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H i g h e s t - l evel leadership and guidance

The World Solar Commission (WSC), chaired by His Excellency Robert G. Mugabe, Pre s i-dent of the Republic of Zimbabwe, is composed of 18 Heads of State and Govern m e n tf rom both developing and industrialized countries. These high-level personalities, who

serve in their personal capacities, have pledged their support for a renewed impetus to the devel-opment and utilization of renewable sources of energy, within the framework of economic andsocial development and environmental protection. This political will at the highest level has beenreflected in the 1996 Harare Declaration on Solar Energy and Sustainable Development, adoptedat the World Solar Summit held in 1996 (annex I) and later in the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 (WSP), approved in June 1997 by the World Solar Commission.

The composition of the WSC on the 1s t May 1998 is as follows:C h a i rm a n : His Excellency Mr. Robert Gabriel Mugabe, President of the Republic of Zimbabwe –Members: His Excellency Mr. Soeharto, President of the Republic of Indonesia - His Majesty JuanCarlos I, King of Spain - His Excellency Mr. Abdou Diouf, President of the Republic of Senegal -His Excellency Mr. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of the Republic of Tunisia - His ExcellencyM r. Eduard Shevardnadze, President of Georgia - His Excellency Mr. Jiang Zemin, President of thePeople’s Republic of China - His Excellency Mr. José Maria Figueres Olsen, President of theRepublic of Costa Rica - His Excellency Mr. Nelson Mandela, President of the Republic of SouthAfrica - His Excellency Mr. Ibrahim Maïnassara Baré, President of the Republic of the Niger - HisExcellency Dato’ Seri Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia - The Right Hon-ourable Percival James Patterson, Prime Minister and Minister of Defence of Jamaica - His Excel-lency Mr. Romano Prodi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy - His Excellency Mr. Ben-jamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of the State of Israel - His Excellency Mr. Viktor Klima, FederalChancellor of the Republic of Austria - His Excellency Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime Minister ofIndia - His Excellency Mr. Yasser Arafat, President of the Palestinian Authority.

F o rmer Members of the World Solar Commission: His Excellency Mr. Sardar Farooq Ahmad KhanLeghari, President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ; His Excellency Mr. Wasim Sajjad, Pre s i-dent of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ; The Honourable Mr. Paul Keating, Prime Minister ofA u s t r a l i a ; His Excellency Mr. Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria ; The HonourableM r. V. P. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India ; His Excellency Mr. H.D. Deve Gowda, PrimeMinister of India ; His Excellency Mr. Inder Kumar Gujral, Prime Minister of India ; The Hon-ourable Mr. Shimon Peres, Prime Minister of Israel, when they were assuming their high functions.

A college of Personal Representatives designated by the members of the World Solar Commissionis the working body that pre p a res the decisions of the Commission, in close collaboration withthe Secretary-General of the Commission. UNESCO has off e red to serve as the Secretariat of theWorld Solar Commission and has made available the human re s o u rces of its Division of Engi-neering and Technology for that purpose. Mr. Boris Berkovski, Director of this Division, servesas Secretary-General of the World Solar Commission (see annex II).

The World Solar Commission successfully organized the World Solar Summit in Harare, Zimbab-we, on 16-17 September 1996. The World Solar Programme 1996-2005 was approved by theWorld Solar Commission at its second session held on 23 June 1997, within the framework of theSpecial Session of the UN General Assembly, “ Earth Summit + 5 ”. Five global projects of uni-versal value and almost 500 national high priority projects have been included in the WSP. TheWorld Solar Commission is organizing a series of business and investment meetings to enhancethe implementation of the WSP.

The World Solar Commission

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Its aim is to sensitize Governments, interg o v e rnmental organizations, non-governmental org a n i -zations, financial institutions, the academic world and the private sector with re g a rd to the needto support the development and utilization of renewable energy for sustainable development.

On the proposal of the World Solar Commission, the World Solar Summit, held in Harare ,Zimbabwe, in September 1996, decided to launch the preparation of a World Solar Pro-gramme for the decade and approved the outline that had been submitted to it. The

P rogramme was then pre p a red under the guidance of the World Solar Commission and wasa p p roved by the Commission at its second session, held in New York on 23rd June 1997 on theoccasion of the Nineteenth Special Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations devot-ed to the overall review and appraisal of the follow-up of the 1992 Rio Conference on Enviro n-ment and Development.

The World Solar Programme 1996-2005 was pre p a red on the basis of the outline approved bythe World Solar Summit and the commitments made in the Harare Declaration on Solar Energ yand Sustainable Development. It contains a series of recommendations for actions to be taken atnational and international levels in order to attain the objectives resulting from the above-men-tioned commitments. The Programme also includes global, regional and national re n e w a b l ee n e rgy projects to be implemented as a joint effort by the organizations and programmes con-c e rned in the United Nations system, other international organizations, both governmental andn o n - g o v e rnmental, academic and re s e a rch institutions, financing entities, industries and the pri-vate sector. Of the 495 high-priority national projects included in the World Solar Pro g r a m m e1996-2005, 338 have been proposed by developing countries, 65 by countries with economiesin transition and 92 by industrialized countries (including 34 from the European Commission andone from the UN Economic Commission for Europe). Implementation of a number of these high-priority national projects is already under way; as of 30th April 1998 the projects being execut-ed with international financial assistance amounted to a total of $400 million. In addition to that,a number of other national projects are being implemented with national funding, both publicand private. This indicates clearly that the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 functions as it wasconceived, i.e. as an action-oriented instrument at the service of the international community forthe promotion of renewable, environmentally friendly energies, in the interests of industrializedand developing countries alike.

A pro g r a m m eto developre n e w a b l e

e n e rg i e s

The World Solar Programme 1996-2005*

* The term “solar” is generic and includes all renewable energies (solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, wind, biomass, tidol, ocean,m i c ro h y d ro, etc.; geothermal energy is also included).

Since the start in 1992, a total of 30Photovoltaic Water Pumping (PVP)systems have been installed in fourp rovinces of Zimbabwe to provide cleandrinking water to an estimated 30 000people and their livestock. The PVPsystems are targeted at remote ruralsettlements which are far away fro mthe electricity grid. These include ruralhealth centres, schools, business centre s ,villages and so on. Quite often thesesettlements are difficult to appro a c hdue to poor roads as well as longdistances, hence the logistics of runningdiesel powered systems are very diff i c u l tand costly. The capacity of the systemsinstalled so far ranges from 0.8-3.5k Wp.A five year pilot project, «Photovoltaicsfor Household and Community Use inZimbabwe» has been running since1993. The main goal of this project is top rovide electricity to the off-grid ruralcommunities using the enviro n m e n t a l l yfriendly PV technology, there b yobviating the need for additional coal-f i red electricity generating plants whichcontribute to global warming. A minimum of 9000 45-Wa t tequivalent PV systems were to beinstalled, over the 5 year period, undera low interest loan scheme to benefitrural households, communities, co-operatives and small-scale farmers. Todate 9800 systems have been installed and arevolving fund has been set up with a financialinstitution, which is traditionally in the business ofo ffering loans to farmers, to enable end-users top u rchase the systems.Encouraging the use of improved biomass stovescan improve the efficiency and sustainability of the

use of bio-fuels. In this re g a rd, about 17000i m p roved woodstoves have been installedt h roughout the country. Biogas is being pro m o t e din order to substitute firewood for cooking and todisplace imported paraffin (kerosene) for lightingin rural households and institutions. 160 digestershave been constructed so far in the country.

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Solar Panel in a rural area

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Z i m bab w e

H. E. Mr Robert Gabriel MugabePresident of the Republic of Zimbabwe

President of the World Solar Commission

homes of the underprivileged. The work of theCommission and the evident world-wide clam-our for the development of safe, enviro n m e n t a l-ly-friendly, renewable energy sources and tech-nologies cannot but give hope to millions thattheir lives and circumstances will be significant-ly transformed as the World Solar Programme isimplemented until the year 2005.

H. E. Mr Robert Gabriel MugabePresident of the Republic of Zimbabwe

President of the World Solar Commission February 1998

The launching of the World Solar SummitP rocess by UNESCO, in partnership withother relevant major organisations, and

the subsequent establishment of the World SolarCommission, were key factors in the re c o g n i t i o nof the role that solar and other renewable ener-gy sources can play in the socio-economicdevelopment of all countries, in particular devel-oping countries.The report of the World Solar Summit held inH a r a re, Zimbabwe, in September 1996, its re c-ommendations and the subsequent adoption ofthe World Solar Programme 1996-2005 by theWorld Solar Commission in June 1997, have allbeen efforts to sensitise governments and otherinstitutions on the need to support the develop-ment and utilisation of renewable energ yt h rough the implementation of global, re g i o n a land national high-priority pro j e c t s .In this re g a rd, Zimbabwe has identified trainingand re s e a rch in renewable energy re s o u rces inschools, technical colleges and universities; solare n e rgy utilisation; biomass utilisation and mini-h y d ro electrification as the broad categories ofthe high-priority national strategic re n e w a b l ee n e rgy projects. As a result, thousands of photo-voltaic panels for solar lighting and provision ofe n e rgy for refrigeration have been installedespecially on school buildings and clinics in rur-al areas remote from the national electricity grid.Funding, despite being so far inadequate in re l a-tion to the need, has been provided by Govern-ment and some donors, particularly the GeneralE n v i ronment Facility under UNDPand World Bank auspices.As members of the World SolarCommission, our challenge is toa s s u re that globally the spotlightis tenaciously focused on theneeds of disadvantaged people,living at the threshold of povertyand in darkness, whose hopesw e re raised by the Summit. AsC h a i rman of the Commission, Iam convinced that, with the sup-port I am getting from my fellowCommissioners, their PersonalR e p resentatives and the intern a-tional community, we shall tri-umph in our endeavours to bringlight and heat to the dark and cold

The applications of solar energy in Indonesia havebeen initiated since early 1970’s by variousg o v e rnment and non-governmental institutions. A significant milestone was made whenphotovoltaic solar home systems were introduced toSukatani village, West Java, as a pilot project in1987. The success of this project, which wasinaugurated by His Excellency the President ofIndonesia in December 1989, was then followed bythe Presidential Assistance Project to pro v i d eelectricity by the use of Photovoltaic Solar HomeSystems to some 14 remote villages scattere da round 14 provinces in Indonesia. Based on thesuccess of these projects, His Excellency theP resident of Indonesia launched a project which isknown as the “One Million Homes PhotovoltaicRural Electrification Program Indonesia”. Thet a rget of the project is to provide electricity to onemillion households within ten years, with anestimated total capacity of 50 MWpeak.The first sub-project as an implementation schemeof the Solar Home System project is derived from asoft loan obtained from the Australian Govern m e n twhich will be utilised for the installation of some36,400 unit Solar Home Systems in more than 150villages, and 28 districts in 9 provinces in theE a s t e rn part of Indonesia. The implementation ofthis sub-project has been operational since May1997 and for the time being, about 7,000 SolarHome Systems have been installed.The second sub-project as an implementationscheme of the Solar Home System project hasobtained semi-commercial credit from the Wo r l dBank and is directed toward market penetration of

Solar Home System and does not needg o v e rnment funding. The assistance of the Wo r l dBank comprises a soft loan of US$ 20 million,and a Global Environmental Fund (GEF) grantof US$ 24.3 million, and is given to the privatesector to promote the commercialization of SolarHome Systems. The private sector will also pro v i d eco-lateral funding to allow aff o rdable time-payment for prospective consumers. Following anappraisal study, the World Bank implementationscheme has been aimed at areas that arec o n s i d e red economically capable. During the firstphase, the sub-project is implemented in thep rovinces of West Java, Lampung and SouthSulawesi. The third sub-project as animplementation scheme of the Solar Home System project will obtain fundingf rom the Federal State of Bavaria, FederalRepublic of Germany, which provides matchinggrants for the acquisition of 35,000 units of SolarHome Systems (individual) and 300 units of SolarVillage Centers (centralized). In the initialimplementation of this project, 33 units SHS (100Wp) for chicken barns, 3 SHS (200 Wp) forchicken incubators, 1 unit PV rural telephonesystem (400 Wp), 1 unit PV system (600 Wp) fori n f o rmation centre and 50 units for solar boatsystems (50 Wp) have been installed to date inKabupaten Lamongan as a pilot pro j e c t .Other private companies from Europe have madea g reements with the private sector in Indonesia top rovide some 100,000 Solar Home Systems toother rural sites, and implementation schemes arein ord e r.To further enhance the application of photovoltaicelectricity, pilot projects of grid-interc o n n e c t e dphotovoltaic systems and hybrid systems will bei n t roduced in Indonesia.The grid-connected photovoltaic systems will beimplemented in urban and sub-urbancommunities. A feasibility study for the re a l i s a t i o nof a demonstration project will be conducted inconjunction with Dutch companies in what isknown as the DINO SOLAR Program. In addition,four photovoltaic-diesel hybrid systems will beinstalled in the transmigration areas inKalimantan and Sulawesi financed by a soft loanf rom the French Government. Negotiations aretaking place for the installation of some 70 diesel-battery-solar hybrid systems in the eastern part ofIndonesia through soft loan financing.

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Waonu Village, Batauga Sub District, Buton DistrictSouth East Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Indonesia consists of thousands of islandsand they are spread widely along the equa-t o r. More than 200 million Indonesians are

actively engaged in development. Ours is a sus-tainable development. We are carrying it outwith the motto: “Developing without Destro y-ing”. Today, it has become increasingly essentialthat we implement development withoutdestruction as we are about to enter the indus-trialization era. Indonesia is blessed by AlmightyGod with adequately abundant energ yre s o u rces. We are aware, however, that if thesen o n - renewable re s o u rces were to be used indis-criminately, they would quickly deplete. More-o v e r, – due to the sheer size of our territory –t h e re are areas where it is not economically fea-sible to provide conventional electricity. By uti-lizing certain renewable energy technology,these areas may get electricity economically. Forthis purpose, Indonesia has recently launchedthe one million photovoltaic solar home systemsfor rural areas. This shows the feasibility of theutilization of solar energy to meet part of thenational energy demand.The Harare Declaration on Solar Energy andSustainable Development has accentuated thecommitment of countries in the world to sup-port the use of renewable energy, which isimportant to meet the needs of an estimatedpopulation of more than two billion people liv-ing in remote areas that are still deprived ofe l e c t r i c i t y .T h e re f o re, I cordially invite and strongly encour-age cooperation among governments, intern a-tional organizations, financing agencies, univer-sities, non governmental organizations andindustries to implement the World Solar Pro g r a m1996-2005 that has been formulated and adopt-ed by the World Solar Commission to meet someten percent of the energy demand during the1996-2005 period. The utilization of solar energ yfor sustainable development to meet the basicneeds of mankind certainly reflects the manifes-tation of human interest in the utilization ofGod’s Grace in carrying out sustainable devel-o p m e n t .May God Almighty bestow His divine blessingson all of us.Thank you.

H.E. Mr. SoehartoPresident of the Republic of Indonesia

January 1998

I n d o n e s i a

H.E. Mr. SoehartoPresident of the Republic of Indonesia

In 1998, Spain has come of age in its utilisation ofe n e rgy produced from renewable sources. A brightf u t u re for their contribution to moving a vibranteconomy forward .The situation is worth highlighting: after six years inoperation of our Energy Saving and Efficiency Plan,43.7% of the energy targets have been achieved. Thatis 3,800 projects have been completed providing a

contribution of over 500,000 toe/year. The totalassociated investment amounted to 150,000 millionpesetas, including public contributions of 23,000million pesetas.With these results, in 1996 renewable energ ys o u rces contributed 7,300,000 toe to the nationale n e rgy balance, some 7.2%, of which biomass, andthe use of hydro p o w e r, constitute the mostsignificant technologies in quantitative term s .Wind is a global success story, technologicaldevelopment and market penetration pro c e e dapace: installed capacity at the end of 1997 was455 MW, and will reach approximately 1,500 MWby the end of 1999.It is important to report the development andconsolidation achieved among the more than 500Spanish firms working in this field, whose annualcombined turnover in 1996 was above 40,000million pesetas.Regulatory re f o rm has also taken place: such is thecase with the new Electricity Sector Law, whichc reates fiscal incentives to power generation fro mrenewables, and makes its purchase compulsory forl a rge networks. Finally, Spain shares the Euro p e a nUnion ambition to duplicate, reaching 12% by2010, the primary energy supply from re n e w a b l es o u rces. This figure would imply offsetting nearlytwo thirds of the Kyoto Protocol CO2 emissionlimitation objectives for the EU, and for Spain thec reation of over 60,000 jobs in a sector with a highpotential for gro w t h .

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October 1994Eolic Park of Cañada del Rio, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands Installed capacity: 10MW Made (ENDESA Group)

January 1998Cofrentes Spa, Comunidad Valenciana660 m2 Solar thermic outlay for hot water production.Third party financing arranged by IDAE

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In my capacity as member of the World SolarCommission, I welcome the issuance of thispublication that will contribute to making

the Commission’s work better known to a larg-er public.The moment could not be better chosen. Theindustrialized countries, Spain being one ofthem, have committed themselves at the ClimateSummit of Kyoto, to protect the atmosphere ofthe Earth. In this context, the role to be playedby solar and other renewable sources of energ y ,will be paramount.This is a great opportunity. The World SolarCommission must take advantage of this politi-cal impulsion and lead the international cooper-ation mechanisms that will be established ors t rengthened, within our common project forp reventing global warm i n g .

His Majesty Juan Carlos IKing of SpainFebruary 1998

S p a i n

His Majesty Juan Carlos IKing of Spain

Thanks to re n e w a b l ee n e rgies, drinking water,electricity, television,telephone and certain otherservices which, in Africam o re than anywhere elsew e re the privilege of urbandwellers, are madei n c reasingly available tothose in rural are a s .In preparation of adecentralized ruralelectrification, a thousandhousehold photovoltaicsystems have been installedon a commercial basis,t h rough associations andother relay structures that incertain cases have beenmaintained after the pilotp roject as serviceo rg a n i z a t i o n s .As for water extraction,h u n d reds of solar pumps are operating all over thecountry, at competitive costs.In the Saloum archipelago, ten islands have beenequipped with desalinators functioning with

electricity from photovoltaic generators. Thesedesalination units of sea or brackish waters, with atotal daily capacity of 124 cubic metres, supplydrinking water to 20,000 people.

M o re futuristic, three solarphotovoltaic plants of which the oldestgoes back 15 years, are functioningwell at a moment when middle sizedhybrid plants (100 kWp, 80 kWp) willbegin to operate in order to furn i s hpower to four large islands with aviable demand estimated at 1, 900families. These latter installations,which are not financially pro f i t a b l e ,demonstrate the commitment ofSenegal to the promotion of new andrenewable sources of energ y .To promote all viable solarapplications is a prudent option, andto eliminate all the obstacles to thisend is a wise resolution. If tomorro wall the countries of the World agre e don this, what a chance for the 21stc e n t u r y .

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Hybrid Solar/Diesel plan installed power 100 kWp

(Isle of Dionevar)

Desalination unit of sea water powered by a photovoltaicgenerator of 24 kWp (Isle of Bettenty)

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Almost 90% of the population of our con-tinent has no access to commercial ener-gy. This is an unacceptable situation on

the eve of the third millennium. Fortunately,thanks to the scientific advances and techniquesthat now make it possible to exploit such newand renewable sources of energy as biomass,wind, water or sun, we have satisfactory solu-tions at our disposal.I fervently hope, in my capacity as President ofthe African Solar Council, that the «spirit ofH a r a re» will never cease to inspire us, so that wecan win our struggle for energy self-suff i c i e n c y ,which is a necessary step towards sustainabled e v e l o p m e n t .

H.E. Mr Abdou DioufPresident of the Republic of Senegal

President of the African Solar CouncilFebruary 1998

S e n e g a l

H.E. Mr Abdou DioufPresident of the Republic of SenegalPresident of the African Solar Council

With the stagnation of oil re s o u rces and thee m e rgence of a deficit in the energy balance ofTunisia, the energy bill is bound to increase, thusa ffecting the financing of the country’s economicd e v e l o p m e n t .One of the orientations of the State of Tunisia, thatcould contribute substantially to the reduction of thee n e rgy bill, implies a sustained policy for the masteryof energy and the promotion of clean and re n e w a b l ee n e rgies, within the framework of a voluntaristpolicy of environmental protection, in a perspectiveof sustainable development.To this effect, a national partnership has beenestablished, uniting on the one hand, the efforts ofthe Departments of the Environment and Industryand, on the other, those of specialized agencies, suchas the AME (Agence pour la Maîtrise de l’Energ i e ) ,the ANPE (Agence Nationale de Protection del ’ E n v i ronnement) and the CITET (CentreI n t e rnational des Technologies de l’Enviro n n e m e n tde Tunis), as well as the NGOs.The activities of the AME, which was created in1986, have succeeded in bringing about structuralchanges, marked by the reduction in the rate ofg rowth of the consumption of primary energy, astabilization of the energy intensity and ap ro g ressive introduction of renewable energies suchas solar energy with thermal and photovoltaicconversion, as well as geothermal energy. Parallel to the legal and institutional framework setup by the creation of the AME and leading to theconception and implementation of motivating

regulations, support measures have accompanied theimplementation of national programmes by grantinginvestment bonuses and tax and customsadvantages to the activities and products relating toe n e rgy savings and to the promotion of re n e w a b l ee n e rg i e s .In balance-sheet terms, the results achieved by theAME over the last ten years speak for themselves( m o re than 200 companies audited, more than 150c o n t r a c t s - p rogrammes signed, more than 80 expertauditors chartered, more than 200 executivestrained, 30, 000 m2 of solar water-heaters installed,5, 000 homes and 200 rural schools electrified byphotovoltaic systems, more than 6 000 householdsequipped with baker’s ovens, etc....). Nevertheless, themost tangible result remains the increasing numberof Tunisian women and men who adopt this new« c u l t u re », e.g. the mastery of energy and respect forthe environment. It is so true that in this post-m o d e rn era, there is no development if there is nosustainable development.

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Pumping water with windenergy and solar photovoltaic energy, South of Tunisia

300 m2 of solar water-heatersHospital Gafsa, Tunisia

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In my capacity as a Member of the Wo r l dSolar Commission, I am pleased to give mysupport to the World Solar Summit Pro c e s s

1996-2005, initiated by UNESCO, and to expre s smy full support to the world’s efforts in favourof sustainable development, respectful of theecological equilibria and based on partnershipand on an active international solidarity.

In this global context, and true to its principlesand commitments, Tunisia has adopted a clearstrategy for the development of renewable ener-gies, aiming essentially at providing energy torural areas with a view to improving the livingconditions of the Tunisian citizen in these are a s .

While appealing again to the international com-munity in order that donor countries and insti-tutions redouble their efforts in bringing uncon-ditional support to the mobilization of the fundsre q u i red for the succesful implementation of thisp rocess, we wish to re a ff i rm the willingness andthe commitment of Tunisia to lend its support toe fforts undertaken within its competence andt h rough its specialized scientific and technolog-ical institutions.

H.E. Mr Zine El Abidine Ben AliPresident of the Republic of Tunisia

April 1998

Tu n i s i a

H.E. Mr Zine El Abidine Ben AliPresident of the Republic of Tunisia

The potential of Georgia in renewable energies ise n o rmous. In particular, hydraulic, solar andg e o t h e rmal re s o u rces have been exploited widely formany years.For example, during the period 1925-1960, some250 small hydroelectric plants were built and, atp resent, a programme to rehabilitate and modern i z esmall and mini-hydro power plants has beenlaunched by «Georgian Links Ltd» and «Georg i a nE n e rgy Development Ltd», with special emphasis onremote mountain areas where the potential is veryh i g h .As re g a rds solar energy, the first testing of waterheaters using solar collectors was conducted in thefactory «Metaloconstruction» in the early 50’s. Duringthe 1955-57 period, 17 solar collectors for waterheating were installed, with a total surface area of1, 600 square metres. At the begining of the 80’s, awater heating system, with a solar collector of 980s q u a re metres was installed at the health andre c reation centre «Gumista» on the Black Sea coastand, since 1982, over 120.000 square metres ofsolar panels have been installed in suitable areas. In1997, the International Energy Center «ENECO», incooperation with the French company «Giord a n o »and the Spanish company «Isofoton», installed solarheat collectors at a boarding school in Tbilisi.As for the geothermal re s o u rces, they have beenutilized in Georgia since 1973 to provide domesticheating in urban settlements. It is relevant tomention that, following the creation of the Wo r l dSolar Commission, the holding of the World SolarSummit and the launching of the World SolarP rogramme 1996-2005, the promotion anddevelopment of renewable energy projects in Georg i ahave been considerably intensified. Thus, a National

Commission for the Development of RenewableE n e rgies has been created, a project proposal for theelaboration of a National Renewable Energ yP rogramme has been pre p a red, and high-prioritynational projects have been identified. As re g a rds thel a t t e r, an ambitious project concerning thedevelopment of the Aspindza Solar Settlement hasbeen pre p a red and an international high-levelexpert meeting was held in January 1998 to dealwith its implementation, under the auspices andwith the personal participation of Pre s i d e n tS h e v a rdnadze.

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Hydro power plant in Western Georgia

Hydro power plant in Western Georgia

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Iwould like to emphasize that our country isunique in terms of scenic beauty, flora andfauna. To contaminate it is inadmissible.

T h e re f o re, we must do our utmost to facilitatethe introduction and application of ecologicallyclean technologies.G e o rgia is very rich in solar, wind, biomass,hydraulic and geothermal re s o u rces; the latterhave in fact been used for thirty years in thepublic utilities sector. In more general term s ,considering the existence of a world-class scien-tific potential in Georgia, along with a high engi-neering expertise, there is no doubt that themost pro g ressive approaches and the mostadvanced technologies can be readily intro-duced in our country.An important milestone in the development ofthese energies was the participation of a Geor-gian delegation in the World Solar Summit heldin Harare in 1996, and the inclusion of fiveG e o rgian projects in the World Solar Pro g r a m m e1996-2005. On the occasion of the Summit, Pre -sident Robert Mugabe chaired the first session ofthe World Solar Commission; I consider mymembership of the Commission as a great hon-our conferred on me and my country.

H.E. Mr Eduard ShevardnadzePresident of Georgia

February 1998

G e o rg i a

H.E. Mr Eduard ShevardnadzePresident of Georgia

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The largest wind power station inXinjiang

Renewable Energy Development in China1 . Biomass Energy: Biomass energ y

utilization is the largest of all re n e w a b l ee n e rgies and reaches 300 Mtce, of whichstraw re p resents over 200 Mt andf i rewood over 200 Mt. In order top romote the commercialization ofadvanced biomass energy technology,some demonstration projects of biomassgasification have been conducted inChina. By the end of 1997, about10,000 households in over 50 villagesused the gas from straw gasification astheir domestic fuel.

2 . Biogas: At present, there are about 6million household biogas digesters inrural areas and 1,100 units of large andmedium scale biogas projects in China, with anannual biogas output of 1,800 million cubicm e t e r s .

3 . H y d ropower: Hydropower re p resents 20% of thewhole electricity generation in China, with a totalinstalled capacity of 60GW. However, only 15% ofh y d ropower re s o u rces have been exploited so thepotential for exploitation and utilization is wide.Beside the large size hydropower stations, therea re many small-size hydropower stations underc o n s t r u c t i o n .

4 . Wind power: The total installed capacity of windpower generators amounts to over 180MW. Therea re 150,000 sets of micro-size and small-sizewind power generators with a total capacity of1 5 M W, mainly installed in Inner Mongolia, about

120,000 sets and a 12MW production. 16 larg ewind power fields with a total capacity of 166MWhave been built.

5 . Solar energy: Solar energy utilization includesvarious types of solar thermal and solarphotovoltaic (PV) technologies. In 1997, themanufacturing capacity of collectors for solarwater heaters exceeded 1.5 million square meters,and the annual sale volume was over 1 millions q u a re meters. The annual manufacturingcapacity of PV exceeded 1.5MW and the installedcapacity was over 7MW.

6 . G e o t h e rmal energy: The exploitation of geotherm a le n e rgy in China includes power generation and

t h e rmal utilization, the former is mainlyin Tibet with a total installed capacity of35 MW, in which the Ya n g b a j i n gg e o t h e rmal power station with aninstalled capacity of 25 MW is the mainpower supply for Lhasa. The applicationof the latter is in the north of Chinaw h e re the heat supplied directly byg e o t h e rmal energy exceeds 1 millions q u a re meters in Tianjin. Shenzhou inHebei Province has been built as ademonstration city with heat supplied byg e o t h e rmal energy. More o v e r, geotherm a le n e rgy has been utlized widely ina g r i c u l t u re and bre e d i n g .

2.5 kW photovoltaic system for pumpingin Xinjinag

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In the course of human civilization and socialdevelopment, the exploitation of re n e w a b l ee n e rgies has played an important ro l e .

Today when energy, environment and sustai-nable development have become subjects ofuniversal interest, renewable energies are brin-ging new hope to mankind in building an ener-gy system geared toward the future. To pro m o t ethe application of renewable energies, re d u c epollution and protect the ecological enviro n-ment constitutes an undertaking which willbring benefit to the whole of mankind and itssuccess depends on the joint efforts and bro a dparticipation of the international community.I would like to take this opportunity to re i t e r a t ethe full support of the Chinese Government tothe World Solar Programme 1996-2005 initiatedby UNESCO and wish the Programme a com-plete success.

H.E. Mr Jiang ZeminPresident of the People’s Republic of China

April 1998

C h i n a

H.E. Mr Jiang ZeminPresident of the People’s Republic of China

Since the 80’s, Costa Rica has undertaken re s e a rc hto evaluate the non-conventional sources of energ y ,especially those concerning solar, wind, biomass andmini-hydraulic re s o u rc e s .A 20 megawat wind park has been installed and asecond of similar potential will be in operationshortly; they both generate electricity for the nationalg r i d .In Costa Rica, the policies applied by the nationalg o v e rnment have resulted in an electrical coverageof more than 95 % of the population ; however, atleast 50,000 families are still without electricals e r v i c e s .Solar energy is utilized to support ruralelectrification programmes as re g a rds the supply ofelectricity for basic utilizations, such as lighting,radio and television sets.The Costarican Institute of Electricity hasimplemented the following photovoltaic pro j e c t s :a ) in 1991, 4 panels of 33 watts each were installed

in an Indian village, and one panel of 47 wattsin another;

b ) in 1998, 30 panels of 65 watts have been installedin the Osa peninsula, in the South of Costa Rica;

c ) a project concerning 34 families has beeninitiated in Caballo Island, on Costa Rica’sPacific coast.

In the province of Guanacaste, the GuanacasteRural Electricity Cooperative, a small energ ydistributor covering 90% of the area’s population,

has implemented the following photovoltaic pro j e c t s :after installing 10 systems in 1994, in 1996, 20m o re systems were installed for productive use(water pumping and lighting of a commercial site)and in 1997, 60 systems were installed in isolatedcommunities, financed by the Global Enviro n m e n t a lFacility (GEF), with support from UNDP and theF rench Govern m e n t .The National Commission for Energy Conservation,the Costarican entity responsible for coordinating thee n e rgy conservation programmes at the nationallevel, is negotiating with the GEF the launching of anational photovoltaic network of 1000 systems, fro mwhich the alternative costs of the energy will bere c o v e red, in order to finance the acquisition of news y s t e m s .The abovementioned Osa Peninsula project of ruralelectrification with independent solar systems, is apilot photovoltaic project executed by the Departmentof Energy Conservation and the Puerto JimenezElectricity Services Branch of the Costarican Instituteof Electricity.This project concerns 32 families in sites such asM i r a m a r, Rio Nuevo, Rio Ti g re, Balsa and Pro g re s ode Puerto Jimenez, in the Canton of Golfito( p rovince of Puntarenas). Financing was pro v i d e dt h rough the Bilateral Convention for SustainableDevelopment between Costa Rica and the Kingdomof the Netherlands, for an amount of $ 29 000. Thecounterpart of the Costarican Institute of Electricityamounted to $ 8 500, including additional contro lequipment, transportation, subsistence allowanceand salaries for the technicians installing thee q u i p m e n t .The families pay a monthly fee of 1 500 colones ($6.25) for using the equipment. The resulting fundwill enable battery replacements, moving theequipment and acquisition of new units for otherfamilies living outside the area covered by thenational power grid.During the last few years, the geothermal energy hasbeen exploited for the production of electricity,notably at the geothermal plant of Miravalles. As tothe wind energy, two wind farms have recently beeninstalled, connected to the national grid, one of themby the private sector.

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Solar project in Peninsula de Osa

21

Costa Rica

H.E. Mr José Maria Figueres OlsenPresident of the Republic of Costa Rica

The efforts of UNESCO to bring to fruition,the World Solar Programme 1996-2005a re undoubtedly one of the more impor-

tant contributions to the development of ourn a t i o n s .It is obvious that the problem of production andconsumption of energy is of paramount impor-tance for the economy of each country, and thatthe search for alternative energy sources is vital.Costa Rica has promoted several forms of pro-duction using renewable energies, such ash y d roelectricity, geothermal, wind and solar,thus enabling us to reach an electrification ratein excess of 94%. Recourse to solar energy hasenabled the development of several projects innational parks, indigenous villages and isolatedhuman settlements, leading to a sustainabledevelopment in the electricity sector.We, the countries of the Region, must supporttogether the World Solar Programme 1996-2005,in order to comply with the inescapable re s p o n-sibility and the urgent task of improving thequality of life of our people.

H.E. Mr José Maria Figueres OlsenPresident of the Republic of Costa Rica

February 1998

In the Republic of South Africa, the majority of thepeople live in rural areas and the policy of theDepartment of Minerals and Energy (DME) is toe n s u re access to adequate and aff o rdable energ yto developing communities through a balancedmix of alternative energy re s o u rces at areasonable cost. The purpose is to satisfy the basicneeds of the developing sector and, at the sametime, to promote the effective utilisation of SouthAfrica’s vast alternative energy sources. The mainobjective of renewable energy should be thee m p o w e rment of the deprived so that developmentand job creation can take place.

Schools & Clinics Pro g r a m m eThis very successful programme relies on bilateraldonor funding from the Netherlands, theE u ropean Union and others, and is alre a d yp roviding electricity to schools in ruralcommunities where there are often no otherpublic services. More than 2000 communitieshave already been served in just over 18 monthsof implementation. The programme aims toelectrify 16 000 schools over the next five years. Todate 1700 schools have been electrified, anda p p roximately 1,2 million children have benefitedf rom electrification for study purposes after hours.

Passive Solar HousingDME has embarked on a project improving theliving conditions of the poor by promoting thedesign of thermally designed households. To yielda viable impact, a Task Team from theDepartments of Minerals and Energy, Housing,

E n v i ronmental Affairs and Tourism as well asWater Affairs and Forestry has been established.It’s purpose is to promote the development ofClimatic Conscious Building Design andGuideline Books which are available at DME’'the Library and are purchased by arc h i t e c t sand technicians.

Financing of Solar Home SystemsThe success of a photovoltaic installation re l i e snot only on a sound system design andinstallation, but also on the support andparticipation of the people it serves. Financingof Solar Home Systems re q u i res an importantinitial outlay from the end-users, who moreoften than not involve the poor of the poore s tcommunities. In spite of funding pro b l e m s ,rural communities have expressed a need forrenewable energy services. To this end, the DMEhas supported a project at Maphethethe in Kwa-Zulu Natal with about 50 Solar Home Systemsinstalled. This has enabled communitymembers to have access to the electronic mediaby means of TV and has brought lighting to thecommunity and savings on purchasing itemssuch as candles, paraffin and battery charg i n g .In the Free State, about 1700 photovoltaicsystems have been installed for farm w o r k e rhomesteads by local farmers near Bloemfontein.

Integrated Energy PlanningThe DME funded a solar water pumping pro j e c tin 1996 which showed that solar waterpumping could be more cost effective andsustainable than diesel operated water pumps.During 1998, the DME will be developing anintegrated programme at Folovhodwe in theN o r t h e rn Province, involving electrification ofits school, clinic and households with solare n e rgy, and promoting a PV driven waterpumping system.

Solar Cooker Pro g r a m m eThe DME and the German BavarianG o v e rnment have tested the viability of Solarcookers in Onseepkans and Pniel (NorthernCape) and Huhundi in the Northwest Pro v i n c e .These cookers have been widely accepted byusers and have contributed to reduction in fuelbills and fuelwood usage.

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Rural schools Electrification Project

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South Africa

H.E. Mr Nelson MandelaPresident of the Republic of South Africa

As a country with far- reaching develop-ment needs and a high-level of solarradiation, South Africa is strongly com-

mitted to the use of solar energ y .Our Government has a policy of pro m o t i n gaccess to sustainable energy service for espe-cially disadvantaged households, small businessand farms. There is there f o re a strong focus onthe application of small scale solar energy sys-t e m s .We are engaged in a number of projects todeliver solar energy driven facilities to industry,urban and rural communities, public establish-ments such as schools and clinics, as well asagricultural and forestry undertakings.We there f o re fully support the World Solar Pro-gramme in seeking to stimulate the implementa-tion of solar technologies at a global level.The Programme will strengthen our own eff o r t sto improve the socio-economic position of espe-cially the poor; create jobs; reduce adverseimpacts by the energy sector on the physicale n v i ronment; and contribute towards thedevelopment of a sustainable energy systems.

H.E. Mr Nelson MandelaPresident of the Republic of South Africa

April 1998

Niger understood very early the importance andusefulness of renewable energies, especially solar,and they became an important element of itse n e rgy policies and for the improvement of thequality of life of the population.The programmes implemented by the NationalO ffice of Solar Energy included water pumping,p rovision of electricity and hot water for healths t r u c t u res and the conservation of agriculturalp roducts ; one of the important and intere s t i n ginnovations developed by the Office in this field isthe production of dried meat (Kilichi) of excellentbacteriological quality and nowadays exploited byc o m m e rcial operators.Solar water-heaters with capacities of 200, 400,600 and 1 000 litres have been produced andc o m m e rcialized for the past twenty years. Sales of200 litre devices have reached the figure of 600.In addition to these local productions, it is re l e v a n t

to refer to the installation of 135 solar pumps tosupply drinking water to rural populations and thesupply of 1 200 community television sets. It shouldbe emphasized that Niger was the first Africancountry to use photovoltaic sets for SchoolTelevision in 1968.Two integrated solar villages are operational, KonéBéri and Tapoa (Parc du W), where pumping,lighting, ventilation, heating and cooking needsa re met in the public buildings (rural clinics,schools, maternity homes, re c reation centre s … ) .At present, the mandate of the National Centre ofSolar Energy (CNES), established in November1997, is as follows:- carry out re s e a rch and development on the

usefulness of renewable energ y ;- p romote and disseminate the technologies,

especially in rural are a s ;- e n s u re the training in this re s p e c t .

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Health Center of the village of Kone-Beri with solar integrated energy. We can see: photovoltaic panels for the refrigerator (for conserving medecine), light for the rooms, a solar water heater, and a solarcooking parabole to sterilize instruments for medicine.

25

My country, Niger, entirely located with-in the «golden belt», i.e. a part of theworld where the average solar radia-

tion is of 6 Kwh/M2 per day, and the sunshineduration is comprised between 8 and 9 hoursper day, understood very soon all the benefitsthat can be derived from this inexhaustibles o u rce of energ y .For this reason, as early as 1965, a center ofSolar Energy Research was created, at the Off i c eof Solar Energy (ONERSOL). From 1970 to 1980,the government of Niger invested over five mil-lion US dollars from its own funds for the pro-motion of renewable energ i e s .T h e re f o re, it is with pleasure that, in my capa-city of Member of the World Solar Commission,I give my firm support to the World Solar Pro-gramme 1996-2005 launched by UNESCO, withmy wishes of full success in this venture .

H.E. Mr. Ibrahim Maïnassara Baré President of the Republic of the Niger

March 1998

N i g e r

H.E. Mr. Ibrahim Maïnassara Baré President of the Republic of the Niger

Pakistan, having a population of 130 million, iss p read over an area of 780,000 sq.km. 95 million ofPakistan’s population live in rural areas. Themajority of the villages have been deprived ofadequate energy supplies.Pakistan consumes the equivalent of less than 250kilograms of oil per capita which is too much on thelow side. The growth rate of energy supplyi n c reasingly lags behind the demand and the re s u l tis the present serious power shortage in the country.In order to meet the shortfall, renewable energies arebeing tried out.A brief resume of the successes obtained so far in therenewable energies fields are as follows:a ) 5,000 bio-gas units have been installed by the

Pakistan Council of Appropriate Te c h n o l o g y( P C AT). Four demonstration wind pumps havealso been installed to meet the irrigationre q u i rements and provide drinking water for thepeople in remote are a s .

b ) P C AT has installed 200 micro - h y d ro power plantswith a generation capacity exceeding 2 M.W. Tw o50 MW capacity plants have also been installed inN o r t h e rn parts of the country.

c ) The Solar Energy Research Center (SERC) hascarried out re s e a rch work on desalination plantsand has operated such a plant in Gawadar,which has a capacity of 6,000 gallons per day.

d ) The National Institute of Silicon Te c h n o l o g y(NIST) has made considerable pro g ress in thep roduction of single crystal solar cells.

e ) The Pakistan Telecommunications Corporation(PTC) has successfully adopted photovoltaicsystems in the remote area applications.

f) Cathodic protection systems are being aggre s s i v e l yused by Oil Corporations in the country.

g) M/S Trillium Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd., incollaboration with B.P. Solar, of the UK has

installed 19 solar power systems of 200 watts and18 systems of 120 watts in 37 sites for optical fibrelinks extending from Karachi to Islamabad.The Company has also installed Solar PowerSystems in 74 different sites for defencecommunications, 10 solar systems for cathodicprotection of the Sui Southern Company and hasset-up a solar power system for the micro-wavenetwork of Northern Sites in the country.

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Solar system installed at an altitude of 12.000 ft. inNorthern Area of Pakistan

The World Solar Commission (WSC)which was established to evolve strate-gies for the promotion of re n e w a b l e

s o u rces of energy, has drawn up an elaborateWorld Solar Programme (WSP) 1996-2005. TheWSP will entail a decade of intense harm o n i o u sglobal activity designed to foster re s e a rc h ,development, commercialization and motiva-tional effort by all member states. This world-wide effort of WSC needs to be fully supportedby member countries.Pakistan has identified several projects on solar,wind, bio-mass, bio-gas and microhydel forinclusion in the WSP. These projects, once exe-cuted, will lead to the popularization and adop-tion of new technologies on a large scale in thecountry. We in Pakistan look forward to the useof clean energy for our development which isalso the goal of the World Solar Pro g r a m m edrawn up by UNESCO.

H. E. Mr Wasim SajjadPresident of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

December 1997

P a k i s t a n

H. E. Mr Wasim SajjadFormer President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

27

Village low-voltage distribution gridconnecting village homes to the MarakParak central PV power plant.

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The village of Marak Parak hasbeen enjoying solar power dayand night, since the solarphotovoltaic power generatingp roject was completed slightlym o re than a year ago. Thep roject, funded through ani n t e rnational cooperationre s e a rch and developmentp rogramme between theG o v e rnment of Malaysia andthe Government of Japan, isnow the largest centralphotovoltaic power plant in theregion. The system has made Marak

Parak a model village, and thep resence of electricity has madethe use of many appliances andmachines possible, allowing thelocal community to be more productive, withouthaving to leave their village.The 100 kW peak system consists of almost 1900 PVmodules, 250 units of battery storage and ane fficient power controller unit, to provide AC powercontinuously to the 500 people, through a villagedistribution grid. Participation and cooperation ofthe villagers has been overwhelming, and the systemhas been operating successfully since its completion.The project is being continuously monitored andstudied, as part of our effort to further improve itse fficiency. As part of on-going re s e a rch, some of the

photovoltaic modules are sprayed with water, tostudy the effect of active cooling on the system’soverall efficiency. All these activities are doneautomatically through a data logging system.This project demonstrates that solar electrificationcan bring about improvements in the standard ofliving, income generation and quality of life of ruralcommunities. The use of conventional systems is not alwaysfeasible for many remote villages, and in the case ofMarak Parak, solar technology has indeed pro v i d e d

the solution.We hope to share our experience withothers in the region, and would like tounderline the need for partnership andcollaboration among nations ando rganisations, to make solar energy asuccessful and viable option.

Array of photovoltaic modules at Marak Parak central PV power plant.

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En e rgy is a fundamental factor in thep rocess of socio-economic developmentand, with the current growth patterns of

e n e rgy demand expected to continue well intothe coming decades, there is an urgent need toplace in perspective a sustainable energy sys-tem. Traditional primary energy sources areunavoidably depleting in the long run and havee n v i ronmentally degrading effects. To concludethat such energy sources are sufficient and sus-tainable for our future needs would be an actthat could very well cripple the future growth ofnations and the well-being of the world in thelong term. Hence, the question of adequacy,reliability and, more importantly, sustainabilityof energy sources must be satisfactorilya d d re s s e d .In this context, the World Solar Pro g r a m m e1996-2005 offers an excellent opportunity form o re policy and re s o u rce focus for the devel-opment and use of enviro n m e n t a l l y - f r i e n d l yrenewable sources of energy. It signifies a con-sensus of several ideas, carefully thought outand deliberated at length in several forumsinvolving governments, national, regional andi n t e rnational organisations and non-govern m e n-tal organisations. Thus, the World Solar Pro-gramme 1996-2005 deserves the support of allnations, institutions and individuals.

The Honorable Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad

Prime Minister of MalaysiaFebruary 1998

M a l a y s i a

The Honorable Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir bin MohamadPrime Minister of Malaysia

Jamaica is not endowed with petroleum-based energ yre s o u rces and there f o re exhibits a strong dependencyon imports which to date meet over 90 % of the totale n e rgy demand. One of the primary objectives of itse n e rgy policy approved by Parliament in November1995 is to diversify the energy supply mix andencourage the development and widespread use ofindigenous energy re s o u rces where economicallyviable and technically feasible thus enhancing thesecurity of energy supplies.Wind energy: In terms of pro g ress to date, the mostrecent commercial wind turbine was installed atM u n roe College in 1995; it has a capacity of 225Kilowatts and is used to supply power to the nationalgrid. It provides a source of income for the schooland also serves to provide practical experience forscience students. Prospective sites have beeninvestigated and negotiations are now underway fora 10 megawatt plant to be erected in the immediatef u t u re. Solar energy: The use of direct solar energy takesmany forms in Jamaica, but it is mostly used fordrying and water heating; at the same time, however,photovoltaic is gaining widespread acceptance, bothfor lighting and for powering homes and commerc i a lbuildings. Some commercial solar crop driers areavailable for peppers and preserves as well as fordrying timber, but this kind of use is limited to a fewoperators. Solar water heating is used for bothhouseholds as well as hotels. There is in excess oft h ree thousand solar water heaters installed in

Jamaica at present. A special effort thro u g ha g g ressive organized marketing is now under wayfor the tourism and commercial sectors to incre a s etheir use of solar hot water.In an effort to promote and increase the use ofa l t e rnative energy, one of the leading govern m e n tagencies, the Petroleum Corporation of JamaicaLimited (PCJ) has been installing solar lightingsystems throughout the country. This initiative isbeing carried out under the “Sun for powerp rogramme”. Other initiatives under way to strengthen the use ofPV cells include installations for strategiccommunication linkages, a growing area of use inJamaica. For example, in 1996 the earthquake unitat the University of the West Indies installed a 1440watt solar panel for powering seismologicale q u i p m e n t .H y d ro: The total hydro power installation inJamaica is estimated at 23 MW. This accounts forabout 4 % of the total installed capacity of thenational grid. The potential for hydro power isgood. There are many hydro sites yet to bedeveloped and efforts are underway to make thisinitiative a reality. Biomass: Biomass is used in two main categories.In one form, it is used to produce biogas, whichmainly comes from agricultural waste and in re c e n ttime there has been a special effort to utilizeindustrial waste, and efforts in this re g a rd areo n g o i n g .At present there are over one hundred biogas plantsinstalled in Jamaica, the majority of them inf a rming communities where animal dung is used asthe feedstock. There is tremendous potential for thisf o rm of energy in Jamaica and on some farms thisgas is used for powering freezers and refrigerators aswell as providing for the lighting needs of theh o u s e h o l d s .The other form of biomass in use is in the form ofbagasse. This re s o u rce is used extensively in thesugar industry and at one time virtually eliminatedthe use of petroleum-based energy in the sugarf a c t o r i e s .The use of bagasse is still strong and some of thefactories have actually re t rofitted their furnaces ino rder to better utilize bagasse. In some instancesfactories have even explored the possibility of sellingthe excess power to the national grid; negotiationsa re in pro g ress in this re s p e c t .

Wind generator installed at Munro college, Jamaica

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Like many island countries, Jamaica stro n g-ly supports the promotion of solar andother forms of renewable energies to

e n s u re the economic and social development ofits people, especially those living in rural are a s ,who have no access to adequate energy sup-p l i e s .The Harare Declaration on Solar Energy andSustainable Development, approved by theWorld Solar Summit held in September 1996reflected the commitment of the intern a t i o n a lcommunity to work towards the wider use ofrenewable and environmentally-friendly ener-gies. This commitment was later translated intoan action-oriented Programme by the Wo r l dSolar Commission. I am satisfied that the imple-mentation of the Programme is proceeding in asatisfactory manner.As a Member of the World Solar Commission, Iam pleased to be able to contribute to the taskof encouraging the world to devise policies andstrategies on the wider use of renewable ener-gies as an essential element of sustainable devel-o p m e n t .

The Right Honourable Percival James PattersonPrime Minister of Jamaica

April 1998

J a m a i c a

The Right Honourable Percival James PattersonPrime Minister of Jamaica

The renewable energ yp roduction in Italy in 1996 wasof 13,8 Mtoe corresponding to8% of the total energ yconsumption. The principalcontributions were fro mh y d roelectric power (37%)g e o t h e rmy (26%) and biomass( 3 6 % ) .In the field of hydro e l e c t r i c i t yt h e re are in Italy 1895 powerplants for a total installedcapacity of 16,000 Mwe in Italy.C o n c e rning wind energy thetotal installed power is 70 Mwe.The main plants are :- the ENEL wind farms located

at Alta Nurra in Sardinia(2570 kWe), Acua Spruzza in Basilicata (2440 kWe) and Collarmele in Abruzzo(9100 kWe);

- the Consorzio Bonifica SangroAventino wind farm (1250 kWe ) ;

- the IVPC wind farms located at Monfalcone Va lF o r t o re in Campania (7200 kWe), Alberona (3000 kWe) and S. Agata (3600 kWe) in Apulia;

- the Riva Calzoni wind farm in Apulia (2000 kWe )the Carloforte wind farm in Sardinia (960 kWe ) ;

- the Consorzio Vi l l a c i d ro wind farm in Sard i n i a(4560 kWe ) .

In the field of solar thermal, 180,000 square metersof solar collectors are installed in Italy.The photovoltaic plants are mainly of the followingfour types:- houses electrification in agricultural zones

(260 kWe ) ;- stand alone applications diff e rent from houses;- small electrical generators on house roofs

(260 kWe ) ;- electrical energy generating plants connected to the

national grid (6150 kWe ) .The total installed capacity is 15,670 kWe. The mainplants are :- the ENEL plant located at Serre in Campania

(3,300 kWe ) ;

- the Elio 1 plant located at Vasto in Abruzzo (1,000 kWe ) ;

- the ENEA plant at Manfredonia in Apulia (600 kWe ) ;- the Carloforte plant in Sardinia (600 kWe )- there are several demonstration plants of about100 kWe each, such as the Zambelli, the Tre m i t iislands, the Lampedusa island and the Nettunop l a n t s .The total installed geothermal electrical power inItaly is 512 Mwe. Concerning the thermal uses, theinstalled power is 680 Mwt;In the field of biomass, there are 23 power plants fedby waste, 14 of them producing electrical energ yonly, 5 both electrical and thermal energy, and 4only thermal energy. The total installed electricalpower is 80 Mwe and the thermal 103 Mwt.F u r t h e rm o re, there are district-heating plants fed bywood, or other solid matter, for a total of 46 Mwt,cogeneration plants burning wood for a totalinstalled power of 96 Mwe and 104 Mwt and powerplants fed by biogas for a total installed power of 80 MWe .

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ENEA’s photovoltaic power plant in Manfredonia

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As history shows, energy is a «sine quanon» for economic and social develop-ment. However, as world demand for

e n e rgy is bound to grow substantially in thecoming decades, the imperative of sustainabledevelopment and the threat of global warm i n gcall for ever greater energy efficiency and thec o m m e rcial exploitation of renewable sourc e s .The Italian government strongly supports initia-tives aiming to achieve the goals of sustainabledevelopment and environmental pro t e c t i o n .A c c o rdingly, I am glad of this opportunity tounderline the importance of the 1996-2005World Solar Programme and the many pro j e c t sconducted under its aegis.I wish the Programme full success. I am confi-dent that Italian technology can make a signifi-cant contribution to that end.

H.E. Mr Romano ProdiPresident of the Council of Ministers of Italy

February 1998

I t a l y

H.E. Mr Romano ProdiPresident of the Council of Ministers of Italy

Israel has pioneered in the research of solarenergy. With an annual incidence of solarirradiation of approximately 2000 kwh persquare meter, the research community in thecountry resorted, naturally, to developments inthe field of solar energy utilization. Researchwork started in the 50’s with the development ofselective coatings for flat plate solar collectors forwater heaters. Aided by a law that all newapartments, in buildings up to 8 stories high,must be equipped with solar water heaters, theuse of those heaters spread to the extent that thereare now more than a million solar water heatersinstalled in the country. About 80% of theresidences are equipped with solar heaters. Thesavings are approximately 320 thousand tonnesof oil equivalent per year. An Israeli companydeveloped Thermal Solar Plants and installed 354MWE of those plants in the California Mojavedesert. Those plants are in operation supplyingelectricity to the California grid.Solar Ponds R&D led to the first power stationbased on an organic liquid cooling cycle,employing a locally developed turbine. The planthad a capacity of 2.5 MWE, and was locatednear the Dead Sea. Because of the reduction inthe prices of crude oil the development of this typeof power plant was discontinued. A company hasdeveloped a linear concentrator originallyintended for steam production. This concentratoris now used in a large water heating installation(600 sq. m. area) to provide heat to a hospitalcomplex.

The Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovothhas built a central tower solar receiver «solartower» of 3 MW thermal. This facility is usedmainly for advanced R&D. It includes work onadvanced high temperature gas cycles (1200-1500 deg. cent.), on reforming processes toimprove low grade fuels, and on solar pumpedlasers. The Work performed at the WeizmannInstitute led to the creation of an internationalconsortium aimed at exploitation of the ideasconceived and proved at the Institute.Local architects built about 50 «solar Houses» todemonstrate the possibility of employingbioclimatic principles in the design of localdwellings.A company developed transparent insulationpanels that have been installed indemonstration houses in the UK and Germany.A 6 MWE wind farm was erected and issupplying electricity to the grid. Biogas is beingproduced from effluent in the food industry,municipal sewage and agricultural waste. Thegas produced is used either in modified Dieselengines or as a source of heat for Industry.Small photovoltaic installations are being usedin remote areas to provide electricity to lightingfixtures. A village having Photovoltaic electricitysupply for all its residences was built in Galileein the 80’s.

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Solar Tower Research Facility at the Weizmann Institute

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ear Friends, An important basis for the use of solare n e rgy technologies has been cre a t e d

in Israel through intensive studies and develop-ment work.As early as the 1950’s, Israeli scientists weredeveloping special selective coatings for theabsorption of solar energy in solar panels. Thisled to the development of a solar water heatingi n d u s t r y .In the 1980’s, an Israeli company was the first tobuild large Solar Power Plants in the Californ i aMojave desert.In 1997, Israeli and American companies agre e dto continue the development of an advancedhigh temperature Solar Power Plant based onR e s e a rch and Development work in Israel’sWeizmann Institute.As concluded after the last Harare World SolarSummit Conference, Solar Energy can help pro-vide many nations with the energy necessary toi m p rove their standard of living, commensuratewith environmental dictates.UNESCO’s World Solar Summit Process for thep romotion of Solar Energy can contribute to thewell-being of humanity and the enviro n m e n t ,c reating a benign energy supply system basedon cutting edge technologies.

H.E. Mr Benjamin NetanyahuPrime Minister of the State of Israel

November 1997

I s r a e l

H.E. Mr Benjamin NetanyahuPrime Minister of the State of Israel

D

The debate on the global problem is totallyd i ff e rent now in the nineties to what itwas in the seventies. The emphasis hasshifted from the problem of scarce energ yre s o u rces to environmental issues andespecially to the greenhouse effect. Parts ofthe problem are the emissions ofchlorinated organic compounds into thea t m o s p h e re and the unsustainable use off o rest land as well as agricultural andwaste disposal practices, but the mainp roblem is the energy sector. More than 50p e rcent of the additional manmadeg reenhouse effect is caused by carbondioxide from burning fossil fuels, and asignificant share of the methane emissionsis coming from the production and consumption offossil fuels as well. Consequently, the only way tobegin solving the problem, especially inindustrialized countries, is a significant reduction inthe use of energy from fossil fuels, coupled with ani n c reased recourse to renewable sources of energ y .Each of the industrialised countries has its ownspecial conditions concerning the use of re n e w a b l es o u rces of energy. Austria has plenty of hydro p o w e r,which is providing about 85 percent of the amountof electricity consumed (or 72 percent of theelectricity produced) in the country. With a definede fficiency of 0.8 for conversion of hydropower intoelectricity this gives us a share of 14 perc e n th y d ropower in the net primary energy supply.Biomass is providing about 12 percent of the netprimary energy supply; this amount includes mainlyfuelwood, but significant amounts of wood chips form o d e rn heating facilities and waste & by-pro d u c t sf rom the pulp and paper and timber industry as

well. Austria is a leading country in thesetechnologies; in 1995 there were already 255 localdistrict heating nets based on biomass heat andm o re than 18,000 modern heating systems fired bywood chips.As re g a rds solar energy, within the European UnionAustria ranks second behind Greece in the overalls u rface of solar collectors installed (1.5 millions q u a re metres in 1996), a situation which can bec o n s i d e red a success story for a country in themoderate climate zone. A decisive factor in thisdevelopment has been the Solar- d o - i t - y o u r s e l f -Movement, which started in the 80’s in the pro v i n c eof Styria and now covers all Austria and someneighbouring regions. In groups of 10 people, eachof the collectors is built from manufactured partsand installed by the users themselves. The costs ofsuch installation averages some 2, 500 US dollars.Small subsidies are available from provincial andlocal governments, and at Federal level an Eco-Fundgives support to firms involved in renewable energ yt e c h n o l o g i e s .At present, Austria provides 27 % of its energy supplyt h rough renewables, a figure which can easily bei n c reased taking into account that the share ofbiomass energy could easily be doubled and thatwind power installations only started on a larg escale two years ago. In fact, there is no majorobstacle for renewables to satisfy 50% of the Austriane n e rgy demand within the next 20 years.

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The ultrasonic welding installation allows themanufacture of big collectors as single pieces andnot as several adjusted pieces.

The pilot installation in Deutsch-Tschantschendorf wascommissioned in 1994.

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In the seventies, the question of the exhaus-tion of fossil energy sources became, for thefirst time, a subject of worldwide discussion.

Even if the forecasts made at that time have notbeen confirmed, we are nevertheless, due to thet h reatening temperature increase of the climate,c o n f ronted with a tremendous new challenge inour energy policies. The world energy supplyshould rely increasingly on renewable energ i e swhich will not release additional carbon dioxidein the atmosphere. The 21st century shouldbecome the era of renewable energ i e s .

The energy supply of Austria relies on a bal-anced energy mix and is characterized by theg reat importance given to renewable energ ys o u rces. Due to our wealth of hydropower andf o rests, roughly one quarter of the total energ ydemand is covered by renewable energies, andeven better figures appear in the electricity sup-ply. In Austria, the contribution of hydro p o w e rto the electricity production re p resents 70 %. Atthe level of the European Union, only 14% ofthe electricity comes from re n e w a b l e s .

The sustained exploitation of renewable energ ys o u rces in the future, besides the measures form o re efficient energy use and the rejection ofthe use of nuclear energy, constitutes a capitalpoint of the Austrian energy policy. Whereas theestimates on the development prospects ofrenewable energies diverge, in the interests ofsustainable development they mustbecome a fundamental pillarof the energy supply. It iswith this in mind that I havegladly accepted the invitationto cooperate in the Wo r l dSolar Commission.

H.E. Mr Viktor KlimaFederal Chancellor

of the Republic of AustriaApril 1998

A u s t r i a

H.E. Mr Viktor KlimaFederal Chancellor of the Republic of Austria

Development and utilization of non-conventional energy sources has beena c c o rded priority in India for manyyears. India has evolved wide-rangingp rogrammes covering re s e a rch anddevelopment, demonstration, extensionand commercialization of re n e w a b l ee n e rgy technologies. The pro g r a m m e scover Biogas plants based on cattledung,I m p roved woodstove, Solar Photovoltaicand Thermal energy, Wind energ y ,Biomass Energy, Small Hydro power,Cogeneration in Sugar mills, Energy fro mUrban and Industrial Wastes, Altern a t eFuels for Transport and Fuel Cells. Indiais the only country with a separate fullyfledged Ministry for non-conventionale n e rgy sourc e s .In wind power, with an installed capacity of about1000 MW, India is among the first four countries inthe world in wind power generation. Wi n dgenerators of 250 KW to 600 KW capacity are beingm a n u f a c t u red in the country. There are fourteencompanies manufacturing wind turbines in thecountry. Wind turbine components made in India,a re also being exported. About 156 MW ofgeneration capacity through Small Hydro PowerP rojects (upto 3 MW capacity plants) have been setup. Cogeneration of power in the sugar industry andbiomethanation of industrial effluents to generategaseous fuels are other technologies being pro m o t e d ,with direct relevance to our industries.Solar thermal technologies are now finding re a d yacceptance for a variety of applications. Over fourh u n d red thousand square metres of collector are ahave so far been installed for applications rangingf rom domestic water heaters of 50-100 litre capacityto industrial and commercial systems of upto240,000 litre of hot water per day. Over 100companies are invloved in local production of solar

t h e rmal systems. About four hundred and fiftythousand solar photovoltaic systems with ana g g regate capacity of 32 MW, for lighting, waterpumping, village electrification, telecommunicationsand various other applications have been installedin the country. Today India is the third larg e s tp roducer of silicon solar cells. A level of 11 MW ofmodule production per year has been achieved.About 75 companies are involved in production ofvarious PV products. Indian Solar Photovoltaicp roducts are of international standard and arebeing exported to diff e rent countries. In an effort top rovide clean and efficient cooking energy invillages, about 2.6 million family size biogas plantshave been installed, which save about 95 milliontonnes of fuel wood per year. In addition, 27 millione fficient wood-stoves have been set up. The estimatedsaving from these stoves is about 100 million tonnesof fuel wood per year. Indian biomass gasificationtechnology is successfully being used for therm a l ,mechanical and electrical applications includingcommunity cooking and village electrification.

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Wind farm project in India

39

The world is in the midst of an energ ytransition and is witnessing a surge ofe n v i ronmentally benign energy sourc e s .

The World Solar Commission can make a signif-icant contribution in facilitating this transitionand in achieving a sustainable future form a n k i n d .India has one of the world’s largest re n e w a b l ee n e rgy programmes in the areas of both rurale n e rgy and power generation. It is an active par-ticipant in various international initiatives for thep romotion of renewable energy. UnderUNESCO’s initiative, India has proposed a pro-ject for developing a comprehensive trainingp rogramme in renewable energy technologiesfor trainees from developing countries. This willgo a long way in meeting the human re s o u rc ere q u i rements in the renewable energy field.Another initiative taken by us is Rural Electrifi-cation based on renewable energy technologies.This is in line with our national priority of pro-viding energy in rural areas, and may serve as amodel for other countries as well.I believe that the World Solar Commission canplay a major role in promoting such initiatives.India extends its support to the World Solar Pro-gramme 1996-2005.

H.E. Mr Atal Bihari VajpayeePrime Minister of the Republic of India

May 1998

I n d i a

Son ExcellenceMonsieur Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Premier Ministre de l’Inde

40

The Palestinian Energy Research Center,since its creation on 1994, has beenentrusted to pre p a re and formulate thenational energy policies, including theutilization of renewable energy sourc e s .This was not an easy process, but PECcommitted its re s o u rces to pre p a re thesepolicies with full and direct support fro mP resident Yasser Arafat.In cooperation with the government ofLand Baden Wu r t e m b e rg state (Germ a n y ) ,PEC is implementing a project on localPhotovoltaic (PV) energy supply for re m o t ea reas in the West Bank. The project aims toraise the standard of living in re m o t ea reas; it is designed to introduce PVtechnology as an appropriate, economicallyfeasible and reliable technology for basicelectricity supply in remote areas. For this purpose a revolving fund ofa round 500,000 USD was created with pay backperiod of five years. Potential users in remote are a swho are interested in PV technology are givenaccess to low interest loans up to a period of fiveyears with a grace period of at least three months.During the year 1995 and in cooperation withlocal organizations, PEC funded and supervisedthe installation of PV systems in eight ruralmedical centers in diff e rent locations inPalestine. These PV systems are pro v i d i n gelectricity for lighting, vaccination and operatingmedical equipment in these centers. These centersbecame able to provide efficient services becauseof the availability of refrigerators and electricity.Working conditions of the employees at theseclinics were greatly improved. The number ofbeneficiary patients increased. These clinics canp rovide social and health awareness programs byusing TV and video shows at the clinic site.PEC with the support of the Federal Govern m e n tof Germany and through the ELDORADOp rogram, started another PV project that willinvolve installing at least 150 PV systems. These

Clinic in Sa’er Village electrified by P.V. system

systems will be utilized to supply electricity toremote homes, water pumping stations and otheragricultural and commercial applications.Solar water heaters (SWHs) for domestic use ares p read widely in Palestine. About 70% of thePalestinian Houses are using SWHs. Due to thesignificant impact of using SWHs on both energ yconsumption and environment in Palestine, PECis looking to develop this industry and incre a s ethe cooperation and exchange of experiencebetween the local manufacture r s .PEC has started constructing a renewable energ ydemonstration station. This station includesvarious applications of solar energy as well aswind and biotechnology. This station is the first of its kind in Palestine and is open for allre s e a rchers, students and technical engineers. The station will also include a testing laboratoryfor SWHs. In this laboratory, tests according to the international regulations will be conductedto enable the local manufacturers to develop their products and find new intern a t i o n a lm a r k e t s .

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World Leaders have major re s p o n s i b i l-ities of informing their people andcommunities about the challenges

facing future generations. Environmental chal-lenges are becoming real and expensive to dealwith. The involvement of Palestine in the Wo r l dSolar Programme and my membership in theWorld Solar Commission are very clear commit-ments from my government, my people and mepersonally to support the utilization of re n e w-able energy and to integrate it in the nationale n e rgy policy. Palestine is one of the leadingcountries in utilizing solar energy with morethan 75% of homes using solar water heating.Following the World Solar Summit, we started amajor solar program to utilize solar energy toelectrify remote areas and places; 300 kWp of PVsystems will be installed in Palestine by the endof 1998.May the creation of the World Solar Pro g r a m m ebe a real opportunity to put all of us to work fora peaceful world.

H.E. Mr Yasser ArafatPresident of the Palestinian Authority

January 1998

P a l e s t i n e

H.E. Mr Yasser ArafatPresident of the Palestinian Authority

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We, the Heads of State and Government, gathered or officially re p resented in Harare on the occa-sion of the World Solar Summit, following the invitation by the Government of Zimbabwe andat the initiative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, in col-laboration with international organizations and institutions, in order to launch a programme forglobal solar activities to be known as the World Solar Programme 1996-2005,

1 . Recognize the significance of the role that solar and other sources of renewable energy suchas wind, geothermal, hydro, biomass and ocean, as well as energy efficiency, should play inthe provision of energy services and in the sustainable use of environmental re s o u rces for thewell-being of humanity;

2 . R e i t e r a t e our support for the principles and actions for the promotion of energy systems forsustainable development recommended by the United Nations Conference on Enviro n m e n tand Development, held on 3-14 June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in particular the Rio Dec-laration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, as well as the commitments made inthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;

3 . Recognize that the provision of sufficient energy services at aff o rdable prices and the adop-tion of energy conservation measures are essential for the pro g ress of all countries, developedand developing alike, to meet current and expanding needs in ways which minimize envi-ronmental degradation and risks, as well as to realize the full potential of renewable energ ys o u rc e s ;

4 . Recognize that there is a need to increase substantially access to energy in developing coun-tries, and that the provision of adequate energy services can improve living conditions, alle-viate poverty, improve health and education, promote small scale enterprises and create oth-er income-generating activities especially in rural and isolated areas, thereby reducing ruralto urban migration ;

5 . Recognize that the role of solar energy in each country needs to be integrated and specifiedin its national energy policy;

6 . Recognize that the development, deployment and widespread utilization of solar energy faced i fficulties, particularly with re g a rd to their management, maintenance and financing as wellas to the availability and accessibility of relevant data, information, education, training andt e c h n o l o g y ;

7 . Recognize that increased use of solar energy can reduce environmental degradation causedby adverse human activities, such as industrial pollution and deforestation, and that it is theresponsibility of governments and all sectors of civil society to work together to find lastingsolutions to problems threatening the sustainable development of humanity;

8 . Emphasize that the management of atmospheric emissions of greenhouse and other gases andsubstances will increasingly re q u i re efficient and environmentally sound energy systems,including solar energy ones;

9 . Recognize the important role that relevant non-governmental organizations play in the devel-opment and deployment of solar energ y ;

1 0 .Recognize that women have an important role to play in the promotion of solar energy, andthat they would benefit significantly from its use;

ANNEX I

HARARE DECLARATION ON SOLAR ENERGYAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

44

1 1 A re convinced that sustainable development and utilization of solar energy would beenhanced by local and national capacity building, policy re f o rm and technology sharingamong nations, with emphasis on coherent efforts towards technology acquisition and devel-opment in the developing countries.

We there f o re ,

1 2 .Commit ourselves to work towards the wider use of solar energy to enhance the economicand social development of all people; support and promotion of these efforts should be veryimportant goals of our governments, the international community and all sectors of society,especially with respect to people living in isolated and underdeveloped rural and island com-m u n i t i e s ;

1 3 .Commit ourselves to work towards policies and effective mechanisms that will speed up andfacilitate the use of solar energy avoiding duplication and administrative delays, and theencouragement of international co-operation, including participation in regional and intern a-tional bodies, scientific and technical org a n i z a t i o n s ;

1 4 .Commit ourselves to work towards the greater use of solar energy through the provision ofadequate technical assistance and funding, the full utilization of existing international funds,and the facilitation of increased participation by both public and private sectors.

In pursuit of these objectives we:

1 5 .Call on all nations to join in the development and implementation of the World Solar Pro-gramme 1996-2005;

1 6 . Invite the World Solar Commission to continue to provide high-level leadership and guidanceto achieve the objectives of the Summit, and UNESCO to continue to play a leading role inthe development of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005, in close co-operation with re l e-vant international org a n i z a t i o n s .

1 7 . Invite the Secretary-General and Heads of Specialized Agencies and Programmes of the Unit-ed Nations, as well as national governments, interg o v e rnmental and non-governmental org a-nizations, academic and re s e a rch institutions and the private sector, to join in the implemen-tation of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005.

HARARE, 17 September 1996

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ANNEX II

Personal Representatives of the World Solar Commission MembersZIMBABWE:Dr. C.M.B. UteteChief Secretaryto the Presidentand Cabinet;ZimbabweGovernment

INDONESIA:Prof. Dr. HarijonoDjojodihardjoDeputy Chairmanfor TechnologyDevelopment;The Agencyfor the Assessmentand Applicationof Technology

SPAIN:Mrs. Isabel TocinoBiscarolasagaMinister ofEnvironment

SENEGAL:Mr. AbdourahmaneNdirDirecteur général,Société Nationaled’Electricité(SENELEC)

TUNISIA:Mr. Mohamed MehdiMlikaMinistre del’Environnementet de l’Aménagementdu Territoire

GEORGIA:Mr. Avtandil KoridzeProgramme specialistUNESCO

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC

OF CHINA:Mr. Dinghuan ShiDirector-Generalof the Departmentof IndustrialTechnology;State Scienceand TechnologyCommission

COSTA RICA:Ing. René CastroSalazarMinister ofEnvironmentand Energy

SOUTH AFRICA:Mrs. S. ShabanguDeputy MinisterMinistry of Mineralsand Energy

NIGER:Mr. Zakary GarbaConseiller spécialdu Présidentde la République

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PAKISTAN:Mr. Javed MasudSecretary;Ministry of Science andTechnology

MALAYSIA:Dato’Nuraizah BintiAbdul HamidSecretary-General,Ministry of Energy,Telecommunicationsand Posts

JAMAICA:M. Conroy WatsonDirector of Energy andTelecommunications;Ministry of PublicUtilities and Transport

ITALY:Dr. Eng. Carlo ManciniDirector forInternational RelationsENEA (Ente per leNuove Tecnologie,l’Energia e l’Ambiente)

ISRAEL:Mr Amnon EinavChief Scientist;Ministry of NationalInfrastructures

AUSTRIA:Dipl.-Ing. WolfgangHein Energyand Environment Federal Chancellery(Prime MinistersOffice)

INDIA:Mr. C.R. KamalanathanSecretary;Ministry of Non-ConventionalEnergy Sources

PALESTINE:Dr. Abdel Malek Al-Jaber,President, PalestinianEnergy & EnvironmentResearch Center (PEC).

M r. Boris BerkovskiS e c retary-General of the World Solar Commission

47

For further information, please contact:

M r. Boris BerkovskiS e c retary-General

World Solar CommissionU N E S C O House - SC/EST

1, rue Miollis75732 Paris Cedex 15 - France

Tel +33 (0)1 45683901Fax +33 (0)1 45685821e-mail: solar@unesco.org

or visit the WSC web site: http://www.worldsolar. o rg

Printed in Italy by Neografica

“Opinions expressed in this text reflect those held by the authors and not necessarily those of the Secretariat of the World Solar Commission”

The production of this bro c h u re was financed bythe Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS),

the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the World Solar Academy (WSA)