1. Indus Valley Civilization (2500 – 1700 BCE) right

The architecture of Indus Valley Civilisation is contained in the structures of Mohenjo-Daro which were found by the archaeologists and in the existence of Harappan city. In Mohenjo-Daro, the streets run in straight lines and are crossed by others at right angles. This shows the planning and existence of some authority to control the development of the city existed. Town-planning was also accompanied with strict enforcement of building regulations as greatest care was taken to prevent any structure from encroaching upon the streets. The buildings were made of burnt bricks which were devoid of decoration. There were no windows and the entrances were placed in narrow by-ways.

Picture credits: https://ruchikaliveblog.wordpress.com/2017/09/24/indus-valley-civilization/

2. Mesopotamian civilization (3100 BC - 540 BC) left Hatra was probably founded in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE, under the Seleucid kingdom. Hatra is the best-preserved and most-informative example of a Parthian city. The temples in this city cover some 3 acres and are dominated by the Great Temple, an enormous structure with vaults and columns that once rose to 100 feet. Numerous sculptures and statues have also been discovered in the city.

Picture credits: https://prn.fm/un-condemns-destruction-of-ancient-iraq-city-of-hatra/

3. Egyptian civilization (3100 BCE - 30 BC) left The pyramids are the most recognizable symbol of ancient Egypt. The pyramids at Giza remain impressive monuments thousands of years after they were built and the knowledge and skill required to construct them were gathered over the many centuries prior to their construction. They are the earliest and best-known expressions of a culture which would go on to create buildings, monuments, and temples. The pyramids at Giza date from the Old Kingdom (c. 2613 - 2181 BCE) and represent the pinnacle of talent and skill acquired at that time.

Picture credits: https://www.theverge.com/culture/2013/4/26/4269492/egypt-menkaure-pyramid-workers-town-food-history

4. Anatolia civilization (1550 BCE - 300 BCE) right

Anatolia is the name that is currently applied to the whole Asian territory of modern Turkey. At Hacilar, a Chalcolithic site near Burdur, Turkey, village houses were entered at ground level; their standard plan shows the first evidence of conscious architectural symmetry. Much in evidence among the contents of these houses is pottery painted with extremely decorative designs. The same ornament was applied to anthropomorphic jars and stylized human idols found in graves.

Picture credits: https://www.thewholeworldisaplayground.com/unesco-world-heritage-sites-turkey/

5. Phoenician civilization (1550 BC - 300 BC) right An important aid in reconstructing the architecture of the Phoenicians is the fact that their cities were sometimes represented in contemporary Assyrian art. The temple of Melqart at Tyre, of which no remains have been found, was built during the reign of Hiram in the 10th century BCE. The 5th-century BCE Greek historian tells us that there were two columns at the entrance, made from the same material as those at Solomon’s temple. The columns may each have been topped with a Proto-Aeolic capital. The flooring of the temple probably used alabaster slabs to create decorative patterns.

Picture credits:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Melqart

6. China: Chin dynasty (1046 BC - 206 BC) left One of the greatest works in the history of sculpture, the set of fired clay figures known as the Chinese Terracotta Army- made during the short period of Qin Dynasty art (221-206 BCE) - consists of 8,000 clay warriors and horses which were unearthed in 1974 adjacent to the tomb of the First Qin Emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi, in Shaanxi province, China. According to curators of the tomb, there are many thousands of additional figures still to be uncovered. The figures were commissioned by the Emperor after he became Emperor in 247 BCE. Work started in about 246 BCE and is estimated to have taken almost 40 years to complete, using 700,000 workers. The role of the army was to serve the Emperor in the afterlife.

Picture credits:https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/qin-dynasty

7. Ancient Roman civilization (753 BC - 1453 AD) left Roman architecture continued the legacy left by the earlier architects of the Greek world. The Greeks certainly had a preference for marble, at least for their public buildings. Initially, though, wood would have been used for not only such basic architectural elements as columns but the entire buildings themselves. The stone of choice was either limestone protected by a layer of marble dust stucco or even better, pure white marble. The ancient Greeks are rightly famous for their magnificent Doric and Ionic temples, for example, the Parthenon of Athens.

Picture credits:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon#/media/File:The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg

8. Aztec Empire (1345 -1521 BCE) right The Aztec were master builders and constructed many different types of structures, such as pyramids, ball courts, plazas, temples, and homes. However, for the Aztec, they considered the Toltec to be a major influence on their own architecture. The Aztec architecture was simple and elegant, bold and powerful, and its mixed colours and symbols that helped create a unique style. Aztec architecture relied heavily on cosmology, astronomy and religion, their massive cities reflected their beliefs and it’s an important key in understanding their history and culture,

and how this affects their buildings and constructions. The Aztecs used primitive tools like stones, chisels and blades for their construction, rudimentary tools by modern standards, but it didn’t hold the Aztecs back. They focused on building strong foundations since the soil on their ground was susceptible to sinking due to the warm and often damp climate.

Picture credits: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Aztecs_vs_Mayans

9. Songhai Empire (Africa) (1464 to 1591) right The architecture of Songhai was also very creative and innovative. Most buildings were small and did not take up much space. They were made of stone and included many Islamic and African features. The architecture of the Songhai Empire reflects traditional building styles of the West Africa Sahel, a semiarid region of West Africa between the Sahara Desert and more humid regions to the south. One of the best preserved examples of Songhai architecture is the Tomb of Askia and its connected complex of mosques. Built of a combination of mud brick and wood timbers, the tomb structure resembles a step pyramid, but in a more rounded form. It was built around 1495 in Gao by Askia Mohamed, a Songhai emperor. The tomb complex, which includes the tomb, two mosques, a cemetery and an open plaza-like assembly space, is located in present-day Mali.

Picture credits:https://www.archdaily.com/889350/why-african-vernacular-architecture-is-overdue-for-a-renaissance

10. The Inca civilization of Peru (1400 - 1533 BCE) left Inca architecture was inherited from pre-Inca civilizations. Inca architecture includes some of the most finely worked stone structures from any ancient civilization. Inca buildings were almost always practical and pleasing to the eye. Stone was the material of choice and was finely worked to produce a precise arrangement of interlocking blocks in the finest buildings. These rectangular structures were often built in groups of three or more, centred around a walled open-air courtyard. This arrangement is called a kancha and was very common.

Picture credits: https://www.andeanlodges.com/en/machu-picchu-meaning/

11. Persian Empire (330 BC) left Persian architecture in the Achaemenid period between 550 BC and 330 BC was influenced by the Greeks, the Egyptians, and those from other provinces of the Persian Empire. The focus of Persian art and architecture during the Achaemenid Era was the city of Persepolis, founded by Darius the Great in the 6th century BC. Surrounded by fortified walls, Persepolis included a complex of structures built from locally plentiful limestone. Architecture work in Great Persia has a history from at least 5000 BCE but the earliest notable archaeological works of artistic value in Iran are from the Achaemenid period. Persian architecture uses symbolic geometry and pure forms such as the circle and square, and plans are based on often symmetrical layouts featuring rectangular courtyards and halls.

Picture credits:https://www.travelin35mm.com/2018/02/27/persepolis-legacy-persian-kings/

12. History of Malta (700 BC) right The large stone temple structures on Malta are amongst the earliest such constructions in the world, long before the pyramids were built in Egypt. Built between c.3500 and 2500 BC, the temples reflect, and were part of, a period of great artistic and architectural development in Malta and Gozo. The temples in Ġgantija, Gozo, are considered the oldest, surviving, free-standing monuments in the world. They predate the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt and Stonehenge in southern Britain by around 1000 years. Other temples, those of Ħaġar Qim, Mnajdra and Tarxien, as well as a dozen other sites seem to confirm the theory that Malta was a "Sacred Island" - a kind of centre of worship and mystic practices for prehistoric communities in the region.

Picture credits:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ggantija_Temples,_Xaghra,_Gozo.jpg

Cover page:

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