Guidelines and legal requirements for Waste and Hazardous waste disposal in FBC

16 July 2013

Sintu Mhlonyane & Theo Fischer, EScience Associates

GUIDELINES AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL IN FBC

§ Disposal of wastes and hazardous waste to Fluidised Bed Combustors , National Environmental Management Waste Act (NEMWA), definition of Waste, concept of end of waste in context of FB fuels.

§ Environmental Management Air Quality Act Scheduled Activities and Emission limits for 1) Combustion Installations 2) Waste Incineration. Emission limits of NEMAQA applicable to FB combustion: PM10, SO2, NOx , for incineration: National Policy on Waste Incineration and Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials.

§ NEMWA Waste Activity Regulations describing waste recovery activities, NEMWA Draft Waste Management Regulations and proposed landfill prohibition of high energy content wastes.

§ Fluidised Bed Technologies: Atmospheric Once Through vs. Circulating Fluidised Bed. Other technologies used for thermal treatment of waste.

§ Materials that may be combusted/ incinerated in FB, materials that may cause problems including high Alkali, high Nitrogen, high Chlorine materials.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT WASTE ACT (NEMWA)

§ What is it that I will be combusting? Waste or Waste derived fuel or fuel?

§ NEMWA defines „Waste‟ as, “any substance, whether or not that substance can be reduced, re-used, recycled and recovered -

a) that is surplus, unwanted, rejected, discarded, abandoned or disposed of;b) which the generator has no further use of for the purposes of production;c) that must be treated or disposed of; ord) that is identified as a waste by the Minister by notice in the Gazette, and includes

waste generated by the mining, medical or other sector, but(i) a by-product is not considered waste; and(ii) any portion of waste, once re-used, recycled and recovered, ceases to be waste”.

§ Concept of end of waste in context of FB fuels – when material combusted becomes desirable (tradable in market?) or when it deemed a by-product (NEMWA def : has the characteristics of an equivalent virgin product or material);

NATIONAL ENVIRONEMNTAL MANAGEMENT: WASTE ACT (DEFINITION OF WASTE)

ª The NEMWA defines ‘ Hazardous Waste’ as:§ Any waste that contains organic or inorganic elements or compounds that

may, owing to the inherent physical, chemical or toxicological characteristics of that waste, have a detrimental impact on health and the environment.

ª The NEMWA defines ‘ General Waste’ as:§ Waste that does not pose an immediate hazard or threat to health or to the

environment, and includes (a) domestic waste; (b) building and demolition waste; (c) business waste; and (d) inert waste.

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NATIONAL ENVIRONEMNTAL MANAGEMENT: WASTE ACT (AUTHORISATION)

ª Application for Waste Management Activity Licensing Relevant to the Treatment of Hazardous Waste§ A list of ‘Category A’ and ‘Category B’ waste management activities, which

require a Waste Management Licence in terms of Section 20(b) of NEMWA, were published via General Notice No: 718 on 3 July 2009 as Schedule 1 to NEMWA.

§ A person who wishes to commence, undertake or conduct any of these listed activities must, as part of the Waste Management Licence application, conduct either a Basic Assessment process (for Category A activities), or a Scoping and EIA (for Category B) as stipulated in the EIA Regulations (GN. R.543)

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NATIONAL ENVIRONEMNTAL MANAGEMENT: WASTE ACT (SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES THAT REQUIRE AUTHORISATION)

ª Listed Waste Management Activities Potentially Triggered through the Treatment of Hazardous Waste/s (in the context of FB fuels)§ Activity No. 3 (2): “The storage including temporary storage of hazardous

waste at a facility that has the capacity to store in excess of 35m3 of hazardous waste at any one time”.

§ Activity No. 3(19): “The expansion of facilities or changes to existing facilities for any process or activity, which requires an amendment of an existing permit or license or a new permit or license in terms of legislation governing the release of pollution, effluent or waste”.

§ Activity No. 4 (4): “The biological, physical or physio-chemical treatment of hazardous waste at a facility that has the capacity to receive in excess of 500kg of hazardous waste per day”.

§ Activity No. 4 (5): “The treatment of hazardous waste using any form of treatment regardless of the size or capacity of such a facility to treat such waste”.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY ACT (SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES AND EMISSION LIMITS)

§ Environmental Management Air Quality Act (NEMAQA) Scheduled Activities and Emission limits for 1) Combustion Installations 2) Waste Incineration. Emission limits of NEMAQA applicable to FB combustion: PM10, SO2, NOx , for incineration: National Policy on Waste Incineration and Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials ,

§ This Act regulates air quality in general, as well as activities that may have an impact on ambient air quality such as running of FBCs.

§ Furthermore, the Act seeks to establish minimum emission standards for substances resulting from a listed activity, including the permissible amount or concentration of substances being emitted, as well as the manner in which measurements of such emissions must be carried out

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY ACT (SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES AND EMISSION LIMITS)

§ Environmental Management Air Quality Act Scheduled Activities and Emission limits for 1) Combustion Installations 2) Gasification 3) Waste Incineration.

§ Emission limits:

Combustion installationsPrimarily for steam raising or power generation

Solid fuel combustion installations: design capacity ≥ 50MW heat input (lower calorific value of fuel)PM NOx SO2

mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3

New 50 750 500Existing 100 1100 3500

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY ACT (SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES AND EMISSION LIMITS )

§ Environmental Management Air Quality Act Scheduled Activities and Emission limits for 1) Combustion Installations 2) Gasification 3) Waste Incineration.

§ Emission limits:

Carbonization & Coal GasificationCombustion installations: not primarily for steam raising or electricity generation

PM NOx SO2 VOC ** from non-coke oven operations

mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 10% O2

New 50 700 - 40Existing 100 2000 - 90

Coke production, coal gasification & by-product recovery from these operations

PM NOx SO2 H2S all from point source

mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 view additional comments

New - - - 7Existing - - - 10

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY ACT (SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES AND EMISSION LIMITS )

§ Environmental Management Air Quality Act Scheduled Activities and Emission limits for 1) Combustion Installations 2) Gasification 3) Waste Incineration.

§ Emission limits:

Disposal of hazardous & general waste

Facilities for general and hazardous waste (10kg /h or larger)

PM NOx SO2 CO HCl HF Cd+Tl Hg Pb…* TOC NH3

Dioxins & furans

mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 ng l_TEQ/Nm3

New 10 200 50 50 10 1 0.05 0.05 0.5 10 10 0.1Existing 25 200 50 75 10 1 0.05 0.05 0.5 10 10 0.1

FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGIES (CIRCULATING FLUIDISED BED Fuels)

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY ACT (SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES AND EMISSION LIMITS )

§ Environmental Management Air Quality Act Scheduled Activities and Emission limits for 1) Combustion Installations 2) Gasification 3) Waste Incineration.

§ Emission limits:

Disposal of hazardous & general waste

Facilities for general and hazardous waste (10kg /h or larger)

PM NOx SO2 CO HCl HF Cd+Tl Hg Pb…* TOC NH3

Dioxins & furans

mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 ng l_TEQ/Nm3

New 10 200 50 50 10 1 0.05 0.05 0.5 10 10 0.1Existing 25 200 50 75 10 1 0.05 0.05 0.5 10 10 0.1

Combustion installationsPrimarily for steam raising or power generation

Solid fuel combustion installations: design capacity ≥ 50MW heat input (lower calorific value of fuel)PM NOx SO2

mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3

New 50 750 500Existing 100 1100 3500

FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGIES (EMISSION CONTROL SO2)

ª Simple desulphurisation by adding limestone or CaO or equivalentª Sulphur capture at optimum temperature of 830 – 870°Cª Fuel inherent calcium is efficiently utilizedª NEMAQA Combustion SO2 limit 500 mg/Nm3, Incineration 50 mg/Nm3

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DesulphurisationSulphur retention vs. Temperature

FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGIES (EMISSION CONTROL NOX)

ª Low NOx is formed due to staged combustion & low furnace temperatures

ª Further NOx reduction can be achieved by ammonia injection (SNCR)ª NEMAQA Combustion NOx limit 750 mg/Nm3, Incineration 200 mg/Nm3

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NOxdependence on

temperature and N content

in fuel

FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGY (BUBBLING FLUIDISED BED WITH STAGE INCINERATION)

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FBC INSTALLATIONS (YEAR OF COMMISSIONING AND FUEL TYPE)

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FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGIES (FUEL TYPE IMPACT ON CFBs)

ITEM IMPACT

Volatiles Fuel sizingNumber of fuel feed pointsCarbon burn-up efficiency

Moisture content Furnace/cyclone/backpass plan areaFuel feed capacity

Ash content Fuel sizingFuel feed capacityAsh cooler capacity

Sulphur content Limestone feed capacityAsh cooler capacity

Fuel Nitrogen content Staged combustion, Flue gas recirculationAmmonia NOx reduction

Variability Material handling equipment designedfor “Worst Case”

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FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGY (WHICH FLUIDISATION BED TO USE?)

ª BFBs are preferred in small-scale applications, with low heat value and high moisture content fuels

ª BFBs overall constructive simplicity, together with the turbulent, low temperature bed and the ability to regulate the fluidisation velocity staged combustion, is what drives provides BFB fuel flexibility, efficiency, emissions control and lower capital and maintenance costs. Only other fluidised bed technology (CFB) has comparable performance.

ª CFBs are normally used in larger applications, CFB has enhanced flexibility over BFBs for firing multi-fuels with high moisture content and significantly higher efficiency up to 95%.

ª Other?

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Fuel

Capital Cost

Steam Conditions

Emissions

FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGY (WHICH FLUIDISATION BED TO USE?)

Application of the Technologies

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OTHER TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE IN HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT

ª HIGH TEMPERATURE INCINERATION§ Hazardous waste incineration uses controlled flame combustion to treat

organic contaminants mainly in rotary kilns. T>850 OC

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OTHER TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE IN HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT

ª CEMENT KILN CO-PROCESSING§ High temperature (T about 1450 oC) provides destructive capacity

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Characteristics Value

Temperature at main burner

>1450°C: material >1800°C: flame temperature.

Residence time at main burner

>12-15 sec > 1200°C >5-6 sec > 1800°C

Temperature at precalciner

> 850°C: material >1000°C: flame temperature

Residence time at precalciner

> 2 - 6 sec > 800°C

Residence time at precalciner

> 2 - 6 sec > 800°C

Temperature and residence time during cement production

OTHER TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE IN HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT

ª PLASMA ARC§ Plasma arc is a waste treatment method that utilizes high temperatures (2000

oC to 15000 oC) and high electrical energy to destroy a range of wastes. § The process consists of a plasma arc torch, which uses gas or steam and

metal electrodes (copper, tungsten, zirconium) to ionize the gas (= plasma).

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Thank You

Escience Associates (Pty) Ltd

Sintu Mhlonyane sintu@escience.co.za

Theo Fischer theo@escience.co.za

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