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GuidelinesGuidelines forfor windwind farmfarmplanning planning onon birdsbirds andand batsbats::
LessonsLessons learnedlearned fromfrom operatingoperatingwindwind farmsfarms
Álvaro Camiña
Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services in Impact AssessmentInter-American Development Bank | Washington, DC, USA
7-8 February 2013
EIA´s
Mozura WfKrnovo Wf
MONTENEGRO
BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA
POLAND
WhereWhere wewe workwork
Bat monitoring
Mortality rates, speciesaffected(case of vulture species)
Blue G. barbatusRed G. fulvus
N. percnopterusGreen A. monachus
A
C
B
Mortality rates, species affected
Blue G. barbatusRed G. fulvus
N. percnopterusGreen A. monachus
A
C
B
AREA A B CWindfarms 125 64 62Turbines 3305 1879 908
Turbines sampled 57.45% 49.39% 69.49%
Mortality ratesVultures/turbine/year 0.184 0.002 0.420
COLLISIONSGyps fulvus 2035 4 527
Neophron percnopterus 3 - 5Aegypius monachus 3 - -Gypaetus barbatus - - -
Gyps rueppellii - - 1Gyps africanus - - 1
ReviewReview ofof monitoringmonitoring reportsreports 20002000--20112011
PublicPublic bodiesbodies--GovernmentsGovernments
• Only account for fatalities• Usually they do not react• Bureauocracy• Lack of a prompt answer for solving problems–
mitigation and/or correction. • Transparency
Around 900 post-construction monitoring reports
EnvironmentalEnvironmental consultanciesconsultancies
• Just account for number of fatalities• No further data analysis (reasons of collision)• Lack of searcher detection bias or carcass removal• Very poor related with bats• Lack of management conclusions (i.e. retrofitting
turbines)• Saving money/subcontracting• Lack of know-how• Each one their own - not adequate- methodology.
DevelopersDevelopers
• “I do not want any problem”• Just or fill for the requirements of the EIS• The cheaper, the better.• Environmental monitoring is mandatory• Fear : Wildlife is a problem even on already operating
wind farms• Despite proper environmental monitoring is an added
service, it is true Biodiversity protection.
ImpactImpact onon biodiversitybiodiversity
Birds and bats collide with blades
Barrier effect
Habitat loss
ReasonsReasons ofof mortalitymortality
•• BiologyBiology ofof thethe speciesspecies ..
•• EnvironmentalEnvironmental variables.variables.
•• WindWind famrfamr CharacteristicsCharacteristics ..
•• ExternalExternal factorsfactors
ReasonsReasons ofof mortalitymortality
BiologyBiology ofof thethe speciesspecies
ARGOSARGOS--GPS GPS MonitoringMonitoring
Home range
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Jan-Feb March-Apr May-Jun Jul-Oct Nov-Dec
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
% sobre el 100% Área Km cuad
How How muchmuch ofof thethe homehome rangerange isisprotectedprotected
ReasonsReasons ofof mortalitymortality
•• EnvironmentalEnvironmental variablesvariables
EffectEffect ofof temperaturetemperature onon flyingflyingvulturesvultures
Mean ±SE ±1,96*SE
2,182,21
2,51
2,33
2,56
2,80
2,552,50
2,38
2,25
2,31
2,14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MES
1,80
2,00
2,20
2,40
2,60
2,80
3,00
Altu
ra d
e V
uelo
Altura vueloValores =
123
ReasonsReasons ofof mortalitymortality
•• WindWind farmfarm CharacteristicsCharacteristics
HowHow manymany turbinesturbines are are reallyreallydangerousdangerous ??
y = 0,2927Ln(x) + 1,1099
R2 = 0,9795
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
% of tubines killing /total number of turbines of t he windfarm
% C
umul
ativ
e M
orta
lity
WindWind farmfarm locationlocation
Uso de GIS para desarrollarModelos espaciales predictivosde peligrosidad /zonas de riesgo
Ante nuevos emplazamientos
y = 0,2927Ln(x) + 1,1099
R2 = 0,9795
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Porcentaje aerogeneradores/total parque
Por
cent
aje
de m
orta
lidad
acu
mul
ada
ReasonsReasons ofof mortalitymortality
•• ExternalExternal factorsfactors
In 2000 cattlebecomes “crazy”
Because theMad-cow disease
Variations in mortality(Same species over time)
0,13
0,19
0,24
0,18
0,120,11
0,140,13
0,19
0,24
0,18
0,120,11
0,14
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,22
0,24
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,32
0,34
Sin
iest
ralid
ad B
uitr
es M
W/a
ño
0,13
0,19
0,24
0,18
0,120,11
0,14
Mean Mean±SE Mean±1,96*SE
BSE
SpatialSpatial distributondistributon ofof fatalitiesfatalities
20002000--20052005
20062006--20102010
Turbines with one collision increase from 32% to 58%(Wilcoxon Z =2,02 p < 0,05)
VariationsVariations in in mortalitymortality ((samesamespeciesspecies--diferentdiferent places) places) LarkLark’’s s
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Al ar AR %
Al ar SO %
BirdBird andand bat bat monitoringmonitoring
BirdBird monitoringmonitoring
Bat Bat fatalitiesfatalities
> 15 days 15-10 days 7 days-0,05
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
Mor
talit
y y
ear
-1T
urb-
1
Mean Mean±SE Mean±1,96*SE
Camiña, A. (2012) Bat mortality at wind farms in Northern Spain.ActaChiropterologica 14(1):205-212.
1662 fatalities
Only 147 bats (8.84%)
RelatedRelated issuesissues
MitigationMitigation measuresmeasures : : therethere are are alreadyalreadytestedtested measuresmeasures i.e. i.e. curtailmentcurtailment ofofturbinesturbines forfor batsbats , , temporarytemporary shuttshuttdowndown ..
MeasuringMeasuring carcasscarcass removalremoval andand observerobserverdetectondetecton biasbias
CarcassCarcass removalremovalSearcherSearcher detectiondetection biasbias
Carcass removal and detection
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Día 0 Día 1 Día 5 Día 10 Día 15 > 15 días
Carroñas 1 Carroñas 2 Nidos
ConclusionsConclusions--PrioritiesPriorities
• Develop one and unique methodology in all aspects; space use of the wind farm, abundance.
• Formation for consultancies: data collection, data analysis…
• Estimate searcher detection bias or carcass removal, estimation of fatalities.
• Species-specific and site-specific studies (micrositing).• DATA ANALYSIS!!!
Álvaro Camiña
Apartado de correos 33928220 Majadahonda MADRID
SPAIN
(+34) 648.08.78.01
Thank you!
