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Suvarefrigerants

f

Technical Information

DuPontHCFC-123

Properties, Uses,Storage, and Handling

P123

Suva 123 refrigerant

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HCFC-123Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling

Table of Contents

Page

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1Background ................................................................................................................1

HCFC-123An Environmentally Acceptable Alternative .......................................1

Uses ................................................................................................................................1Refrigerant ..................................................................................................................2

Heat-Transfer Fluid ....................................................................................................2

Physical Properties ........................................................................................................2

Chemical/Thermal Stability .......................................................................................10Thermal Decomposition ..........................................................................................10

Stability with Metals and Refrigeration Lubricants ...............................................10

Materials Compatibility .............................................................................................10Plastics ......................................................................................................................10

Elastomers ................................................................................................................13

Desiccants.................................................................................................................13

Refrigeration Lubricants ..........................................................................................13

Toxicity .........................................................................................................................13Inhalation Toxicity ...................................................................................................13

Cardiac Sensitization............................................................................................14

Skin and Eye Contact ...............................................................................................14

Monitors and Leak Detection ....................................................................................14Types of Detectors ...................................................................................................14Nonselective Detectors ........................................................................................14

Halogen-Selective Detectors ...............................................................................15

Compound-Specific Detectors ............................................................................15

Storage and Handling .................................................................................................15Shipping Containers in the U.S. .............................................................................15

Bulk Storage Systems .............................................................................................15

Storage, Handling, and Use Recommendations ...................................................15

Prohibited Uses ....................................................................................................15

Personal Protective Equipment ...........................................................................16

Storage ..................................................................................................................17

Handling ................................................................................................................17Charging, Maintenance, and Sampling ..............................................................17

Leaks and Spills ....................................................................................................17

Recovery, Reclamation, Recycle, and Disposal .......................................................17Recovery ...................................................................................................................18

Reclamation..............................................................................................................18

Recycle ......................................................................................................................18

Disposal ....................................................................................................................18

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Introduction

BackgroundHCFC-123 was introduced by DuPont as an envi-ronmentally acceptable, nonflammable replacementfor chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 11 in refrigerationand heat-transfer applications. CFCs, which were

developed over 60 years ago, have many uniqueproperties. CFCs are low in toxicity, nonflammable,noncorrosive, and compatible with other materials.In addition, they offer the thermodynamic andphysical properties that make them ideal for a vari-ety of uses. CFCs are used as refrigerants; as blow-ing agents in the manufacture of insulation,packaging, and cushioning foams; as cleaningagents for metal and electronic components; and inmany other applications.

However, the stability of CFCs, coupled with theirchlorine content, has linked them to depletion of the

earths protective ozone layer. As a result, DuPonthas phased out production of CFCs and introducedenvironmentally acceptable alternatives, such ashydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 123.

HCFC-123An EnvironmentallyAcceptable AlternativeAlthough HCFC-123 contains chlorine, itshydrogen-containing molecules decompose prima-rily in the lower atmosphere before they can reachthe ozone layer. Because the chlorine is dissipatedat lower altitudes, HCFCs have relatively shortatmospheric lifetimes and much lower ozone deple-

tion potentials (ODPs) than CFCs. The ODP ofHCFC-123 is 0.02 compared to 1.00 for CFC-11.

The generic and DuPont trade names forHCFC-123 are:

Suva 123

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 123

HCFC-123

The chemical properties of HCFC-123 are:

Chemical Name 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Molecular Formula CF3CHCl2

Molecular Weight 152.93

CAS Registry Number 306-83-2

Chemical Structure

The infrared spectrum of HCFC-123 is shown inFigure 1.

UsesHCFC-123 is a viable replacement for CFC-11as a refrigerant and as a heat-transfer fluid. BecauseHCFC-123 has an allowable exposure limit (AEL)of 50 ppm, its use is limited to applications whereit can be effectively contained within the operatingequipment. DuPont does not sell HCFC-123 for useas blowing agents for polymer foams or aerosolpropellants. See later sections of this bulletin fordiscussions of toxicity and recommendations forsafe handling.

Figure 1. Infrared Spectrum of HCFC-123 Liquid

1

F

F CC H

F Cl

Cl

4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200

Wavenumber, CM1

1,000 800 600 400 200

100

80

60

40

20

0

Transmittance,%

Transmittance,%

100

Microns

80

60

40

20

9.0 50403530252018161412108.07.06.05.04.03.02.5

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RefrigerantThe thermodynamic and physical properties ofHCFC-123, coupled with its nonflammability,make it an efficient and safe replacement refriger-ant for CFC-11 in centrifugal chillers. In fact,HCFC-123 offers the best theoretical efficiency ofthe several alternatives for use in chillers. DuPont

HCFC-123 is available to chiller manufacturers foruse in new and existing equipment. DuPont is alsoconverting most of its own CFC-11 chillers toHCFC-123.

HCFC-123 was selected as a replacement forCFC-11 because the two compounds will produceroughly the same operating pressures and tempera-tures in a chiller. However, an unmodified chillerwill produce less cooling capacity and an equiva-lent or lower efficiency with HCFC-123 than it didwith CFC-11. The differences in capacity and effi-ciency will depend on the original system compo-

nent selection and operating conditions. Table 1gives performance ranges to be expected based onactual retrofit experience.

Table 1Retrofit Experience with Unmodified Chillers

HCFC-123 vs. CFC-11

Capacity 5 to 20%

Coefficient of Performance 0 to 5%

Evaporator Pressure 14 to 21 kPa2 to 3 psi

Condenser Pressure 14 to 21 kPa2 to 3 psi

Discharge Temperature 1 to 3C2 to 6F

The industry has developed mechanical compo-nents optimized for HCFC-123 that can be installedin existing equipment to maintain full capacity ina retrofit application. In addition, new equipmentdesigned specifically for HCFC-123 will haveequivalent or better capacity and efficiency thanthe equipment it is designed to replace. When con-sidering whether to retrofit or replace existing sys-tems, one should compare, on a life-cycle basis,

the difference in operating and maintenance costsas well as the initial investment and retrofit costs.Newly designed and optimized refrigeration equip-ment may provide very much lower operating coststhan existing equipment.

In general, alternative refrigerants cannot be simplydropped into systems designed to use CFCs.Alternatives are similar but not the same as theCFCs they are targeted to replace. The differencesin physical properties and in compatibilities withconstruction materials must be carefully consid-ered. Applications bulletins are available from

DuPont giving more details on the use of HCFC-123 as a refrigerant.

Heat-Transfer FluidIn many applications, refrigeration equipment islocated in a service facility separate from an indus-trial process. The process heat is transferred to therefrigeration equipment by means of a circulatingheat-transfer fluid, known as a brine or secondaryrefrigerant. A typical brine system is shown inFigure 2. The most common brines are water-based solutions of salts, glycols, or alcohols. How-ever, for low temperatures or in situations where

chemical inertness is important, chlorinated organicsolvents (methylene chloride, trichloroethylene) orCFCs (CFC-11, CFC-113) have been widely used.These compounds are no longer acceptable froman environmental or, in the case of the chlorinatedsolvents, an occupational health standpoint.

Table 2compares pertinent physical propertiesof HCFC-123 with those of typical brines. Whenplanning to retrofit a brine system to HCFC-123, itis important to check heat-transfer design calcula-tions for the system. Rates will be similar if theretrofit is being made from CFC-11 or CFC-113.

However, HCFC-123 has a specific heat approxi-mately 15% lower than methylene chloride, requir-ing higher circulating flow rates and increasedpumping power. Bulletin ART-6 is available fromDuPont giving details on the use of HCFC-123 asa heat-transfer brine.

Physical PropertiesPhysical properties of HCFC-123 are given inTable 3 and Figures 3 to7. Additional physicalproperty data may be found in other DuPont publi-cations. Bulletin ART-1 contains viscosity, thermal

conductivity, and heat capacity data for saturatedliquid and vapor in addition to heat capacity dataand heat capacity ratios for both saturated andsuperheated vapors. Thermodynamic tables inEnglish and SI units are available in BulletinsT-123-ENG and T-123-SI. Liquid and vapordensities are included in the thermodynamic tables.

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Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of Typical Brine System

Table 2Measured Properties of Heat-Transfer Brines

AqueousCalcium Methylene

Property Chloride (25%) Chloride CFC-11 CFC-113 HCFC-123

Boiling PointC >100 40 24 48 28F >212 104 75 118 82

Freezing PointC 29 97 111 35 107F 20 143 168 31 161

Vapor Pressure at 25CkPa NA 57 106 45 91psig NA 6.4 0.7 8.2 1.5

ViscositymPasec (cP) 12 0.70 0.73 1.49 0.82

Specific HeatkJ/kgK 2.81 1.13 0.84 0.88 0.90Btu/lbF 0.67 0.26 0.20 0.21 0.22

Thermal ConductivityW/mK 0.50 0.19 0.10 0.08 0.096

Btu/hrftF 0.29 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.056

Densitykg/m3 1260 1400 1560 1650 1578lb/ft3 78.8 87.5 97.5 103.0 98.5

Note: Properties other than vapor pressure are given at 24C (11F).

NA = not available.

3

Brine

Storage

Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Chiller

From Process

To Process

BrineStorage

To Process

From Process

Chiller

Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

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Table 3Physical Properties of HCFC-123

Physical Properties Units HCFC-123

Chemical Name 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Chemical Formula CF3-CHCl

2

Molecular Weight 152.93

Boiling Point at 1 atm (101.3 kPa/1.013 bar) C 27.85F 82.0

Freezing Point C 107.0F 161.0

Critical Temperature C 183.68F 362.63

Critical Pressure kPa 3668lb/in2 abs 532.0

Critical Volume m3/kg 1.82 103

ft3/lb 0.0291

Critical Density kg/m3 550.0lb/ft3 34.34

Density (Liquid) at 25C (77F) kg/m3 1463lb/ft3 91.3

Density (Saturated Vapor) kg/m3 6.47at Boiling Point lb/ft3 0.403

Heat Capacity (Liquid) kJ/kgK 0.965at 25C (77F) Btu/(lb) (F) 0.235

Heat Capacity (Vapor at Constant Pressure) kJ/kgK 0.721at 25C (77F) and 1 atm (101.3 kPa/1.013 bar) Btu/(lb) (F) 0.172

Vapor Pressure at 25C (77F) kPa 91.29bar 0.9129

lb/in2 abs 13.241

Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point kJ/kg 170Btu/lb 73.3

Thermal Conductivity at 25C (77F)Liquid W/mK 0.0810

Btu/hrftF 0.0471

Vapor at 1 atm (101.3 kPa/1.013 bar) W/mK 0.0112Btu/hrftF 0.0064

Viscosity at 25C (77F)Liquid mPas (cP) 0.456Vapor at 1 atm (101.3 kPa/1.013 bar) mPas (cP) 0.0110

Solubility of HCFC-123 in Water wt% 0.39at 25C (77F) and 1 atm (101.3 kPa/1.013 bar)

Solubility of Water in HCFC-123 wt% 0.08at 25C (77F)

Flammability Limits in Air at 1 atm (101.3 kPa/1.013 bar) vol% None

Ozone-Depletion Potential (ODP) (For CFC-11, ODP = 1) 0.02

Halocarbon Global Warming Potential (HGWP) 0.02(For CFC-11, HGWP = 1)

Global Warming Potential (GWP) 93(100-yr ITH. For CO

2, GWP = 1)

TSCA Inventory Status Listed

Inhalation Exposure Limit (AELa) ppm (v/v) 508- and 12-hr TWA

Emergency Exposure Limits (EELb) ppm (v/v) 1000 for 1 hr2500 for 1 min

(a) AEL (acceptable exposure limit) is an airborne exposure limit established by DuPont that specifies time-weighted averageconcentrations to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects.

(b) EEL (emergency exposure limit) is an airborne exposure limit established by DuPont to which workers may be exposedduring an emergency occurring rarely in a lifetime without harmful effects.

Note: kPa is absolute pressure.

4

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Figure 3. Solubility of Water in HCFC-123

5

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Temperature, C

50 25 0 25 50 75 100 125

5000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Temperature (F)

100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Temperature, F

We igh

t,p

pm,W

ateri n

HCF

C-123

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Figure 4. Vapor Pressure of HCFC-123 vs. Temperature (English Units)

6

Temperature,

F

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

1

60

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

0.

1110

100

1,

000

Pressure,psia

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Figure 5. Vapor Pressure of HCFC-123 vs. Temperature (SI Units)

7

Temperature,

C

160

150

14

0

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

1

0

0

10

20

60

110

100

1,

000

10,0

00

Pressure,kPa

30

40

50

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Figure 6. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for HCFC-123 (English Units)

8

a DuPontFluorochemicals

HCFC-12

3

Pressure-EnthalpyDiagram

(EnglishUnits)

Enthalpy,

Btu/lb

Pressure,psia

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Figure 7. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for HCFC-123 (SI Units)

a DuPontFluorochemicals

HCFC-123

Pressure-Enthalp

yDiagram

(SIUnits)

Enthalpy,

kJ/kg

Pressure,MPa

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Chemical/Thermal Stability

Thermal DecompositionHCFC-123 vapors will decompose when exposedto high temperatures from flames or electric resis-tance heaters. Decomposition may produce toxicand irritating compounds, such as hydrogen fluo-ride and hydrogen chloride. The pungent odorsreleased will irritate the nose and throat and gener-ally force people to evacuate the area. Therefore, itis important to prevent decomposition by avoidingexposure to high temperatures.

Stability with Metals andRefrigeration LubricantsStability tests for refrigerants with metals are typi-cally performed in sealed glass tubes in the pres-ence of refrigeration lubricants. Because existingrefrigeration oils are used with HCFC-123, stabilitytests were performed in the presence of several

mineral oils. Results are presented here for twoseries of tests in which the stability of HCFC-123was compared to CFC-11 under identical testconditions.

In the first test series, 1.0 mL (0.03 oz) of refriger-ant and an equal weight of lubricant were addedto glass tubes in the presence of strips of Sandvikvalve steel. The tubes were frozen, evacuated,sealed, and then heated for 14 days at temperaturesof 105C and 150C (221F and 302F). Agedtubes were inspected visually for insoluble reactionproducts and appearance of the metal surfaces.Exposed tubes were opened and the chloride con-tents determined by analysis. The amount of refrig-erant reacted during each test was then calculatedfrom the amount of chloride formed.

The results from the first test series are summarizedin Table 4. HCFC-123 appeared approximately tentimes more stable than CFC-11 in these tests.

In the second test series, 3.0 mL (0.1 oz) of refrig-erant and 0.52 mL (0.02 oz) of lubricant wereadded to glass tubes in the presence of steel, cop-per, and aluminum coupons. The tubes were frozen,evacuated, sealed, and then heated for 2.95 days at

151C (304F). After exposure, visual ratings wereobtained on both the liquid and the metal coupons.Visual ratings ranged from 0 to 5, with 0 being thebest. The sample tubes were then opened and thelubricant/refrigerant solutions analyzed for chlorideand fluoride ions to indicate the extent of refriger-ant decomposition.

The results of the second test series are in Table 5.The HCFC-123 again exhibited improved stabilityversus CFC-11.

Because CFC-11/metal/mineral oil combinationshave given good results in actual refrigerationservice, these tests indicate that replacement ofCFC-11 by HCFC-123 will give satisfactoryperformance from a compatibility standpoint.

Note that the tests described here were acceleratedtests. HCFC-123 and CFC-11 are low-pressurerefrigerants and would seldom be exposed to tem-peratures as high as the upper test temperature(150C [302F]).

Materials CompatibilityIt is important to review materials of constructionfor compatibility when designing new equipment,retrofitting existing equipment, or preparing

storage and handling facilities. Because HCFC-123will be used primarily as a refrigerant or heat-transfer fluid, the compatibility data summarizedbelow include materials commonly used in refrig-eration applications.

PlasticsCompatibility results for HCFC-123 and CFC-11are compared for ten typical plastic materials inTable 6. The table summarizes screening tests inwhich these materials were exposed to liquid refrig-erant in sealed glass tubes at two temperatures. Theratings given are based on observations of length,

weight, and appearance changes. The presence of ahydrogen atom on the HCFC-123 molecule makesit a stronger solvent than CFC-11 and, therefore,more aggressive toward plastics. Several plasticsused with CFC-11 are also compatible with HCFC-123. As its use becomes more common, other mate-rials will be approved for use with HCFC-123.

Because the performance of plastic materials isaffected by polymer variations, compoundingagents, fillers, and molding processes, verifyingcompatibility using actual fabricated parts underend-use conditions is advised.

Refrigerant contacts the motor windings in a her-metic compressor. Equipment manufacturers havedeveloped specially cured epoxy wire insulationthat has performed well in hermetic compressorshandling HCFC-123. Be sure to check with themanufacturer before using any hermetic compressorwith HCFC-123.

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Table 4Stability of HCFC-123 with Steel and Lubricating Oils

Mineral Oil White Naphthenic OilOil ISO VG32 ISO VG46

Temperature 105C 150C 105C 150C221F 302F 221F 302F

Refrigerant R-11 R-123 R-11 R-123 R-11 R-123 R-11 R-123Chloride, mg 1.06 0.099 225 3.26 0.033 0.048 94.5 12.2

0.066 5.66

Percent 0.46 0.045 72.0 1.56 0.014 0.002 45.2 5.84Refrigerant 0.032 2.71Reacted from Chloride

Appearance Light Brown Heavy Light Slight No Etched Lightof Steel Stains Stain Sludge Sludge Color Change Deposits

Source of Data: D. F. Huttenlocher (Spauchus Associates), Chemical and Thermal Stability of Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures with Metals, Report DOE/CE/23810-3B, Air Conditioning and RefrigerationTechnology Institute, Arlington, VA, July 10, 1992.

Test Conditions:Sealed tubes containing 0.9 g (0.03 oz) refrigerant + 0.9 g (0.03 oz) lubricantMetal specimen: 1/4 in (6.4 mm) 1-1/4 in (3.18 cm) strip of valve steel (Sandvik Steel Company)Exposure: 14 days at indicated temperature

Table 5Stability of HCFC-123 with Steel, Copper, Aluminum, and Heavy Naphthenic Oil

Metals: Steel 1010CopperAluminum 1100

Oil: Witco Freezene heavy white naphthenic mineraloil, 255 SUS [approx. 55 cSt at 38C (100F)]

HCFC-123Refrigerant R-11 Sample 1 Sample 2

Visual RatingsLiquid 3 0+ 2Steel 1 1+ 2Copper 3 2 2Aluminum 1 0 0

Decomposition AnalysesChloride, wt% 1.7 0.08 0.13Fluoride, wt% 0.42 0.003 0.004

Source of Data: DuPont Tests

Test Conditions:Sealed tubes containing 3.0 mL (0.1 oz) refrigerant + 0.52 mL (0.02 oz) lubricantMetal specimens: 2-3/8 in (6.0 cm) 1/4 in (6.4 mm) 1/16 in (1.6 mm)Exposure: 2.95 days at 151C (304F)

Visual Ratings: 0 to 5

Rating Metal Liquid

0 Bright, shiny Clear, colorless

3 Darkening Clear, brown

5 Severe deposits Black, coke present

(Ratings of 3 and higher considered unacceptable)

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Table 6Plastics Compatibility of CFC-11 vs. HCFC-123

Screening Test Conditions: Plastic specimens exposed to liquid in sealed glass tubes at temperatures andexposure times given below.

Compatibility Ratings

4 Hours at 100 Hours at

Plastic 24C (75

F) 54

C (130

F)

Chemical Type Trade Name CFC-11 HCFC-123 CFC-11 HCFC-123

ABS Kralastic (Uniroyal Chem.) 0 4 0 4

Acetal Delrin 0 0 0 1

Acrylic Lucite 0 4 0 4

Fluorocarbon PTFE Teflon 0 0 0 1

Polyamide 6/6 nylon Zytel 0 0 0 0

Polycarbonate Lexan (General Electric Co.) 0 4 0 4

Polyethylene-HD Alathon (Cain Chem. Co.) 0 0 1 1

Polypropylene Alathon 0 0 2 2

Polystyrene Styron (Dow Chem. Co.) 0 4 4 4

Polyvinyl Chloride 0 0 1 1

Ratings: 0 = Suitable for use1 = Probably suitable for use2 = Probably not suitable for use3 = Not suitable4 = Plastic disintegrated or dissolved in liquid

Ratings Based On:Specimen dimensional, weight, and surface changes.

Table 7Elastomer Compatibility of CFC-11 vs. HCFC-123

Test Conditions: Exposure to liquid in sealed tubes for 7 days at 54C (130F), then ambient air drying for21days.

Length Change at Weight ChangeElastomer End of Exposure, % After Drying, %

Chemical Type Trade Name CFC-11 HCFC-123 CFC-11 HCFC-123

Butyl Rubber 16 11 4 2

ChlorosulfonatedPolyethylene (CSM) Hypalon 2 12 2 5

Fluoroelastomer Viton A 2 23 0 5

HydrocarbonRubber (EPDM) Nordel 12 13 9 6

Natural Rubber 31 39 4 4Neoprene 2 10 8 9

Nitrile RubberBuna N (NBR) 1 50 0 4Buna S (SBR) 13 26 8 9

Polysulfide Thiokol FA (Thiokol Corp.) 0 7 1 2

Silicone 33 28 2 2

Urethane Adiprene C 7 56 3 5

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ElastomersCompatibility results for HCFC-123 and CFC-11are compared for 11 typical elastomers in Table 7.The table lists linear swell immediately after expo-sure and weight change measured after drying. Asin the case of plastics, HCFC-123 may affect someelastomers more than CFC-11. Low swelling and

extraction are not sufficient by themselves toqualify an elastomer. Elastomers that show limitedeffects must still be tested for changes in mechani-cal properties, such as hardness, tensile strength,and compression set. Some of the elastomers listedhere, such as polysulfide, show limited swellingand weight change, but significant differences inproperties after exposure to HCFC-123.

Although they contain elastomeric binders,compressed sheet gasketing can be used withHCFC-123 because elastomers are not the majorcomponents of these materials. Manufacturers have

successfully formulated sheet gasketing based onneoprene and other elastomers. Chiller manufactur-ers consider many of these formulations to be pro-prietary. Garlock, Inc. recommends their Style 3300compressed sheet gasketing, which uses a neoprenebinder, for HCFC-123 service. Filled PTFEgasketing should also be satisfactory.

The original equipment manufacturer shouldalways be consulted before specifying gasketingmaterial to be used in a chiller with HCFC-123.

Effects on specific elastomers depend on thenature of the polymer, the compounding formula-

tion and the curing or vulcanizing conditions.Actual samples should be tested under end-useconditions before specifying elastomers for criticalcomponents.

DesiccantsDriers filled with desiccant are typically used inrefrigeration systems and bulk storage facilities.Actual field experience has shown that HCFC-123is compatible with solid-core driers used with es-tablished refrigerants such as R-11, R-12, and R-22.

Refrigeration LubricantsMost compressors require a lubricant to protectinternal moving parts. The compressor manufac-turer usually recommends the type of lubricant andviscosity that should be used to ensure proper op-eration and equipment durability. Recommenda-tions are based on several criteria, such as lubricity,compatibility with materials of construction, ther-mal stability, and refrigerant/oil miscibility. Toensure efficient operation and long equipmentlife, it is important to follow the manufacturersrecommendations.

In refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, somelubricant escapes from the compressor dischargearea and circulates through the system with therefrigerant. Current lubricants used with CFC-11are fully miscible over the range of expected oper-ating conditions, easing the problem of getting thelubricant to flow back to the compressor. Refrigera-

tion systems using CFC-11 take advantage of thisfull miscibility when considering lubricant return.

Several families of lubricants that have acceptablemiscibility with HCFC-123 have been identified.Although most applications for HCFC-123 will notinvolve high discharge temperatures or evaporatortemperatures below 0C (32F), the candidate lubri-cants were tested over the broad temperature rangeshown in Table 8. All the lubricants listed in thetable were miscible over the entire temperaturerange in the proportions listed.

In summary, lubricants used with CFC-11 are

giving satisfactory performance with HCFC-123in operating systems.

Table 8Mutual Solubility Tests with HCFC-123

andLubricants

Refrigeration oils determined to be miscible from10C to 93C (14F to 199F) in mixtures containing30, 60, and 90 wt% HCFC-123:

500 SUS Alkylbenzene Lubricant

500 SUS Paraffinic Lubricant

500 SUS Naphthenic Lubricant

125 SUS Alkylbenzene Lubricant

Note: 500 SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds) viscosity isequivalent to approximately 110 cSt at 38C (100F);125 SUS viscosity is equivalent to approximately27cSt at 38C (100F).

ToxicityUsers must implement a program to inform em-ployees of the hazards of HCFC-123 and the pro-tective measures to be taken to protect againstoverexposure during routine operations and emer-gencies. Users must read and understand the

HCFC-123 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Inhalation ToxicityDuPont has concluded that HCFC-123 poses noacute or chronic hazard when it is handled in accor-dance with recommendations and when exposuresare maintained at or below the DuPont acceptableexposure limit (AEL) of 50 ppm (8- and 12-hrtime-weighted average or TWA).

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An AEL is an airborne exposure limit establishedby DuPont that specifies time-weighted averageairborne concentrations to which nearly all workersmay be repeatedly exposed without adverse effectsduring an 8- or 12-hr day or 40-hr workweek.

DuPont has also set an emergency exposure limit(EEL) of 1,000 ppm for up to 1 hr with a 1-minceiling of 2,500 ppm based on the acute or short-term effects of HCFC-123. During an emergency,occurring rarely in a lifetime, workers may beexposed to these concentrations without harmfuleffects. The short-term (or acute) effects of CFC-11and HCFC-123 are similar, and any necessary re-sponse to emergency situations involving eitherwould be essentially the same. The AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) has set a ceiling threshold limit value(TLV) of 1000 ppm for CFC-11.

Prolonged inhalation of high concentrations of

HCFC-123 vapor may cause temporary nervoussystem depression with anesthetic effects such asdizziness, headache, confusion, incoordination, andloss of consciousness. With gross overexposure(greater than 20% concentration), a temporary alter-ation of the hearts electrical activity with irregularpulse, palpitations, or inadequate circulation mayoccur. Similar effects are observed in overexposureto CFC-11. Inhalation may cause liver effects withextended high-level exposures. Intentional misuseor deliberate inhalation of HCFC-123 may causedeath without warning. This practice is extremelydangerous. A person experiencing any of the initialsymptoms should be moved to fresh air and keptcalm. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Ifbreathing is difficult, give oxygen. Call a physician.

Cardiac SensitizationIf HCFC-123 vapors are inhaled at a concentrationof 20,000 ppm or greater, the heart may becomesensitized to adrenaline leading to cardiac irregu-larities and, possibly, to cardiac arrest. Similar ef-fects are observed with CFC-11 at concentrations inair of 3,500 ppm or greater. The likelihood of thesecardiac problems increases if you are under physi-cal or emotional stress.

Because of possible disturbances of cardiacrhythm, catecholamine drugs, such as epinephrine,should be considered only as a last resort in life-threatening emergencies.

Skin and Eye ContactHCFC-123 is not a skin irritant or skin sensitizer,but is a mild to moderate eye irritant. Overexposureby eye contact may include eye irritation with dis-comfort, tearing, or blurring of vision.

In case of skin contact, flush with water for 15 min.Get medical attention if irritation is present. In caseof eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plentyof water for 15 min. Call a physician.

Monitors and Leak DetectionService personnel have used leak detection equip-ment for years when servicing equipment. Leakdetectors exist not only for pinpointing specificleaks, but also for monitoring an entire room on acontinual basis. There are several reasons for leakpinpointing or area monitoring, including: con-servation of refrigerants, protection of valuableequipment, reduction of fugitive emissions, andprotection of employees. ASHRAE (AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Condi-tioning Engineers) Standard 15 requires area moni-tors in refrigeration Machinery Rooms as defined inthe standard. In conformance with the standard, anair monitor capable of measuring 0 to 150 ppm ofHCFC-123 is required for indoor applications.

Leak detectors can be placed into two broad catego-ries: leak pinpointers and area monitors. Beforepurchasing a monitor or pinpointer, several instru-mental criteria should be considered, includingsensitivity, detection limits, and selectivity.

Types of DetectorsUsing selectivity as a criterion, leak detectors canbe placed into one of three categories: nonselec-tive, halogen-selective, or compound-specific. Ingeneral, as the specificity of the monitor increases,so does the complexity and cost.

A detailed discussion of leak detection, along witha list of manufacturers of leak detection equipment,is given in bulletin ARTD-27A.

Nonselective Detectors

Nonselective detectors are those that will detect anytype of emission or vapor present, regardless of itschemical composition. These detectors are typicallyquite simple to use, very rugged, inexpensive, andalmost always portable. However, their inability tobe calibrated, long-term drift, lack of selectivity,and lack of sensitivity limit their use for areamonitoring.

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Nonselective detectors will respond to chlorine-containing soaps commonly used in leak testing.

Although nonselective detectors designed for usewith CFCs will respond well to HCFC-123, the lowAEL of HCFC-123 requires detection of very smallleaks. Recently new detectors with greatly im-proved sensitivity to HCFC-123 have becomeavailable. Be sure to consult with the manufacturerbefore selecting or using a nonselective detectorwith HCFC-123.

Halogen-Selective DetectorsHalogen-selective detectors use a specialized sensorthat allows the monitor to detect compounds con-taining fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine with-out interference from other species. The majoradvantage of such a detector is a reduction in thenumber of nuisance alarmsfalse alarms causedby the presence of some compound in the area otherthan the target compound.

These detectors are typically easy to use, featurehigher sensitivity than the nonselective detectors(detection limits are typically

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Table 9Specifications of Shipping Containers for HCFC-123

Nominal DOT Color Net Weight (lb)Size Dimensions Specification Code HCFC-123

10-gal tight head drum 14-5/8OD 17-3/4H 17E PMS 428 100

20-gal tight head drum 16-1/4OD 28-5/16H 17E PMS 428 200

55-gal tight head drum 23-1/2OD 34H 17C PMS 428 6255,000 gal Tank Truck MC-307 40,000

MC-330 MaximumMC-331

20,000 gal Tank Rail Car 105A100W

Table 10Minimum Respirator Protection

Concentration of Minimum RespiratorHCFC-123 in Air, ppm Exposure Time Protection

Less than 50* 812 hr Noneas a time weighted per dayaverage (TWA)

50150* Less than 30 min Noneper workshift

When performing tasks that monitoring data indicate may result in concentrations exceeding the above orwhenperforming nonroutine or unusual tasks, the following protection is recommended:

Concentration ofHCFC-123 in Air, ppm Minimum Respirator Protection

50300 Half Mask, Organic Vapor Cartridge or CanisterOr

Full Mask, Organic Vapor Cartridge or Canister

300 or greater Full Face Air Line or Self-Contained Breathing

Apparatus (SCBA)

* Instantaneous spikes may occur during operations such as disconnecting charging lines or tapping drums. When factoredinto the time-weighted average, existing monitoring data on excursions have not resulted in exceeding the AEL duringtypical routine servicing.

Personal Protective EquipmentRespiratory protection should be worn when per-forming all operations during which there is poten-tial for exposure in excess of an average of 50 ppm,for an entire 8- or 12-hr workday. DuPont recom-mends the use of NIOSH-approved respiratory

protection, as shown in Table 10.

Note: Cartridge performance is affected by humid-ity. Cartridges should be changed after 2 hr of con-tinuous use unless it is determined that the humidityis less than 75%, in which case, cartridges can beused for 4 hr. Used cartridges should be discardeddaily, regardless of the length of time used.

People who will work with HCFC-123 should betrained on the proper use of respirators, and shouldbe fit-tested annually to ensure respirator fit isadequate.

Industrial hygiene evaluations of workplace condi-tions may justify less stringent respirator programrecommendations.

Eye protection, gloves of butyl rubber or other im-pervious material, and safety shoes should be used

when filling and handling drums. Nitrile, PVC-coated nitrile, and PVC protective equipment arenot recommended. Directed mechanical ventilationor localized exhaust may facilitate controlling air-borne HCFC-123 concentrations.

Coverall chemical goggles and a face shield shouldbe used when making first breaks into a system ifliquid splash is a potential problem and full-facerespiratory protection is not worn. Eyewash foun-tains or water hoses with quick-opening valvesshould be accessible to HCFC-123 work areas.

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StorageDrums of HCFC-123 should be stored upright, at atemperature below 52C (125F), and out of directsunlight. All drum bungs should be leak-tight (at aminimum sealed with TFE tape). Storage of factory-sealed drums does not require a continuously oper-ating air monitor. A monitor is, however, required

if liquid transfer or drumming operations are beingperformed at an indoor storage location. Quantitiesstored should be limited to that needed for reason-able maintenance requirements. Empty drumsshould be stored outside.

No storage of HCFC-123 should be permitted inareas containing alkali or alkaline earth metalssuch as powdered aluminum, zinc, or beryllium.

HandlingWhen moving drums of HCFC-123, the use ofgloves, safety glasses with side shields, and steel-toe shoes is recommended. Use either a hand truck

or forklift when moving drums, because filled unitscan weigh as much as 309 kg (680 lb). When usinga forklift truck, always follow the manufacturersrecommended weight capacity.

The larger bung on HCFC-123 drums loaded in theUnited States contains a smaller built-in openingfor hose/piping connections. This smaller openinghas a metal seal to minimize vapors released tothe atmosphere on initial opening of the drum.On initial opening of a drum, it is recom-mended that a combination 3/4-in screwedbrass ball valve with Teflon packing and seat

and a 3/4 2-in pipe nipple be screwed intothe threaded bung. This will rupture the sealand allow for fluid transfer.

This operation should be performed outdoors; ifindoors, use directed mechanical ventilation orlocalized exhaust equipment. Appropriate refrigera-tion fittings can be connected to the valve for trans-fer into the machine. This procedure minimizesemissions of refrigerant during drum opening.

Charging, Maintenance, and SamplingWhen making first breaks into the system, wearappropriate respiratory protection unless the roomair monitoring data indicates that HCFC-123 con-centration in air can reasonably be expected toremain below the 50 ppm AEL during the workin progress (see Table 10). Directed mechanicalventilation or localized exhaust may facilitatecontrolling airborne concentrations.

When charging refrigerant into or drawing it outof a chiller, connect the drum to the chiller withboth a liquid transfer line and a vent line to avoida vacuum or overpressure condition in the drumand to minimize venting of HCFC-123 vaporinto the workspace during liquid transfer. Thetransfer and vent lines should be compatible with

HCFC-123. Minimize HCFC-123 emission toatmosphere from transfer lines during connectionand disconnection. If possible use the previouslyrecommended drum connection device (valve andnipple) and charge refrigerant under cool ambientconditions.

Good workplace practices should be used to avoidspills, drippage, exposed contaminated equipment,or open containers of HCFC-123.

When working on a chiller, de-inventory intodrums through a recovery device or into a receiver(if provided) and evacuate the system to 29 inHg

(absolute pressure of 3.4 kPa [0.5 psia]). Breakthe vacuum with nitrogen, reevacuate, and breakvacuum again with nitrogen. Waste oil should bedisposed of in accordance with appropriate regula-tory requirements. Waste oil will contain significanquantities of dissolved HCFC-123.

Leaks and SpillsMajor leaks or spills will not evaporate readily dueto the high boiling point of HCFC-123, forcingrecovery as a liquid. Self-contained breathing air(SCBA) is required until levels are reduced suffi-ciently to permit other or no respiratory protection.

Spill control measures should be preplanned, andall washes should be disposed of in accordancewith applicable government regulations. If splashpotential exists, wear protective equipment fabri-cated from an impervious material such as butylrubber.

Recovery, Reclamation, Recycle,and DisposalResponsible use of HCFC-123 requires that theproduct be recovered for reuse or disposal. DuPontpurchases used refrigerants for reclamation through

its distributor networks in the United States,Canada, and Europe. In the United States, usedHCFC-123 is accepted as part of this program.Recovery and reuse of HCFC-123 makes sensefrom an environmental and economic standpoint.In addition, the U.S. Clean Air Act prohibits knownventing of HCFC refrigerants during the mainte-nance, servicing, or disposal of refrigerationequipment.

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RecoveryRecovery refers to the removal of HCFC-123 fromequipment and collection in an appropriate externalcontainer. As defined by the Air Conditioning andRefrigeration Institute (ARI, a U.S. organization),recovery does not involve processing or analyticaltesting.

HCFC-123 may be recovered from refrigerationequipment using recovery equipment availablefrom chiller manufacturers and from refrigerationcontractors. These recovery units are often mountedon a base with casters and have provision for stor-age of a limited amount of refrigerant during chillermaintenance. Recovery units may be purchased orleased. These devices contain a vacuum pump andwater-cooled condenser and may be used for liquidand vapor recovery. At the end of the recoverycycle, the system must be evacuated to removevapors. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) sets standards for recovery equip-ment. Before purchasing a specific recovery unit,check with the manufacturer to be sure that it iscompatible with HCFC-123.

ReclamationReclamation refers to the reprocessing of usedHCFC-123 to new product specifications. Qualityof reclaimed product is verified by chemical analy-sis. In the U.S., HCFC-123 is included in DuPontsrefrigerant reclamation program. Contact DuPontor one of its authorized distributors for furtherinformation.

Reclamation offers advantages over on-site refrig-erant recycling procedures because these systemscannot guarantee complete removal of contami-nants. Putting refrigerants that do not meet newproduct specifications back into expensive equip-ment may cause damage.

RecycleRefrigerant recycle refers to the reduction of usedrefrigerant contaminants using devices that reduceoil, water, acidity, and particulates. Recycle is usu-ally a field procedure with no analytical testing ofrefrigerant. HCFC-123 may be recycled usingrecycle/recovery systems now on the market. Inthe U.S., the EPA sets standards for these devices.Consult with the manufacturer before specifyinga recycle device for HCFC-123.

DisposalDisposal refers to the destruction of usedHCFC-123. Disposal may be necessary whenHCFC-123 has become badly contaminated withother products and no longer meets the acceptancespecifications of DuPont or other reclaimers.Although DuPont does not presently acceptseverely contaminated refrigerants for disposal,licensed waste disposal firms are available. Besure to check the qualifications of any firm beforesending them used HCFC-123.

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(3/98) 204132B Printed in U.S.A.

The information contained herein is based on technical data and tests which we believe to be reliable and is intended for use by persons having technicalskill, at their own discretion and risk. Because conditions of use are outside of DuPont control, we can assume no liability for results obtained or damagesincurred through the application of the data presented.

EuropeDuPont de NemoursInternational S.A.2 Chemin du PavillonP.O. Box 50CH-1218 Le Grand-SaconnexGeneva, Switzerland41-22-717-5111

CanadaDuPont Canada, Inc.P.O. Box 2200, StreetsvilleMississauga, Ontario

CanadaL5M 2H3(905) 821-3300

MexicoDuPont, S.A. de C.V.Homero 206Col. Chapultepec MoralesC.P. 11570 Mexico, D.F.52-5-722-1000

South AmericaDuPont do Brasil S.A.Alameda Itapecuru, 506

Alphaville 06400 BarueriSo Paulo, Brazil55-11-421-8509

DuPont Argentina S.A.Casilla Correo 1888Correo Central1000 Buenos Aires, Argentina54-1-311-8167

For Further Information:

DuPont FluorochemicalsWilmington, DE 19880-0711

(800) 235-SUVA

Suvaf

PacificDuPont AustraliaP.O. Box 930North Sydney, NSW 2060Australia61-2-923-6165

JapanMitsui DuPont Fluorochemicals

Co., Ltd.Chiyoda Honsha Bldg.5-18, 1-Chome SarugakuchoChiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101 Japan

81-3-5281-5805

AsiaDuPont TaiwanP.O. Box 81-777Taipei, Taiwan886-2-514-4400

DuPont Asia Pacific LimitedP.O. Box TST 98851Tsim Sha TsuiKowloon, Hong Kong852-734-5345

DuPont Thailand

P.O. Box 2398Bangkok 10501, Thailand66-2-238-4361

DuPont China Ltd.Rm. 1704, Union Bldg.100 Yenan Rd. EastShanghai, PR China 200 002Phone: 86-21-328-3738Telex: 33448 DCLSH CNFax: 86-21-320-2304

DuPont Far East Inc.P.O. Box 1239650776 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPhone: 60-3-232-3522Telex: (784) 30391 DUFE MFax: 60-3-238-7250

DuPont Korea Ltd.4/5th Floor, Asia Tower#726, Yeoksam-dong, Kangnam-kuSeoul, 135-082, Korea82-2-721-5114

DuPont Singapore Pte. Ltd.

1 Maritime Square #07 01World Trade CentreSingapore 040965-273-2244

DuPont Far East, Philippines5th Floor, Solid Bank Bldg.777 Paseo de RoxasMakati, Metro ManilaPhilippines63-2-818-9911

Dupont Far East Inc.7A Murrays Gate RoadAlwarpet

Madras, 600 018, India91-44-454-029

DuPont Far East Inc.Pakistan9 Khayaban-E-ShaheenDefence Phase 5Karachi, Pakistan92-21-533-350

DuPont Far East Inc.P.O. Box 2553/JktJakarta 10001, Indonesia62-21-517-800