook is to collect and share theknowledge and experience from the designers’, developers’, teachers’, and students’views and provide suggestions and advice for future mobile teaching and learningprograms. This book includes six sections: design, development, adoption, collab-oration, evaluation, and future of mobile teaching and learning technology ineducation. It includes different projects and practices across different countries anddifferent cultures. The book provides in-depth background information and casesstudies in high-technology teaching and learning and future expectations for newtechnology in higher education. The variety of projects and programs running indifferent countries helps boost innovation and discussion in future projects andpractices. It also provides guidelines for future design and development of mobileapplications for higher education.

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Acknowledgment

We would like to thank the many authors and editors who are responsible for makingthe book. Tina Shelton, Emmie Yang, Nivedita Baroi, D. Hinduja, and Nick Mel-chior from Springer provided their expertise for all the essential parts to make thisbook a reality. The tireless work by the section editors provided the coordination,organization, and editing for such a monumental task: Dr. Belinda Gimbert,Dr. Hea-Jin Lee, Dr. Real Moore, Dr. Yanguo Jing, Dr. Rob Power, Dr. KshamaPandey, and Jun Hu. The group which is the backbone of the handbook are theamazing authors from across the globe; they provided the fantastic stories, ideas, andresearch about a topic that we all believe in so passionately. We want to express ourdeepest sense of gratitude to each of you for your dedication and persistence to makethe handbook possible.

xi

List of Terms

3G Third-generation networks, which are high-capacityradio access wireless networks providing enhanced dataservices, improved Internet access and increased voicecapacity

4G The fourth generation of mobile phone communicationtechnology standards

5G Next-generation improved wireless network deployed in2018

ACCC Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, thegovernment body responsible for administering pricecaps related to Telstra and for regulating competitionpolicy, anticompetitive conduct, or unfair business prac-tices and enforcing the Competition and Consumer Act2010

ACIF Australian Communications Industry Forum is an inde-pendent body established by industry to manage tele-communications self-regulation

ACMA Australian Communications and Media Authority, whichcame into existence on 1 July 2005, is responsible for theregulation of broadcasting, radio communications, tele-communications, and online content

ADMA Australian Direct Marketing Authority is the peak tradeassociation representing the direct marketing industry

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, a technology usedto transmit data at fast rates (between 16 kbit/s and 640kbit/s up-stream; up to 8 Mbit/s downstream)

ADSL 2+ Successor product to ADSL that raises the maximumdata rate to 16 Mbit/s (downstream) or 1 Mbit/s(upstream)

AI Artificial IntelligenceAMPS First Generation Technology Advanced Mobile Phone

System, a mobile telephone system predominantlybased on analogue transmission

xiii

AMTA Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association isthe national body representing the mobile telecommuni-cations industry in Australia

Analogue The term used to describe the continuously variable waveform nature of voices and other signals. A signal forwhich the amplitude (strength) and frequency (tone)vary continuously

Android A popular smartphone OS from GoogleApp Store Apple applications online storeAR Augmented reality allows users to see digital information

on the physical world, which combines virtual objectsand physical environment together

ARPU Average Revenue Per User. The ratio of service revenuesin a given period to the average number of wirelesssubscribers in the same period. It is presented on amonthly basis

ASP Application Service Providing, a service that enablesenterprises to lease IT applications

Asynchronous Interactions happen at different timeBandwidth Denotes the width of the frequency band used to transmit

data. The broader the bandwidth, the faster theconnection

Base Station Part of the infrastructure essential for network operation,base stations contain the radio equipment which servesthe “cell”

Big data analytics The process of analyzing and identifying hidden patternsembedded in large amounts of data by using variousmethodologies from multiple areas such as machinelearning, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, andstatistical theories and principles

Blended-learning A learning method combined with traditional face-to-face learning and online learning

Blog A personal online journalBluetooth A system that allows the interrelated communication

between mobile phones and stationery devices (such ascomputers)

bps Bits per second. Basic unit of measurement for serial datatransmission capacity

Broadband Broadband is a general term that refers to high-speedconnections such as cable, ADSL, and satellite. Forbroadband services, Internet access is not timebased asit is an “always on” connection, the exception being theuplink for satellite

xiv List of Terms

Capex Capital Expenditure. Accrued capital expendituresrelated to the expansion of the telecommunicationsinfrastructure

Carrier In very general terms, a carrier provides the physicalinfrastructure used to supply carriage services to thepublic

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access is a type of digital mobileservice that differs from GSM digital. CDMA replacedthe analogue service

Churn The process of transferring customer accounts betweenservice providers in Australia

CJV Contractual joint venturesCloud computing Delocalized resources and computing activities to an

online server from a service providerCND Calling Number Display is a service that allows a caller’s

number to be viewed by the person receiving the callContent Provider A company that provides services to mobile phone users

or network operatorsCSP Carriage service provider in Australia. Person supplying

or proposing to supply certain carriage services, includ-ing a commercial entity acquiring telecommunicationscapacity or services from a carrier for resale to a thirdparty

DCITA The Department of Communications, Information Tech-nology and the Arts in Australia

DE Distance learning is learning activities via long distanceDGP Directorate General of Posts of ChinaDGT Directorate General of Telecommunications of ChinaDSLAM Digital subscriber line access multiplexer is a piece of

infrastructure at the exchange that allows for ADSL and astandard phone service to be provided on the same line

Digital The representation of a signal in the form of a stream ofbinary numbers rather than as an analogue electricalsignal

DIY Do It YourselfDVB-H Digital Video Broadcasting–Handheld, a transmission

standard that enables users to receive digital TV channelson their mobile phones

ECS Enterprise Communication ServicesEDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, modulation on

the air interface to enhance data rates in GSM (GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications) and TDMA (TimeDivision Multiple Access) networks

List of Terms xv

EJV Equity joint venturesET Emerging technologies include cloud computing, mobile

technology, and new developed technologiesF2F or FTF Face-to-face teaching and learning or traditional teachingGeneration Y The generation born between 1982 and 1995 is also

known as Generation Why, Generation Next, the wwwgeneration, theMillenniumGeneration, or Echo Boomers

GHz (gigahertz) One billion hertzGPRS General Packet Radio Service, technology allowing

higher data transmission rates in GSM networksGSAs Global strategic alliancesGSM Global System for Mobile Communications, global dig-

ital mobile communication standardHCS Home Communication ServicesHCI Human computer interface or user’s interface (UI)HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, packet-based pro-

tocol that enhances data rates in UMTS networks andlifts transmission speeds into the megabit range

i-mode A customized packet-based mobile serviceICT Information and Communication TechnologyICV International cooperative ventureIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersInterconnection Term used to denote the connections between networks

run by various providers, as regulated by the GermanTelecommunications Act

Internet/intranet The Internet is a worldwide Internet Protocol (IP)–basedcomputer network that has no central network manage-ment. By contrast, intranets are managed IP networksthat can be accessed only by specific user groups

iOS iPhone/iPad operating systems of Apple Inc.IOT Internet of ThingsIP Internet ProtocolIPTV Internet Protocol television, a system where a digital

television service is delivered using the Internet ProtocolISDN Integrated Services Digital Network integrates telecom-

munications services such as telephone, fax, and datacommunication in one single network

ISP Internet Service Provider offers various technical ser-vices that are required to use or operate Internet services,usually in return for a fee

IT Lab IT laboratoryITU International Telecommunications UnionIVR Interactive Voice Response, a service for mobile voice

talk or other services

xvi List of Terms

Java An industry standard object-oriented language and vir-tual machine

Kbps Kilobits (thousands of bits) per secondLCS Local carriage service. This is where the access provider

provides the wholesale or network elements of localcalls, and the access seeker provides the retail elementssuch as billing

LMS Learning Management SystemsM-commerce Mobile commerce, generated after electronic commerce

based on mobile network and wireless technologies (e.g.,ring tones, icons, wallpapers, games, and premium SMSfor reality TV voting and competitions)

MALL Mobile-assisted language learningMbit/s Megabits per second, unit of data transmission speedMBD Mobile broadband devices such as tablets and

smartphonesMII Ministry of Information Industry of the People’s Repub-

lic of ChinaMISP Managed Internet Service ProviderMicro-credentialing A pedagogical practice that splits up learning programs

into smaller sized unitsMMS Multimedia Message Service allows the transmission of

various media such as text, image, animations, and videoand audio clips in a single message

MNE Multinational enterpriseM-learning Mobile learning or m-learning is the learning activity on

mobile devices or learning anytime and anywhereMobile Internet Mobile customers can gain wireless access to the Internet

anytime and anywhere by using wireless terminals suchas mobile handsets and mobile Internet terminals

Mobile payment/wallet An integrated mobile payment service can be classifiedas remote payment and on-site payment, which providescustomers with functions such as recharging, payment,and enquiries through RFID, WWW, SMS/MMS, etc.

Mobile TV Mobile TV is expected to drive margins and 3G penetra-tion for carriers. Popular forms of mobile TV areexpected to be news clips, sport highlights, music videoclips, and “mobisodes” (shows specially made for mobilehandsets)

MOOC Massive Open Online CoursesMPT Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of ChinaMSP Managed Service ProviderMultimedia Term used to denote the real-time integration of text with

still images and graphics, video, and sound

List of Terms xvii

MLP Multi-layer Perception is a method used in computingintelligence to train the system

MTE Mobile Teaching EnvironmentNaive Bayes classifier A Naïve Bayes classifier is a simple probabilistic classi-

fier based on applying Bayes’ theoremNN Artificial neural networks are composed of

interconnecting artificial neurons to mimic the propertiesof biological neurons

Number portability Portability is an arrangement that allows subscribers of atelecommunications service to change carriers withouthaving to change their number

Objective-C Primary program language for iOS and MacOS softwaredevelopment

OER Open educational resourcesPacket switching A method of transmitting messages by subdividing them

into short packets containing the data and a destinationaddress. Each is passed from source to destination throughintermediate nodes which direct each packet onward, notnecessarily by the same route. The packets are reassembledinto the original message at the receiving end

PCS Personal Communication ServicesPDA A personal digital assistant is also known as a palmtop

computer, or personal data assistantPrepaid In contrast to postpaid contracts, prepaid communication

services are services for which credit has been purchasedin advance with no fixed-term contract obligations

Polyphonic Polyphonic ring tones vary in specification from phoneto phone, but all polyphonic phones support the playingof more than one note together, so a ring tone is generallymore musical

Postpaid Subscriber that has a contract for the use of airtime. Theclient has no need of activating airtime, it is done soimmediately

Premium services A carriage service or a content service using a numberwith a prefix starting with “190” in Australia

PTT Push to Talk (PPT) offers consumers the ability to talk toanother individual or group without having to makeadditional calls

Real (or true) tones Ring tones that are an extract from patented musicRF Radio frequencyRIA Rich Internet application with multimedia and interactive

contentsRoaming Roaming allows customers to use their mobile phones on

other networks (other than the one for which they

xviii List of Terms

currently pay). Roaming can be national wide orinternational

Social media Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, WeChat, andLinkedIn are combined with mobile technology in teach-ing and learning to provide instant communication andsupports to students

SMS Short Message Service (SMS) enables mobile phones tosend and receive text messages

SOC System on ChipSpam Unsolicited marketing e-mail and SMS messages to

mobile phonesSpectrum The bandwidth of a communications system expressed in

terms of the frequencies it can carrySWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threatsSynchronous Interactions happen at the same timeTDD modulation Time Division Duplexing, a broadband transmission

method where the sending and receiving channels usethe same frequency but at different times

TDMA Time division multiple accessTIO The Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman (TIO) is

a free and independent service for residential customersand small business in Australia that can help themresolve complaints about phone and Internet problems

TTS Text-to-speech applicationsUI User’s interface, the designed page for usersUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, third-

generation international mobile communication standardValue-added services Services provided over a public or private network

which, in some way, add value to the basic carriageservices (such as storing and forwarding messages)

Virtual Private Network A software defined network offered by telephone carriersfor voice and data communications among multiple sites.The network provides the appearance of a private net-work, except that it makes use of the public switchednetwork rather than physically dedicated leased lines

W-CDMA Wideband CodeDivisionMultiple Access, a technology forwideband digital radio communications of Internet, multi-media, video, and other capacity-demanding applications

VDSL Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line, a new tech-nology used to transmit exceptionally high data rates (5Mbit/s upstream, 50 Mbit/s downstream)

VMNOS Virtual Mobile Network OperatorsVOIP Voice over Internet Protocol, technology used to make

telephone calls via the Internet

List of Terms xix

VR Virtual reality provides virtual environment for teachingand learning

Wallpaper Wallpaper is the background of the mobile phone displayWAP Wireless Application Protocol, a service for mobile Inter-

net accessWeb 2.0 It uses technology beyond the static pages of earlier Web

sites. It is widely adopted in online teaching and learningWearable devices Wearable devices such as glasses and smart watch pro-

vide extra functions to users with mobile technologiesWholesale The business of selling services to third parties who in

turn sell them to their own end users either directly orafter further processing

WIKI Wikipedia, a website for users to add and edit learningcontent

WIL Work integrated learningWLAN Wireless Local Area Network, wireless networks for

mobile Internet access. The network can also connectmultiple computers to each other or to a central informa-tion system, a printer, or a scanner

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity, based on 2.5G technologyWi-MAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, a

telecommunications technology aimed at providing wire-less data over long distances in a variety of ways, frompoint-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. Itis based on the IEEE 802.16 standard

WOS Wholly owned subsidiaryWTO The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the

global rules of trade between nations. Its main functionis to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, andfreely as possible

Xcode Official integrated development environment for iOS andMacOS software programing

xx List of Terms

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Design of Mobile Teaching and Learning in HigherEducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Design of Mobile Teaching and Learning in Higher Education:An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Robert Power

2 Characteristics of Mobile Teaching and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Yu (Aimee) Zhang

3 Transformation of Traditional Face-to-Face Teaching toMobile Teaching and Learning: Pedagogical Perspectives . . . . . . . 35Jan Turbill

4 Flexible Spaces and Sustainable Opportunities: DesigningOnline Professional Learning for Sessional Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . 49Bonnie Amelia Dean, Kathryn Harden-Thew, Janine Delahunty, andLisa Thomas

5 Business Models for Mobile Learning and Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . 65Cassey Lee

6 Micro-credentialing in Mobile Learning: Implications forImpactful Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Ekaterina Pechenkina

7 Applying Open-Book-Open-Web Assessment in PostgraduateAccounting Subject: Flipping Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Corinne Cortese, Sanja Pupovac, and Lina Xu

8 Use of Mobile Devices for Learning and Student Support inthe Pacific Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Bibhya Sharma, Pritika Reddy, Emmenual Reddy, Swasti Narayan,Vineet Singh, Raneel Kumar, Ravishel Naicker, and Rajnesh Prasad

xxi

9 Parental Education: A Missing Part in Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Yu (Aimee) Zhang

10 Design and Implementation of Chinese as Second LanguageLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Yu (Aimee) Zhang, Wangweilai Xiang, and Qifang Xue

11 The Graduation Game: Leveraging Mobile Technologies toReimagine Academic Advising in Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . 179Tressa M. Haderlie, Apoorva Chauhan, Whitney Lewis, andBreanne K. Litts

12 Learning from Social Impact Games to Support Integrationinto Middle School Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Renee E. Jackson and Emily Sheepy

13 Design Considerations for Mobile Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Jason Haag and Peter Berking

14 Mobile Learning and Engagement: Designing EffectiveMobile Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Kimberly Vincent-Layton

15 Framework for Design of Mobile Learning Strategies . . . . . . . . . . 257Oscar R. Boude Figueredo and Jairo A. Jimenez Villamizar

16 Foreign Language Teachers as Instructional Designers:Customizing Mobile-Assisted Language Learning Technology . . . 273Michael Barcomb, Jennica Grimshaw, and Walcir Cardoso

17 Learning and Researching Across Places in Mobile CityScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Deborah Silvis, Jeremiah Kalir, and Katie Headrick Taylor

18 Mobile Learning and Education: Synthesis of Open-AccessResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Teresa Cardoso and Renato Abreu

Part II Development of Mobile Application for Teaching andLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

19 Development of Mobile Application for Higher Education:An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Yu (Aimee) Zhang and Jun Hu

20 A Novel Education Pattern Applied to Global Crowd of AllAges: Mobile Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Fosse (Jing) Zhang

xxii Contents

21 Study on Networked Teleoperation Applied in MobileTeaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Qiongjie Luo, Haiping Du, and Jun Hu

22 SmartLab Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Hu Yin and Jun Hu

23 Mobile Learning Initiatives in Nursing Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Sharon Rees, Clint Moloney, and Helen Farley

24 Construction Safety Knowledge Sharing via Smartphone Appsand Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Rita Yi Man Li and Herru Ching Yu Li

25 Developing an Adaptive Mobile Tool to Scaffold theCommunication and Vocabulary Acquisition of LanguageLearners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Carrie Demmans Epp

26 Development of Application to Learn Spanish as a SecondLanguage: Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Izabel Rego de Andrade

27 Tutors in Pockets for Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461Yu (Aimee) Zhang and Jun Hu

28 Development of Chinese Character-Writing Program forMobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Yu (Aimee) Zhang and Jun Hu

Part III Adoption of Mobile Technology in Teaching andLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

29 Adoption of Mobile Technology in Higher Education:An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Hea-Jin Lee and Jun Hu

30 Mobile Learning in Southeast Asia: Opportunities andChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Helen Farley and Helena Song

31 The Development of Mobile Learning in China’s Universities . . . . 521Nan Ma, Xiaofen Zhang, and Yu (Aimee) Zhang

32 Accessibility Challenges in Mobile Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549Linda Robson

33 Mobile Education via Social Media: Case Study on WeChat . . . . . 565Yu (Aimee) Zhang

Contents xxiii

34 Learning to Teach Using Digital Technologies: PedagogicalImplications for Postsecondary Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Wendy L. Kraglund-Gauthier

35 Mobile Web 2.0 Tools and Applications in Online Training andTutoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609Zuzana Palkova

36 Tangible Objects and Mobile Technology: Interactive LearningEnvironments for Students with Learning Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . 635Elif Polat, Kursat Cagiltay, and Necdet Karasu

37 Use of Mobile Digital Technology and iPod Touches inPhysical Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655S. Crawford and Patricia Fitzpatrick

38 Gatekeepers to Millennial Careers: Adoption of Technology inEducation by Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Debra L. White

39 Trust/Distrust: Impact on Engaged Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Martha J. Hoff

40 Evidence-Based Teaching and Real-Time Assessment:Adoption of Mobile Interactive Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697Muztaba Fuad

41 Instructional Design Principles for Mobile Learning . . . . . . . . . . . 717Eun-Ok Baek and Qi Guo

Volume 2

Part IV Higher Education Partnerships with Nonprofit andProfit Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

42 Higher Education Partnerships with Nonprofit and ProfitOrganizations: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741Belinda Gimbert

43 Trends in Mobile Learning: 2010–2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747Moonsun Choi and Dean Cristol

44 P-16 Partnerships for Learning with Mobile Technologies:Design, Implement, and Evaluate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Belinda Gimbert, Lauren Acree, Kui Xie, and Anika Ball Anthony

45 Mobile Technologies for Teaching and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791Rajiv Ramnath and Ajay Kuriakose

xxiv Contents

46 Mobile Devices for Preschool-Aged Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Rachel Ralph and Stephen Petrina

47 Highs and Lows of Mobile Digital Technology Integration inKindergarten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Monica McGlynn-Stewart, Nicola Maguire, Emma Mogyorodi,Leah Brathwaite, and Lisa Hobman

48 Role for Instructional Technology Leadership in K-12 PublicEducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847Thomas Edelberg

49 1:1 iPads in First Grade: Case Study of a Teacher’s Concerns andImplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873Lauren Eutsler

50 Cross-Country University Collaboration Barriers andSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889Yongzheng Liu, Ziqui Zhang, and Yu (Aimee) Zhang

Part V Evaluation of Mobile Teaching and Learning Projects . . . . 909

51 Evaluation of Mobile Teaching and Learning Projects:An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911Raeal Moore

52 Student Feedback in Mobile Teaching and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . 917Yu (Aimee) Zhang

53 Moving Towards the Effective Evaluation of Mobile LearningInitiatives in Higher Education Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939Helen Farley, Angela Murphy, Nicole Ann Todd, Michael Lane,Abdul Hafeez-Baig, Warren Midgley, and Chris Johnson

54 Internet-Based Peer-Assisted Learning: Current Models, FutureApplications, and Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959Tairan Kevin Huang, Jin Cui, Corinne Cortese, and Matthew Pepper

55 Mobiles, Online Learning, and the Small Group DiscoveryClassroom: Reflections from South Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977Melissa Nursey-Bray

56 Mobile-Assisted Language Learning: How GamificationImproves the Learning Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991Izabel Rego de Andrade

57 Service-Learning Application in an M-Learning Course . . . . . . . . 1007Margaret Sass

Contents xxv

58 Technology-Mediated Assessment in Crossover LearningAssessment Design (CLAD): A Case from SustainableEngineering Design Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023Fariha Hayat Salman and David R. Riley

59 Adapting to Change: A Reflective History of OnlineGraduate Certificate and Its Implications for TeachingGeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043Melissa Nursey-Bray and Robert Palmer

Part VI Expectations from Future Technologies in HigherEducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059

60 Expectations from Future Technologies in Higher Education:An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061Kshama Pandey

61 M-Learning: Visible Approach for Invisible World . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067Kshama Pandey

62 Problems and Challenges of Mobile Learning in NigerianUniversity System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085David Jimoh Kayode, Afusat Titilayo Alabi,Abayomi Olumade Sofoluwe, and Rhoda Olape Oduwaiye

63 Expectations from Future Technologies and E-Learning inHigher Education in Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101Irena Nikaj

64 Mobile Technologies and Learning: Expectations, Myths,and Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117Lina Petrakieva and David McArthur

65 Advanced Image Retrieval Technology in Future MobileTeaching and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133Lei Wang and Yu (Aimee) Zhang

66 Mobile Learning Beyond Tablets and Smartphones: HowMobile and Networked Devices Enable New Mobile LearningScenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149Daniel Stoller-Schai

67 M-Learning and U-Learning Environments to Enhance EFLCommunicative Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169Soraya Garcia-Sanchez and Carmen Lujan-Garcia

68 How Irish Postgraduate Students Use Mobile Devices to AccessLearning Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189Ann Marcus-Quinn and Yvonne Cleary

xxvi Contents

69 Enhancing Student Learning Experience with Practical BigData Analytics Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205Eric P. Jiang

Part VII VR, AR, and Wearable Technologies in Education . . . . . . 1221

70 VR, AR, and Wearable Technologies in Education:An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223Yanguo Jing

71 Mobile AR Trails and Games for Authentic Language Learning . . . 1229Mark Pegrum

72 Virtual Reality and Its Applications in Vocational Education andTraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245Zuzana Palkova and Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis

73 Location and Place: Two Design Dimensions of AugmentedReality in Mobile Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275Apoorva Chauhan, Whitney Lewis, and Breanne K. Litts

74 Wearable Technologies as a Research Tool for StudyingLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291Jimmy Jaldemark, Sofia Bergström-Eriksson, Hugo von Zeipel, andAnna-Karin Westman

75 Augmented Reality and 3D Technologies: Mapping CaseStudies in Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307Teresa Cardoso, Teresa Coimbra, and Artur Mateus

76 Employing Virtual Reality to Teach Face-Based EmotionRecognition to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder . . . . . 1327Rebecca Hite, Wesley Dotson, and Rebecca Beights

77 Augmented Reality in Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337Joseph M. Reilly and Chris Dede

78 Mobile-Based Virtual Reality: Why and How Does ItSupport Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353Karen Ladendorf, Danielle Eve Schneider, and Ying Xie

79 VR and AR for Future Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373Ken Kencevski and Yu (Aimee) Zhang

80 Review of Virtual Reality Hardware Employed in K-20 ScienceEducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389Rebecca Hite, Gina Childers, and M. Gail Jones

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401

Contents xxvii

About the Editors

Dr. Yu (Aimee) Zhang is the CEO and founder of theWorld Educators Mobile – WEMOSOFT and WolongSchool in Wollongong, Australia. She was a Lecturer inthe University of Wollongong School of Economicsfrom 2009 to 2014. She has been teaching economicsfor more than 5 years. Her innovative teaching andlearning with mobile technology received many awardsand grants from the university and faculty. Her 5 yearsworking experience in telecommunication industry asremote educational system designer, developer, projectmanager, and quality assurance manager in differentcompanies also contributed to the cross-discipline inno-vations. Passionate in both teaching and mobile technol-ogy, she designed and developed the mobile application“Tutors in Pockets” for mobile teaching and learning forboth iOS and Android mobile devices. She also collab-orated with different universities and institutions onmobile projects in higher education teaching andlearning.

Dean Cristol Ph.D. is Associate Professor in theDepartment of Teaching and Learning in the Collegeof Education and Human Ecology at the Ohio StateUniversity. His area of research is to establish and main-tain university-school partnerships, professional devel-opment in educational settings for marginalized studentsand teachers, and preparing people to teach and learn intwenty-first-century educational environments. Cur-rently, he is using this research framework to integratetechnology into learning contexts, specifically mobilelearning and technology. He has researched in manyeducational settings, from large and small school sys-tems in the United States to Mexican preschools and

xxix

schools in Bangladesh, working closely with govern-mental and nongovernmental organizations. He has par-ticipated in several national and state partnering grants;published his research in numerous international,national, and state journals; published several chaptersin books; presented his research at several international,national, and state conferences; and served on severaljournal editorial boards. Currently, he is an AssociateEditor for Theory Into Practice and a member of theExecutive Committee for the International Associationfor Mobile Learning.

xxx About the Editors

About the Section Editors

Belinda Gimbert Ph.D. is Associate Professor, Educa-tional Administration, Department of Educational Stud-ies, the Ohio State University. Her research addressesstrategic management of human resources in chroni-cally, low performing and hard-to-staff urban and ruralschool systems. Gimbert teaches course related to stra-tegic management of human capital/talent management,introduction to educational administration, and K-12supervision. She taught mathematics and computingscience for 15 years in secondary schools (Grades7–12) in rural New South Wales, Australia, and admin-istered in Human Resources and Staff Developmentwith Newport News Public Schools, VA. Dr. Gimbertled the project KNOTtT – Kansas, Nevada, Ohio andTexas Transition to Teaching (2007–2013) that hiredand retained 560 new teachers. She was the PrincipalInvestigator for Mobilizing National Educator Talent(2011–2017), a partnership of colleges/universities andschool districts in 12 states, the District of Columbia,and Puerto Rico that transitioned 1,656 teachers to statecertification, while addressing the national issue ofteacher quality. Dr. Gimbert was also a Co-PrincipalInvestigator for a Teacher Quality partnership, ProjectASPIRE (2009–2014) that prepared new teachersthrough a school-university residency OH program.Currently, Dr. Gimbert is the Project Director/PI forthe national project Educators and Families for EnglishLanguage Learners (2017–2022) that partners withcharter schools in the District of Columbia, HarrisCounty Department of Education (TX), and ColumbusCity Schools (OH) and is sponsored by US ED’s Officeof English Language Acquisition. Dr. Gimbert has

xxxi

authored/coauthored 80 journal articles and evaluationreports and delivered more than 150 local, state, andnational presentations.

Jun Hu was awarded aMaster of Computer Science withDistinction from University of Wollongong (Aus- tralia)in 2008 and a Bachelor of Computer Science and Soft-ware Engineering from Beijing Information Science andTechnology University (formerly known as Beijing Infor-mation Technology Institute, P.R. China) in 2001. From2001 to 2003, he was a Development Manager atTsinghua Tongfang Co., Ltd. (Beijing, P.R. China). Thenhe led the Research and Development Department atBeijing Oriental Caesar Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing,P.R. China) from 2003 to 2005. From 2005 to 2006, hewas the Group Leader of the wireless application team atTechfaith Wireless Communication Technology Co., Ltd.(NASDAQ: CNTF, Beijing, P.R. China). From 2008 to2010, he worked at Information Technology Services(ITS), University of Wollongong (NSW, Australia).Since late 2010 he is a computer systems officer at Facultyof Engineering and Information Sciences, University ofWollongong (NSW, Australia). He developed varioussoftware including distance cyber education system,short messaging service system (SMS), multimedia mes-saging system (MMS) on personal digital assistant (PDA),interactive applications and games for Wireless Applica-tion Protocol (WAP) website; Java 2 Platform, MicroEdition (J2ME); and Android and iOS devices. Now heis providing professional services to satisfy the teaching,learning, research, and administration requirements fromthe Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences,University of Wollongong. His research interests includemultimedia, artificial intelligence, and pattern recognition.

Dr. Yanguo Jing is Associate Dean at Coventry Uni-versity, UK. He has a Ph.D. (Heriot-Watt University), anM.Sc., and a first class B.Sc. (Hons.) in ComputerScience. He has over 20 years’ teaching, research, andcommercial experience. Yanguo is a Fellow of the Brit-ish Computer Society, a Charter IT professional, and aFellow of the Higher Education Academy in the UK.

Yanguo is interested in using technologies (e.g.,mobile and Internet) to support teaching and learning.He has over 10 years’ experience in facilitating onlineteaching in higher education. He chaired a number of

xxxii About the Section Editors

national workshops on Teaching and Learning usingMobile and Tablet Devices. His work has led to a seriesof research papers in this area. Yanguo works veryclosely with industry, employers, and professional asso-ciations which enables him to teach students the mostrelevant workplace knowledge and to provide them withreal-world case studies taken from research and industryprojects, so that they can see the relevance to their futurecareer. Yanguo is passionate about working with busi-ness to address digital skill shortages and work forceupskilling. He has been instrumental in securing thesuccessful bid for the £40M national Institute of Coding(IoC) in the UK, which aims to address digital skillsshortages in the industry and to create a talent pipelineof appropriate digital skills from diverse backgrounds.Yanguo is interested in providing students opportunitiesto learn by applying their knowledge to real-life projectswhile at the university. He set up a Work-Related Learn-ing framework, which has been adopted in a university-wide scheme in the UK. He was the Managing Directorof a successful university software company which wasset up to provide university computer science studentsreal commercial work experience on live projects.

Yanguo’s prime research interests are AI and dataanalytics. His recent research work focuses on the useof statistical and machine-learning methods to captureinteraction and user behavior patterns that can be used todevelop intelligent applications. This research has beenapplied in applications such as business analytics, sportsanalytics, and user behavior pattern recognition in socialnetworks and extra-care/Assisted Living settings. Heparticipated in a number of research and enterprise pro-jects with sponsors and clients such as Cadent Gas,Pfizer, Welsh Government, KPIT, UK’s Comic Reliefcharity, and JISC in the UK.

He has won a number of awards including a Univer-sity Staff Excellency Award for Best Enterprise Initia-tive and a University Teaching Fellow Awardrecognizing his excellence in teaching and learning.

About the Section Editors xxxiii

Hea-Jin Lee Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Mathemat-ics Education in the Department of Teaching and Learn-ing at the Ohio State University at Lima. Lee’s researchareas are related to mathematics teacher education,including improving teacher competencies, developingprofessional development programs, teaching mathe-matics utilizing digital resources, and culturally respon-sive teaching of mathematics. She is also interested inthe area of teaching mathematics to students with specialneeds. Dr. Lee has served as the Principal Investigator(PI) on a number of state-funded projects, such as Dis-covery programs and Improving Teachers Quality pro-grams. She has developed and administrated more than10 successful professional development programs formathematics teachers.

Raeal Moore Ph.D. is Senior Research Scientist atACT, Inc. in the Department of Research. Her area ofresearch is identifying best practices in K-12 and highereducation. She has over a decade of experienceconducting evaluation studies of critical educationalinitiatives. She focuses on LEA program implementa-tion and evaluation, value-added professional develop-ment, and school reform. She has evaluated multilevelprojects such as the statewide Mathematics and SciencePartnership (MSP) in Ohio, the federal Teacher QualityPartnership (TQP) initiative, the IES Striving Readersgrant, and 21st Century Community Learning programs.She has participated in several state and national part-nership grants, published research in national journals,and presented her research at several conferences, and isa member of a number of evaluation professionalorganizations.

Dr. Kshama Pandey is Associate Professor in theDepartment of B.Ed./M.Ed., MJP Rohilkhand Univer-sity, Bareilly. She has more than 13 years teachingexperience. She has completed her M.Ed. from theUniversity of Allahabad and also holds a postgraduatedegree in Hindi. She has been awarded her D.Phil.degree from University of Allahabad. Her doctoralwork relates to the Human Rights Understanding andConsciousness. Her research interests includeICT-based education, innovative learning pedagogy,and human rights and peace education. Her area of

xxxiv About the Section Editors

research is to prepare the students for a techno-orientedsociety without uprooting them from their values andcultural moorings. An international edited book Hand-book of Research on Promoting Global Peace and CivicEngagement Through Education has been published byIGI Publication, USA.

She is editorial board member of four internationaljournals, i.e., Computers & Education, Elsevier; Inde-pendent Journal of Management & Production, Brazil;Sukimat Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Universityof Baguio, Philippines; and European Journal ofApplied Social Science Research (EJASSR). She haspublished various research papers in national and inter-national journals. Her various chapters have beenpublished in edited books with national and interna-tional repute like Springer, IGI Global Publication,International Book Series, USA, etc. She has alsosecured best paper award for two research papers.Besides, she has presented 35 papers in internationalseminars/conferences and more than 70 in national sem-inars/conferences. She is a life member of various edu-cational organizations. She also served as resourceperson in different workshops organized by NEUPA(National Institute of Educational Planning and Admin-istration, India), NCERT (National Council of Educa-tional Research and Training, India), CASE (Council forAdvancement and Support of Education), and IASE(Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, India).

Rob Power Ed.D. is the Manager of Learning Experi-ence Design at Lethbridge College in Alberta, Canada.Rob has been working in the Education sector since2001, and has taught at the K-12, college, undergradu-ate, and graduate levels. He has also been working as aninstructional development specialist since 2013, and hasserved as an Instructional Developer with the College ofthe North Atlantic – Qatar, as the Leader of OnlineLearning with the Fraser Health Authority, as an Instruc-tional Development Consultant with the British Colum-bia Institute of Technology, and as an independentinstructional developer and an Adjunct Professor ofEducational Technology for various Canadian highereducation institutions.

Since 2011, Rob has been actively involved in themobile learning research community. His work has

About the Section Editors xxxv

included the development of the Mobile Teacher’sSense of Efficacy Scale research instrument, and theCollaborative Situated Active Mobile (CSAM) learningdesign framework. Rob has also taken a leading rolewithin the International Association for Mobile Learn-ing (IAmLearn). In 2013, Rob served as the ProjectManager and Conference Chair for the 12th World Con-ference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (mLearn2013) in Doha, Qatar, where he was elected to theIAmLearn Executive Committee. Rob was elected Pres-ident of the IAmLearn Executive Committee at mLearn2017 in Larnaca, Cyprus.

Rob has also served as a judge for the GSMA GlobalMobile Awards (Best Educational Innovation category)since 2016. His research interests include teacher prep-aration for and pedagogical approaches to instructionaldesign for mobile and ubiquitous learning.

xxxvi About the Section Editors

Contributors

Renato Abreu LE@D, Elearning and Distance Education Lab, UID4372-FCT-MCTES, Universidade Aberta (Open University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal

Department of Laboratory Sciences and Community Health, Escola Superior deTecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Lauren Acree Department of Educational Studies, Educational Administration,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Afusat Titilayo Alabi Department of Educational Management, Faculty of Educa-tion, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Anika Ball Anthony Department of Educational Studies, Educational Administra-tion, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Eun-Ok Baek College of Education, California State University San Bernardino,San Bernardino, CA, USA

Michael Barcomb Education, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Rebecca Beights Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Sofia Bergström-Eriksson Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden

Peter Berking The Mobile Learning Research Team Advanced Distributed Learn-ing (ADL) Initiative, Alexandria, VA, USA

Leah Brathwaite George Brown College, Toronto, ON, Canada

Kursat Cagiltay Faculty of Education, Computer Education and InstructionalTechnology Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Teresa Cardoso LE@D, Elearning and Distance Education Lab, Department ofEducation and Distance Learning and Teaching, UID4372-FCT-MCTES,Universidade Aberta (Open University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal

Walcir Cardoso Education, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Apoorva Chauhan Department of Computer Science, Utah State University,Logan, UT, USA

xxxvii

Gina Childers Teacher Education, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA,USA

Moonsun Choi Center on Education and Training for Employment, The Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, OH, USA

Yvonne Cleary School of Languages, Literature, Culture and Communication,University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

Teresa Coimbra LE@D, Elearning and Distance Education Lab, UID4372-FCT-MCTES, Universidade Aberta (Open University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal

Corinne Cortese School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Faculty of Busi-ness, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

S. Crawford Sports Studies and Physical Education, School of Education, Univer-sity College Cork, Cork, Munster, Ireland

Dean Cristol Department of Teaching and Learning, The Ohio State University,Lima, OH, USA

Jin Cui School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Faculty of Business,University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Bonnie Amelia Dean Learning, Teaching and Curriculum, University of Wollon-gong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Chris Dede Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,USA

Janine Delahunty Learning, Teaching and Curriculum, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Carrie Demmans Epp Learning Research and Development Center, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

EdTeKLA Research Group, Department of Computing Science, University ofAlberta, Edmonton, PA, Canada

Wesley Dotson Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Haiping Du Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wol-longong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Thomas Edelberg Instructional Systems Technology, Indiana University, Bloom-ington, Bloomington, IN, USA

Lauren Eutsler University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA

Helen Farley Digital Life Lab, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba,QLD, Australia

Oscar R. Boude Figueredo Academy Technology Center, La Sabana University,Chia, Cundinamarca, Colombia

xxxviii Contributors

Patricia Fitzpatrick Sports Studies and Physical Education, School of Education,University College Cork, Cork, Munster, Ireland

Muztaba Fuad Department of Computer Science, Winston-Salem State Univer-sity, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Soraya Garcia-Sanchez Department of Modern Philology, Translation andInterpreting, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de GranCanaria, Spain

Belinda Gimbert Department of Educational Studies, Educational Administration,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Jennica Grimshaw Education, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Qi Guo College of Education, California State University San Bernardino, SanBernardino, CA, USA

Jason Haag The Mobile Learning Research Team Advanced Distributed Learning(ADL) Initiative, Alexandria, VA, USA

Tressa M. Haderlie The Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan,UT, USA

Abdul Hafeez-Baig School of Management and Enterprise, University of SouthernQueensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

Kathryn Harden-Thew Learning, Teaching and Curriculum, University of Wol-longong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis University of Patras, Patras, Greece

Rebecca Hite Curriculum and Instruction, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX,USA

Lisa Hobman George Brown College, Toronto, ON, Canada

Martha J. Hoff Department of Teaching and Curriculum, Warner School of Edu-cation and Human Development, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

Jun Hu WEMOSOFT, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wol-longong, NSW, Australia

Tairan Kevin Huang School of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Business,Justice and Behavioural Science, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW,Australia

Renee E. Jackson Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Jimmy Jaldemark Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden

Contributors xxxix

Eric P. Jiang Department of Computer Science, Shiley Marcos School of Engi-neering, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

Yanguo Jing Coventry University, Coventry, UK

Chris Johnson Research School of Computer Science, Australian National Uni-versity, Canberra, ACT, Australia

M. Gail Jones Department of STEM Education, North Carolina State University,Raleigh, NC, USA

Jeremiah Kalir Learning Design and Technology, School of Education andHuman Development, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA

Necdet Karasu Faculty of Education, Special Education Department, Gazi Uni-versity, Ankara, Turkey

David Jimoh Kayode Department of Educational Management, Faculty of Edu-cation, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Ken Kencevski Devika World, Smart Building, University of Wollongong, Wol-longong, NSW, Australia

Wendy L. Kraglund-Gauthier St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS,Canada

Faculty of Education, Yorkville University, Fredericton, NS, Canada

Raneel Kumar Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University ofthe South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Ajay Kuriakose Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The OhioState University, Columbus, OH, USA

Karen Ladendorf Educational Technology, Research and Assessment, NorthernIllinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA

Michael Lane School of Management and Enterprise, University of SouthernQueensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

Whitney Lewis Instructional Teaching and Learning Sciences Department, UtahState University, Logan, UT, USA

Hea-Jin Lee Faculty of College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio StateUniversity at Lima, Lima, OH, USA

Cassey Lee Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Singapore

Rita Yi Man Li Real Estate and Economics Research Lab, Hong Kong Shue YanUniversity, Hong Kong, China

Department of Economics and Finance, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, HongKong, China

xl Contributors

Herru Ching Yu Li School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St.Andrews, UK

Breanne K. Litts Instructional Teaching and Learning Sciences Department, UtahState University, Logan, UT, USA

Yongzheng Liu New Zealand International Education Exchange and Trade Devel-opment and Immigration Services Co. Ltd, Levin, New Zealand

Carmen Lujan-Garcia Department of Modern Philology, Translation andInterpreting, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de GranCanaria, Spain

Qiongjie Luo Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University ofWollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Nan Ma College of Information Technology, Beijing Union University, Beijing,China

Nicola Maguire George Brown College, Toronto, ON, Canada

Ann Marcus-Quinn School of Languages, Literature, Culture and Communica-tion, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

Artur Mateus CDRsp – Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development,Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Marinha Grande, Portugal

David McArthur Learning Development Centre / School of Computing, Engineer-ing, and the Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK

Monica McGlynn-Stewart School of Early Childhood, George Brown College,Toronto, ON, Canada

WarrenMidgley School of Linguistics, Adult and Specialist Education, Universityof Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

Emma Mogyorodi Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, USA

Clint Moloney School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queens-land, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

Raeal Moore ACT, Inc., Iowa City, IA, USA

Angela Murphy Australian Digital Futures Institute, University of SouthernQueensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

Ravishel Naicker Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University ofthe South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Swasti Narayan Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University ofthe South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Contributors xli

Irena Nikaj Faculty of Education and Philology, “Fan S. Noli” University ofKorça, Korca, Albania

Melissa Nursey-Bray Department of Geography, Environment and Population,Faculty of Arts, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Rhoda Olape Oduwaiye Department of Educational Management, Faculty ofEducation, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Zuzana Palkova Department of Electrical Engineering, Automation and Informat-ics (TF), Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia

Robert Palmer Department of Media, Faculty of Arts, University of Adelaide,Adelaide, SA, Australia

Kshama Pandey Department of B.Ed./M.Ed., Faculty of Education and AlliedSciences, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India

Ekaterina Pechenkina Learning Transformations Unit, Swinburne University ofTechnology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Mark Pegrum The Graduate School of Education, The University of WesternAustralia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia

Matthew Pepper School of Management, Operations and Marketing, Faculty ofBusiness, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Lina Petrakieva Learning Development Centre / School of Health and Life Sci-ences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK

Stephen Petrina The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Elif Polat Faculty of Education, Computer Education and Instructional TechnologyDepartment, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey

Robert Power British Columbia Institute of Technology, Surrey, BC, Canada

Rajnesh Prasad Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University ofthe South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Sanja Pupovac School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Faculty of Busi-ness, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Rachel Ralph The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Rajiv Ramnath Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The OhioState University, Columbus, OH, USA

Emmenual Reddy Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, Universityof the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Pritika Reddy Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University of theSouth Pacific, Suva, Fiji

xlii Contributors

Sharon Rees School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queens-land, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

Izabel Rego de Andrade Education Management, Serviço Nacional deAprendizagem Industrial (SENAI-SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Campinas State University (Unicamp) – Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Joseph M. Reilly Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge,MA, USA

David R. Riley Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, PennsylvaniaState University, University Park, PA, USA

Linda Robson The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

Fariha Hayat Salman Learning and Performance Systems, College of Education,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Margaret Sass Communication Department, College of Southern Idaho, TwinFalls, ID, USA

Danielle Eve Schneider Educational Technology, Research and Assessment,Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA

Bibhya Sharma Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University ofthe South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Emily Sheepy Concordia University, Montréal, Canada

Deborah Silvis Learning Sciences and Human Development, College of Educa-tion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Vineet Singh Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University of theSouth Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Abayomi Olumade Sofoluwe Department of Educational Management, Faculty ofEducation, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Helena Song Faculty of Creative Multimedia, Multimedia University, Malaysia,Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

Daniel Stoller-Schai CREALOGIX Digital Learning, Zurich, Switzerland

Katie Headrick Taylor Learning Sciences and Human Development, College ofEducation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Lisa Thomas Learning, Teaching and Curriculum, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Nicole Ann Todd School of Linguistics, Adult and Specialist Education, Univer-sity of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, Australia

Jan Turbill University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Contributors xliii

Jairo A. Jimenez Villamizar Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Kimberly Vincent-Layton Department of Communication, College of eLearning,Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA

Hugo von Zeipel Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden

Lei Wang Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wollon-gong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Anna-Karin Westman Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden

Debra L. White Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA

Wangweilai Xiang Wollongong Chinese Language School, Wollongong, NSW,Australia

Kui Xie Department of Educational Studies, Learning Technologies, The OhioState University, Columbus, OH, USA

Ying Xie Educational Technology, Research and Assessment, Northern IllinoisUniversity, DeKalb, IL, USA

Lina Xu School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Faculty of Business,University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Qifang Xue Wollongong Chinese Language School, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Hu Yin Beijing Oriental Caesar Ltd., Beijing, China

Yu (Aimee) Zhang WEMOSOFT, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Fosse (Jing) Zhang MADE IT Biotech (Beijing) Limited, North Gate of TsinghuaUniversity of Power Plant, Beijing, China

Xiaofen Zhang College of Information Technology, Beijing Union University,Beijing, China

Ziqui Zhang Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing,China

xliv Contributors