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~1o~A ";J~:t ;JJtlf)FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETA

OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

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O?l&6fiJ. CONTENTS

h'P;(- <h'PC iiy.<:~/Hif11i ~'9'" Proclamation No. 178/1999

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PROCLAMATION NO. 178/1999

A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR THESYSTEMATIC MANAGEMENT OF BROADCASTING

SERVICE

WHEREAS, broadcasting service plays a big role in thepolitical, economic and social development of the country byproviding information, education and entertainmentprogrammes to the public;

w'h,} flJ"'C IHH' frr~w' ft..JlV- '1"11: nh"l"'" 1':'>9" WHEREAS, it is essential to ensure prop~r utilisation of

I\~ OD'P/\',} Ulll:J1'P nOYilt,/\", Ithe limited radiowave wealth of the country;.

WHEREAS, it has been found essential to clearly definef11C'~'t)h'}' h1/.\"II\""" nODilmT , t. I\~ f"7.IPOY'" the rights and obligations of persons who undertake broad-

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OD,}"l"""'" h,}"'~' 9.?iliil ODIPI.'}' f"7.h.,./\w, ."'ID-~/.\ II of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic of Republic ofEthiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follows:

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PART ONEGeneral

1. Short Title

This Proclamation may be cited as the' 'Broadcastingproclamation No. 178/1999."

2. Definitions

In this Proclamation, unless the context reqUiresotherwise:

I) "Radio Wave" shall mean a radio wave assigned tousers for a specific ser",ice in accordance with theradio regulations of Internationl TelecommunicationUnion;

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2) "Broadcasting Service" shall mean a radio ortelevision transmission programme conducted toeducate, inform or entertain the public;

3) "Licensee" shall mean a person licensed in ac-cordance with Article 20 of this proclamation.

4) "Programme" shall mean voice or visual or audio-visual arrangement transmitted to inform, educateor entertain the public, or an all inclusive transmis-sion of full or special programme.

5) "Full Programme"shall mean radio or televisionprogrammeintendedto inform,educate and entertain.

6) "Special Programme" shall mean a radio ortelevision programme that predominantly focuseson a particular subject.

7) "Advertisement" shall mean a message transmittedto publicise and promote sales of goods andservIces.

8) "Political Advertisement" shall mean a radio ortelevision message conveyed by a political party orcandidate to publicise himself and his aspirations.by paying or promising to pay for the announce-ment;

9) "Sponsored Programme" shall mean a programmethe transmission cost of which is paid directly orindirectly or the payment of which is promised.

10) "'Election Period" shall mean the period beginningfrom the official opening day of campaign until 24hours before the starting of voting day.

II) "Person"shall mean a physical or juridical person.

3. Scope of Application

This Proclamation shall be applicable on every privateand government broadcasting service established withinEthiopia.

PART TWOBroadcasting Agency

4. Establishment

I) The Ethiopian Broadcasting Agency (hereinafter"the Agency") is hereby established as anautonomous Federal Administrative Agency havingits own legal personality.

2) The Agency shall be accountable to the PrimeMinister.

5. Head Office

The Agency shall have its head office in Addis Ababaand may establish branch offices elswhere as may benecessary.

6. Objectives

The objectives of the Agency shall be to ensure theexpansion of a high standard, prompt and reliablebroadcasting service which can contribute to thepolhical, social and economic development and tocontrol it thereof.

7. Powers and Duties

The Agency shall have the following powers and duties:

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1) ensure that the broadcasting service is conducted insuch a manner that contributes to the proper social andeconomic development of the country;

2) issue, suspend and cancel 'broadcasting service license;3) determine the site and coverage area of a broadcasting

station, the standard and type of instruments used forbroadcasting and, in consultation with the Telecom-munication Agency, determine the capacity of thetransmitter;

4) control prohibited and illegal transmissions;5) issue permit and control the manner of use of the radio

waves allocated for broadcasting by the Telecom-munication Agency and leases same;

6) pay the appropriate fee of the allocated waves to theTelecommunication Agency.

7) without prejudice to the relevant laws and Governmentdirectives participate, on behalf of the Government, ininternational meetings on matters related to Broadcas-ting service, follow up the implementation of inter-national agreements on broadcasting service to whichthe country is a party;

8) collect license fees of broadcasting services;9) own property, enter into contract, sue and be sued in its

own name;10) perform other acts as are required for the implement-

ation of its objectives.

8. Organization of the Agency

The Agency shall have:I) a Board;

2) a General Manager;

3) a Deputy General Manager; and

4) the necessary staff.

9. Appointment of Board Members

The Board shall have members appointed by the Govern-

ment.

10. Powers and Duties of the Board

The Board shall have the following powers and duties:I) direct and control the activities of the Agency;2) prepare and submit to the Government the general

policy of broadcasting service and ensure its im-plementation when approved;

3) approve the assignment of officials accountable tothe General Manager;

4) approve salary scale, employment, and adminis-trative directives of the Agency prepared on the basisof the basic principles of the Federal Civil ServiceLaw;

5) prepare and submit to the Government the annualbudget of the Agency and ensure its implementationwhen approved;

6) submit the Agency's annual work performancereport to the Government;

7) submit to the Prime Minister the annual workperformance report of the Agency;

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8) investigate and decide on the complaints of broadcas-ting service licensees and the public.

9) deliberate.and decide on other matters pertaining to theimplementation of this Proclamation.

II. Meeting of the BoardI) The Broad shall have its regular meeting once in a

month. However, when urgent circumstances occurthe chairperson may, at any time, call meetings.

2) The presence of two-third (213) of the members atany Board meeting shall constitute a quorum.

3) Decisions of the Board shall be passed by a simplemajority vote; in case of a tie, the chairperson shallhave a casting vote.

4) without prejudice to the provisions of this article, theBoard may issue its own rules of procedure.

12. General Manager of the AgencyUpon recommendation by the Board, the GeneralManager of the Agency shall be appointed by theGovernment and he shall be accountable to theBoard.

13. Powers and Duties of the General ManagerI) The General Manager shall be the chief executive of

the Agency and, subject to the general directives ofthe Board, will direct and administer the activities ofthe Agency.

2) Without limiting the generality of the provisions of '

Sub-Article (1) of this Article, the General Managershall:(a) implement the powers and duties of the

Agency stated under Article 7 of thisProclamation;

(b) employ and administer professional em-ployees of the Agency, determine their salaryand allowances in accordance with the direc-tive to be issued by the Board;

(c) prepare and submit to the Board the annualwork programme and budget of the Agency,and implement when approved by the ap-propriate organ;

(d) effect expenditure in accordance with thework programme and budget of the Agency;

(e) represent the Agency in all its dealings withthird parties;

(f) prepare and submit to the Board the activityand financial reports of the Agency;

(g) perform such other duties as may be assignedto him by the Board.

3) The General Manager may delegate part of hispowers and duties to other officials and employees ofthe Agency to the extent necessary for the efficientperformance of the activities of the Agency.

14. Deputy General Manager of the Agen~y

The Deputy General Manager shall, subject to thedirectives of the General Manager, direct and co-or-dinate the department under his supervision, and per-forin other activities assigned to him by the GeneralManager.

15. Budget of the Agency

I) The budget of the Agency shall be drawn from thefollowing sources:

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(a) subsidy allocated to it by the Government;(b) license fee collected by the Agency;(c) any other sources.

2) The money referred to in sub-Article (1) of thisArticle shall be deposited in a bank account openedin the name of the Agency and shall be spent toexecute the activities of the Agency.

16. Books of Accounts

I) The Agency shall keep complete and accuratebooks of accounts.

2) The financial records and other money relateddocuments of the Agency shall be annually inspec-ted by the Auditor General or an auditor assignedby the Auditor General.

PART THREELicense of Broadcasting Service

17. Requirement of LicenseI) No person may undertake a broadcasting activity

without obtaining a broadcasting license from theAgency.

2) A person who intends to undertake broadcastingservice should initially submit to the Agency anapplication for license.

3) The application shall fully contain the following:(a) the name, nationality and address of the

applicant;(b) if the applicant is a company, the name,

nationality, and address of the shareholders,and the amount of their share;

(c) the type of license required;(d) the name and address of the broadcasting

station;(e) the coverage area and time of transmission(f) the type and capacity of instruments used for

transmission;(g) the method of receiving;(h) the per centage amount of domestic and

foreign produced programmes to be trans-mitted;

(i) source of the investment.

18. The Standard for License

I) The Agency, prior to issuing a broadcasting licenseto the applicant, shall ascertain the applicant'sfinancial, organization and technical capacity toestablish a braodcasting station and to provideservices, and ensure that the capital is obtained onlyby the applicant or under the guarantee of theapplicant.

2) The Agency shall render a decision within thirty(30) days of receiving an application for license.

3) Where the Agency rejects an application forlicense, it has to specify the reasons thereto.

J9. Prohibition

The following applicants cannot be given a license toundertake a broadcasting service;I) applicants whose nationality is not Ethiopian,2) political parties,3) religious organizations.

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20. Types of LicenseThe types of radio and television licenses are thefollowing:I) to produce progamme and transmit using ones own

transmitter;2) to transmit programmes using hired transmission

instrument;3) to receive and broadcast only the programme of

others using ones own transmitter;4) to transmit using satelite or cable.

21. Establishment ofa Broadcasting Station by a Licensee

I) A broadcasting station may be established with acapacity of nation wide, regional or local basis.

2) A licensee cannot operate more than one stationwith one license.

3) A licensee with a regional or local transmissioncapacity permit shall secure the consent of theAgency prior to up grading the capacity of thestation.

22. Priority of LicenseI) Where more than one applicant apply for a license

intended to transmit to the same place, at the sametime and radio wave:(a) full programme transmission shall have

preference to special Programme trans-mission;

(b) where the programmes are of the same.standard, the programme with wider trans-mission coverage and longer transmissionhour shall have preference.

2) Where license cannot be provided in accordancewith sub-Article (I) of this Article, it shall bedetermined by the order of submission of ap-plication.

23. Duration of Broadcasting LicenseLicense issued for radio and television broadcastingshall remain in force for the following duration:I) where the transmission is at the national level, eight

(8) years for radio, ten (10) years for television;2) where the transmission is limited to regional level.

ten (10) years for radio, twelve (12) years fortelevision;

3) where the transmission is limited to a local level,twelve (12) years for radio, fourteen (14) years fortelevision;

4) where the transmission is limited to Dire Dawawhich is accountable to the federal government, ten(10) years for radio, twelve (12) years fortelevision.

5) where the transmission is limited to Addis Ababaand its surroundings, six (6) years for radio andeight (8) years for television.

24. Suspension of Broadcasting License1) Without prejudice to Article 25 of this

Proclamation, where a radio or television servicelicensee violates the provisions of thisProclamation, the Agency can suspend the license.

2) The decision of suspension made in accordancewith Sub-Article (I) of this Article shall be servedto the licensee stating, in writing, the reasonsthereto and the effective date of the injunction.

3) The Board shall render a decision within eight (8)days of receiving a petition.

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25. Revocation of Broad.casting LicenseI) A radio or television broadcasting service license

issued in accordance with this Proclamation may be

revoked on anyone of the following grounds:(a) where it is confirmed that the licensee has

failed to commence transmission within one(I) year of receiving the license;

(b) where it is confirmed. that the license is

obtained by fraudulent means;(c) where the broadcasting station suspends its

transmission for more than one (I) monthwithout good cause;

(d) where a court orders the closure of the station;

(e) where the licensee, by his own initiation,

requests to stop the work;(f) where the provisions of Article 27 of this

Proclamation are violated.2) Where a licensee in due time notifies the Agency

the existence of force majuer to commence trans-..mission within one (I) year as provided in Sub-Article (1) (a) of this Article, the Agency may give

an additional time intended to enable the commen-

cement of the transmission which shall not exceedsix months.

26. License FeeI) Any person who has received a radio or television

broadcasting service license shall pay an ann~al

license fee as determined by the Agency.2) Where the license fee is not paid within sixty (60)

days after the end of the Government fiscal year, a

penalty of 5% shall be added for each month;

however, the total amount of penalty shall not

exceed 50% of the license fee.

PART FOUR

Transmissions of Programmes

27. Programming PrinciplesI) Every transmitted programme shall, by reflecting

varying view points, serve the public at" large

through balanced presentations.2) Every transmitted programme shall ascertain the

accuracy of its source and content.3) Every news shall be accurate, balanced and free

from partiality.4) Any transmitted programme shall not:

(a) violate the dignity and liberty of mankind, the

rules of good behaviour or undermine the

belief of others;(b) commit a criminal offense against the

security of the State, the constitutionally

established Governmental Administration or

the Defense Force of the country;(c) maliciously accuse or defame individuals,

NationlNationalities, people or organizations;(d) instigate dissension among nationalities or

cause to initiate dissension among peoples;(e) incite war.

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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. 62 29thJune, 1999-Page 1126

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28. Protecting the Well Being of ChJ7dren

I) Programmes th-atcorrupt the outlook of children,hann their feelings and thinking, encourage them toundesirable behaviour shall not be transmitted athours, during which children normally watch orlisten to such programmes.

2) Children are presumed not ~) watch or listen totelevision or radio transmission after II :00O'clock in the evenings.

29. Regional Programme

A ,broadcasting station established to serve a definiteregion or locality shall devote at least 20% of its weeklytransmission time for self-initiated programmesproduced in the region or locality concerned.

30. AdvertisementsI) An advertisement shall be transmitted in a manner

that clearly differentiates it from other program-mes. It shall not also affect the contents of otherprogrammes.

2) Commercial advertisement shall be truthful, notmisleading and publicise lawful trade activities.

3) The transmission of malicious or underminingadvertisement on the products and services ofothers is prohibited.

4) Broadcasting advertisement interrupting anyprogramme whose transmission time is upto 20minutes and children's programme is prohibited.

31. Prohibited Adverti~ements

Any broadcaster shall not transmit the following adver-tisements:I) cigarette and cigarette related advertisements;2) advertisements related to narcotic drugs;3) advertisements of liquors with more than 12%

alcholic coritent;4) advertisements which encourage users to buy

medicine which cannot be administered withoutmedical prescription;

5) other advertisements prohibited by law.

32. Allocation of Advertisement Period

Unless otherwise it'is an advertisement broadcasting I

agency, any broadcasting station shall not allocate more'than 20% of its daily transmission time for adver-tisement.

33. Sponsored ProgrammeI) The content and time table of sponsored

programme shall not fall under the influence of thesponsor. Especially, the sponsored programmeshall not agitate the sale or hire of the sponsor'sproducts or services.

2) Persons who produce or sell. goods or renderservices whose advertisement is prohibited by lawshall not be sponsors.

3) Unless otherwise agreed ~etween the sponsor andthe station, other commercial advertisements couldnot be transmitted within sponsored programmes.

4) The name of the sponsor shall be announced at leastat the beginning and end of every sponsoredprogramme.

'IJt A;[Af.t)1: ~,Yot.A ~;J/.-)' ;J'LIIJ <IITC:62 fa). t)'-.,., IP.f.1i! ,.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. 62 291hJune. 1999-Page 1127

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PART FIVE

Obligations of a Licensee

34. Notification of Responsible PersonI) The licensee shall notify the Agency the person

who has been assigned to be responsible for thetransmitted Programme. Where se1teral persons

have been assigned for the position of respon-sibility, the accountability of each shall be clearly

set and identified.2) The provision of Sub-Article (1) of this Article

shall not relieve the licensee of his responsibility.

35. Keeping of Programme RecordI) The licensee shall keep the record of every trans-

mitted programme, including news, for sixty (60)days. Where the programme contains a previously

recorded programme or film such programme

record shall be kept wholly and it should be insured

that it is accessable when required.2) Where a grievance is forwarded on a programme

before the expiry of the time limit specified in Sub-

Article (I) of this Article, the obligation shall

remain in force until the case is decided in

accordance with the appropriate law.3) Where a programme is needed for inspection or to

investigate a compliant (grievance) lodged against

it, the licensee at his own expense shall provide acopy of the programme to the Agency or any other

organ authorised by law to look into the case.

36. Providing InformationEvery broadcaster shaH announce the name of the

station at the beginning and end of every transmission.

The producer of the programme shall also be mentioned

by name at the beginning or end of the programme.

37. Opening the Station for InspectionI) Every licensee, where required by an employee of

: the Agency who is duly authorized to ensure andinspect the implementation of the provisions of this

proclamation, shall allow him to investigate the

broadcasting station and provide him with the

required documents.2) The licensee can initially request and identify the

authorization document of the inspector who came

to perform the task.

38. Transmission of Emergency Governmental StatementsI) Notwithstanding Article 26 of this Proclamation.

where an incident that endangers the constitutional

order of the country or a natural disaster or an

epidemic that threatens the public health occurs,

every broadcaster shall transmit without

remuneration emergency statements given by the

Federal Government or State Administrations.2) Without prejudice to the provision of Sub-Article

( I) of this Article, the right of the broadcaster to

demand appropriate remuneration when transm-mitting other governmental, public or private ad-

vertisements is respected.

1A"li;(lifl~ ~t.l\ ~:MT ;JJLIIJ'IITC~I.U II +, Iiif2li 't.,.. Federal NegaritGazeta-No. 62 291bJune, 1999-Page 1128

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39. The Duty to Respect the Right to Reply1) The broadcaster is duty bound to respect the right of

a person to give reply concerning an issue when healleges that a transmitted programme hasencr:oached on his right or failed to be presentedproperly.

2) The broadcaster has an obligation to clearly trans-mit the reply statement in a proportional and similartime.

40. Transmission of political Programmes and StatementsI) Every broadcaster shall allocate free air 'time, for

political parties and candidates registeied in accord-ance with the relevant law, to publicize theirobjectives and programmes to the people or trans-mit statements during election period. The im-plementation shall be set out by a directive to beissued by the Agency.

2) Without prejudice to Sub-Article (1) of this Article,any political party or candidate can transmitpolitical advertisement.

3) The charges for political advertisement shall not,

exceed that of commercial advertisement.4) The party or private candidate provided with air

time shall be responsible for the legality of theprogramme or statement transmitted.

PARTSIXMiscellaneuous Provisions

41. Powerof InspectionI) The Agency can assign inspectors who enable it to

ensure that the provisions of this Proclamation anddecisions rendered in accordance with thisPtoclamation have been respected.

2) An inspector assigned in accordance with sub-Article (I) of this provision is empowered to enterand inspect a broadcasting service organizationduring working hours.

3) The inspector is empowered to examine anybroadcasting instruments, refer to relevantdocuments and demand a copy thereof.

4) When the inspector enters into the inspection site.he shall show his work authorization and identitypapers.

42. PenaltyI) Unless a higher penalty is provided for in the Penal

Code:(a) Whosoever is found guilty of violating

Article 17 (1) of this Proclamation shall bepunishable with imprisonment not less thanthree years but not exceeding five years andwith fine not less than Birr 10,000 and notexceeding Birr 20,000.

(b) Any licensee who is found guilty of violatingArticle 37 or 39 of this Procl~mation shall bepunishable with imprisonment not less thanone year but not exceeding three years andwith fine not less than Birr 5,000 and notexceeding Birr 10,000.

1K' jii\--nt;u 4..J!..t-&\ ~;Jt.-l' _"JlLtll'~'I'Ct.~"~ t}~"" :iufjji Ii."" Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. 62 29thJune, 1999-Page 1129

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(c) Any licensee who is found guilty of violating

Articles 30, 31, 32 or 33 of this Proclamationshall be punishable with imprisonment notless than six months but not exceeding twoyears and with a fine not less than Birr 10,000

but not exceeding Birr 50,000.(d) Any licensee who is found guilty of violating

Articles 28, 34, 35, 36 or 40 of thisProclamation shall be punishable with im-prisonment not less than one year but notexceeding three years and with fine not lessthan Birr 15,000 but not exceeding birr50,000.

2) If the person who is found guilty of violating the

provisions of Sub-Article (1) of this Article is ajuridical person, the penalty in fine shall be threefold of the minimum and maximum penaltyprovided for each offence.

Confiscation

The property used for broadcasting of a person who isfound guilty of violating the provision of Article 27 (4)of this Proclamation shall, in addition to the principalpenalty, be confiscated.

44. Application of Other Laws

1) Without prejudice to the provisions of this

Proclamation, the relevant provisions of PressProclamation No. 34/1992, with the exception ofArticles 7 and 13 thereof, shall be applicable.

2) Any law which is inconsistent with the provisions

of this Proclamation shall not apply to mattersprovided for under this Proclamation.

h'P~: f"'l.Ke;n.}' 'UI. 45. Effective Date

f,U h'P:(- hl1~ 'O~""} n!f.:~fi q.l}'".:f.1}'"c"fKe; f,lre;A.:: This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 29thday of June, 1999.

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f',.')'f'k,f ~Yot.I\cr. Jl'l"ht.l1.,fcr. t.T11t\.h

T 1,,1l.';,) ,.,.

Done at Addis Ababa, this 29th day of June, 1999.

NEGASO GIDADA (DR.)PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA