Chapter -1

Introcfuction

Chapter -1

INTRODUCTION

Yoga is India's unique contribution to physical education activities. Yoga is

a scientific and systematic discipline of the internal human body with a view to

cosmic reality of God. It is the ancient traditional Psycho - Physical culture that

creates to the health of a human being.

Yoga has a complete message for humanity, human body, human mind and

it has also a message for the human soul. Will intelligent and capable youths

come forth to carry this message to every individual, but it is not happening in

India, as well as in other parts of the world.

Yoga controls one's senses resultmg in an integrated personality. Positive

changes in the life style of the people can be brought through yoga during the

middle and old age group. Behaviors can also be moulded properly leading to

balanced personalities. It clearly reveals that there will be a sound mind only in a

sound body. To keep our body in a good condition it is essential that the various

organs and systems of our body must be in a good condition. Yogic exercises play

an important role in the maintenance of the above systems. The practice of yoga

not only develops the body but also produces the mental faculties, moreover, the

yoga acquires mastery over the involuntary muscles of his organism.

Yoga is one of the finest contributions of ancient India to the World. It is

not just some sort of physical activity resulting in physical fitness but yoga in its

full sense is a way of life which a person has to adopt. It is a concept based on

scientific principles ultimately aiming at realization of a most satisfied, vulnerable

and acceptable life, which at the end results in attainment of ultimatum (Moksha).

Life as on today is mostly running behind money and pleasures of modernization,

in a very short time all these will take us no where and the race to maintain and

gain back the health at the cost of anything and everything will become the

priority. As on today we all know that time is money and hence we do not find

time for most of the things except our job. But, one has to realize the meaning of

the famous saying, "If you don't find time to exercise now be ready to spare time

for hospitals in future". And with the review of the present scenario of people's

lifestyle, nature of job or profession, availability of time, psychological stress etc,

one can easily understand that yoga will be the most befitting activity not only to

maintain but also gain back the health. Thus yoga is the best remedy that would

not only help us to overcome the physical problems but also with mental and

social problems. Yoga is a scientific, systematic and readymade solution for

human beings, which can be adopted for not only curing and treating ailments but

also to prevent any sort of physical and mental ailments, ultimately resulting in

peaceful, successful and healthy social life.

The term Yoga is derived from Sanskrit word 'Yuj' which means 'to bind'.

According to Swami Vivekananda "basically all living beings are divine, to

enlighten and realize this inner and outer divine nature through control is the aim

of life. By following one or more or all of Karma yoga, Bhakthi yoga, Raja yoga

and Jnana yoga one can achieve this aim and attain salvation.^

According to Pathanjali's yoga sutra "Yogaha Chitha Vruthi Nirodaha",

means 'to completely neutralize all those thoughts and imagination arousing in the

mind and lead the mind to a peaceful state'. ^

Yoga is a vast field, which includes improvement of physical health, mental

health and spiritual advancement. For instance, Yama, Niyama purifies our body

by cleansing internally and reducing disturbances of mind. Asanas and pranayama

give vitality and improve physical health. Dharana, and Pratyahara improve

concentration and Dhyana, samadhi improves spiritual capabilities. ^

According to Upanishad 'Atmanam Kshetra Adhikritya Yogaha 'Which

means bringing back the mind to the path of spiritual thinking. *

As per Dathatreya Samhitha "Sarva Chintha Parityagam Nischinthyam

Yoga Ucchayanthe" which explains yoga as the process of exhausting all the

materialistic feelings from the mind and enjoying the mental stage of complete

satisfaction, under the shelter of God.

' B.K.S Iyengar, "Light on Yoga". (George Allen & Unwin Publishers, Great Britain, 1991), p.3. ^D.S.E.R.T,' Sadhana Patha'. (Rashtratana Printers, Jan, 2006), p.l. ^ P.Chaturani, S.K. Pathak and S. Saxena Bharathiya, "Mathematical Modelling of Yogasana and Other Exercises." Proceedings, The International Conference on Frontiers in Biomechanics Supplemented with Yoga Concepts, (Sapna Book House, 1999), p.l65. "* Bharatha Narayana, "Pathaniali Yoga a Classical Approach". Proceedings-The International Conference on Frontiers in Biomechanics Supplemented with Yoga Concepts, (Sapna Book House, 1999), p. 192. ^Ibid.,p.l93.

"Yogaha Karmasu Koushalam" Bhagavadgitha states "Yoga is skillfully

performing ones duty".^

According Yogabhavabithi "Manaha Prashamnopayaha, Yogaha Ithyabhi-

deyathe" which means the intelligence of consoling (neutralising) the wave of

mind is Yoga/

Asanas are body postures in which slow and gradual stretch of muscles

group is done to increase their efficiency and elasticity.^

Asanas are those which aid body to stay strong, healthy and harmoniously

with the nature"/

Asanas are the third part of the eight parts of the Ashtanga Yoga which are

Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Prathyahara, Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi.

These asanas are scientifically, systematically designed postures for realisation of

healthy body, mind and spirit.

Yogic asanas can be understood as psycho-physical activities which not

only influence physical fitness but also psychological, physiological and

sociological concepts. Thus the objective of yogic asana is development of

physical, mental, social and spiritual health.

* Ajlth Kumar, 'Yoga Pravesha'. (Rashtrotana Sahitya, Keshava Shilpa, Bangalore, 2002), p.3. 'Ibid., p.4. ^ P. Chaturani et al., "Mathematical Modelling of Yogasana and Other Exercises.". Proceedings-The International Conference on Frontiers in Biomechanics Supplemented with Yoga Concepts, (Sapna Book House, 1999), p.166. 'B.K.S. Iyengar, "Light on Yoga". (George Allen & Unwin Publishers, Great Britain, 1991), p.4.

According to Bucher^" 'Fitness is the ability of an individual to lead a full

and balanced life, it includes physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual

factors and a capacity for doing the work".

"Fitness is that state which characterizes the degree to which the person is

able to fiinction. Fitness is an individual matter; it implies the ability of each

person to live most effectively with his potential. Ability to function depends upon

the physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual components of fitness, all of

which are related to each other and are mentally inter dependent".^'

Motor fitness may be defined as "a limited phase of motor ability,

emphasizing capacity for vigorous work. More specifically, motor fitness might be

referred to as efficient performance in such basic requirements as running,

jumping, dodgmg, falling, climbing, swimming, lifting weights, carrying loads and

enduring sustained effort in a variety of situations".'^

"The basic physical fitness components are muscular strength, muscular

endurance and circulatory, respiratory endurance, muscular power, agility speed

and flexibility are added to compose motor fitness".

'" Charles A.Bucher, "Administration of School Health and Physical Education Program". (2"^ edition, Saint Louis, C.V. Mosby Co., 1950) p. 126. " Evelyn L. Schurr, "Movement Experiences for Children-A Humanistic Approach to Elementary School Physical Education", (2"* Edition., Prentice Hall), 1975, p. 205. ' Donold K. Mathews, "Measurement in Physical Education". (4* Edition, W.B. Saunder Company), 1973, p.108.

H. Harrison Clarke and David H. Clarke, "Applications of Measurement to Physical Education". (6* Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1976), p. 153.

Thus fitness is a highly required quality of an efficient life. Any individual

to lead a qualitative life has to possess these components of fitness. In general

terms every individual to some extent possess fitness but the degree might vary.

No people would like to possess a body which is weak and commanding instead

they would like to have a body which is strong, fit and the same appears in their

do's and don'ts.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study was to analyze the 'effect of specific yogic

exercises on motor, physiological and psychological variables of secondary school

children.

Delimitations

1. The study was consists of fifty girls and fifty boys belong to a Murarji

Residential School.

2. Six weeks training program was designed to assess the effect of the selected

yogic asanas on motor, physiological and psychological variables.

3. To evaluate motor fitness, test items had been selected from Oregon motor

fitness test and Kraus-Weber motor fitness test.

4. For girls arm strength, explosive strength of legs, abdominal strength,

lower abdominal strength, upper back strength and lower back strength, for

boys, arm strength, explosive strength of legs, agility, lower abdominal

strength, upper back strength and lower back strength.

5. The study was further delimited to pulse rate, blood pressure, reaction time

and vital capacity physiological variables.

6. The socio-genic need satisfaction scale profounded by Dr. N.S. Chouhan,

Dr. U. Dhar and Dr. Y.K. Singh was selected to assess psychological

parameters acceptance, cooperation, identification, dominance, rejection,

isolation, differentiation and submission.

7. Purposive random sampling method was adopted to select the subjects for

the present study.

8. The time selected for training was morning; it was very conducive to

enhance the results of the training.

9. Complete diet format that was administered to the subject had also been

obtained.

Limitations

1. No effort was made to assess the effect of other activities been performed

by these children on the present study was regarded as one of the

limitations.

2. Changes in atmosphere pressure, temperature, relative humidity and other

meteorological factors during the period of administrating the motor and

physiological fitness tests not taken for consideration was also one of the

limitations.

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3. Whatever answer given by the subjects in the questionnaire for testing

selected psychological parameters was considered as truth and no effort

was made to find out the authenticity of the answers given by subjects.

4. Only selected motor fitness, physiological and psychological variables were

tested.

5. Since the adolescent groups of girls were taken for the training, they had

given a break of minimum 3 days during their menstrual cycle.

Hypotheses

Understanding the importance of yoga and its possible effects on motor,

physiological and psychological variables and also with in the frame work of the

training period and selected subjects for this study .The following hypotheses were

formulated.

1. It was hypothesized that the selected yogic asanas with six weeks of

training improves the selected motor fitness variables among both girls and

boys.

2. It was hypothesized that there will be differences in some of the selected

psychological variables among girls and boys.

3. It was hypothesized that there will be an improvement in some of the

selected psychological variables after six weeks of training.

4. It was hypothesized that there will be an improvement in the selected

physiological variables after the six weeks training.

5. It was hypothesized that the performance before training and after training

were considered, there exists significant improvement across some motor,

physiological and psychological variables among the selected subjects.

Significance of tlie Study

1. The study analyses and assesses the level of motor, physiological and

psychological fitness among secondary school children.

2. The study analyses and assesses the influence of selected yogic asanas on

motor, physiological and psychological variables of the selected children.

3. The study analyses and assess to what extent motor, physiological and

psychological aspects of children can be enhance through such training

programs.

4. The study could enlighten the school authorities for compulsory

implementation of yoga in the school curriculum for the overall

development of a child.

5. The result of the study can help physical education teachers to include

yogic asanas as a part of their academic curriculum with an aim of

enhancing motor, physiological and psychological fitness of children.

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6. The study may also be helpful to people understand the benefit of yogic

asanas and adopt the same in their daily life.

7. The study might also help the people to overcome some of the misconcepts

about yogic asanas such as, doing Yoga is like walk on fire or water, it is

related to some particular religion, it is only for some selected group of

people etc.

Definition of Terms

Strength

Muscle strength is generally defined as a person's ability to perform single

repetition of an act with maximum resistance.^''

Muscular strength is defined as the force that a muscle or group of muscles

can exert against a resistance in one maximum effort. ^

Strength is one of the conditional abilities which is primarily dependent

upon the energy liberation process of the organism. It is the ability of an individual

to overcome resistance or to act against it, which is needed in all kind of work and

physical activity. ^

'"* http://www.fitzones.com. ' Donald K Mathews, "Measurement in Physical Education". (4* Edition, W.B. Saunder Company, 1973), p. 8. ^ Hardayal Singh, "Sports Training General Theory and Methods". (NSNIS, Patiala, India, 1984), p. 176.

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Cardio -Vascular fitness

"Cardio-vascular fitness can be defined as your body's ability to get oxygen

and blood to the muscles".^^

Cardio vascular fitness is a special form of muscular endurance. It is the

efficiency of the heart, lungs and vascular system in delivering oxygen to the

working muscle tissues so that prolonged physical work can be maintained. ^

Cardiovascular fitness also called as cardio respiratory fitness is the ability

of the lungs to provide oxygen to the blood and the heart to transport the

oxygenated blood to the cells of the body. It is also the ability of the body to

sustain an activity for an extended period of time. ^

Power

Power is the capacity of the body to release maximum force or muscle

contraction in the shortest possible time, power denotes explosive movements, a

release of maximum force in maximum speed, obviously power is highly

dependent upon the elements of speed and strength. Power is important to success

in performance of jumping, kicking for distance, throwing, charging on object or

opponent, starting a run with fast take off or sudden burst of speed, or pulling

away fi-om assailant.

' ' http://www.fitstep.com. ' http://www.asmi.org. ' www.fitzones.com. ^° Evelyn L. Schurr, "Movement Experiences for Children - A Humanistic Approach to Elementary School Physical Education". (2"'' Edition, Prentice Hall, 1975), p.211.

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Power movements include such events as the high jump, broad jump, 100

yard dash and those activities requiring quick starts, as in foot ball, ice hockey and

basketball. One's ability to get his body mass moving in the shortest period of

time is a measure of power. The physiologist refers to such events being anaerobic

(without oxygen) i.e., they are performed in such a short period of time that

oxygen is not required in producing the necessary energy." ^

Muscular power is the ability to release maximum muscular force in an

explosive manner that is in the shortest possible time, example standing long

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jump.

Agility

Ability to change directions quickly and effectively while moving as early

as possible at full speed. ^

The ability to rapidly and accurately change the position of the entire body

in space is called agility. '*

Agility is the speed in changing body positions or in changing directions.

Example; Squat thrusts, dodging run. ^

' Donald K. Mathews, "Measurement in Physical Education". (4th Edition, W.B. Saunder Company, 1973), p.6. ^ H. Harrison Clarke and David H. Clarke, "Application of Measurement to Physical Education". (6* Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1976), p. 154. ^ Hardayal Singh, "Sports Training General Theory and Methods". (NSNIS, Patiala, hidia, 1984), p. 153. '' Charles B. Lorbin and Ruth Lindsey, "Concept of Physical Fitness with Laboratories". (Dubuque

W.M.C. Bros Publishers, 1985), p.9. ^^H.Harrison Clarke and David H. Clarke, "Application of Measurement to Physical Education". (6* Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1976), p.l54.

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Physiology

It is the science of life processes operating in living organisms. Human

physiology is the functions of the human body and the activities of its different

organs. For example; the work of the muscles, heart, brain etc. The word

"Physiology" is derived from two Greek words Physis (nature) and logos

(discourse).^^

Physiology is concerned of how the body adopts physiologically to acute

stress of exercise or physical activity and the chronic state of physical training.

Exercise physiology can be defined as the study, how exercise alters the structure

and function of human body. ^

Physiology is the science of life which deals with normal functions of the

body. It explains how various systems in the body function together normally as a

single unit. The subject matter of physiology includes the study of various

systems like;

1) Central nervous system.

2) Cardio vascular system.

3) Digestive system.

4) Excretory system.

^*EMMES, "UGC NET-JRF National Educational Test for Junior Research Fellowship". (EMMES Publication), p.3-4. ^' Pralay Majumdar, "Physiology of Sports and Exercise". (New Central Book Agency Pvt., Ltd., October, 2002), p. 1.

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5) Respiratory system.

6) Reproductive system.

Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels is called

blood pressure. By every heart beat a certain quantity of blood is pumped into the

aorta and its branches which are already full. These vessels become dilated to

accommodate the additional quantity of the blood. The maximum pressure is

reached in the arteries during ventricular contraction and this is referred to as

systolic pressure. During the relaxation of the ventricle, the pressure falls in the

arteries, but it is still maintained at a fairly high level, by the elastic recoil of the

arterial wall, this minimum pressure reached in the arteries is called diastolic

pressure. The normal systolic pressure in a young man is 120mm. Hg and diastolic

pressure is 80mm. ^

Blood pressure is defined as the lateral pressure exerted by blood on blood

vessels. The blood pressure which is normally expressed in arterial blood pressure

has two phases.

1) Systolic blood pressure; It is the maximum blood pressure. This occurs

during the systole of heart.

2) Diastolic blood pressure: It is the minimum pressure. It occurs during the

diastole of the heart.

^^EMMES, "UGC NET-JRF National Educational Test for Junior Research Fellowship". (EMMES Publication), p 18. ^'Ibid., p. 97.

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Pulse Rate

Pulse is the throbbing sensation felt over the wall of arteries. It is defined

as the pressure difference transmitted in the form of wave over the arterial walls.

Pulse rate is ahnost the same as heart rate (60 to 80 per minute). °

Vital capacity

It is defined as the volume of air that can be expelled by a forced expiration

after a forced inspiration (Normal value is 4 litres) ' ^

The volume of air that can be made to pass into and out of the lungs by the

most forcible inspiration and expu-ation is termed as the vital capacity of the lungs.

In normal man 4-5 litres and in women is 3-4 liters.^^

Reaction ability

Reaction ability is the ability to react meaningfully to a signal in minimum

time possible. The reaction time is the time elapsed between signal and start of the

response.

Reaction time consists of the following.

a) Time taken by the signal to reach the receptor organ, i.e., eye, ear etc.

b) Time taken by the receptor to generate a nerve impulse.

c) Time taken by the nerve impulse to reach the central nervous system.

^°Ibid., p. 95. ^'Ibid, p.108. ^ Ibid., p. 12.

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d) Time taken by the CNS to generate a nerve impulse.

e) Time taken by the nerve impulse to reach the muscle.

f) Time taken by the muscles to begin contraction (latent time).

Reaction ability can be divided into various types according to type of

signal, example, optic acoustic (sound) and tactic signals. Reaction on tactical

signals is fastest follovs ed by acoustic and optic signals respectively. ^

Psychology

Psychology is the study of human behavior, how people behave and why

they behave in just the way they do. Its chief purpose is to know more about

human nature and human activity.

Psychology is a systematic study of all that man does in response to his

world of things and persons. Psychology helps us to understand the behavior of

people around us to find out how and why they behave differently and what

influences have worked to make them so different. "

"Psychology is considered as the science of human behavior. The subject

matter of psychology is human behavior controlled by human mind. Psychology

studies everything pertaining to human behavior."

^^Hardayal Singh, "Sports Training General Theory and Methods". (NSNIS, Patiala, India, 1984), pp. 153-154. ^ Emmess, "UGC NET-JRF National Educational Test for Junior Research Fellowship". (EMMES Publication), p.33. ^ S.P. Chaube, "Educational Psychology", (l'^ Edition, Lakshmi Narain Aggarwal Education Publications, 1990-91), p.l.

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Psychological health refers to having a health identity and experiencing

generally positive emotions, rational thinking, adaptive behaviors and healthy

relationships that foster one's physical health and help one to meet psychological

needs. Like physical health, in psychological health there should be an evidence

of high level of behavioral performance and endurance, emotional awareness and

expression, social strengths and team work and thoughtful processes that are agile

and flexible and these are all enhanced with exercise. ^

Psychological variables

Every individual's personality is influenced by the satisfaction or

dissatisfaction derived out of his daily interactions with in his related society.

These to a large extent in the later stages influence the individual's behaviour in

the society. Hence, the socio-genic need satisfaction scale measuring the positive

need satisfaction and the negative need satisfaction, designed by Dr. N.S.

Chouhan, Dr. U. Dhar and Dr. Y.K. Singh has been selected to test the

psychological parameters in the present study.

The psychological variables selected were

Acceptance

Acceptance is something to which one agrees upon readily. Acceptance

involves approval. An analysis of the rate of acceptance must deal with

psychological problems.''^

* http://www.enabling.space.co.uk;psychological fitness.html. ^'Raza Arasteh, "Towards Final Personality Integration". (Schenkman Publishing Company, New York, London, Sidney, Toronto, 1975), p. 17.

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Identification

The relatively global terni is usually employed to describe the process of

assuming the goals, ambitions, mannerisms, etc., of another person, or identifying

with him. ^

Identification is the ability of an individual to associate oneself with others.

It refers to being liked, loved and recognized by others around.

Co-operation

Co-operation is a quality of working together for the accomplishment of

common goal. Collective action for the common benefits, for example in any

on

team game co-operation of the players is a must if a team has to succeed.

Dominance

To differentiate effectiveness in favour of one's stimulus, in drive or neural

pattern. For example. Dominance is found when the parents re&se to permit the

child to bear responsibility for any duty or decision.''"

Dominance is a positive leadership quality where an individual tries to over

power or be authoritative on others.

* Guy R. Lefrancois, "Psychology for Teaching". (University of Alberta, Woodworth Publishing Company, Inc., Belmont, California, 1972), p.323. ^' Gardner and Murphy, "Introduction to Psychology". (Routledge and KEGAN, London). '*" Boring, Weld and Langfield, "Foundation of Psychology". (Asian Publishing House, New Delhi, Madras, London, New York, 1963), p.529.

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Rejection

"It is just an opposite quality of acceptance. Here the subject refuses or

withdraws himself jfrom involvement. Rejection experience promotes feelings of

insecurity, inferiority, inadequacy and anxiety. If parents are cool, disinterested or

excessively demanding or if they use scolding or punishment or the major

technique for securing, the result from the child's point of view it is rejection". ^^

Isolation

Isolation according to Floyd '^^ is avoidance of conflicts between two

opposed desires or attitudes by keeping them apart in "logic tight compartments"

in consciousness.

Isolation is a feeling of separation. It is avoiding getting together. Here an

individual remains by himself without getting along with others or sharing ideas,

thoughts, feelings, wants, etc.

Differentiation

This refers to the number of dimensions in an identity, the larger the

number greater the differentiation.

Differentiation is a feeling of discrimination, separateness, and indifference.

"As learning proceeds, the ranges of stimuli which touch the conditioned response

become progressively reduced. This process is called differentiation". ^^

"' Ibid., p.528. '' Floyd L. Ruch, "Psychology and Life". (Published by Scott Foreman and Company, Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas Palo Alto New York), p.474. " Boring Weld and Longfield, "Foundations of Psychology". (Asian Publishing House, New Delhi, Madras, London, New York, 1963), p.l41.

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Submission

This refers to the tendency of surrendering. It is agreeing upon the things

uncritically. It is just a quality of blindly following the things suggested by others.

Psychological variables as mentioned in the manual of S.N.S Scale

designed by Dr. N.S. Chouhan, Dr. U. Dhar and Dr. Y.K. Smgh.

Identification refers to intensive intimacy or 'oneness with people who are

loved and worshipped. It craves for 'being cared', 'loved and recognized' by

others around. Identification helps in internalization of values, attitudes and

aspirations. In 'sex-role identification', the child develops characteristics similar

to parents of the same sex. Similarly, mother identification depends upon child's

anxiety concerning the loss of love of mother with whom he already has nurturing

affectionate relationship. 'Mother-envy' is responsible for 'father-identification'.

Identification reduces aggressive behaviour of the child.

Differentiation is the opposite of identification. It lacks one's feelings of

being liked, loved and recognized. It has discrimination, separateness and

indifference. It is hazardous to the development of ego and self-concept. Ego-

strength and self-sentiment integration demote it.

Acceptance, as a socio-genic need is important. It is not 'love' or 'warmth'

and is more positive than tolerance. It has recognition for the 'object' and

possesses readiness for social mteraction. Acceptance has approval. Persons who

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accept and those who are accepted, remain on the same footing. It lacks self-

initiative in approaching the object, as is done in 'love' or warmth'. Acceptance

promotes encouragement.

The opposite of 'acceptance' is rejection. Rejection contains physical

neglect, denial of affection, lack of interest and respect. It has cruelty and abusive

treatment. Rejection experience results in devaluation of self-concept, inability to

discriminate between approved and unapproved behaviour. Rejection experience

promotes feelings of insecurity, inferiority, inadequacy and anxiety. Ego-strength

and self-sentiment integration demote rejection experience.

Cooperation, as a valuable socio-genic need, relates to agreement, to work

together and to share together. It contains recognition on equal footing. It has

independence of ideas and feelings are mutually shared. Ego strength, group

dependence and self-sentiment integration promote co-operation satisfaction in

people

Isolation experience is the antithesis of co-operation satisfaction.

Separatism and exclusiveness work behind isolation. Isolation lacks sharing of

ideas, feelings and actions. It is self confined, ego-strength, group dependence and

self-sentiment iteration demote isolation experiences.

Dominance-satisfaction is power-oriented. It contains overpowering of the

situation or the object. It relates to the 'mastery motive' and leadership-roles.

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It contains wishes for others to follow them, to accept his decisions only.

Dominance is autocratic in taste. Self-confidence and self-reliance promote it.

Dominance satisfaction declines after adulthood.

Submission experience has the tendency of surrendering. It uncritically

accepts other's decision. Suggestibility and ego weakness correlate with it. It has

a tendency to follow others commands. Ego-strength is weak and self-confidence

is lacking.