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EU funded Project
Innovation and Networks Executive Agency(INEA)
Grant Agreement Number: 727734
Molecular Models Transport properties Explicit ionic species Polymer chain
conformation
SAFT Equation of State Water absorption “Reaction” equilibrium Speciation
Hard Chains Dispersion Association
Reference Fluid Molecular Interactions Ion-Ion
+ -
+ +
Empirical Models Diffusivity correlation Hydration/Permeabilit
y relationship Macroscopic behavior
Kim, T. J., Li, B., & Hägg, M. B., J. Pol. Sci. B: Pol. Phys., 42 (23), 4326-4336, 2004
Facilitated Transport for Gas Separation
Fixed CarrierMobile Carrier
Transport Mechanism
Dense
Solution Diffusion
i = 1…,nc
Sol-Diff Flux
FacilitatedSolution Diffusion
Chemical Reaction&
Facilitated Flux
Improved Performance
Highest Density of Amino Group on Chain
POLYBASE PROPERTIES Suitable for CO2 separation
Poly-(vinylamine)
L. Deng and M. B. Hägg, J. Mem. Sci. 363, 295-301 (2010)
R. H. vs. Permeance+ CO2 absorption+ Reaction products+ Permeant mobility
Swelling Regimes
0.1gH2OgPVAm
Water clusters as effective free volume Pore limiting diameter Pore size distribution Percolation degree
What is the effect of (poly) electrolytes?
0.5gH2OgPVAm
0.9gH2OgPVAm
Black: Neutral PVAmRed: 20% Protonated PVAmBlue: 50% Protonated PVAm
Simulated displacement as function of time
Diffusive dynamics dominated by H2O Pore limiting diameter Pore size distribution Percolation degree
Charged particles strongly couple to polymer motion
Black: Neutral PVAmRed: 20% Protonated PVAmBlue: 50% Protonated PVAm
Upper shaded area: maximum pore volumeLower shaded area: limiting pore diameter
a
Ac-
Slow-moving ionic species obstruct water channel formation
Black: Neutral PVAmRed: 20% Protonated PVAmBlue: 50% Protonated PVAmGreen: Bulk water
Similar activation energies, different volume effects
For highly hydrated systems, diffusion follows Arrhenius power law behavior. Tortuosity-controlled environment as function of protonation.
Numerous polymer + solvent theories, e.g. Mackie-Meares equation
D : diffusion coefficientD0 : bulk solvent diffusion coefficientΦ : effective free volume
H2O + gas solutes
J.S. Mackie, P. Meares, Proc. R. Soc. London A232, 1955
Black: Neutral PVAmRed: 20% Protonated PVAmBlue: 50% Protonated PVAm
For high T M-M model reasonable=Free volume effect
For low T, M-M model fails=Solvent-polymer coupling > kT
Ac-
Protonation-dependent Percolation threshold Charge groups acting
as gatekeepers H2O and gas transport
modulated by H2O channels
Free-volume effects dominate for high-T Decoupling of solvent-
polymer interactions H2O and gas diffusion
modulated by H2O
Effective Free Volume Ions strongly couple to
amine groups
Molecular Models Transport properties Explicit ionic species Polymer chain
conformation
SAFT Equation of State Water absorption “Reaction” equilibrium Speciation
Hard Chains Dispersion Association
Reference Fluid Molecular Interactions Ion-Ion
+ -
+ +
Empirical Models Diffusivity correlation Hydration/Permeabilit
y relationship Macroscopic behavior
Kim, T. J., Li, B., & Hägg, M. B., J. Pol. Sci. B: Pol. Phys., 42 (23), 4326-4336, 2004
H2O + -[RNH2]- + CO2 HCO3- + -[RNH3
+]-
Reacting Water Swollen Polymer System
PVAm
Adsorbed Water Molecules Enhance the Reaction
Reacting Water Swollen Polymer System
PVAm
Adsorbed Water Molecules Swell the Polymer Matrix
Adsorbed Water Molecules Open New ‘Windows’
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500
log
D [c
m2 /
s]
Water Content [g/g]
Water Diffusion in PVAm (35°C)H2O in PVAm Water Self DiffusionFirst Regime Second Regime
Two Regimes Identified:
- Water Sorption Around Amino Groups- Water Sorption in a Water Medium Environment
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500
Poro
sity
Water Content [g/g]
Matrix Porosity
Two Regimes Identified:
- Water Sorption Around Amino Group- Water Sorption in a Water Medium Environment
S. Prager, J. Chem. Phys., 1960Choi P. et al., J. Electrochem Soc., 2005
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500
Tort
uosi
ty
Water Content [g/g]
Marix Tortuosity
Two Regimes Identified:
- Water Sorption Around Amino Group- Water Sorption in a Water Medium Environment
S. Prager, J. Chem. Phys., 1960Choi P. et al., J. Electrochem Soc., 2005
PC-SAFT EoSPerturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory Equation of State
(charged) Hard Chains Dispersive Interactions Associative Interactions
Reference Fluid Molecular Interactions
ares = aref + adisp+ ahb + aion
Ion interactions
+ -
+ +
Gross, Sadowski, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2001Naeem, Sadowski, Fluid Phase Equilib, 2010
Huang, Radosz, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990
Water 2B: 2sites for H Bond (+/-)PVAm 2B: 2sites for H Bond (+/-)
PVAm / Water
CO2 / Water
Water 2B: 2sites for H Bond (+/-)CO2 2B: 2sites for H Bond (+/-)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
RH
P CO2 kPa
0.01 g CO2 /g PVAm_308.15K 0.05 g CO2 / g PVAm_308.15K0.1 g CO2 / g PVAm_308.15K 0.15 g CO2 / g PVAm_308.15K0.2 g CO2 / g PVAm_308.15K 0.3 g CO2 / g PVAm_308.15K0.01 g CO2 /g PVAm_358.15K 0.05 g CO2 / g PVAm_358.15K0.1 g CO2 / g PVAm_358.15K 0.15 g CO2 / g PVAm_358.15K0.2 g CO2 / g PVAm_358.15K 0.3 g CO2 / g PVAm_358.15K
PVAm / CO2 / Water
Water 2B: 2sites for H Bond (+/-) CO2 2B: 2sites for H Bond (+/-)PVAm 2B: 2sites for H Bond (+/-)
T
Understanding Diffusivity
The increase in water content open new windows in the internal structure
At higher water content the species flow towards the water channels
This causes the higher mobility / diffusivity values
Understanding Solubility
The PC-SAFT it is able to describe the water uptake in PVAm
The chemical reaction used can explain the water role in the ion formation
The pePC-SAFT can predict the total CO2
uptake as function of process parameters: Temperature Relative Humidity Partial
Pressure