Hak Cipta Terpelihara © 2011 IIUM/UiTM/USIMmyrepositori.pnm.gov.my/bitstream/123456789/3100/1/46BooksAnd...... of the East India Company ... the British fleet had 247 vessels

Hak Cipta Terpelihara © 2011– IIUM/UiTM/USIM


Books and Tracts by Officers of the Indian Medical Service (IMS,

1600-1947) on Islamic Topics

A.Neelameghan

Regional Adviser for Asia-Pacific (Retired), UNESCO/PGI, Paris, France.

Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, Bangalore 560010, India

Email: [email protected]

Abstract: A brief overview of the history and role of the Indian Medical Service (IMS) is presented.

Several books, reports, and tracts by officers of the IMS (1600-1947) deal with Islamic topics – unani

system of medicine, places, cultures, language, literature, etc.; some are written in Farsi (Persian), some in

urdu (Hindustani), and some in Arabic. Texts in these languages have also been translated into English by

IMS officers and vice versa. IMS documentary contributions include handbooks, dictionaries, catalogues

and other reference sources relating to medicine – western, ayurveda, unani, siddha systems - in India.

Other notable contributions include services (practice of medicine), the hospitals established and services

rendered therein, the medical schools established that enabled the further dissemination of medical

knowledge.

Keywords: Indian Medical Service; IMS; History; Books; Tracts; Reports.

1. The Indian Medical Service (IMS) of the East India Company

The East India Company came into existence on 31 December 1600 when Queen Elizabeth of

England granted a charter to the Association of Merchant Adventurers of London to trade with the East.

Prior to this there was a long struggle among various nations of Europe – Venetians, Portuguese,

Spaniards, the Dutch, and the French – for control of the lucrative spice trade.

East India Company‟s first fleet of four vessels sailed under the command of Captain (later Sir

James) Lancaster in December 1600. Each ship had on board “Surgeons two and a Barber”. These were

the forerunners of the Indian Medical Service (IMS). The three presidency services – Bengal, Bombay,

Madras – were formed in 1764 and amalgamated into the IMS in 1897. The IMS ended on 15 August

1947 when India attained independence. At that time the total number of regular officers who had served

in the IMS was 6932 of whom 404 were Indians and 6 Burmese (MacDonald, 1955)

Focusing on the Indian subcontinent, Douglas Peers (2005) wrote:

“Military officers and surgeons played a critical role in the collection, analysis and

dissemination of knowledge in colonial India. Yet the little attention to date that has been

directed at scholars with military backgrounds has treated their army service as incidental to,

rather than formative of, their contributions to knowledge of India. While not all were actively

engaged in intellectual pursuits, a surprisingly large number of orientalists came from the army.

In some cases, this can be attributed to the military's need for specific information. But such

strictly utilitarian motives were not always at work; boredom, curiosity and professional

aspirations encouraged officers and surgeons to take up scientific, literary and artistic activities.

Military service also offered opportunities for travel, as well as technical training, which



furthered such pursuits. Consequently, much of the colonial knowledge that was generated in

the first century of colonial rule was tinged with military values and it was sometimes framed in

language redolent of the army. This would in turn help to popularise certain readings of Indian

society, particularly those which stressed the medieval and fragmented nature of Indian society.

The boundaries between fact and fiction became blurred as romanticism came to influence

British aesthetic, historical and scientific encounters with India”

The evolution of the IMS and its contributions are discussed in a paper by Donald McDonald and

in the books by members of the IMS (cited under References)

Thanks to its ever expanding maritime entrepreneurship “Europe was placed at constant

ecological and maritime health hazards. Quarantine as the principal means of prevention proved

inadequate to counteract the trans-oceanic spread of diseases. The net result was the enormous increase of

maritime morbidity and mortality, a serious concern to the maritime nations of Europe. The synergy

between the maritime disease syndrome and disease situation in Asia, Africa, America and Europe largely

determined the course of medical research in north western Europe since 1500 CE. The period from 1500

to 1800 CE was most crucial for the progress of Euro-Indian medical interactions and multi-medical

culture.

The demand for junior surgeons interested in serving abroad or aboard ships increased

significantly due to the European inter-oceanic expansion of commerce. These surgeons became powerful

channels for disseminating anatomical, surgical and pathological knowledge in India. “Naval or ship

surgeons found ample opportunity to gain experience and valuable leg-up into the profession. Naval

surgeons‟ longer maritime medical experiences contributed significantly in two ways: It provided a

broader basis to surgery, and it introduced inter-oceanic bio-medicine into Euro-Asian pharmacology. The

process was further catalyzed by a 17th

century British maritime tradition. After the 17th century, every

merchant ship of more than 500 tons bound for trans-oceanic destinations was required to carry at least

one regular surgeon and one assistant surgeon. By early 18th century, the British fleet had 247 vessels

each carrying a surgeon and a mate. These surgeons were expected to have an experience of one or two

years in the hospital of their cities to be fully qualified to practice on the high seas. Other maritime

nations of Europe followed the British practice.

The rise of a large number of professional navies in the 17th century England necessitated the

introduction of a “new naval medical institution – the hospital ship – a vessel equipped primarily to

receive sick and wounded sailors, to provide them with interim treatment and to transport them to the

hospitals or lodging houses on shore. “The hospital ship surgeons were required to provide the

Commissioner of Sick and Wounded to the Company of Barber Surgeons a journal / record of the

diseases attended to. These journals / records were of great use to pursue medical practice by professional

and non-professional doctors and technicians. While the medical knowledge of these surgeons was

limited, their surgical and dental skills were „extraordinarily advanced‟ for the time.”

Euro-surgery was more useful to Ayurvedic physicians. Doctors called upon to attend the medical

and surgical needs of Mughal emperors and other high officials in the government and their families gave

them opportunities to get commercial favours (cf.. John Woodal, Samuel Archer, Edward Whiting,

Dr.Brown, Edward Bulkeley, Buckley, etc.) (Singh, 2002).

A series of invasions of northern India devalued the then existing medical practices and saw the

development of imported variants based on Persian and Arabian practices. Unani was introduced into

India around the 11th century CE by the Mughals. Siddha partially replaced Ayurveda. These, in turn

gave way to modern western medicine with the arrival of Europeans to the subcontinent.



The Portuguese were the first to set up a hospital amid a medical school in Velha Goa

(Neelameghan, 1963). The present Goa Medical College is a continuation of that effort. The first western

medical book in India was Garcia d'Orta's Coloquios dos simples, e drogas de cousas medicinais da

India, published in Goa in 1563. Danish, Dutch, and French settlers made no serious effort at propagating

their medical systems. The credit for establishing western medical science on a permanent footing

throughout India goes to the British. The IMS started in the mid-18th century in Bengal to provide

medical care for the soldiers and officers of the East India Company‟s armies, as well as for civilians.

Motivated by the need to provide medical attention to their native Indian soldiers and conserve the

energies of British physicians to care for their own countrymen who fell victim to tropical diseases, a

school for native medical doctors was set up in Calcutta in 1835. A similar school followed in Madras in

1837. A detailed account of the development of medical education in India from ancient times is given by

Keswani (1970)

A hospital had been set up in Madras as early as 1664, another in 1688 during the governorship of

Elihu Yale (of Yale University fame), and by 1700 Madras had three hospitals.. Bombay had its first

hospital in 1676 and another in 1784. The first hospital in Calcutta came up in 1708 and by the end of the

18th century three more hospitals were established.

The governor of the Bombay Presidency, Sir Robert Grant, and his advisor, Dr Charles

Morehead, decided to set up a medical college in Bombay with a difference: its medical education to

produce doctors on a par with those from Britain. The Grant Medical College (and its associated Sir

Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Hospital) was founded in 1845 and these more than fulfilled their expectations,

attracting a tribute from the Lancet when it eulogized Dr Bhau Daji Lad, one of the first graduates from

the college.. The Government, helped by donations from wealthy Indian merchants, ran all three medical

institutes.. Homeopathy made its entry into India when John Martin Honigberger was invited to treat

Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Punjab, for paralysis of the vocal cord and edema. The first Homeopathy

College was started in 1881 in Calcutta. *****

Some of the physicians and surgeons of the IMS were also employed in activities other than

medical services. Such officers included naturalists who studied the fauna, flora of India and other

countries; astronomy, surveying and mapping, etc. Some learnt languages such as Urdu, Hindi, Sanskrit,

Persian and Arabic and became interested in the local cultures and practices. Their scholarship enabled

them to study the more scholarly treatises in these languages and translate them into English or vice versa.

A few of them became professors in colleges in India and England to teach in these languages.

MacDonald writes: In the field of language and literature the achievements of some of the IMS officers

were remarkable. For instance, John Leyden of Scotland (1775-1811), after three years in India was

appointed Professor of Hindustani at Calcutta. He prepared grammars of Malay and Prakrt; translated the

Bible into Pushtu, Baluchi, Maldivian, Macassar and Birjis, and on the Indo-Persian, Indo-Chinese and

Dekkan languages. Horace Wilson (1786-1860) is reported to have published over thirty books and tracts

on the Eastern languages and Translated the Vishnupurana into English. On retirement he was appointed

Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford. Aloys Sprenger (1813-1893, entered the services in 1842, and

spent a great deal of his‟ time in studying and teaching languages, including oriental languages. After

retirement he was appointed Professor of oriental languages in Berne. Medico-topographical accounts,

and descriptions of the culture and practices in the countries they were on mission were of particularly

helpful to subsequent missions into these countries.

Books, tracts, reports, and papers by officers of the IMS provide useful information and insights

on the medical, health and socio-cultural conditions in India, Afghanistan, Persia, East Bengal, Sind, etc.,

during the 19th century in particular. The doctors‟ observations, studies, and the acquired information and

knowledge contributed to the preparation of bilingual dictionaries, which were helpful to other

contemporary officers of the IMS and those who were posted in the sub-continent subsequently. A few



http://www.jrank.org/health/pages/33177/homeopathy.html

IMS officers translated into English some of the well-known fiction, drama, and poetry - from Persian

(Farsi), Arabic, and Sanskrit - and authored some of their own. About one hundred books and tracts – in

linguistics and language tools, poetry, fiction and essays. – were produced (Neelameghan; Nirmala,

1979). Such translations contributed to a wider dissemination of knowledge about and enjoyment of and

further studies on, the original works. In an earlier paper I had presented a note on such literary

contributions of James Atkinson (1780-1852), and in another paper reported on the documentation of

plants especially medicinal plants and medical topography of various places in the Indian subcontinent by

members of the IMS. Neelameghan and Ravichandra Rao (2007) demonstrated the use of analytical data

derived from the IMS bibliography to trace the incidence of communicable diseases and the efficacy of

public health preventive measures of those times in India.

2. The IMS Bibliography

The bibliography of the books, tracts and papers was compiled by the author during the late

1950s while preparing the book Development of medical societies and medical periodicals in India, 1780

to 1920, a publication of IASLIC, Calcutta (Calcutta: Oxford Book & Stationary Co., 1963). The

bibliography remains unpublished; a dissertation by L. Nirmala (1979) based on the bibliography is also

an unpublished document.

The bibliography covers the period 1600-1947 CE. Since then borders between countries have

changed, so also names of some countries and of towns. Nirmala has given a cross-reference index from

the earlier names to current names of towns. The 129 documents listed in the Annexure indicate the

documentary contributions by IMS officers, dealing with Islamic topics The entries are arranged

alphabetically by name of the author (IMS officer). The main IMS bibliography lists about 1400

documents.

The Islamic topics dealt with relate to countries, cultures, medical topography, flora and fauna,

language and literature. As already mentioned above, some books are translations from Urdu, Farsi

(Persian), Arabic, etc., and a few are translations into these languages from the original. There are

handbooks, manuals, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, indexes and travelogues. These documents were

contributed by 75 IMS officers.

The following table lists IMS officers who have contributed two or more documents:

Sprenger, Aloys 15

Gilchrist, John Borthwick 14

Bellew, Henry Walter 12

Ranking, George Spiers Alexander 10

Atkinson, James 08

Aitchison, James Edward Tierney 06

Lord, Percival Barton 03

Ainslie, Whitelaw 02

Balfour, Edward Green 02

Hunter, William 02

Kirk, Kinloch Winlaw 02

Leyden, John 02

Mouat, Frederic John 02

Tytler, John 02

These 14 officers (out of 75) contributed 82 documents out of the total of 129 documents

(i.e. over 63%)

Besides India, the countries (and/or towns in the countries) written about or mentioned in

the documents include: Afghanistan / Kandahar, Baluchistan, Barbary Coast, Bangladesh

(present), Egypt, Ethiopia, Ismailia, North-West Frontier, Sind /Pakistan (present), Sudan,

Turkey.



The languages dealt with include Arabic, Farsi (Persian), Urdu, Pushto, besides Indian

languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil and Telugu

References

Beatson, William Burns (1902; 1903). Indian Medical Service, past and present.

Brief notes regarding the Indian Medical Service; 1856

Crawford, Dirom Grey (1914). History of the Indian Medical Service; 2 v.

Crawford, Dirom Grey (1930). Roll of the Indian Medical Service, 1615-1930,

Francis, Charles Richard (189?). Indian Medical Service [pamphlet].

McDonald, Donald (1955). The Indian Medical Service. A short account of its achievements,

1600-1947

Neelameghan, A. (1961). The Royal Hospital at Goa as described in some twentieth century

travel accounts. Indian Journal of History of Medicine 6(2)

Neelameghan, A. (1962). Books and tracts by members of the Indian Medical Service.

[unpublished mss]

Neelameghan. A and Ravichandra Rao I.K. (2005). Bibliometric support to medical

historiography: A case study of the incidence of communicable diseases in 19th century India.

Information Studies, vol. 11(2), p 79-92.

Nirmala, L. (1979). Books and tracts by medical officers of the East India Company and by

members of the Indian Medical Service: A bibliography 1650-1930 AD. [Based on 8; unpublished

dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Associateship in Documentation and

Information Science, 1977-79].

Singh, Abhay Kumar (2002). Modern world system and Indian proto-industrialization: Bengal

1650-1800; 2 v.; p.298-301.

Shuttleworth, Martyn (2010). Islamic medicine – History of medicine, http://www.experiment-

resources.com/islamic-medicine.html; http://www.experiment-resources.com/ancient-

medicine.html, Retrieved 07 July 2011

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Witkam, Jan Just. Greek-Islamic medicine in India and Pakistan Third Islamic Manuscript

Conference, (University of Leiden, The Netherlands) 28-31

www.docstoc.com/docs/44745452/Greek-Islamic-medicine-in-India-and-Pakistan. Visited on 3

July 1011



http://www.experiment-resources.com/islamic-medicine.html

http://www.experiment-resources.com/islamic-medicine.html

http://www.experiment-resources.com/ancient-medicine.html

http://www.experiment-resources.com/ancient-medicine.html

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/44745452/Greek-Islamic-medicine-in-India-and-Pakistan

Annexure

List of documents , mentioned above, authored by the Officers of the IMS

1. Ainslie, Whitelaw (1767-1837). Materia medica of Hindostan and artisan's and agriculturist's

nomenclature being in English, Tamool, Dukhanie, Hindoostani, Telingoo, Arabic, Persian,

Sanskrit and Latin languages. 1813.

2. Ainslie, Whitelaw (1767-1837). Materia medica; or some account of those articles which are

mployed by the Hindoos and other eastern nations in their medicine, arts and agriculture,

comprising also formulae with practical observations on names of diseases in various eastern

languages and a copious list of oriental books immediately concerned with general science, etc.

1826. 2 v.

3. Aitchison, James Edward Tierney (1835-1898). Classified list of diseases, English and Urdu.

1860.

4. Aitchison, James Edward Tierney (1835-1898). Catalogue of the plants of the Punjab and Sindh,

to which are added some others that, from their present geographical proximity, may be found

hereafter to occur in Punjab. 1869.

5. Aitchison, James Edward Tierney (1835-1898). On the flora of the Kurram Valley, Afghanistan.

1880.

6. Aitchison, James Edward Tierney (1835-1898). Botany of the Afghan Delimitation Commission.

1888.

7. Aitchison, James Edward Tierney (1835-1898). Zoology of the Afghan Delimitation Commission.

1889.

8. Aitchison, James Edward Tierney (1835-1898). Notes on the products of Western Afghanistan and

of North Eastern Persia. 1890.

9. Atkinson, James (1780-1852). Sohrab, a poem. 1814.

10. Atkinson, James (1780-1852), Translator. Hatim Taee, romance. 1818.

11. Atkinson, James (1780-1852), Translator. Firdausi's Shahnama. [The book of kings]. 1832.

12. Atkinson, James (1780-1852), Translator. Customs and manners of the women of Persia, and their

domestic superstitions. Translated from the original Persian ms. 1832.

13. Atkinson, James (1780-1852), Translator. Nizami's Lyla and Majnun. 1832.

14. Atkinson, James (1780-1852). Expedition into Afghanistan. 1842.

15. Atkinson, James (1780-1852). Sketches in Afghanistan. 1842.

16. Atkinson, James (1780-1852). Medico-topographical account of Dacca. 1843.

17. Bainbridge, George (b.1844). Report on plague in Sind. 1897.

18. Balfour, Edward Green (1813-1889). ydyan and the hakim, what do they know of medicine?

1875.



19. Balfour, Francis (d.1818), Translator. Forms of Herkern. State letter writer in Persian. 1781;

1804.

20. Balfour, Francis (d.1818), Translator. Sair-ul-Mutakherin. Review of modern times by Ghulam

Husain Khan, 1783. 1783?

21. Bamber, Charles James (1855-1941). Plants of the Punjab. A descriptive key to the flora of the

Pubjab, North-western Frontier Province and Kashmir. 1916.

22. Bedford, Joseph Richard (1815-1856). Vital and medical statistics of Chittagong. 1852.

23. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). Journal of the political mission to Afghanistan under Col

Lundsden, in 1957. 1862.

24. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). A grammar of the Pooshtoo language. 1864.

25. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). A general report on the Eusufzais. 1864.

26. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). Our Punjab frontier, being a concise account of the various

tribes and brief remarks on Afghanistan. 1868.

27. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). Journal of a political mission to Seistan in 1857 under General

Pollock. 1862.

28. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). From the Indus to the Tigris. 1874.

29. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). Kashmir and Kashgar: Narrative of the journey of the

Embassy to Kashgar in 1873-1874. 1875.

30. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). History of Kashgaria. 1875.

31. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). Afghanistan and the Afghans : being a brief review of the

history of the country and account of its people, with a special reference to the present crisis and

war with the Amir Sher Ali Khan (1879). 1879.

32. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). Races of Afghanistan. 1880.

33. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). New Afghan question, are the Afghans Israelites? 1881.

34. Bellew, Henry Walter (1833-1892). An inquiry into the ethnography of Afghanistan. 1891.

35. Bird, James, Translator. Political and statistical history of Gujarat, Mohammed Khan to which are

added copious annotations and historical introduction. Translated from the Persian work of Ali

Mohomed Khan. 1835.

36. Blanc, Henri Jules (1831-1911). Story of the captives: a narrative of the events of Mr. Rassam's

missions to Abyssinia. 1868.

37. Blanc, Henri Jules (1831-1911). Narrative of the captivity in Abyssinia, with some account of the

late Emperor Theodore, the country and people. 1868.

38. Bomford, Trevor Lawrence (1885-1945). Afghan war and modern research. 1927.

39. Bonavia, Emanuel (1826-1908). Flora of the Assyrian monuments (in the British Museum) and its

outcomes. 1894.



40. Breton, Peter (d. 1830). Vocabulary of anatomical, medical and technical terms in English, Arabic,

Persian, Hindi and Sanskrit. 1825.

41. Burnes, James (1801-1862). Narrative of a visit to the court of Scinde. 1830.

42. Butler, James Henry (1815-1865), Translator. Risaleh beichbiyan amali Juraheeke. Translation of

Cooper's surgey into Urdu. 1848.

43. Campbell, Archibald (1805-1884). Papers on Sikkim, Morang and Koochbehar. 1851.

44. Charles, Richard Henry Havelock (c. 1858). Report on hospital services of Afghan Boundary

Commission. 1886.

45. Clark, Stewart (1814-1897). Jail manual for N.W.F. 1863.

46. Duke, Joshua (1847-1920). Recollections of the Kabul campaign, 1879 and 1880. 1883.

47. Dunlop, John. Moltan, during and after the seige, with 21 drawings, four sketches taken on the

spot by John Sunlop and lithographed by Andrew Maclure, with a descriptive and historical

account of the seige. 1849.

48. Esdaile, James (1808-1895). Letters from the Res Sea, Egypt and the continent. 1839.

49. Francis, Charles Richard (1821-1901). Anglo-Urdu medical handbook. 1895.

50. Fryer, John (1650-1733). New account of East India and Persia in eight letters, begun in 1672 and

finished in 1681. 1698.

51. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). A dictionary: English and Hisdoostanee. 1787-90.

52. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). A grammar of the Hisdoostanee language, or Part third of

volume first of a systgem of Hisdoostanee philology. 1796.

53. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). A dictionary: English and Hisdoostanee. To which is

prefixed a grammar of the Hindoostanee language. 1786.

54. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). The anti-jargonist; ashort and familiar introduction to the

Hisdoostanee language, with an extensive vocabulary. 1800.

55. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). Dialogues, English and Hindoostanee, calculated to

promote the colloquial intercourse of Europeans, on the most useful and familiar subjects, with the

natives of India, upon their arrival in that country. 1802; 2nd ed. 1809.

56. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). The Hindee director, or Student's introductor to the

Hindoostanee language, comprising the poractical outlines of the improved orthoepy and

orthography along with first and general principles of its grammar. 1802.

57. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). The Hindee-Arabic mirror or improved Arabic practical

tables of such Arabic words which are intimately connected with a due knowledge of the

Hindoostanee language. 1802.

58. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). The Hindee-Roman orthoepigraphical ultimatum, or a

systematic descriptive view of the oriental and occidental visible sounds of fixed and practical

principles for the language of the East. 1804.



59. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). British Indian monitor, or the Antijargonist stranger's

guide, Orfiental linguist and various other works, compressed into a series of portable volumes, on

the Hindoostanee language, improperly called Moors; with considerable information respecting

Eastern tongues, manners, customs, etc. 1806-1808.

60. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). The Hindee-Roman orthoepigraphical ultimatum, or a

systematic descriminative view of the oriental and occidental visible sounds, on fixed and practical

principles for acquiring the ... pronunciation of many oriental languages; exemplified in one

hundred popular anecdotes ... and proverbs of the Hindoostanee story teller. 1820.

61. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). Dialogues, English and Hindoostanee, for illustrating the

grammatical principles of the Strangers' East India Guide, and to promote the colloquial

intercourse of Europeans on the most indispensable and familiar subjects with the natives of India

immediatgely upon their arrival in Hindoostan. 1826.

62. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). Stranger's East India guide. 1802.

63. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). Hindoostanee philology. 1810.

64. Gilchrist, John Borthwick (1759-1851). Persn grammar. 1821.

65. Giles, George Michael James (1853-1916). Qawaid-i-Jaharad-i-Jahida. Antiseptic surgery. 1897.

66. Gill, Clifford Allchin (1878). Malaria in Muscat. 1916.

67. Griffith, William (1810-1845). Journals of travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan, etc.,

arranged by John meclelland. 1847.

68. Griffith, William (1810-1845). Notes on plants collected in Afghanistan and neighbouring

countries. 1839; 1848. 2 V.

69. Guise, Samuel (d.1811). Catalogue of MSS relative to religion and history of Persia, collected in

Hindustan. 1799.

70. Halls, James (1820-1860). The Life and Correspondence of Henry Salt. [Followed By] Egypt, a

Poem by a Traveller [H. Salt], by John James Halls

71. Harlan, Josiah. Memoir of India and Afghanistan. 1842.

72. Harvey, Robert (1842-1901). On the improvement of military medical arrangements in India sicne

1871 as illustrated by the Lushai Campaign of 1971, and the Miranzai Expeditions of 1891. 1892.

73. Henderson, George (1842-1901); Hume, Allan O. Lahore to Yercaud, incidents of the route and

the natural history of the countries traversed by the expedition of 1870 under T.D.Forsyth. 1873.

74. Herklots, Gerard Andreas (1798-1834). Qanoon-i-Islam, customs of the mussalmans of India.

1832.

75. Hunter, William (1755-1812). Hindustani and English dictionary. 1808. 2 v.

76. Hunter, William (1755-1812). Collecction of proverbs and proverbial phrases in Persian and

Hindustani with translations. Edited by Captain Roebuck and Horace Hayman Wilsaon. 1824.

77. Hutchinson, Robert Fame. A glossary of medical and medico-legal terms in English and Roman

Urdu, including those most frequently met with in the Law Courts. 1873.



78. Ives, Edward (17?). Voyage from England to India, in the year MDCLLIV, and a historical

narrative of the operations of the squadron and army in India under the command of Vice Admiral

and Colonel Clive in the year 1755, 1756, 1757, including a correspondence between the Admiral

and the Nabob Sirajab Dowla. Interspersed with some interesting passages relating to the manners,

customs etc. of several nations of Hindostan. Also, a Journey from Persia to England by an

unusual route with an appendix containing an account of the diseases prevalent in Admiral

Watson's Squadron; a description of most of the trees, shrubs and plants of India with their real or

supposed medicinal virtues, also a copy of the kletter written by a late ingenious physician, on the

disorders incidental toEuropeans at Gombroon in the Gulf of Persia. 1773.

79. Kennedy, Richard Hartley (d.1865). Narrative of the campaign of the army of the Indus in Scinde

and Kabul in 1838-1839. 1840.

80. Kirk, Kinloch Winlaw (1814-1857). Topography of upper Sind. 18.

81. Kirk, Kinloch Winlaw (1814-1857). Topography of upper Sind. 1847.

82. Leyden, John (1775-1811). Indo-Persian, Indo-Chinese and Dekkan languages. 1807.

83. Leyden, John (1775-1811). Memoirs of Babar. 1826.

84. Lord, Percival Barton (1808-1840). Algiers, with notices of the neighbouring states of Barbary.

1826.

85. Lord, Percival Barton (1808-1840). Report on a visit to Kohi Daman and Hindukush. 1839.

86. Lord, Percival Barton (1808-1840). Memoir on Kundus. 1839.

87. MacNeill, John (1795-1883). Foreign ffice correspondence relating to Persia and Afghanistan.

1839.

88. Maynard, Frederick Pinsent (1864-1921); Prain, David. Botany of the Baluch-Afghan Boundary

Commission. 1896.

89. Mouat, Frederic John (1816-1897), Translator. Hindustani version of London Pharmacopoeia.

1845.

90. Mouat, Frederic John (1816-1897), Topography of Fatehpursikri. 1859.

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