Book ReViews*

Handbook of Advanced Materials Testing. Edited by Nicholas P.Cheremisinoff (National Association of Safety & HealthProfessionals) and Paul N. Cheremisinoff (New Jersey Institute ofTechnology). Marcel Dekker: New York. 1994. xii+ 1024 pp.$195.00. ISBN 0-8247-9196-7.This is a large book that strives to cover an enormous and important

area of chemistry in more than one thousand 8.5 11 in. pages ofsmall, but clear print. Within 3 sections and 53 chapters, almost everyuseful material structural characterization and test procedure is reviewedby 85 different authors from all around the world. However, therelevance to materials science of a chapter on the sampling of volcanicgases from fumaroles is never made clear.The editors have done a reasonable job of maintaining a fairly

uniform style and level of syntax in the text considering the number ofcontributors whose native language is not English. Inexplicably, theyhave failed to achieve a consistent system of references, figures, orpolymer nomenclature. Some of the computer-drawn figures areparticularly unaesthetically “inky”. The references in general seemmostly to be pre-1992, but some authors have citations as late as 1993.The index is remarkably sparse, with only one entry under the letter“j”, and the listings do not always match the page numbers cited. Thereader will therefore have to hunt through the text for information onfluorocarbon or siloxane polymers, for example.Notwithstanding these criticisms, the preparation of this handbook

is a considerable achievement and it will be of great value to those inthe chemical community who have to tackle the varied, real-lifeproblems of materials science and want to obtain an overview of thetechniques available. Every library should have a copy.

G. Graham Allan, UniVersity of Washington

JA955112Ie

S0002-7863(95)05112-2

Advances in Biosensors. Volume 3. Biosensors: A RussianPerspective. Edited by Anthony P. F. Turner (CranfieldBiotechnology Centre) and Yu. M. Yevdokimov (W. A. EngelhardtInstitute of Molecular Biology). Jai Press: Greenwich, CT. 1995.xv + 216 pp. $97.50. ISBN 1-55938-535-9.Advances in the development of biosensor technology are reviewed

by several prominent Russian research teams. A series of reviewarticles describes many novel approaches and interesting results whichcomplement activities reported by Western research groups. The levelof coverage is appropriate for researchers already familiar with the field.Little background information is provided, and extensive knowledgeof the current state-of-the-art in the development and implementationof biosensors is required to fully appreciate the covered material. Thecontents of each chapter are summarized below.First, a short chapter is provided to put the subsequent research

activities into perspective in regards to both political and economicalchallenges in Russia. This chapter also serves as an introduction tothe remaining chapters and notes that much of the contents are notfamiliar to Western readers and that the primary purpose of this bookis to stimulate collaboration among scientists of different countries.The next four chapters deal with biosensors based on electrochemical

transduction schemes. Chapter 2 is the most general chapter with abasic description of electrochemical biosensors. The main emphasisof this chapter is the development of blood glucose sensing technologyfor home monitoring. The topic of mediatorless electrochemicalbiosensors is covered in Chapter 3. Here, the goal is to achieve directelectronic conductivity between an immobilized enzyme and theelectrode surface. The physical and chemical properties required toachieve this goal are identified and discussed. The fourth chapterpresents biosensors based on field effect transistors (FET) and lightaddressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS). This material is generallycomparable with work already reported where analyte levels areobtained on the basis of FET and LAPS measured pH changes causedby enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Chapter 5 describes novel methodsfor immobilizing biomolecules within Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films

based on amphiphilic polyelectrolytes. To a large extent, the physicaland chemical properties of these LB films and their potential attributesfor biosensor technology are described. The merits of this approachare illustrated by the construction and characterization of severalbiosensors with enzymes immobilized within LB films at electrodesurfaces.Biosensors based on optical transduction mechanisms are covered

in Chapters 6-10. The first of these reviews documents progress indesigning optical biosensors based on the luminescence properties ofvarious porphyrin phosphors. An example is the measurement ofoxygen on the basis of room temperature phosphorescence lifetimemeasurements. In addition, an interesting strategy is described wherethe luminescence properties of the phosphor are modified via chemicalalterations of the molecular structure in order to better match theabsorbance characteristics of the phosphor with the emission propertiesof the light source. Chapter 7 focuses on the development of anautomated immunoassay system based on flow injection analysisprinciples with chemiluminescence detection. The authors propose akinetically driven flow pattern which provides shorter analysis timescompared to conventional equilibrium approaches. The concept ofusing nucleic acids for biosensors is covered in the next chapter. Thebasic procedure to detect DNA fragments (i.e., DNA probes) ispresented along with a detailed discussion of using circular dichroismfor detecting complementary base pair hybridization. Chapter 9 featuresoptical biosensors based on complexation chemistry from both labeledand nonlabeled antibodies held in LB films. Labeled systems aredetected with total internal reflection excitation of fluorescent markers,and nonlabeled interactions are monitored by surface plasmon reso-nance. The final chapter reviews the chemical and physical propertiesof light sensitive pigment proteins associated with bacteriorhodopsinand photosynthetic reaction centers. Although biosensors based onthese complex biochemical pathways are not demonstrated, the potentialmerits of such biosensors are discussed.Overall, this book offers pertinent and novel information that will

benefit those working in the field.

Mark. A. Arnold, UniVersity of Iowa

JA965561Y

S0002-7863(96)05561-8

Metallomesogens: Synthesis, Properties and Applications.Edited by Jose´ Louis Serrano (University of Zaragoza). VCH:New York. 1996. xxii+ 498 pp. $210.00. ISBN 3-527-29296-9.Though the field of liquid crystals was discovered in the 19th century

through observations by Mettenheimer, Lehmann, Lobisch, Raymann,Heintz, and perhaps most significantly Reinitzer (1888), it is pertinentto recognize that new classifications of mesophases are still being made.For example, the now relatively common and well-recognized discoticphase was discovered less than 20 years ago, and further more thefoundations for the development of liquid crystalline displays (LCDs)came within the last three decades. This having been stated it isnoteworthy that this is the first book to be published on the field ofmetallomesogens, metal-containing materials that show liquid-crystallinephases. Although certain metal-containing soaps (salts of long chainfatty acids) were long known to have liquid-crystalline phases, it wasonly after the technological impact and potential of organic mesogenswas recognized that attention was given to the preparation of metal-lomesogens and their characterization. Only for the last decade hasthe number of publications in this field exceeded 10 per year, but therapid growth since 1986 certainly justifies this publication.This book is extremely well organized, having both a detailed table

of contents and an index. A brief introduction to the classification ofmesogens (thermotropic, lyotropic) and the order contained within thephases (calametic, nematic, smecticsSA, Sc, Sc*, SH, etc.sdiscotic,polymer, etc.) is given in Chapter 1 (27 pp) followed by three chapterson Low Molecular Weight Metallomesogens: Lyotropic, Chapter 2;Calametic, Chapter 3; Discotic, Chapter 4. Within these chapters specialattention is given to the classification of ligands, the molecular structure,the nature of the resulting mesophase, and the correlation of molecular*Unsigned book reviews are by the Book Review Editor.

Book ReViews J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 119, No. 1, 1997255

structure within the resulting mesophase. Organometallic compoundsare somewhat arbitrarily distinguished from coordination complexes.The chapters are greatly aided by use of molecular drawings with phasetransitions presented in tables. Metallomesogenic polymers (side-chain,main-chain, cross-linked, thermotropic, and lyotropic) are describedin Chapter 5. The synthetic strategies employed in the synthesis oflow molecular weight metallomesogens is presented in Chapter 6 andis greatly aided by the use of reaction schemes, 70 in all, and a similarapproach to metallomesogenic polymers is given in Chapter 7. Studiesof the physical properties of metallomesogens (XRD and EXAFS,Chapter 8; EPR, Chapter 9; Magnetism, Chapter 10) are greatly aidedby a brief introduction to the theory of each measurement and theemphasis given to the unique role that the introduction of the metalion provides. So, for example, though only d1 and d9 metallomesogenshave been studied to date by EPR, these studies reveal the nature ofthe alignment of the metal within the oriented mesophase andfurthermore can reveal M M spin interactions, giving further informa-tion concerning the environment of the metal ions within a layer orcolumn. Also EXAFS provides rather precise information concerningthe coordination sphere of the metal ion in the mesophase which maydiffer notably from that in the crystal and isotropic liquid phase.Chapter 11 is very broad, discussing a wide variety of physicalproperties and measurements on both organic and metalloorganicmesophases: optical properties, birefringes, biaxiality, dichroism,thermochromism, nonlinear optical properties, photo effects, electricalconductivity, ferroelectricity, dielectric behavior, and rheologic proper-ties to mention but some of the key issues. Aside from serving toheighten the reader’s awareness of the interdisciplinary nature of thefield of mesogens, this chapter serves to awaken the chemist to therealization that potential applications of metallomesogens may comein numerous and diverse areas. They are not likely to substitute forcurrently used organic mesogens because of their higher viscoelasticproperties and slow switching rates. However, numerous alternateapplications are possible within the known technological realm ofmesogens (light values, spacial light modulators, information storage,and transfer devices), but the future is always veiled in the mists ofuncertainty [“Between the idea and the reality falls the shadow”, T. S.Elliot]. As noted by A. M. Giroud-Godquin and P. Maitlis (Angew.Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 375), “We suspect the best applicationhas not yet been thought of”. The report, for example, that LiMo3Se3,containing the extended cluster anions Mo3Se3-, forms lyotropic phasesin polar solvents provides an example of a purely inorganic metal-lomesogen.This book is well produced, and the editor and contributing authors

are to be congratulated for their insightful comments and interpretationsof vast quantities of data and procedures. The book appears to beaccurate in its presentation of data, and only a few obvious errors werenoted by this reader: One figure represented upside down, minorproblems in some equations and formulas. The accuracy of thecorrelation of data reported and literature cited is, of course, beyond asimple reading of the text.At $210 this book is rather restricted in terms of its market place,

which is likely to be in academic libraries and selected research groups.It is, however, a most valuable and timely addition to the literature,and the chapters dealing with characterizations of metallomesogens(Chapters 8-10) and their potential applications (Chapter 11) will makethis a classic text for future workers in the field as well as those whoare already actively pursuing a study of the role of metal ions in“nature’s delicate phase of matter” (P. J. Collings,Liquid Crystals.Natures Delicate Phase of Matter; Princeton University Press: Prin-ceton, NJ, 1990).

Malcolm H. Chisholm, Indiana UniVersity

JA965594D

S0002-7863(96)05594-1

Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, No. 28. Edited by B. E.Conway (University of Ottawa), J. O’M. Bockris (Texas A&MUniversity), and Ralph E. White (University of South Carolina).Plenum Press: New York. 1996. xii+ 404 pp. $95.00. ISBN0-306-45146-8.This volume is the latest in a long-running series directed by the

current editors and dedicated to topics in the general area ofelectrochemistry. The present volume continues the tradition of the

series by providing a selection of well-presented monographs writtenby international authorities on topics of current interest in electrochem-istry. The titles and authors of the monographs in the present volumeare as follows: (1) Ultrahigh-vacuum surface analytical methods inelectrochemical studies of single-crystal surfaces, by M. P. Soriaga,D. A. Harrington, J. L. Stickney, and A. Wieckowski; (2) Potential-modulated reflectance spectroscopy studies of the electronic transitionsof chemisorbed carbon monoxide, by C. Gutie´rrez; (3) Low-temperatureelectrochemistry at high-Tc superconductor/ionic conductor interfaces,by W. J. Lorenz, G. Saemann-Ischenko, and M. Breiter; (4) Quantumtheory of charge-transfer processes in condensed media, by S. G.Christov; and (5) A modern approach to surface roughness applied toelectrochemical systems, by R. C. Salvarezza and A. J. Arvia.All of the topics in the present volume should be of interest to the

electrochemical community, and certain of them will also be of interestto other communities, specifically those interested in high-vacuumsurface science and the behavior of high-Tc superconductors. Thereferences are for the most part current through the early to mid 1990s,with some chapters including citations as recent as 1995. Any researchlibrary that serves or might serve as a resource for working electro-chemists should certainly acquire this volume; in addition, electro-chemists and others working in selected fields covered by the individualchapters may wish to consider obtaining a personal copy.The first chapter presents an excellent overview of high-vacuum

surface science studies in electrochemistry, with an emphasis on studiesfrom the authors’ laboratories over the last 10-15 years. The sectioncovering experimental methods will be particularly useful to readerswho are not practitioners in the field, and the case studies (which focusprimarily on double-layer phenomena and on the structure of atomicand molecular adsorbate layers on various metal electrodes) provide aclear illustration of the utility of UHV techniques in electrochemistry.The second chapter reviews the author’s work on UV-vis electrore-flectance studies of chemisorbed layers of carbon monoxide and variousalcohols on platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and goldelectrodes in contact with aqueous electrolyte solutions. The thirdchapter presents an excellent review of low-temperature electrochem-istry in general, including a discussion of experimental methods andion conduction phenomena at low temperatures, as well as a review ofthe authors’ studies of high-Tc superconductors as electrodes. Thechapter emphasizes work using impedance techniques to study super-conductor/solid ion conductor interfaces at temperatures below thesuperconducting transition, and also includes brief mention of relatedwork on interfaces with frozen and liquid cryogenic electrolytes. Thefourth chapter reviews the author’s work over the last 30 years on thetheory of charge transfer reactions in condensed phases, particularlyregarding the role of nuclear tunneling phenomena. Electron and protontransfers in solution, at electrodes, and in solid phases (biomaterialsand crystals) are considered. The final chapter reviews both theoreticaland experimental aspects of surface roughness in electrochemistry, withspecial emphasis on fractal descriptions of electrodes and electrochemi-cal and scanning probe microscopy data on metal electrodes preparedby vapor deposition and electrodeposition.

Stephen E. Creager,Clemson UniVersity

JA965644E

S0002-7863(96)05644-2

Techniques in Analytical Chemistry. Supercritical FluidExtraction . By Larry T. Taylor (Virginia Tech). Wiley: NewYork. 1996. xiv+ 181 pp. $49.95. ISBN 0-471-11990-3.The use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an analytical

technique may be divided into two general categories: (1) as a sampleconcentration/preparation method for subsequent instrumental analysisor (2) as a stand alone analytical method where the extraction processitself represents the analysis step. This book concentrates almostexclusively on the use of SFE as a sample preparation technique.Consequently, it may leave the reader with a limited appreciation forall of the potential applications of SFE as an analytical chemistrytechnique. As in the book, the remainder of this review will focus onSFE as a sample concentration/preparation method.Chapter I includes a brief historical overview of the development

of supercritical fluid extraction technology and defines the scope ofthe book with regard to the use of SFE for the purpose of samplepreparation prior to chemical analysis. In Chapter II the important

256 J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 119, No. 1, 1997 Book ReViews

properties (density, diffusivity, viscosity) of supercritical fluids (SCFs)as well as solvation in and the role of modifiers in mixed fluids arediscussed. In Chapter II a selectivity for SFE is implied that may notoften be realized, especially in a closely related homologous series ofcompounds. Chapter III focuses on functional group solubility in SCFs.In this reviewer’s opinion a summary at the end of the chapter, whichemphasized the wide range of compounds (polarity and molecularweight) that are soluble in SC CO2 or modified CO2 as well as put thetopic of solubility in SCFs into an analytical methods perspective, wouldhave been a useful addition to the book.Chapter IV covers the fundamentals of SFE and contains a summary

of the available SFE instrumentation with regard to the different designapproaches which have been taken by the manufacturers. Especiallyin this chapter and Chapter V, which concentrates on analyte collectionafter extraction, the reader must keep in mind the focus of the book.For example, both the purity of the fluid (Chapter IV) and trappingefficiency (Chapter V) may not be nearly as critical in applicationswhich do not involve trace analysis. Of course, in the case of traceanalysis they are extremely important considerations. The discussionof analyte collection in Chapter V is, perhaps, the topic covered mostcomprehensively in the book. Since in any SFE application involvingsubsequent analysis, collecting the analyte may be considered the crucialstep, this detail is certainly justified and needed.Chapter VI is devoted to a discussion of extraction strategies. The

principal topics covered in this chapter include extractability (analytesolubility, analyte-matrix effects, and transport), extraction profiles, thesteps in analytical SFE, the use of extraction aids, matrix problems,and the use and introduction of modifiers. The chapter closes with abrief section on developing a method and quantitation. In the sectionon developing a method, the use of statistical experimental design isemphasized. In this reviewer’s opinion, the use of an actual exampleof this approach would have been a very beneficial addition to thischapter.The book closes with a chapter on applications where SFE is used

for sample preparation prior to analysis. The chapter begins with ageneral discussion of matrix effects which can lead to potential problemsin SFE applications and follows with specific examples from variousareas. The application areas covered include environmental, pharma-ceutical, polymers, natural products, and foods. As in the otherchapters, the focus is on trace, impurity, and minor component analysesand excludes a wide range of potential applications for SFE.In summary, the book meets its objective of providing the reader

with an overview of the use of SFE as a sample preparation methodprior to analysis. In addition, it provides the reader with a discussionof the basic principals of SFE and of the experimental parameters whichneed to be considered in the development of a successful SFE method.However, this reviewer would have preferred that the author hadexpanded the scope of the book to include the wide range of SFEapplications not concerned with trace analysis. Finally, the book iswell written and comprehensible, although some of the topics couldhave benefited from the inclusion of more summary statements andexamples. The references cited are up to date through 1994. In all,the book is recommended as a reference work for anyone using orconsidering the use of SFE as an analytical technique.

Michael J. Drews,Clemson UniVersity

JA9655855

S0002-7963(96)05585-0

Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solutions. Modern InorganicChemistry Series. By Arthur E. Martell (Texas A&M University)and Robert D. Hancock (IBC Advanced Technologies). Plenum:New York. 1996. x+ 253 pp. $59.50. ISBN 0-306-45248-0.The focus of this book is the role of stability constants in determining

the metal-ligand species that can be expected to form in aqueoussolution under various conditions of pH, concentration, and ionicstrength. The monograph discusses current theoretical understandingsof factors contributing to the magnitude of stability constants and givesnumerous examples of how these theories are consistent with experi-mentally determined stability constants. The book thus has a theoreticalbent with a heavy emphasis on correlations of experimentally-determined logK values with basic thermodynamic and structuralparameters of the metal ions and of the ligands.

The book begins with a rather disjointed introductory review chapterwhich briefly discusses the historical development of the field, someof the important properties of metal ions in solution, and factorsaffecting metal-ligand binding. This is followed by a discussion ofthe theoretical factors governing complex formation in solution, whichis essentially a brief version of similar chapters found in many standardinorganic chemistry texts utilized in senior level undergraduate coursesin the U.S. It will be useful primarily as a review of such coursematerial as it is too concentrated and not sufficiently descriptive foruse as a primary textbook. Although the chapter’s title indicates arestriction to unidentate ligands, there are substantial discussion andmany examples of polydentate ligands, particularly in the useful latterhalf when the coordinating tendencies of different types of coordinatingatoms are discussed.A third chapter dwells on chelating ligands, with discussions of the

chelate effect, ring size, steric strain, etc., which again parallel standardtextbook treatments. A fourth chapter similarly treats macrocyclicligands.The previously developed concepts are then discussed in a chapter

on medical applications of metal complexes which includes a discussionof chelating agents used for ligating metal ions for medical purposes,and some discussion of ligand design principles. The examples aremostly quite standard, with somewhat more emphasis than usual ontechnetium complexation and on magnetic resonance imaging anddevelopment of contrast agents. A similar chapter on ligands of bio-logical interest essentially repeats the theoretical bases of complexstability with specific biochemical examples. Since the examples arequite selective and much of the discussion repeats earlier material, mostusers will not find this chapter as useful as several recently publishedtexts on bioinorganic chemistry. The book concludes with a shortchapter on stability constants and their determination, which is too shortto be particularly useful for the experimentalist. Furthermore, thedefinitions of stability constants and the theoretical background wouldhave been more usefully incorporated near the beginning of the book,when stability constants were first discussed.The book serves as a useful collection of theories and experimental

examples dealing with the formation and stability of metal complexesin aqueous solution, but primarily repeats material already available intexts and review articles. The references are mostly to work done beforethe current decade, and in many cases to material published quite longago. Thus, the book will be of interest to coordination chemists as aconvenient collection of theory and review material, rather than as anew review of recent work.

Frederick T. Greenaway,Clark UniVersity

JA9656715

S0002-7863(96)05671-5

Trace Analysis: A Structured Approach to Obtaining ReliableResults. Edited by E. Pritchard, G. M. MacKay, and J. Points(Laboratory of the Government Chemist, U.K.). Royal Society ofChemistry: Cambridge. xiii + 404 pp. $125.00. ISBN0-85404-417-5.The authors have set themselves a goal to “raise the level of

understanding of those carrying out the work” of trace analysis in thelaboratory. They may well succeed, if analysts read this book. It hasthe possibility of becoming one of the “bibles” of the analyticalliterature. It was developed by a group, primarily from the Laboratoryof the Government Chemist under their Valid Analytical MeasurementInitiative. The effort to help overburdened laboratories to rely moreon intelligent application of principles and less on blind cookbookanalysis is admirable. While thirteen contributors are listed, the bookreads as a united whole, a tribute, no doubt, to the editors. Since thefield is so broad, the approach is necessarily general. It is certainlynot a compendium of methods. Rather, principles governing such topicsas sample handling concerns, sample preparation of different matrices,and determination are covered in overview.The major distinction in the book is made between organic and

inorganic analytes. Each of these receives a section on samplepreparation, and one on determination methods. Speciation of elementsis given a chapter of its own.The methods given greatest coverage are atomic spectroscopy, mass

spectrometry of both organic and inorganic species, and chromatog-raphy, with ultraviolet/visible spectrometry and electrochemistry also

Book ReViews J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 119, No. 1, 1997257

being treated. Biological methods such as immunoassay are alsocovered. For each method, a comparison of various types of instrumentsand techniques is given, to assist the reader in selecting the best onefor the problem at hand. Each chapter contains a list of literaturereferences, usually including both general references on the topic, anda group of typical applications. The reference sections are somewhatvariable, some being much more extensive than others, and many ofthe references are not very recent. However, this may be somewhatexplained by references being made to the original developments ofmany of the techniques cited, rather than to the most recent applicationsof these.The authors emphasize the methods and techniques which are of

importance in producing good data on the concentrations and identitiesof trace species, rather than the requirements of formal QA programs.Signal processing methods and data handling are covered. It isindicative of the detail which can be given in such a book withoutgoing into specific methods that there are sections titled Hints and Tipsand Practical Advice salted throughout. Sources of uncertainty are alsodiscussed for each step of the analysis. Any analyst who is in theprocess of selecting or developing a method for a trace analysis, orwho just wants to “raise their level of understanding” would be welladvised to seek out this book. It would also make an excellentsupplemental reference for advanced analytical chemistry students.

Barbara B. Kebbekus,New Jersey Institute of Technology

JA965685A

S0002-7863(96)05685-5

Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry. Edited by John C.Travis and Gregory C. Turk (National Institute of Standards andTechnology). Wiley: New York. 1996. xxi+ 334 pp. $79.95.ISBN 0-471-5768-4-0.This book is a collection of six chapters written by some of the

most active researchers in the area of laser-enhanced ionization (LEI)spectrometry. The first five chapters cover all aspects of laser-enhancedionization spectrometry. The last chapter deals with the interplay ofLEI and laser-induced fluorescence measurements. The preface, writtenby Travis and Turk, provides an accurate description of the bookcontent.As with any good publication on an analytical technique, this book

starts with a comprehensive theoretical background for LEI in Chapter1. Written by Ove Axner and Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop, this sectionis the most voluminous chapter and it accounts for nearly one-third ofthe book. Using simple thermodynamic equilibrium, the authors laythe ground work for distinguishing between physical and chemicalionization processes. Later, a complete comparison of one-step vs two-step excitation for the LEI is developed. Lastly, the authors provide adiscussion on pulsed laser and continuous wave laser radiation for LEImeasurements. Some experimental data are provided in this chapterto better illuminate the theoretical concepts.The fundamentals of signal detection and interaction of the electric

field with ions and electrons are outlined in Chapter 2. This section iswritten by John Travis and Gregory Turk, who are also the editors ofthis book. Once again, a sound theoretical background is provided toexplain the different observations during LEI experiments. At the endof this chapter, the authors provide a brief synopsis on electrode design,high-frequency detection, removal of interferences due to easily ionizedelements, and use of alternative atom reservoirs. A relatively shortcomputer program that can model LEI charge transport and currentgeneration in an idealized flame is provided in the appendix of thischapter.The analytical performance of LEI in flames is described by Turk

in Chapter 3. General instrumentation, detection electronics, types oflasers, noise sources, and spectral interference sources are discussedin detail. This chapter also contains one of the most inclusive LEIdetection limits tables, listing 36 elements.Chapter 4, written by Robert Green, deals with applications of LEI

in real samples. Although LEI has been with the analytical communityfor nearly two decades, its routine application for complex sampleshas been very limited. This fact is also apparent in Chapter 4, theshortest segment of this book. As outlined in this chapter, many realsamples can be analyzed with LEI. However, in most cases extrememeasures must be taken to minimize interferences and improve detectionlimits.The practical utility of using atom reservoirs other than flames is

described by Nikita Zorov in Chapter 5. After flames, electrothermalatomizers are the most popular means of atom generation for LEIexperiments. In some instances better detection limits are obtained ingraphite tube atomizers, because of the longer atomic vapor residencetime. Incomplete atomization and thermoionic emission, however,hinder the use of these devices for determination of elements with lowvolatilities. Two-step atomizers, microwave cavities, and inductivelycoupled plasmas are also discussed as alternative atom sources for LEIexperiments.The last chapter is based on the use of LEI and LIF for diagnostic

studies of physical processes taking place in atmospheric pressureatomizers. This chapter is prepared by Nicolo´ Omenetto and PaulFarnsworth, and it covers several diagnostic uses of LEI and LIF. Thischapter is also comprehensive, and it contains a solid theoretical groundwork as well as several experimental outlines.The editors have done an excellent job putting this book together.

Some noteworthy accomplishments by the editors are (1) minimalredundant information, (2) consistent mathematical notations, and (3)consistent figure layouts, reference formats, and writing styles fromchapter to chapter.My overall impression is favorable toward this book, unfortunately

I cannot say the same for the routine analytical use of LEI. In thewords of Robert Green in Chapter 4, “Even taking the most optimisticview, there are unlikely to be hundreds of ‘LEI spectrometers’ rollingof the assembly line ever”. In short, I can recommend this book as agood reference source for anyone interested in laser-based analyticaltechniques.

Vahid Majidi, UniVersity of Kentucky

JA9656661

S0002-7863(96)05666-1

Biological Structure and Dynamics, 2 volume set. Edited byRamaswany H. Sarma and Mukti H. Sarma (State University ofNew York at Albany). Adenine Press: Schenectady, NY. 1996.370 pp. $250.00. ISBN 0-940030-46-2.The two volumes in this set were developed from the proceedings

of the Ninth Conversation in the Discipline Biomolecular Stereody-namics held at the State University of New York at Albany, June 20-24, 1995, under the auspices of the Department of Chemistry andorganized by the University’s Institute of Biomolecular Stereodynamics.These volumes constitute the invited presentations as well as thedeliberations at the panel discussions. Volume 1 has 24 papers, andvolume 2 has 29 papers.

JA965737W

S0002-7863(96)05737-X

258 J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 119, No. 1, 1997 Book ReViews