Guide to the Succesful Thesis and Dissertation

8/8/2019 Guide to the Succesful Thesis and Dissertation

1/178

Alrhough grc care fus bcen trl.n to lr(Jsrl accurale .tnd culrcnt inlir n.llion. fleirhcr rhc Aurho{s) ror thc publilher, nor an!ont (h. :L\socAle,l s'ilh rhis publicalion.sh,rll h,: ljrbL.: lbr Lrny I,)ss. d nrgc. or Ii:{hiiily rli.cc(l} or indir.etly caNcd or allcgcd1. h. clus.d by this ho,t, nr. rral..ia1 conirincd hLrfti'r i\ nd1 irlcrdrd to P!'!iddnre.ific ailvice clr rrrc.)r)rntflrdrlions ht :rny spocifi. silualion.'l r l(rurrt )1ic. PrxlLrd ,r corNfuIe narrlLs n)rI hr lrxdcnurks or rcgisld.d lra{l{-rur.)rk\ rnd are used Lrnly h' nlfDtific.rlx)n xnd explualir)n wilhoul inlenr l0 itrliinge.'lhr prrrr)rrJ edili )lJl !!ar tublirh.rl r!! Orid. /1 1t srtr?t\ltl 7h.sttadDi!!.ftltrrt: l lrd Jbo.,k lor \ud!!i\ okl tt':tlt\ lourih LJititDl. R.,i!ul dn.l trya,!td.by Jzrr'i1 E. l''laLrci and Jack W lJjrchLibrrrv of Congress Crtalogirrg-in-l'ullicatior DalaA c.rrklg r


2/178

at]{iKt lli i"tSt{]ltry .rND lNt'(}r{MA'I]0N ${t}IXCli'1 li(ri 11 o I }lontlgr*phs anrl 'l ('rttrix),rli

i-()l r-rl )1\!.1 |l)1'l / r(;r.t&lil Krrrt

S! hxn o! L1itt ., a"i h'q,?k ro. l].1lfrr.rl r'o\a..1.\ rf llttll)drhIltil!,tgi. lt!,a-tel\?xr.]

Clt:srried L;tr.ry 6f Congress S!,biect Headi|lgs: Vclunie i. ClassifledList, cd,led i], Ji],.ne!^ G Vlt iar.':. l,tattha L iranleirn,ra ii|cl J;ry E.D.tt!yCisssiiied Library ot Congress S[bjecl Heedrogs: Vn,une l, Aipi]abelicList. e.l,ir.d bl Jo,"le-s G Vrt iatus, Ma{ha L Manr!:io!! .hC Jay E.DalyCrsanrzrng Nonprirt [,latenals, Ja,y DaryCoriFulec8a:;ed Chemical lo{ornatio!1, ed[od by F.t?anl l}t.C_ AmeltSlyle lulanun,: A Gurde fo. the Prepafatron ot Repo s and Dissertatis.s,.l'4aiha [. lr4anheffierThc Aralonry o{ Censorship, Jry I O.rr]y!nionralian Scrence' Seaach for tdentLty. edr'aed try Asilarv OebansRasorrce Shaflng h Labranest \.ihy . 96* . When . Next Aa:ion Steps,e.J,fed bt A,len XenlRead ng tie Russjan Langlage. A Cuide for Libraria s axd O{ier pac-fes$onnls, F .9i,tnd XertSlaieliride Cc pulrng Systems CoorCinatrn0 Aca{ierni. Cornpu{erP ai]''tirt! edrea, by Chd,,Je.s ty'osrla nUsine llre Chearicai Lrteratu.e A Practicel Gutde. Henrv ld Wooathtltta laoc 'JL.('!)rsalaJlrL,,r AWo.^oook, tlJnhaL llt r,-j.-t[4!lli l]:edra jndexes, Llsls. ?nd Revievr go$rces: A Bjbliographic t)uide.Fhtrir.\ Mi:,4. M"ity Ar..:t) Hrnl. arnd Atlnchf l,Vool/sDoilfreit Jll e,ral Systeins: f.ilctors Af{ecting Seaiah -ii.ne. ,( lacriMat\J4t/1arrLiirral" A!{orir6lion Syslerns. Sleptrer R Sit ro/rBlack Liieratire Resources. Aralysls a,]d O.gantzation, gors,q. C/ackUopyright-lnicnnaiiorl Technelogy-P!btic Policyj pa.t l-Copy,iQhi-p!blic Pc\licies, Pad ll-trublrc Policies lnfornration Technclcgt. i{ictotasHeRryOisis in Copy.ght. Wilian Z. Na$il,lental F]ealth :ir{orrnat on 6ystefis: Design alld tfiplefierltrn.n. payrrj J.hup{tjt, M^:hae! S. Levir(r, afi/ Jol?d l. Nolson

20,21.2!.?3

Regflalions. Marcy Muehy a d CtauCe J.l,ltl.aiy Resel]tce Sha.in0, ,A{n (ert ard fhomas J. 6>lrrnCo].npl]lors ln NewsFspsr Publishing: tser-Oionled Systems, D4eiritcEhdarlT he Cn-Line Revqluticln rn Llbrades, edited by Allen Kent asd Thanas J.Cal''iithe Library as a Learning Servire Cerler, Pefurctr R Pcdfirrt a4dAleyamma i'lalhaiUsiru t'e Malhefiaticl Literaluret A Pfactcal GuiJe, &trra6 {rrsc,Schaefe.Use of Library ,llalerials: The Linivgrsily ot p'[sb!rgh Sll]dy, AJon {erl e/al.the S{rlrlure and Galernance !f Libra.y Nelqqrks, edr{giJ iy A}eo {erland Llor]a,5 J. GslyroTh DevelopnBnl ol LiLlftiry Collections o{ Sound Reco.dl.gs, i:r$rlr W.Ho{ft]'annFurnishlng the Librart hieflo., Wi;Itam S. Pin:eCatalogrng and Classification: A Wo*book, Secend Edition, Revisd afidExpanded, Ma.tha L MarheimerHandbook of Conrp!ter-Aided Composition, Idnu$,9. pnirrpsOCLC: ll$ Governance, Firnclian, Financisg, nd'ferhnalogy, AllJ.1 F.Mi,rrsfrrrlScienllfi c and lechnical lniormation Resourcer, Kns,lna SubrErrrrvamAa Ar!ho' lnde( to -o'try ot Congrcss Cld


3/178

45-46.47.4!.5C.

53.5:{55.

!6575$.

596{l

Effeciive Onlin S$rchlng: A Basic Texi, Chrisllfia L. Borornan, ,inehMrghdalll, and Pn{ii K. CodeltEasy Acress to Dl,a|OG ORBII . and 8R$. Piiaran J. Xl;rg.rsrritt anCIiriib.rth f SodcanSsbjcl and lnformatioo Analysis, editefJ ry /eanot D. Ufxjo.ganii: !'rg N6np.inl Maleri"ls: Se.:ond Edition, Jay E. U1iiyAn lnlrod!.!oo to lnfoFration Science. Roget R. Flyn,Des:gtr:lg : slruclion lor Lrbrary Users; A Fractical Gride, Malrfa D.Sl.ror.kl ar.J Sanoara .4. sciwa,'t?Guld to lhe Succe$sful Thesrs and llissel1ationt Conceplioit io Pu|).irfilion: A l-iandbook l0r Stirde.ts and Fac|l]ty, Secooc *ilicr, *rne.! l:-.Mducl ard lirdk W. Srcl)Th{: Retner.l of lnforn}slon in the H!fiantles and ihe Sscisi SciencesProb en$ ar$ Alds ta Learnrng Seaond Edilion, edilg{t by ?hor?as P.Slaversi,4arhqimc/s Calalaging and Classrficationi A Wo&book, ihlrd fdilion,Rrlrsed ond lxpanded, Je'rr'0 SayeFleclrcnrc Prinlirg and publisllingt the lloournsol A1}ces$i 9 Revolu-*on, ,e.tjclial 8. SprrgGurde to the Successlul Thesis and Dissertatlon: A Flafid5aok forSt denls and Faculty, Th'rd gdrljon. Rlised and Extended, .taoes 5.i4auch and Jack W. BitchLrhr;iry lnfonnalor Techoology and Netlt',otks, Aud.e)/ N. Grosr/rUsrn! the 8:ological Lrteture: A F.actical guide, Second dili{ln.Revrsed and Erpanded, E srbell] I Osv!6 ard Diar Sa/lm'ittGtn{le 1.) lhe 3$6ces$lul Thesri and Drsseriation A tlandrcol fcrSluilerls i)naj Facully F{:rurth Edrlsn. Revlsed and axpe.lied. Jaa}es E.Nar{h and Lack W. EichN4anheirner's Catalogrng and Classrfrcatron Forlrth Edrlion, *evtsedand Expanded. Jt,"y O. SirycLlsl,r(l lhe Blological Literalure: A Praclrdal GeiCe. Til.d Edilton.Re\,!sed 3nd Expanded" Drane Schrtidf. Elisab6th 3. Oavls, a,,]!,Parne/r F. JacobsUsing tlre Agricullural, Enuronnlental, a d Food Lr:erai.r.e. edr'aed ly8erb3,? S lJrfci?fiso.i and Anloifiefle Paos G.eidetClrde ta lhe Successfui Thesis and lJ;sserlatrcn. A |l"{dbook lorSiudorls and F;:ft15/, Flflh Edrlion, .lafies E. ^Lauch and Namgi pad.

,4 Di {toN.t t. l;( t.1 } Mlls l,\ t,,{{lllft_,t ?10!Eeconl,ng e Ortal Library, ediled by Sl]san J. Srr.les

To ou! \,"i\,cs. Rr:becca anrt Sunpsooli

62

ttT \:*k1i!!d !, lk.li ilx'lexj Aarlr. ! & \ sl. \'r{ }iri rajot 6z

:2a

. mi?nNLtr'

**!2

\.1!{|r:'*Eit,lr':'rt iiJs: !,r A(d. :! r* )1,1i. \. * \1ir! r'. tr,


4/178

Preface

The first edition ol this book grc\\, our of thc dcafih of wtftcn intir.ltraliorr on lhc sobjcct lirl cjthrr siudclls.,r'fircultv. Thcv tol(i us theyneedcd 1o know lnuch rnruc aboul rloiru or directiug theses and tlisser-tltions lhan thcy lbund ir) c(tlcl. raLalo!'ucs, graduate oflicc instruc-lions. or discussions luilh tlrost \!l)o ltilil {x|\r-i9nc\i(l lhr: proccss.We Liccidcd lo writc rtrout th. ho\r to" 3spccts of lhcsis andllissi-\lalion slu


5/178

i,rcincc,\1Lrlllior) is 9i!,,rn lo th. lrLrLrr;rs lbcsi: lr iur irrli)()I1x!-jt:ud ralidlygrowins catLrgor! ol :iu(lcnl acrcarchI{r)ra:ll1cn'.i(]n js gi,L. l() lh. urc r)l uil-io-rirl! 1i.hnolr)gt'. {i.g.!-L)rrpulcls irn{l $)li\virrl ir thc tlrcsis anll djr\.rlrii(}n i1/ll) pr$crss. !onr initial lcsc:rr',.:h 1o \\'riling thc ljnol lcsults\aw sug{r:stiors dr'siuncLi tLr irLrlp fbrL:igir sllld(iill! iuc rlrdl. uitlrspt'.ial cnrpiraris ol) rriljcri l),-ii!ris, s!.lr as hril)lLii lr1,'r,,'r 1oI aclvis')r\ ol Ii)tcigr'r slu(i(rrls.A neu, section ol] qlirirtillivc r.sai]rch hirs iloall :l(l(lfd t1) tha lirslclraptcr.-iht intclicctu"rl pioir.ll,\ lrspccl-! ol lhc'Ii]l 1lfu !i\rr nlrjor-iiltrn-t ion.Socially srnsitivc rl,fiuch i\ erplain':rl anrl ,liserrsr,:rl(, jrlr,i. nlrirlrl\ .r,Ll Ir', :-. 'r rIr r.i \'.rr,r' ,r' ' r"rr:rr. tr.!rnt! d ls crllical iisu.s(llulions aboLrt tha aaririlc) ind t,Lrsit,ro hir.!s ol rcsrarch Li-p(rrt.'d r)rl thc llll.rirlrl llri {'1'lrrr(1.A rrn, srrclion lras b,crr arkl,:rl i)l]alil.r]ir'g llla rl)lnr]i)r'ililr us. ol':urinr:rl subject!.IhL hisloiicti l-r:telsr'oLuul {)J lrj\airrrlL llc{r... it \ilr urxri,/cd inth,r nrrir, lnlr{nirclionilcLrglnizatiLrn. c('n\,)lirliili,)n, irnr.l altr-rrrl \a(luanring {l1 1ofic,i,uilh an cnlirrg.Li indl\.nh:lnL:r\ usc ol llu hLrok es a rcli:rrrc,:lhcre rur irddiliofii\l \Lr!!ltfstion: fi)r slLr(lanl\ ld(l llcully in thcaeirr-lcrnic disciplrncs. iLs irell ar rriLdrr\ i11 thc irrolcssional disci-l)lilrasJht IrrirDs 'rl (listr'flslion llo\,, c0rraIl i;r higlrtr ,:ducllirrrr lr'r: r.co::rri,.('d irrr(l lal,r)r)\!,li (l!frl to h,: LlilJL:rtl]t lrrrt lrlrrally ltIlr'r1rrialr\tir'!s lo lssemble daLl alld lilrrs olr il prohier)1. Llepcr1ding orr th".,r'rr.rr ' ,.t IrL l,r, l l r: ,,, ' I,1,1..... ,1A ralrlr 01 cortinis i: olltrcd lir hoth lh. lh.si\ irnd thr disserLa-lil]n. r: rnr)Licls 1i[ studcDt rcsrrrchar:A cil.cliiisl lbI tlrts,.'. ;rntl rli.:,itali,)ns i: in(lLrd.rl kr hrll sruLl.,rlrr',qeiifchdrs in erilrqLriDlr irnd rrviring rhfii or'll lifst dralis. :rs lvellc\ lhr' !rofl( ol olhor\!1or',, than 1r\:an1]. ()farirli(,nal rnor[]r harL hr(n Irrarrnlr(l li)r

rlcllirtg \\'illt j|.cilic ]]tobltlI|\ ili th,: t]resj: rtnd tii:srrLirtir;n pr,trrss- lir11r t{)pic !.iratiol1 ih.on!h r!lluirting thc li;rishcrl p:rxluci.. I,r thc b.jl (Jl !)lrr iirrr*lrrlg,.,lijr hjhli,]!rlph-! is lhc lno5l .r)rn-lnfhar1\ivr olrr jrr prinl rM lhe thcsi\ rrrrL llic di.,{scr-lalion.

l)L:rhaps tht lllr),jl Lrl)u!r.r?rl qli lil\ ol Llrir h{)t)li is thll iL rdtlrrs:c: both\ludrnN iln{l lirr'Llhv r)larrirars. Cci,linl! il ir ainrcd frilllaril\ rt itud|nl\ Yct !\'r Ji)LtI]rl il ]loL.assiii,- lo \rri1r lrolh to lh. s1u(l.nl rn(l to lhcthrsis o! Llissarliilio eoriillliilcr ll1rllll]rrs ilr ordri t0 curN'.\ reilxirlc()lic.)pl\ ]ilc colll.|Ire shil-. ilnd .onsLrilaliL)n- So onr: lhouki not bcsrqnis..i thal tlr| !lud.r1 is ad!isr,11 rhout in1,)letions wilh cornl]lillr,jrlt('Dlhrr! rl lha \anl! lillr.i IhJl 50!:!:a:i1ior1r. rrr 9i\rr'lr lh:r1 aolDnrilleern(rnrh.r! ,ri!hl rIplJ,'rn lhcir d.:alings \\itlr ilul:!.D1s. \\c hol)r IhalrlLrr 1lirillrr.rrt oi tlrr \ubiaal \r'rr()uriil.:ls rli:cur.ion air(rnl il)():ir' ivLrlv.rl irr tlrr' ruLirpriso.{)li. ol llra surlJdsirrs n,.illrl,rs\, s irr tl\r lh.!is or rlisrLrlaliorrlrrJcJ:s is th:r1 tlrcl. is rchLirL:11 liLlle :r'lrollrly lil.rirtur. rnd ir r.-ml|l:rb11 slirall llunrbar oJ clnpinLrl i11\'fstigirlro s ahoul rL -Ihi\ ist|Lrc rrr)t rrnl! lirr tlrr prolisrions hut rlis,-, 1,rr' thc rr15 itnll scitrcls aodrll $1.c15 ol lhc honors thcrs.

(-or)rplrirli\'. arrri rltserilrlir.L \lu(lirs r)l TlD t()|ics (lo a\i\1llo\!!r!.r. liri lhcoralical iulrcli\ iucl th. rldtr-l)il\e!l s1l](lir! orf rllighlarl)\:rl 1o linil lhrrul lhr prinriplL r rllLl proer:ssr:r (rl :u!l] iir i r|orllll1ll,.ilr{ ol rc:l(hI])il ar.'lcl\ 'lhirl is rrlrv r,.,. (|'rt lilllr hard,:r,irlrne,.:L)l] r]l()\t r)l lhf i!:llc\ lll tharis irrd rli!icllirli,)r) In-rIlralrlion. ir) Ilrr1.rv, lLrLrnri itlrrrcfris?rr\'lo co dlrcl ()|lr r,rn inrLslir'rLliorrs t,t hllp trslulri\t]lil Lh. \id$foir15 \!r pr'.s.Il1 in llre !lairru\ !hlrlllar\Iir bt.rrlLl.:n th,r dlllilbes.r illr)rL th:Lrl ll){) lllrultt' nrcnrh.rc \virci lar!ia\Lcd. a:Lch ol r\,h() 1 hurl tlir,.!tct! |l1lrrr lhir!r Iifa (jiss.r-lalion\.Thr ilijiglrtr lha-! slrilrlrd {iillill!:it'ilrlira(l ]nrl inli)rnlil inlar!iii\\!a\,(idgin! (orsi(l( r allL! rlorc lhilll orc ilrur ,. reh aliLritlttl us alr unl,)ar-rlhirrl ol,1|orllttril-\ lirr lea|niug. flrt iirdirl5 lrorrr lllo!r irlcrvie.,\,s.sttpl)lrr1c lr(i bv puhlir.:urons. coDttituldrl IlI ia\\] rratitrill iiont\!lllfll lht !lu'io!s eh;llrL!rtr !l,.r. corrstlllcl.(1.\\jtr lrt: gratcllrl t{, { llrl(! r. l{. tr,l. B.irrr. l) H ( ilr)r.r'on. l{l)rllLr'.J I l;ibso,r.A K Colin l llsrr. l{ l) llrr)rll!.l. A lio\a(s.1,. I'i!r-gl.i. i\1. C. R!j!nolds. Iil Slrir:. (i. A \rr\t'|,t. \'l \\ iul_9. un(l

,l j)!i... .. \i:rirr \rl,1t \rL1 ,r r1!r '


6/178

'1. Zulb llr rcuclilg iuul critirluing rhc bcroli, fol usiDg eadv dralts oflh. l]ooli in sornir.rrs- and firr cnrpioling il with inil;vidual stud.nts ingratiuatl rrsra|ch diracLion lnd guirlanec. Wc appl,teitte thcir \,,isfalrd ircutc olrsalvliti{rns on ho$ lo ilnpror',-r it. For assislnlcc iu building a |elevant bibliographl, ',\,e o\.\,c tha ks lu r:rany prolessors. lraiiu-atc sludcnts. :r:rd bibliog|apirets lioln th.- Uni\.ersity ol PifsbN-gh ilD(lolher cdn{.rs ol higircl educaLiolr itr th! United States ancl abto:rr:1.Slccial appreciirtion is lclnowl.dgrd to l{usscll Dck}rcr and ;\llrnI(ent Iir hciplirl counsel an(l suppoft lhroughou{.Whatcvtr nrL:r'i1 tlrc bouL lus is ou'cr1 in goocl pa lo thr lhr)usht-lu) liclp rvc lltvc had liont dl who iiidecl atrd a.lvisLrd us itlong thewl),.

Wc arc naturall.,- tr]lcurtcl thirt lhc rtspl)lsc tn our-worli has bgenboth substijinti.rl Jnd \raru}. \\jc liLil-.c that ihe i)tili edition rvill prolecve[ ]r1ore ustJirl tlrarr lhr lrrt\ ious 0(lilions to sldcnl! and flcirlly.Jttttt:s L liau ltNiut;yi I'urk

Contents

Hirlot i(di lntro.litrtion: 'l h( l.t at Ratu ? ol '\tirant ctl L)t:greas(|tu| ( lt tLltnte tla*1n ltL (i[.].f1 tN( i st At{ t}Il

I'he iight bcginnirg lrl.ttrirrg tnd lurlrosc df thescsand di!scrtalion\ \\'h:rl collslilutrs arl accopialrlc f/l)?N,iiil.ic a lJcr-sontl li la lillc Iakc advlnta:c oftechnology Cba..!Llcd!licsofhigh-qutlit]-studentrcscrrch Quillillliv{r r-rsaalch Thr lllcsis in ltoltorscol)egcs iincl honors pruenrs The thesis as anclctlrclll ol lhc tnilslar's l)rogrant Prclcrrcd ]tlilcticcsin studcnl rcsiirrh l'h.sis ilnd rlisscfi.alio'1 .llljectivesSurlnratyTHE RESEARCII AD!ISORl.taurirg about rdvis(,r lilnetions l'hc llD as aIr;rching d.\,icr Scope ol arlriso| re:ponsibiliti.'sLnr.oulagilg roulnrittcc plnteipltion Sclcctiotr of tlrcrtsr.:lLlch advisor- Surlrnr:rr v

'I _5

\l,ii, ..r!.i i..l'i! Uiil\ ,,.lr.N.,.. \f, 1 1i. \!trt,)ra l.)l/

-

::'2

r1., : lri.r r\,lrl'\liLl..f 1!:}r \.1!\!ft rfi \;t r,riirr


7/178

"-F--qqFFFIFffixi

231

231

30:.tt)9Jt5327

3.

:t

-5.

6.

7.

Cuntenlsl)F\Lr {}i'tNLi lt l,l{Ul'US.\L tllaLcraf(i()ns ol sl[dtr)1 atd ircatL'nlic rd\risor StId.:ntswilh !1ir:rbilitios Choosing rlrc roPic lbr stu.i),For-cign stLrr.L:nl.s in ]7D stud1, [\'rsr.rnal crilcriu ferr.stLrdent u!. llsing librarics irnd othrr inlornatic,nsulrltcs SUrrunaryPREP,,\RATION OF THE PROPOSAL 97Ceffins s1aflc(l Ouliining lhr proposal Filling irrthc outline Research design l{esearclri clh(xk)logy N,{ake solirvar',-: jvoLllscr\ranlSumrnary

S. WI{ITINC'flllr lil{\l ;S(IRIP'lI'he lhesis/diss.rtalion li)rntal Al] app}triielr 10 dtc llrst(lrafl llsing adviq: and tcchllilai rs\islatlcc 'Ilrcrovi.r' ol thc lirrl (lri!l'1 \Vhen llt. rvrit|l1t is linisliedSurnlrary

. DllFilNsli OP 1l]h lllBSlS OR DISSLIIIlAILONSlructur(' {)f 1lr. olal c\aminctiolt Prelrar111111 1iu- 11.r"c\a|)i,liDg colt)Dtl1l0t sassiorl Conducl of tlr,.: o[irlc\auiuation l)ccirion llrlling |egardilg thc or.ald.lcn\d lrrrllow-Lrp alicr lpprovd ol rlisapprorllSurnnrary.

I0. l}lli COi\4Pl-li'fllD l lli:SlS ()tt llSS Lt,\.t()NAN.D FUTURlj Ci{OW].IIAil!:r thc r{scarci'j ri applovcrl Writifl! ftn puh}icatiouIDrprl^,e1nenl of one s proles!idnitl o]. rciidr:rLtie discrplitrclbllo\r,-up stualic! bascd r)n'l'/I) rcsrardlReinfixccl)cltt iirr lirllLrw up lrLrlur. trrndsSumrlar-v

'tppcrulix A. Sitggi.ra


8/178

List of Figures

I-tt-2l-l2-13-l3-2.l-l4l

-l'ho -l hrisi\/l)issL:rtrliotr l inr.r l.in.ExanrFlc\ ef:\cadc ri( ard Proilssional Disciplincs llDistiDctioDs Bctwcen Rcs.arch iu AcadenicDisciplincs and Pnrli'ssional l)isciplincs l4-i5Ploglcss ol Stuclclt-Advisol llelationshiP -19Schcl)alic f)iagrlur) d lhc Prol)osal Proccss 68llhecklist ol Thcsis err Dissertation Topic Soulces i3Cheeklisl oJ .lopic liriisibility and Appropliatcnoss ?8-79A(irninistralivc al](i'l'echnital Ntatters in'l'hqsisalld Disscrtflion Rcgulations l0l i03

xiii

r.lak r l) !rtrr r\,l'\l {lirl ,,,r,\.-!f,i. \dt !!,.1 i_n, \'.,1 ll,ll1,,

t

,.

"ffi&4i1 ll.in,. :lir*!:\,'."111Uili,L \tr* \r*Y,rt \Jr 1,itr llri .

:!4!it,t

rI!4-'


9/178

.ll4,15,1

5-l6-t

6-?l- l1-13-l3-2

'Iirblc ol Cdnt.nts lirr a lroposalCc'rcrili lvlod.l lor ltcsciurlr l)csi,gnt'I hL:sis/Dissc ati(,,) I:\,aluatiLrn li)nnlaogrcss I{cl)ort I{r:rrroranriirrilI:.r. rrltl T, n' rrr' { ,\'tr'rrtl I )rrfin! ( )\ (r\ i.'uC0lninittce MedtrngsI\'csc[tation lor 'lopic r\pprovul by Faculty"1i) Do lly " l.istRccorslrrr df(l No{.-laliu} lblllull.rhl, ,rf f''rrrcrrr. tl,r 11r, ..., :rrr,l l)r..,.rrrri-rr:Chccklisl ibr l'hcsL:s xud Diss.rLalions

List 0f figurcs

11"1

t45 i47i.lgt16191200206

2l()-24A1.19 250

:"r):,!.i r.. ,lir:*f.l*' 1!i!. \.,! forl i1,r, !

Historical lntroduction: TireEnrergence of Advanced Degrees andCraduate Research

Tlte prcsenl college anLi lnirersilv dl'glce slructure has ileep roots inInorc tilall ?[X) vcars of lLircliti,rn. I hr !or)ncclil)n ol aclvancecl d,.jgr.ceswitlr wliltcrl thcscs lnd disscrlaliols gocs hlck ir tillc llntosl ils Il[.EMERCENCE OF ADVANCFD DFC R FFS'I'hc awarding ol dt:grcfs as .rli(lcrlcc o1-advanced sLuriv ocrurcd in atiDt \\,hcn skill in itrcunlcnl and up|snl to authority- rvcre valucdhighl,r. Thc lhcsi! altrl (iissctittion (T/D) constituted conlpollr:llts ofrvcll-reasoncrl:rrgunrcnlr. fhc :iucc(s\JLll ril,.plicalll haal to takc a posi-tiou (the theiis). bulltcss il wilh logic, |nrl tel:tlc it to Ihe eatlicr con-clusions oi r-csfcclcd seholars {1h. disseialion) 1o lhc ltoint illal itcoultl not br: rc|Jled. -l'llat c{'ncrpt ol tltr T/D i:avc risc to il vicwp{)iDtlhal collinucs io tl)i! (l:ly, irilnr'rlv tilil llrL: llnal lc1 r,r,illr rcgard lo'llD stud-v is th.'del'cnsc ol'lh. slLr(l\ l)v th,r sludutl btltrrc I group ol'p.obinc LlLrcstioncr\. liistori(iriiv. succcsslirl deli:nsc ied to advancc,rncnt ()1'{h! wailea lrorn lhc slatus ol iilu(ll'tDl li[jt 10 ranl ol n]lrslcr.

!1,-r l\rr,i,rr.:ri:i,l:.:1il.\rr.r! \:x:,'! l.s\'|!l lil]lr-:

tal

,] t

t!g:3'


10/178

xvl ist0rical lnlftnlul ri.nthen l0 (lectoi. \.ith lhc righls rnd privilcges thilt \tcrc l:lart l)i thllseslltions nr !i1iArtisans anLl clirlislr.n h:td organiz.d 1o k(!f their sjiills fillll]cconring thr prollrrty of eleryonc, thu\ ptotectiltg tlicir li\,clih(rods.Thcy sy,slenralizccl thc prelaralior ol ncr.v spccialists by erribrcinr aseqLreLrce oi lr':iiring leading liom apltrenticrship to ihe stalus ol Dttsrcr. Prcparirlion 01'a rrasteqliccc, a worl that \\,as judgcd \r.lflhl ollhc narre hy ir.iuljv ol lnasler!. signirled thc srcccsslul aonclrsiol) {}l'lrililliug.As irca(lrt)ic crlrlars crnargcd, und as a scqucncc ol' \tLr(lycvol!cd. tli. thesis ilnd thc dissortirtiorl lrcclnrc thc capsluncs ol s!r-crssivc lc\cls ol achievomcnl. lhc uLrtlcl, ptobitlllv Lror|or\r.Ll li'{)rnl1rc guiltls oi artisrns and crallsnlcn, sprcad. I lic n)itsl.l-\ anLl th. dD(i(}rll. b.cume identit_viog s)nlllols. ljor e\irmple. in tlie ear]! li)Llllr.nlh c.rtury ill llologla. a calldidtlc lilr lhc D{).lor of Lau dLjlr.rhad to t,lke lr\1) cKanlinaliolts-il pri!:llc ouc and. laler. a puhlic onej!r thc ci.rlh.clal. Thc p,ivate cxantiurltiot) rvas colducted by thc lacultvof doclors.SPECIAIIZATION APPEARSr\ \cri(-s oi kio$'leilec cxlrlosioil\ l.(l h) (lil'l.lciititti0n ol audcolicand appli,rtl ljritls. 'l'hc agc of tcrr.sfdal .xploration crcall\ c\p2rntirdhuman Lior,"ledlc. MUch of the ne\\ irtlunittion anll un(lcrstllndingirl!o challcngcil long hcld beliels. Thc lnduslrial R.\,olutrdn hrou!irlanolhcr aDd nruch highel'lerrl ol contprchension, Parricrrlarlv ahuLrtthe plr!5iral r'.,orkl. tliggcling ihc Post-Victoian llcriod ()1' t tcll o lo{r-ir,ld sci!:r)aa.liach prrioLi b|r[rgh1 r'haugcs. i\ Irrajor one lvas {hc elnalgenlcoI profcssional Llcg|cr:s as colLrastrd lvith acadcntic deprcrs.

l hc lloctor ol Philosoplry dcgi-ct- an acatlcrrric disciplint tir''ercc,rvls first ollcrttl in the l,lnitcci Statcs at Yale tjnivLrrsily ir l8(rl. Lcssthit thR. dceatlrs later'. iu 1890. r'-cvu Yorl L)nivcrsil\l irritiltlcd iCraeluate School oi Pe(lagogy. the first grirduatc school oi educationiD lhis corntry lt oficrcd thc Doctot rtl Philosophv plus a fjoftot otlltdagor:1 dcglcc. lhc l?t cr..litcd with bcing thc l'irst doctonl lcvL:i

Hisl(,r;irnl lnl d!x1iotrcL!Srec il thc profcssronal tliseiplinc oi cducaticlti ar'uclcd in theLtnrttcl Statcs

I hc niasler''s d.gr.. frf(ia{rd rhc docl(rralc. ln 1353 thr Irlrir,,:t-rilv ol Michigxn. tir crurpll. hatl coutse-i ol slud), lcadLrg tr) thcNlaslcr ol Arrs and tlic \'laslcr ol Scien.c dcg|ces. As fur as a ntaster"scii-grcc ilr a irrolessior is eolccrncd. plobably the Jilst wls th. Maslcaof l).dagl)gy, also ollirrd in lN90 by Ncw York Linivcr\ity Lrcidelllilll!,th. Bachclor ol P.:riago-gy cieglcr: lratla blicl lT,,: oil ol' popularityIiour irbout 1900 1{r l916 ls au indicato: of griidlrutiol lrom under-grt(luiltr lcachcr prcpirrirl io!t.'l'hc l)oclor-ol l.dLlenlion .i.grcc u'as int,oducrd il 1920 bv I'lar-vard Lrnivtl.sitv. 11 was inlcnd.d Lr |racliciDg cducators. ln i9.1:1 a|-olhcl new rlasrcr wir born ii1 HalvaRl Llnivcrsitr:, tllc N'lastcr dl'Ar-lsin 'l'erelring. lt ','urs to br rdrnini5tcrc(l joinriy by the [icuit]. ol ilr!Cra.l al! School ol f]ducrrion and by the lacully oi AIls ar]d Sci

I)uling tlrc srnr. 0!r iod, olher llofcssions dcvrk)l]cd nlaslrrs ul(ld(rrlr)r\ (h:u-..s lltrt rr,t1|irLrl th.srs xnd (lisscrlations. 'l'he f/D pro-(Lr\\ il \olrf discipliu,:s rlcrriolecl uniqu.ly. Au exi)r}lplc i! jilw tn{l.jurisptutlcttc.: Asl-.i11n'.,', thc JD Clcsr\rc lacr rcquircnr\Itts ol sn.\-lrlr)rdinaf! kinrl. N'!rst Iroiissions, horvcr,cr. curployed lh. Iilirrililr11.4., \'1.S. an{l Ph.D.. ndirprin! thelr to thcir prrlos.s bllt r.tliningtutLrclr trf lhc llaVol lliilt ll)r d.glccs rtliginally h:Ld in thr: acadr,rrricclirciplincs Nn.l sinlfl,- atliling a phrase. ls in Mr:it.t ol .\ni ir1 rilrAdnri slrulion ol Juslice. Sr\crnl grorviug prolcssions dt\,r'lop'jd dislin.livt adlancr(i dcgr,rts irr liddition lo thr \\,cll-.slahlishcd on.s.Sonre eraltplcs are:

j

:2.

Uus!r.\\l),)nrl i{,alicrr.r:E1)g,rr(.,)g:L ihl.1r! rnrl inl,,ninrr,nr"ur'\ rn!r

\hsror ol nusinrss AdrIhi\lr ron\{rs( r ,'l D(nll|l Scitfc.\'laslrr ol Enrrgy ilcsourccsMr\Ier (rl l\bli. \\irrl-\la!lcr',rl Publi. \\rrn L-\lxsro .l l-ibr:rr.v S(.iencrllrslrr ol \ur(ingUrsr(r ol Nur.'irg lducaliur

r1.,. r it.... r. r,: ri\1.ir'.rr \ririrr_\(r:n:l \!N \ r lr)l I !l.rri I lrrr i. 1.ii|i:rr:f:, !...irl. \rt \,'!,. \ Lli:':!1.|.


11/178

I\rhlic uLl hnr'r r:r1r)r:rl

Pul'lic ll.rlrh

Hislori.al ln{rodu.lionl)udor rl irrrrh,il.s!I,hrl.f iji Puhhr rnrl lnl.rnali,nrrl nlirirrl\fu srer ol l\ihJic,\Lhlirlrnr.rli{).r\I.r,r.i oi trrh.!r rn(l Rc3ioral ljla nlD:Mril(r !l P!hlir Il.rltliI).cr{,r rl S.i.l1(.. jn Jl},!r\inLlDi)ct,r. i)l Irlih. I1,r!llhX'lx:r.r rl 5,\irl \torlDL)ehr L)l Sorixl Work

Hillofj{il lntrljrir.ti.Jn tixtr',1 .1 r'. ,.1 l ' l.lr., l. !t. r.rl.t. I I l\..J ,, l.,u . ,,',,1 r .rJllt\ r1. .. I.,)n.)(l thal in\litutionaliz..rl thc rictivitics o1 tht piolcssion At th. sa]ltctirll.. thf rlcrnhers u\!all\ {rfganirrd tnd look \lcfs to rialin. thoirrol.\.van iul'lhu, fiirtrctll:lrl] with rc\f0ct tr) t\,o considalxliolts: cthicai hrhirvio| iolr'lrd lhrir cli!n1s a|d loward .aLh othcr, aD(i |rottc-tiorr of thc public l'li]m cliarlulel1s.-i'h.rsc

cvlri!1iouel, \l!'p! liiri dili.r.'nt lloinli el origiu tbi dil'ia.arrl fil)lr!siorrr llor la',r, in A]lr!:riei1 tltc s1,tr-L \r,:ts in lhr Irarir)d l7f5l7t0 Fo| L:rllrcitors i tlr. llnil.d Stlit.Ls. profcssionllirNli0r !tiirlcdaroLrrtrl l,350. lhc fir\l cilll lir a school lo luin sr)cial werk!:r\ illoscin lfl9-1. IJclirr'. rhrr. littlc 1ir.or.licrl or .t)tllirical tvriting haci ap-l-..lrcd ?ibolrt thf slx dltrtls. lcrchjn!t. linaD(ing, obicctivrs. arui suh-ililnaa ol llr(rlirf-.irrn:rl Lilueation.l)urirg tlt second hrlll ol llie li.)th ceuturv, all.tnpiricill bt5c lrolnrxn! ol l.rdJ.\" s l)n)lcssions h.!un lo .1.!.lop IJooks. jounlals. itn.lstalt] ilrd lc(hriil Iublicilli'rns eiuri\:{i tl)r nrat.fial. Virlually all ln\,0s-ij-::ations, thourh. rhrlt \!'illl ulitllcrr tlrat could lre allllt()arllcd iry lh.coll,'clion ol iirallrri {l|1a rri!lrfti]]lt tlt!: dntir ili l.l.l|\ (]l tolals.rrugcs. a!craucs- llncl l)ricirrllgL:\. idrir: lboLrl j-rl!lassi{r1tdl ltfilclicccorlLinucd l0.r!:hiL\!i il(r\'llll]ltc. {)t ,..jl.c{iorr on lhe hilsi\ 0l_lltclt logi-(ll or rrll1)Li()nal itff':lrl 1Lr lha Puhlic arrd 1o ferso]l\ iD authoril\ \l)1Lrntil thc ncu ca1]1ulJ lrL]:iLr !h(l ilrlriirl ila -ia\1in-g oi lla\\, c()ncapl.lslirrl {r) ri\xl {llhri,'iD rlrlarntinirl! th..Jlicllc}- oi prolcssli)mi pr-iiL,lic0r. Thc cnlhLrriasrn lri seitncc llul charnrlcrirrd fhc lVriler worlditl lhrlu oJ lllr c.lllurv hild ii dlr(j(L!r(l iDrltrcl. Tha idelofa scicntilirhasc h)l thc 1)t.\si(rri h\rg:lll io br txlian 5crio sly Thc \cidrcc ad-lrlrcnts canrt lionl d \initrll ol :reerl.:lric rlisciplirrcs. -lltr,,. ltirti ilcornr)11)11:L 1ii)n\,iclio11 irboul lhc l)arillllolult inil]onxnce ol s.:ei.iug(luallliliabl. c!itlcncc. rlctir.inl 11r'iIlril)les, iuid lcsling llrc frincil-.lcsb,r' aclclitioral iolcstigatr,rns.'l h. inr'.:tigali!c IrL)L.dulcs irdroeatcd t))', \!ri.nc.-rrind0dll\'ilrbcrs i)l thc prolisjioi)\ eltrl!. nilturitllv otlo!s1). 1'rl|D 1l'rL'\ali0LtrlueaLhrric rlist iplincs in rrliclr thcr. ilrLl brcn traired. They arLlcd tcch-nlqLrcs dcr isrd Lo !irir lhr qurstion\ rhc)' \ourh{ to rosol!c. Thc additi()is ransr(l lr)rlr tha qIr'ti(Jlll]lirc. lhc rirlinq scali. tlt. c{)nlrollc(lo\l)L'rir)1. 1. ind thr .ilri. \1lld! tI llrc folltI,rla\ sel rrf plocL.riLt|ts rrscd

llech of tlust ricur.:es. lil'. oth\:rs ollrrcd by rcspr)ltsibl., accrli-iL.rd uni!.rsiti(s rn(i prlrlcsri()nal :rhoolr. lras lLrgititulcy und in(li.alc\altain lcrt \\oithy Lrl tcsp((t. l-ath rls0 has its unicluc iristorl-O{hcr'prolerrional rlL:Lrirr rrncrgc !ach ycar- itnal existillg (hglees atlnirl nlore auti moLc prorrinlncc. Actunlly, the hi:jtorjc! ofN:lny abgrues ha\,( nol y(L irtcn thoroughl! seught oLtl aod rlcofdcd{'lhL:rc artr still sonrc'l'/l) 1ol)j.s ii\\'itili!ig st!d!nlsl)\\rhclh.r il1 !h.0riftry, ps_vclroIrgy. pulllic health, soctel wtr|ii otilrr\ olhcr iredd(lltic (fisciplirrc or'Pr'o1c'ssiol], sludenls shouirl lnorv thchiJtor-! oi 1l.c (lc:lrcrtt Lita_\'crl:rl(1 11,.]aln.' ral bitckglotll)(i l)ro\ itlcia valuahlc lurc lrrrrr lrhich to j|ulgr thc apP(r|riiLlcncss of l lli)t!nlitl1/D topie irnil to r.pr.\crr ont, : ili:ciplinc honolably and r.r'cll.lht ntlt.ui: l--uhli!hc(l r) ulilerritv bullctios ind c1-..$t'rtLlirl)r)u1 ([:{rars Lriurlly lrll! }it{lr ithoul thc thcsis (n dissellirtion r!-rluircrttcnts ln jonla cilsos. thc\ sitl only that thcy raal jre r lr(i,tclrhat r\ consiLld-.(l cquivtl!nt to l1 T/D sluLly Thc scarcitv 0l publishcddala on 1llcs. nrirllcr\ lr)r rn:ln-," ol lhc itcildrlrlie ol prol0ssionitl tiisL:i,plines sliorls a nerd lbr lrlditionll :cholitrly iurlLrirv ilto llt. ualurirlhistory a!d lh. characlcrisli.s of lhr lhu\ii altd disscrlalio .TIIE EMERCENCE OF IIISIARCI.I IN THE PROFESSIONSlivcrv conterlporlrv pr0llssiou u lts. in i(s bcgilllrrlg stitgas. lnitdc upoi a Iun]b.r ol s(]]atulr inriir,idturls operalits rvith a loriscll, knitgroul r)1' !()nlrnon sl'ill;. r-csporiribilitrcs. nld lssulnptions. l'lrr' lr',rup$,il-. h!kl lo!!rlhcr onl\ lry socilj !iinct!0ns. As ,Jrch lrolcs!io s can

'.,,.': , \: i: \1 , . . , , .\r!...,t . \... \.,:j. \rl,l.iir l.x,i.


12/178

Grx llist.ri.al Introdu.lionir'r sLlrvc-vs oi rlrtir.l !ociciirl Lrnils (i.0.. corl]lll!nitiai. school sysleltl!.cultllras. t]rd Diitions).'Lhr:rcs and dii\cr1ations ,rn topics rclaicrl nmrr k) thr prolcs-:ionri tlisciplincs lhun to th. trcrdcmic djsciplirl.-\ grew in nunlherc:!ch yeer. ,5o did llrc t]urnh.r ol praclicing pol0ssionals lamiiiar $,itlrrrsearch lro.edures. BLli {he lir.rDirl triLiding ol illdi!idlrils lirr carecrsiu profcssionirl rcscarch nloved loiward rlorr.'slouly.ilurins tlre lirsl tlurc Llu:lflcrs oI thr 2()tl) crnlurJ,. lh. n.$l)-tnurccl prolcs;ors rvll{r elected 1o work ir1 ploiis!iouirl schools becrllcrnol1: an{l rnorc s.paralc(l lllrri tlrc plo ssors in lhc aeudcrni(: disci-plrncs. iricluding rhc ilisciplincs lirat lriid gcnclatcd nrost ol the 'pro-li!tion-r)ridrtrd prolcssors Drrrilr,9 that sulDc linlcs]ran. thc lrainin-gol pc|srrns lo rond!ct irrvcstigirtivc studies on prolessioral ' lopic:;bcc;imc lagely ,r tiurctior ol lacultv ur thr protissional scirools Nlorrau(l ,rorr olicn. th. Prolissiorul disciplilcs li)L|ld Ihcorsclves alnro\tconrfir'tclv s0ldriLtcd lio[] lhc rnain bodirs ol lhcir parcnt acld.rnicrlisciplrncs 1r.9. :rrei,rl \.ork lirrrl sociolLrgv r:rrl public altrirs lrompolrticrl sciclcr').L-rrliril)l!. this.rlteled the nalurd oJ'lh!] I/l) ,,rorL llrL: i:I,cstig.tlion\ ol bollt laerrll,v rrrcllrbe|s and slud'Jnls rvho r'ccoqni,,.:d lhcir pr-i'lrlr! angagcillcnl irr prolissional prefarilti()n tdrecl torvard a rrxrrcol-r.r|lionill. practi.! oricntcd rrxxlc lhan thc \ludi.\ coDduclcd hy rh.Jileuitias ilDd sluda ts ilr thc ilrls and scirncft.-lh. \an)!- lrcnd nl)-l:rtilred ev.n irt profi:'ssirtnltl prePalrliorl froqrilllls whjch olicn rr-rnained lioLrsrd in u i\,crsily rcrderlic (lrpiLrlnrt]nls, such as spcccirp|lholog) and irudiol(lg_v. cliriciil psychology, cconr)ilrics, th.lrt...,l:, (.. .lLr,lt. ]n . rnlr.lc. :rr,l'J, run.rlr.r"The rvidL:urng scfaralion of the frolissioil\ l-r'onr thc acadcrnicdiscipliner shou'cd rn th. illcleltsirgly |ra.gniali( \1.liee]j o1 lhr: lirrrDer. x\ conlniilc(l \\,ith Lllc Drorc ahslrlrd dcvolirrl t(' klorrcdgc litils orvn salc in tht lattrrr- Ihcrc wcre cxcaptions. ol coursct solr)alcrdcrs rurDugeri to -\frrddle thc gap. Llul thc rtpi.l growth ir thc arail,abilitli of schoolins and rhc public ({L-rnaD(l 1or high sliindinds ol hLr-tnln scLviccs. coupl.d with tclclcttl*l prolessi(Jnalization, cxcn.dporvcrfirl rocior'ducntional fbrc!s. Anl(,ng ()1hcr lhings. tlrest fitrccsinlluencLrl schoiarship in proli'ssirtnal rchools lo inclcasa scrioLrs al:li)l.1\ 1(] (lcVelop l-rlelirsional prep]rittior). wilh its trrvn thcor.ticaii)ase. irnd 1.' corstrurt i body ol tiorviedgc and praclirc llrat woulcl

ll;st0riral lnlrud!.tion xlrriclinL:l lhc prolr'ssitrn. lhc movcmcnt :lacrlarated. too. irurlrr thc inllLr-cncLr ol thc sLcldy lnrl rvitlcsprcacl larowlh iD clllliricisin in ntosl oithr W.st.lr r.r,orld : culturcs antl b,- inclcasinglv srrphisticarL'd utilizarion ol slrtistical lnalvsis ol clata in lll :cctors of soci.ty.'ihc irrprrt .l thes. 1:icllirs in conrhiuation wis strorlg. B) nlir:l-c{lr1u]y. clDpjrici)l rcsearch nethods dor]unlted. Virll]illl], rill uth,aneeddc.grcs in thr lrolJssio'ls rc.luircd lilc ltudr of stlltisticil proc.durdsli)r' ddt lnaly:ri\- iieseiirch depilrlrrL',nls Llcvclop.d in plolissirrnalschools l1ot so nuch to condL]ct resaarch as 10 leirch gtadui]tc llrdenlslo Lrnrhrslanrl allrl tsr drsiens and data-erraiysis froecdurcs lirL errWjr-ic:rl slurli$ $i1h the grciltcsl fcas;Lrle dcgr.. of coltrr:i of valiablcs.,\tccptrhlc rcsLriuch c:r]rlL: to l)r idcnlilicd by thc Proccdlrcs lllughr hyth. r'(!.!rl.h (l.iri[1llrcnls L)l lh.ir ])irriicular scliools. I'hr rl.linili(rn ul''rcs|cctehilily" in rIlary prolessionirl schools rvas lo l.lo a T/D thatculll()!rd soriu lirlrn ol a controllccl expednrentai clcsign and suir-jtct,:rl its rlutu lo a conrylcr stllisticiil lrialysis.RECFNT AND CURRENT TRENDS IN T,iD INVESTICATIONSllrr hlc i95(ls sit\\, lh. dc!rlol-1ru{ul rJl ir Dot;c!:!lblc uesati\c r'.uctiorllo th. irfiilud. thrt an,v proli'ssional iiiscipline could [Tlri]{la th.oreticaland eonr.:rptLrll basc securcll lornrlcd Lrn e larrorvlv concr:ivltl unrlcrpinninu ol rlsL':rrrh dcsign arrtl rrscarch riclhodolog)-. Sorlc pr()lcs-:iooal-rchoLrl 1:Lcultv menrbc* hird pr.isr.l 1i)r'a tJroader intcrprrtationlll alorg. Iltir stuilcnts cariied o[l sur!e\.s. co]rclualed l]olls and c:rsrstudics. diil r.lrospccti\r l)r(rjlrcl c!'a,Lrittiol. analyr.d lfi! inrllii.l oliaws on practici:s. sturliccl rlrrr:lopmcnt pr{)ccss!:s. an(l i coLrnll.(soth.r \,:r\s a!\\irlc(i llk iDll)olLancf {}l ll widcI llr]cr,ll rrcthodohrgi,r:xrld lc(hrxrlosii5 ol in\'estig|liur. Ihilt rcaclion iippcars by now k)havc upproirrherl a balancc $,ilh lh(' carLicr, llarowLir point of lir\.r'.('onlribution\ 1() thc ditlcr.nt linolvledgc bascs fi)l thc va ous prolcs-sions irr! it{ prc\crt w.lconcd tiorn rnany directions. Itcct-ntlv atlclecldirr,:nsirrns in inv.stigatiLlns l|c lirurxl. lb| cxaurpl.. in thLr wid.sprcadi!1lcrcll in qurlitiitivo reserrch irlrd in the devr'leprndrt of s),stenls efc\,alullion. lirday s T/D studert io either an acadeoric or l llrelcs-rirrnal disciplint has unprecrdenttd iatitude in choice ol s!bi.cl al]drrlclhodoli)g,-.

L1.(:,lrr rl\,.: r| ],1ii .Iirrf. \.-n'\i:1.\!.!qi l.irl.

!

:.tFn|lu-Ft-tll,li.^' 11..r; :.,': )ij :,1r 1' , . lri-.\.\'\,.! \,ar i_i,:; ririri,


13/178

2.3.1.

Chaptcr 1.lhe 10u| rsscnliirls for- a goorl stlrt arc

A tlcar u aLcrslan{ling 0f lhc Dternil1g nnd purpose of st!{lcr)t a*scuch \vork.Accurittc knorvlcdgo of \\'hal constitulcs an acccptablc -f/D.;\ d.tail.rl plan ul aclionifhc lcchnical sLill to impleutcnt th.: plau.'fhcs. cssr tials are illilr.lilLid. Sc:iorrs i:l-fofis should bc tlcvolurL logerling all four v.'tll in rriid right ilwx),.

Sper ial i.t'otr:: {)n.: ol thc rnosl itrli:}ollanl chauges irr thcsis aucldis:icrlalron plcllilration has bcen tirc inflLLcncc of tcchnoJog"-. 'lwcrtlctaclcs lgo. nrany thcscs ancl diss.ltati


14/178

ffiCetLing Stirtcd 3i.lilswei! irfL no1 rlaiilble ilr \\,rililtg. iJLc notcs otl rvhll vou arc toiclrrn'l hr r, h'.r.. .ll.r,. u l. ir sutnIl:.,j\ , l ..urrr rr, rr. ln,l !t'. i r ,1,'10 your advi:!or lbr vcrili.ali(nlKeep l crrpy of th. veril'ierl notcs. lf u1y doubt: linger. reehcckvoua rolfs $,ilh thc dcparlrrcul chairl]atsolt. Hcte a,il cLc*Jrcre iuthis bq)k. r,r'., advise keepilg verili:rl uotes. Oot key leascn is ratborh tiiculty mcnhcrs rind procodurrs can charlgc dudng the lrcrio.L olyorlr sludy, anrl yorrr vr:r'iliccl n('t.s ran ll(vcul your progrrss lroIr)being jntenull,r(L ol de)ayecl bJ, sucit chan.ges. lt helps tLr Lrsrr l co[]-putcr filc (s,1 Apltcrxiix A) nud Lo 'laj,(air) a halkup.Distirrctiqrr Antong Hotrors, Master's,anrl Doctoral Levelsl tll( llnilcd Slalcs. honr)rs prourarns alc t)picxlly oln.d lirr by orrL-slilrding Lllal,:r{raduata rtudcfll\. IIrnrrls rL:scaxlr lto tull\ lilkesplircc ir lhc .jirnior antl scnior Y.itrs {-lulllltx)tl lo lr0nor's rcsclrch istht r.quirclr.li1 ol proof ol' llre sludlrnl s clpaeirl' li)r indcpcndcltscholarshil. shown by thc ploductio , prcscDtation. antl rlclcnsc ol as.nior lhrsis. Thal thcsis is hclci to a standxrd ot qirality lnd dcptlrrusually rtsr'rvccl lin thc sradirate levtl (Uni!crsil) r)f Ilitt-.lIrrgh.l9ql) l hc ll.S. lronor-s pr1).grern\ iric suhstantiirlly (liJlercll llr)nl ihrllrrlisir horlor! s]_stelll. irnd studer)1s ll-ol]t co!ltltries titilt crnplov theBrili\h syslcrn (c.g., India, PakistaD, and solnc AI.ican [l1rions) shouldnol eonlirsc lhc t[,{).lUilslcr'\ and docloral d.grce r.\cilch cxpcclalio,ls ar( s{rikillglysirnilar a|lorlg schools. lhcsc slal.lric'rls, lor eritrrrl-.1t, arc lirrt an.Dgirerring s.hool publication (St urt. 1979)'I'hr ulasl!r's 1hcsis nlusl .lenrol]slmlt Ihc candidalc s altjlily l{)nralc Lrse ol approprialc restar'ch procttirl1es- ll, organi/c pri-narv and secondary inl'()lnla1ion inlo a nt.rdningiul v'hole. andlo prescnl lhc.csults in arcccptablc pros.'. Ih!) lcn{llr oj-thc thcsi:jis not inrponant so ldrg ns these ends arc lirllillccl. 1p. l)_llle doclor:il clissertatioll irj (ixIr.rl(l to r|l)ff\.nl in(lcF: darl

and original l.esearch 1n Ihe lielll ol ti)e citll{lidilt."\ gti[ilralc stllrlJ,.ll rr)L'sl a.id, in soltc feshlorr, to und!.lslandirlc in Ihl cancliilatt"sl'ield. Such coltribution lo Lnowiethc rra\r rLrsull oilhLrr f'orrr rh(

;l Chaplrr Icritilli cranrinltion oi nulicrials trtrl hithc]1o dclit lvith or 1idu1thc u-!'\alrililtio'1 ol_ talrdilional lnirtctiali h"- inexns ol llc\f|rehniqucs or lionl nc\\ foints ol vicw. Iha ploicct uudt tk.nrrirst bc ol sulticient dilli.ulll ilnd scol)c to t.st rhc ca,lili(latc'sahility tr.r carry or [u]1hrr Esearch lir)(lependcntl! l an(i it luustlus8r-. . . . Lrl:lslering the skills |eeded lbr slrch lescxtch. {p l)ih0\c quolaliolls illustral. an ovcral.hillg coiccpl: 'Ih. 'IllJ isdun. to p|ovide ii ddmorslltlion ol the canclidete :; xhilit)' b rffry

ou1. \\'lth suhstantial indepenclencc. x ratiotral iltvcstisatioI thirt is sig-nillcrrl in th. lltld and io rcport thc r.sults in a scnsiblc and und.r-rtanclublr ilshion. Thele are rnlrked clilJetences antong flcllis il! k)rvhal eoI]stilutrs 'i]rdtpcndc cc" irncl 'signilicant" in the r,:seari:h p|o-eess rn(i |r(h.l Y,.:t. trsselrtially lhc sitnic principlcis apply to thesisanrl rii\slrlillior) sluclv iu all plol'essions ar)d acxdc,nic tlisciplinesi(,rrrncil ol CrarlLrrrt,r SL:hools lCCSl. 1990b).'i hr.:sis antl tlissrnltior stutlv i,s a pan of hi-gltr lealning inicnclecllo i(lcntill' sisnillcanl problrrns. irvcsligat. lhcltl. xnalyre Ihc lin{l-ing\. falrt! thcn) t(J ,lluortilr]l colrccpts or issua.r. anrl convel conclusion: encl i plications lo othc$ il cicar- objcclivc prosc ln that.onlL.'\1. Ihasis ar)d rlissrrlalir)n slu(l_v is a slinlul:tliDg nc{ivit\. earritrai or)h! 5lLr(lcnts iu an iuereasingll colleginl t.hlioushit) $rith laculty tltrilr,brr\ ll is a aulurinsling a0d syrthcsirillg aclilily bilscd olt plior studr,.anri it shoul{l bu a laLrneh fad ti)[ luturc indcp.:nLlent invcsrrnllionsIrinirll!'. lhcsis dnd dr\scttliun rvolk shorrld |[.larc gradualcs \rhohle,rrrrl litcully lr)L:rther\ in coLlrgcs ar)d uni\,1'silias 1o cttidc slLlllL:nt\lhrough thr satnc c)illrricnccs latlr.WHA] CONSTITI]TES AN ACCEPTABLE T,/I)'(i.ll.ftI slillrrlrcnls ahoui lhc nrcdning and purpos!: ()l IJD wold e.{l10 br hrouslrl into shulper lirus t() be helplirl in piulicular iLtsrances. ToareorDl)lish thal, slrdcDls slrould ask lhcir adv'sols sllccilic qlcstiol\l. Wiut 1b 15 ol in\estigxtioD, if uy. are iirvorecl by thc lilcultv olIhD dcpad!))(rll.) \\'hat Jir Dts ol iDvestigittion, il'an_v, ale uniikclr1o l1o apl).o\,.d'l Acccpl.d ti).lrs (11 f/l) invcstie!it!)lt .iingc$,idell lrurn \clr(x)l 1.() school a d even \r,itl)in de;tanntcnts ol'i]le

'.l..jr r ii i. . l\:lrlriir!tr.tt:|:r. \!tr!.{\ !ta! rorr rairr.

:'

.\..1ri. ',rl(r.i tr.,lp|t!.i ,-..\rr.rr 1i\:1ri \$: 'i!:l!.illi,


15/178

Cet{ing Shrlrd 5sirlr. ,\(]r()ol lrurn is oft.: rrlltl.tl to tite st0.hnl s ltiljot llrlll ol'slrdy l1)r r:urnrplc. studics ol ititri!*l brid-scs light b. rc..l)t-ablc in ;t hirtur'r- dcltarlrucrt. a \alniniuv. a gcolog\, rl.palllranl.or an rrlgirrt,Jring school. But onc ctn hc srilL- ihxl thc Jl)nrr tilcsl dics ,,i,ould liikr (i.c., thc rcs.a.ch questio , lhc (liuu colhcl((l:rnd nliiui! ol cellectjng it, thi lnail,'si,\ ol fi1e Jlita- rnd thr rltfini-tiLtl]s ol ..aliclity and |opliclltilitv),,r,ould valv rOnsjd.ftbl\..2. :\rc tLrrl l\rpirs discouragcd Lrr c\an out a'l houndr li)r l/l)si,Arrrlny loli.l oi-J|ccial interesl lo tllc llcultyli1. l)ocs tbr' llrl)arirncrtL lu!c I 1rirtticuliu ori.l]{atio (c.g., lhc liU)1.,ilv. publie poliet. or int.reulturl1l conccrns) tlut cl'uritct.r i7,Js nluciloi iis slldrnl rn(l lacultv rcscarch and othrr scholxrly $ilrii.).1. ls thr|e l publishcd list ol d!parlnrcnlai liicuLly wilh llotcs ai]outlireir rl1dir,idLrai or tetm ]-esexrch iDlercsts'-)5 Arc conr;ruter' !r()rkstations ?1nd soli\\?uc paclagcs arliiahle lirlsllrdcir lr\c in T/D \r!kl ls thc lihlarv ilutoLualcd. inLl iir. jtsfiolcliugr lcccssihie on linc llncliri|irs likc lircic cnn ha utc.i to initialc cr)nvarsiltions \\,ith

1)r1. \ .(lvjsur Also. it is h.:lptul io 1l!lk about such Llucsli{)ns \\,ithslLr(irrrli 1'\h0 hil,.,c I'tadltl)' c('trl)]eldll T/Ds srrcccs:lirllr', lt is ;!g,lrr5tc(l lhili rotcs br lalirlr illtd sLUlltliaies rviUe;r llier rliseLtssit.,Iswith l;rcLrlt,- rrnd ttudrnls. Thc ntort cl:L|ificatiari ot)c clrn I,hlain iltliri\ 1).inl- th. rrure likr:lv on,.: is to avoid clilliculti.s in thc lLrlrrr.c.MAKI A PERSONAL IIMI LINEA rL:alrslic tinre line projcclioD is ilDllcrati\.. lt hclls kccp the lroj.rtor1 cours!. and il cncour'agfs tlisciplincd usa ol lilna. \lor-c|r,cr. il isl cornnrlrriClljOn tool $'ith thc ar.l.:isor and colnnlittcd llt.nlh{tr\ ltallowj an:!d\irot lo laact to anr{ l0 hr awarc ol tire j1 del1l s ()f(iarlvlpfroa.h OLrr sirdss ou lhe valuc 01'usiltg:r Iinte lilc is rtinliuced b,-W. Ci. []Lrrr,,n itnd RLrdtlsline (li)9?). q,ho ursc thc usc ol tirne Iincsto itrlp irrprove thr'!ljce{i\.encss ancl thc eflicicnel r)l il(iliruccd \lud\in s$.'ral itnri thd diss.tr{lliorl phase itr parli( UlitrIhr l/l) tirrrt lirc 1lrir. I-l) carr bc lrsrrl as js or it(lirlrlltj. jh.ilcli')n jloinli uiii,v ltoatl lliillor iLllcralioits lo laLa lhenl ntittch lhc

Studeir's name: Dak ioiliirrediS trp .\cti(,r poinr, 'I imcesiimate Drle

sr:.Jlion o{rd!isorL S,.iriril D()::niral rot:c{s) (c i:d.,isor) !rLrli\.e appr('uJ oi i()pic bv rdrisor.1. il'.pirthenn) apnrovaL of !c\ls.'r lnd ropi(5 il,:Lectior of olhcr conimiitr. Dr.rnbersa. Dcpallrrrcnla] apr.ovrl i)1.onnrrlec?. i)rrll ol f.ofas:rl revrelrei hy advisor to shora.rulfijiitcc rnar.b.rs3. i'r+!.321 dmii cleered by Nd!isois \'l.r:rrng:r $irh irdrviCL:al conln{tler rrrdfirberr iDraomment on troJrs:r:llr. Consid.r ai;ors !'i.orrniiie. rr propas;ri \.'itl) id!iso.'i r.:.r . .., .r.Lrs'r!.(:r.un, tr

ll. Approrlrl ofprcli()sel docLrl'enr by advi\or indii!til{i0nil iurn:tn rLbl.rls r.'re\' b.ardi:l ir:lpasal ..rn:ftrirr.c ne.rnq.1 Finrl apprdvsl of froposrlI 5 Eeqinning nf Jrcsisidi!ser:hr()r jlrd,vi6 lralires. r.!or! rc i,lv;s,r .rd conr'lira..i." Adj!stnlen!s rr rtud),p.o:.ilui. rippro!d bvadriso./c.rnrllluccl$ (:i,ntlefinn cfsr dy9 l:rsr d:ai ri.olrrllcled ilre.rs,disserlericn.xriltenF:rst i::]:i o: thcsis/dii:.rr1l;ur lyped in cdrrcc!i lle!icl! ('f fir(r irt-l firir idlisor for (orrecrrol!alorre.tea first dr:]1i aiplnved bv ri,,isori Clortur.r.r firsl dr.Lit sutrn:rrtsd to cc,rrnixee m:Llberl.1 lrdrrirlual rn{crviJvs wiri r.nrn!rtrc mcnrersDrscu.!roo r!iih ,d: iror nr inlegrare cnnJriltec .onlnerlri. ACvis.'i.1'Df0vl]L,)[ rhr;r!.sI I,id.l ..ty ol rhesrs/disser latlor lLj con]lrr!ttec. 0rri icfc se rrr,':,ri,D,l. (lolTc.tior as ip!.rt:ed bt/ crn)mjtce

Chapter 1

:

,[;rI

:,I igr'r L l- I ; h tJ,. r Jr rl ,r, r' ri., . .rn.

',,,...i1 \.,.rr.l'r \j.,:: \. L 1.,. r:i. \....\.rt, \.\ i l.rN. .l :ri,!i..r trt.ir: \.1i\. : \,!!1,:: r1,|i


16/178


17/178

!=:v,F,r:T".-!gF^r n ? {i"- 5 Fs}'s!f!FT=E. r.*"+"fq!lul!Fq1!FlF!+sE!ffi4f?qT.q!vq!{!E|Fgrff-F,Crllinil SLirrlc.l 9

cctronic Coff municnlion Itiquette-llhe deep ilirso!l:rlio11 in ourr's ptohleln lbste,re(l h\'1hr dcru (li (r1'r'r:s('arch rloL:s not quelify:is iln c\clt\c lbr ni'{ Jll:tijtlainil)g otnttlci\ility a]r(l !liqL,!:Llc. J'his rpplits lo b{rth studcnls iind lircuit_v in thcirr l.'rr I "itlrIr'.tlt. ll.:t, r,....r,,1 :r..,'.t' . .licr'rasingl\.. .oilligrs ir!1tl univcrsili."\ ar,: lrublishrng policy riilt.ilcnl! oD ci\.ilit! ir1 dis(ouasa. tiebato. lntl odtcr llar.,.on-tt]-porsotl inlrrallions. lbcsc h:r!c s|ccial ut.ril for iircslillillor\ caucht up i th{loltln-irlonsc .rrotional aird prcssurc iillcci atllosfhcrc of T/D rvol.L.Scrtsihir guidclines li)r clcclronicallv DtcrliitLlc.l intrlilction\ iu.Jli)!nd ir'r 1ir. !urr(rrt (llJthl eriition ol 1.,riqrrc,rir,, t!tt; Blte lt,ttk rl So.ldl {itd.i. {Posl, l9rf). EliLlucttc conti]lues kr bc dt,fined as l cotiLol lr.h.r\,ior hiisi'11 or thoughtlulucsri rnd conri(L:riltir)n. l)iuticularlvrflc!ilnl loI. ll)a trttrdem r'isriir'cltct is Posl s sr:c]i0n on rtl,rclrLlrli( (1)rlr)Irriaitlio . A coinLu.L r,.,rrLrl. 'nclique1le,'co\icr\ al)l-]lot-rliltld hrlrit!i(nin irsir: tlr. lrrtcfrlfl tor ali)' nLl).The Ternrinologv of T/D \ /ork f{eeds to Be Defincd-lrr-rrirckrgv ir higlr.:r cduciition is nr-'t starrdatlircil. llrr ci:linirionslllill li)llo!v do howcvrr-. rdoy lolllnlon uslue.lirr.rir: lhc lhcsi\ is thr proLlucL of a schoiirrly anrl prolissiolal\ludy 11 thc lurnt.ns o| tlic master's dcgt-cc lrvel. lt is usuallv a doc -rnlrfifi in a ii)rnliil ltnd slylc spccii'itd bv the laniculur unjvcrsitvlSr)lnlrtlr)1.!. lhisis is rcgarddd lts a \)n()nr-tn lit "dissrrlttir)n. i hillis arccptlhle. trut ut clcr'f to link dlesis u'ilh hol]or-\ (r'ollslcr's dt,lrca slu(!c5 lul(l disscflaliolt lvith thc doclorala.J!)r!scrtnriott: 'fhc (lissefirtior) is llre product of st0rlent \r!rk ill thldoclolrl k:rel, distinguishcd lrorn liresis sludy chiefly b,"- i1s .lccpL'r.

10 ChiitJtrr 1rllola cc Jnpl L'hLrn:ri\:!, xnd tuorc lnlurc pr'olcssionul arcl schohrlllfoalol.Dl ()1 lhc :ubjcclI'rol),)\al: l\ ptoIosli {svrrorryrt'rc)u\ with '(r!ervjcr,.") i:j :t \\,r'llt.jnlLan lol a th.rsis ol li)r a diss.rlilti(11 dovtloF,t.l by i! rludo')t lor corrsitl.rillion and ]ro:sil)l,r appfl,\'al hv n'Ill) colIMiLl..r.'t/i) ( otru)ru,,< 'l l)c l'll) conllniltcc is I silrrrrlr oi lacultv ntctrlbcrs,usrrulh ai Ica:t Llr!. li)r {hc lh.sis rnrl lirLrr lr)r thr' diss.rtation. rt,sponsibl. lir rs\i:1i { lh. stlltl.nt in plilr1niug il llrollr)sirl. Ior (L:t(r-rniniuS i' ir is e|flrrvablc. lor gLri(Lirr3 thc \lrliijtt iit tl1! itn(luc1 ol-Lhl \tuLl)'a d in prcparing tlt,j l/D. nlld 1rrI cxarrrining titc sltclcnl illlhc rnrl ol th! p()rcs\1/l).,\riui.r,,t: Ihr' i/l) advr:or is tltr ilcuhy ntcnhir olllr.jirllr dr.s-igrtltrd lo clrlir Llio'll1).onlniill!rc and l{) halL'L:jtirl rcsl-ron:ihrlitvlor ll[ \1Lr(l(lrl'\ !r]i(lilllec i'r itll rniltt.rs tllro0gh tlr., J.rroaLss: sr]rlt!r-lirn0s irlso (irlicd tlld lesclf(h tdvisot: oot nccd\rr 1v tha sl!rlc t slcerlcrttic adr isor''111) (ltc;tp(t\.,: ']'hc(hairprrsol anri lho 1/D advisor ll]a! bf tltl:si1 i. frcrsr)D r)r lh.! tlta}- hc l\l,{) dilliirrnl pc:lrsolls. ln thc iatlar (a:t.lht i.]ltlir'Jrr'rsor hlts pt-irtrarv rL'sl)(}n\ibilily li)r (r)n\,aning ri)cclings o1'tha ronllDillcr. rn,rniloring ntatlor\ ol rcgulalion anLL ploloc()l lhatne.'rl to hc obr,.r'rtrl. :rntl drs!rrinq thal th,. studrnt \ righrs and lrriii,lcgas r d 1l}():rr ol rilc tlcult) lll.lr!bcrs lltc undcNtood nllll notlblitlgcLl. "l'hLrr. the resear.h t(l!i\or hus i)riLtrary rrsponrjbilit) lorglririirlg tlr( \tu(lrrt in th. coDducl r)l thc stuLly and in tht prafnrftonoi tlre l'/D (locurncnt-(;tLtli tt( 0llit.. -Ihc gr-aduatc ol'licr is thl univtrsily olli!. \\ilhr.js|o \ihilily li)r irsuills. irrplsrrdntillg, lurd intctprcring rag!1.rlion\ahout thc T/D, such ts ltrnts to bc uscd, lirnc.ch.dulc ol rv0lls, arldslyjc suialc!. -1hrs oflice itbo !rsuxiiy htrs rccord nltiutenaltce li0tc-ti(-rns. F.r th. Ili)nols thesis. thc ahovc lirnrtions art risui lv lolai.d iltlh!'ollr!. ()l tl). dran ol llrc honrfs collegc.,\\titi.htr.


18/178

Csllirrg SlnrtrLl t 1l'). :rlr,r nlu r. r. i. \,,.11 r. r" r.,,r,. r, I J.t lo .u.h frui .i, l,l ,r..l,lras c(lucalion. iaw. social \!ork. Dursillg. tnd rltgiDctiring. ln ruanv icx,icons. lhesr: hrrrlirs of linowictlgc al! citllcd "discipiin.s." ln ordtr kJclaril\, | (lislirlctiL)11 thirt is groitltdeLl in a rcal diflircncrc. \\,c ret,jrsepamtrlv to thr -acadcnrjc' disciplines anci thc 'profcssional" riisci-pliues. r)s in Fis. I 2.TItc pclson traincd in au acldrrric discipline is nllster of a largeand invol\.cd. bLrt unili,.:d. body ol knor.r,k:cite and is prirnarilv intt,r-csted in a(l.iing to dlat bldy ol conttitt. Th. person lr-i[ued in ir Fro]is-siolal discipiiuc. o!r lhc othcl lrand- is rrrasr.:r' ol clivrlsified inforrla-tion alld conccpts lhat locus on thc.lfici.ot ancl cflictilr cuncluct olSorrrc oPc]ation, slclt as tcadrin.s, lrcating an illni\s. tr\,ing n casc incoLr . or rlcsigning ot {lir.cting plavs So. it is .easonablc l(J 0xp.clthal T/l)s done in thc ac:ldelnir rliseiplincs anrl tht plnli,ssional disci-plines r.vould dillcr.

12 chapter 1Clraracteristic Similaritics and Differen{es Eeturren TIDRcsearLh in Profcssiorral arrd Acadenlic Disciplincs.!r/rrhrlitlt,.!: Thc santc thrc.: alantaltts Lr:il hc frc\(:lt in ail accqtt-lhle T/ll ivortrl in bolh th. prolossional n,td thc acldlrnic disciplirrcs:origirulily. inclivirhrality. a|d rigor. Ori!in:lli1\. l)l.i|)s lhal lllc r.-scuelr h;rs nol LrccD (Lone bclorc in rl-rr'slttlc \\itv. Il is rxrd lo find aloli( lhal has no{ brcD rrs.alchr(l hlilc trr sorli: \rxtrnL aDd by sollt.,lproacLlulr. So" origildity Llocs llot nlaan thi{ lhc ra:earah qulstionsol h],1)l)thrsr5 arc cntir.l\r nc\, lnst.ad. thc origjialit\, (riterion is lnctjl lhr \luLtcr)l coolilluas [r] !tud] an ilnrcsolv,td prohlctl in a \!ilr- lhatis subslaDljlllt (iiilerent lioot |rior afprlnchcs tD(l tiut has l rei$oll-:rbI p|ospcct ol'addjng lo itn !ir)dr.stal]diD! oi the pr.oblcur. Also.rq)lic:rlion ol- p[ior rescarch nrccls thc Lrriginlllly cri1.i(,n il li'aturr':irrrc adtlL:d to thc rcplicntion thai ntiik! it porsihlr lo .hcck on th(IrLrc,:rhr|cs a tl lindirrgr of 1hc .:a|licr slu(ly. Ilius I)iLLin! ihe rLrIlica-lio uL()rc mcril(niolrs researclt lhiu thal t!i)licatt(1.lr(liVidualilv rlerus thal lhe slud! is concci\erl, (onduct&1, tndrcp,rrtid prinrulily h ].- lirc sludcrll. lLrpics rrray oll.n b. sug!r,.i\t.d byotlrr:.,\l:o. adlisors nlity h.lp in thinliing through thc c{)nc.ftr nJldlirc proceilurcs 1() ht Llsed. 8ut, thc chicl clccisions aboul u,hethet 1()rtnrlv th.' lollic. ho\\ t0 stud\ it. aDcl lrow to r.porl it Inust be niadc.r.rlionalized, lnrl dcllndcrl by thr'stuLkn1. \Vhrn orrr'applies thr'incli-\.i(luxlilv critcri()n, il is diltlcull r() iLrcltl]l a TID th.l is sinipll a piccr:ol" a large reseerrh Pr


19/178

Cetlillg Sl.r crl 13Ihe inrlivirluaiitl'. originalitl. aud Ii{ur critcria uo .onrr(i11 l.cLl-uisitcs 1ir. in\cstignrions in both lhc ac:r(lJtiic and plol;ssional rlisciplinr\. cv.n lhoush r.s.arch in Lh. lwo Lir(ls ol diseiplinos rla1, rlillcrnr licdl] olh!r'q i\o And, tbcr. a|L-- r't'al rlifie|enccs h()th in oirjccti\usand in proce.lurcs. as alabaratcd in lhc narl seclion- N'let1y sludrnlsalld Lllcul{}, ficflbers llkc up \!'orl irr prolcssiol]al scltools llier'sludv tnd ox1)orirncc iu acai:lcuric di!cil,.lincs. l-or thcm. cspccirlly-, ls\vrll as lbr I/ll sludcltts irj sirneral, it is valuabLc lo co rl.u! a|Llcurlrasl rcs(l!ch in lhe Lwo sclti11gs.l-){ispitr' o\crliip in {hc lopics slUdicd. wc htvc louud sr!cpojnls un which lhole ar1: conc.'illuxl u. illlnlinislriLtiyc djllctclecs iscclrig l-.1).'lb rrekc tlrr diffircnccs .xplicir, rcad itcrr I Lrrdcr "i\ca-dLrnjc Disci!lline I{cscarch" ard iltdrl iL! r I unclcr "Prolc:siLrnal l)is-cipiinr' Rcscarch. Notc thc conrresl. Thtn. do the slotc throlrsh llicsc\rl-lr-ilc1r1 lisls.lhesr strcrr (onlllar-isors shoul(l hclP sludells aurl lirctrlly rrrr:rl-btr! lo (1ltly thcir thinkirlg.ls \.\,r'll il\ Lo t(c{)!rni,/.. urxl rrLirruliz,:tlrr rljllL:tlner:s l;slcd. ll shoILd bu L:r,irlcnt thirt thcrr is rto rptcialllua]ll1 itt lrtv I/D \!rl( lh[1 doer llol hlvc ll\ roolri i]l thc:,rrcial-pr(llissioriLl lnis!ion it is illtcrrdcd 1o sllppo and Ii)s1ct -ll]us. Lh.

bcltct onc untlcrstanils thc srrcial rolLt ilnd filnftir)n ol ir lltolc\ri{)n rJIall a(itlLrmic (lisciplinc, lhc hctlcr prjparcLl ona i\ lo condlrct or dircct'IlD \1u(1,' \\.i1hi il.Nolr rlso that. wrtbm d probssiontl distqrlinc. thcrc rr:r] be(lislillclions brluccn "a||liecl or pritcliee,ot-ienl,r(l' T1D and 'th,:o|cti-cll or tonecpl oricntcd" T/I)s. Nol,ir /llr, lirrk, ir) ilscctlili \,ihcd1crvotlr sdr()ol rn dc|anntcDt \ialues th:! (iiJIitlctjon a d Wliel it tnightt)l!i t ft'f v{ru.'lhe neril sccli()l1 lums to the f0]lorvinlt rluestio s: \\'hxl llctorsgo logcth.' 1{) ,)rakc ull ii high-qualily'l/Dlr lftx! eall slLl(lc ls lnatclhos. l l.k)rs r)plrntionitl in gctting slan.rl on thcil own worllCHARACTERISTICS OF HICH,QUATITYSTL] DINT RISEARC Hln r lhcs;s (1r di5scrliltir)n. i1. is th. inlcgrit! and ()bi(cliVil! ol thcin\csiigtlor Ihlll co!nl n)sl. Tlr.::c ititcria prt\itil rcsiltdl!.sri ()i Ihc

Ar-ea oi diffcrenr:e .A(idcrri( dilLipl:ne rescrrc:'Purlose oI lhc\atrre cf rhepmLrictns

Urho n1ayapproveacceptanceoia T,rD

Criieria ior3sscssnl8 lheworih of!h.Rcasots 1,rr Sarh-crint knorvladge1l!rougli rcsearrhfosition on the

It.ihod$iogyaccrptablc

The aluef purpos. is to incrense knolriedge rI3 partic{rlar discitlirary field.The rc'pics studied arc clearl.v linked roother probltms prcviollsly $tudied witlri theDrcscribed n d ncadcilically .ecoqoized boundsolihe disciplinc.-lb]]s. a physicist o. philosophermighl say oi a proposed lopic, 'lntrrcslirrg, bul jtisr!'t drysrcs (or philosophlr)," end flrlly xpe.t thata greilt mejority ol colleeguet r./ould ag1ee.The vorrtr rrl a thesis or drssertation is a$te$scdchiefly on the trasis .rf the aarounl it advances[rlolvlcdgc, c]trrifics or adds to a theory. orstiI}1ulatcs further investita!ioI:.Knn\rledge is accrucd for irs ol1'n sjlke.

J. Matters of valJe are deliberalelv esriherved.ercept as pri:lary dara. The objc.tiviiy ol the{cademic scholar is moJl closclv tied 1.:) d!'aling$,ith conceFts. ideas. anrmatc or inanirnatc objects,rlalarials, documentg, and evenls

L

.1

)-

3.

6 Exch acadeI.Ilic disciplinc has cartain.e,qpcoihods. loqiliII]ized by lhe po$er thcy ha!,shorvn in helping lr.coeer or prove malterslmlortance to the discirline.wrtress theg\leriment in chcmistry or th. dig lius anol_vs;sacd docunlenlalion in at.haeallogv or ph!sicalanllroloiogy.7- Thc thcsi"' or disscilalion is srLbmitted tojudges l-ron withii the discipliire The candidale scxan]inetion $ay be relatively lulrlic (*ithin thcaire univeKity communil)), bul i1s approlal ordisapproval is in the haflds of three or four mcm

bers aftbe disciplil1e, I)".rbaps wilh onc addilioralvoline examioer fiom a closely relaied disciplinc.^a ornFxrc *hh l:ke-numbered stalemenrs undcr "Prot-essjonai discjpline rcseerclr"in lccond laft oi ligurc.

Figure 1-.i l)i.lirx]ioIs bi.tw(rr) rir\.rr.ll irr ilra(l.t)lic (lisclplinL s and |ro,Ir''\i,Joirl ilisciplillr,\1:il

?

: 1i\:.r.ilr 1r.rr1r..:.ri :.r:l trtlo:;. li!:r i, I rri:..r,, \,.,i \,rL'!,,1 \rr1,'t lrl) r


20/178

Cellirrg Slnrte I{;,S. ic rii/ (Nalj(n1rl ,,\eaclcrny ol Scicrcts, l!39). alld 'lltruLing l'aith''(ilool ll,jrlslcin. lqS9).Fjmlly. high-qualit) r.srar'lh should hc chanctcdzc(l by flrhiiclltion. Olhrrs dr\rrle:tccess r(, ir.)th the fil1(lings:!r1(ltlre tretltori usedlll lh. invesligalio| Wc cali illtclltion lo PUblicaljon norv becausc rveagrcc rvilh lr4elo"- ll(102), who sngscsls th.1 pnblicilti('u collccms necdto []c rddrcssrd r]rLrclr earlier than rh,.:y usulllv aic in llrc T/D lt'scarch1rr{,c.\s l\(c ('haftcr l(i).What ls Hi6h-Quality Dissertatioll or Thesis Researchli{c\ciuch cnnn(}t tiik. lhc place ol lhougbtl'u) rcllt.lion aD(l c!cnIrirrirlerl cleliberatiol. llescarch c:tn producc llcts aud ideas that. inturn. rin llcl thou.-ghl. Rescarch can hclll llrc in\csligalor lo iilrow$'hrtilrr nll rrl{\:rnl n)irltars :u. llaing c(nr\irilrrcd rn the slLrd), of apr(|l)lcr1l Ilul. r'csclreh itseLl (h)rr Dr)l prr)ducc soluliol)s. llLlnlirnth()uglll--nol rcstarelr is llrc sorctrj!tr l)r'(ll,lailr solvcr. Orrlv wftr'rtlliougiil is iippli.d tu the irli)irluliLru uuelrthtd Lrr'rcscatcii is il proba-hla lhirt !dlid. r.ilirhle. and op[rnlio,rall\'usL''lirl oulcorttcs een bc txp,:,:tetl. 1'hus. lhc qurlity ol an in\'.sligll,r)n is r Ilnclion l)oth ol 1hcr'c\cirrch dl:!t hxs lrcen tkrDc anrl ol thr hunrrn coenition that has bcenapplieil ir thr proccss.Somc eonsirlcr thiLl llrc lerur;r,rr,irirlr shoulcl be aP|licd oll_'- 1or !dr) rralriclcd l'ornr ol conlrollrd, J\l)frinlenlrl sci\rrliLic inrluir-vJIII. tlilll l1()inl ol r'ic\ harcs oul rl)ilil)_ il1rl)ortant rtalitits in tht prolcssions Also. thc ir1\,esligirLiorl\ ol hisl(,riarls. ilnth.()polollisls, oI socirrlogists u'ouk1 lt.!lu.nll)' noi qualil-v lor lltc liLlc rcs.rar.h undcr lhalrulc. ror rvoirkl Driury ol th. srurlics iu thc afls and in lit,,:ratulc. lhoscwho invanl nc\1, tlrcorirs, llr'w l-r!J'choso.iill rlrailsures. nr\{'toLhnrqu'js'Jl irlslruc{ion or who tlrsign nrw eurricula {r rlo qualilulivc tc\cat..hwould oitcn hc excluded. t(x), (icspitc lh. lact that thcy rnay enlpi{)y!cly sophisticalc(l p!occdures leariing ro ol)jccli!e evxluillions ol whalthey do.

ll lh!: l!:I]n acsc rh is t) br usc(l nrlranilrgllr llv itt lltr conlcxl oi-'llD slrrdr_. it rllust cncor[pass not onl! a()rlrollad rxpcrinllil]tati(]n,bLrr llso nrlrr\ lddjtiorrirl J!rrrs of pluurrttl. llrouchlhrl. il)\'.-{liglli!,cJclilili.i- lhe clcl-inition shouLl br btrurlly itrclusirc. elrcourasins lull

Chnpter'l

Prt,:cssrontl drscrprirc resea:chl. The alllef pumores are irniold: :o i cr.asc knou.ledqe abou! a mafter

relevanl !o thc pnl]ri.e ofdre Frolessjon ard 10 reiflforce {re ilt1iludt !fus;rg obieclive a'ld syste ratic approaehes io proltem soiving.Ihe p.ob'ems stuCied lay rangc anywhert ifl il\a raelfi of hunlar corr,cens as long as:he! also ha\,e dsnorNltaled ;trplicatrons for societ.;-5profcssional enterpriscs.The wo h oJ'thc T,T) islud!:*d nlxl]ri;v by tie pciien{ial applicalions ofih.results and conclusjons in professiorirl pmcticr- and kno*lcdge.Xnorvledge iJ acc;1led to \,alrd3te or lo brinll i]rlo quesiion aspects oi lrrofessional prartir:c, ta crcate hcficr practices. and, gc,ncrall-v, {o foster apdguide the improvenlenr ofthe prolession md !is selvices.Borh mafiers olslrbslance and oflalue can b. lefiitirnat'ard neccssa6,topics oL inquiry: soma(iiles !{luas !rr' thc ijss{:nliel data subje.tcd tosludy.Methods c'f invctligalion usd are invcnted or adnpted to sui': the prob,lens that need to be prob:d- lnvestigattrs frcciy bororv procedL-ires iionthe academic disiiplincs cr lioni eiher prolbJsioml disc iplines il ihcy seg11to have paomise.The acceplahiliry of '.hs tlicsrli or diss.rliti(,] i.ljudqed b,*- nrenrbels oi $eprofession x,ho have bzcklaorinds consonnnl ltrith the:opic oithe jnvesri-gatilDr. Also, it is p.e\ aillng !ftrtice ro invirc thc parlicipalioll oi:ipeciil-ists irom academic ciscrplines or o!he. profesaion^l iisciplines +h15gcompetencles bar esireciaily oo the iopic. ;\pprirval is uually by a :13-jori8 r,ote of dre riur or jive examining conmi$:c members who are qLsogradLrate 15cut1! nrerllbgrs of lhe itnrve,-riiv.

l4.

6.

'7.

tigure I -3 (c0nlinurd)lbrrl of iIvcslig:rlior'] or xnalysis us..l. //rr.rg,-ih is shown whc'n clgyyconlponenl oL'thc slrdy i! carricd oul rvith scluprrltrus hoDcsly. l.I1etritr'ttutr lrrt,Ij. tt:r't' rlhl i{ rllL ir', li!,xru, r(('\!r}i1.\ ar)d. r.much as possiblt. s.ts lsidc pe$onill intcr.sts and dcsircs ald ruaintains a steady strtc of a(ldcnic r.)r'proli:ssiorll inquiry iioln the bc-liiruinlt 10 rhc cDd of lhc proiccl.I:,,r';r ,l lrrrtrr.. ,rr:rl, r. ... I r..* ir'rl, rrirrr (,,|l..l.t\ $,. tj(,, rnrend threc !\,orks: l/*irr. iti S,i,nce {Sigma Xi. l99l). On Brirlg l

\ .r.,i it .:r r: r!.:'r)lj!!dt,r.\r.,rt.!.!.f, \::t \Lr j,.:t trt i) ,.,'r,.,.,.,.,,.-..r.,.,1,1,''".,"1L ;l;;1,. W>


21/178

Ccilirij S(,!rted 17riir ol llIc ilbilitv iurd Lli. cr,lirli!ilv of thc studcri r!nd the rdvisorIhr lirllo$,ins d:filrilien ol r.\.arclr bcsl acconrnxrrlal,t5 thtsc n.:r'.ls:''l)ilisant anri s)'ttcilllic ii]tlrirv or in\,fstislLiun inLr) iL suhi.ct in ol-(iar t{) alisc{rver or IL'visr li]cl\. thclri.-\. applicetiolls. rlr. iljlc\ncr,193?. n. l2l9). lt is onll litling lhal tirc sp.citic nnlurf ol T/IJ \\,o1k,lun(i how reseurch is tltlinerl, slroulLl rle1lr,-rtl on thc Lird\ ol pr',:rblerlstlrxl ncr(l to hr invrsligirlr.l lo .nhancc tlrc pirliculnr ilody ol Lno\\l!(l!. r)l (oncern in clcir dirciplilL.Nrr one reselrrch ilplttoar'li ir irthrrcnllr bellcr ll)an altothcr. lhthar',lhfrc ira rcscarL.l) rnclhodi thal rniltch sorltc lltoblc!l)s lrcll itnd olhcrspootly lrot' !\!rt\llc, rolal! liLrlrlrs iulrijng srprr!i!or\ probably rlrrbt siLrrlicrl ln0rt adcquattll' tl'r|outh pollinr:. clitirxl in(iricrlls. r)l casc|rlurlir! thirn h), olh.r lD.rlhorh ll lhe qir(sli{)n is th..llcctilLntss r)l'ru utv, or nrodiljccl l]'alllr eunlft)l ty-\lctu, il is pi()bllrly b.sl iiffrclirdllrrough al c!illutijo prorfdut!. For r{rcisions xbout iong-ru1!ebrrilrirrtrl progrirrrts. crjrlrparilliva llnitneial fr{)jaclionr u,t(1 :tnalv\e\i)lx\ bc inrllo(a!]1 clnitihuling sludics Rcsca|ch ahrrut chilrg,.rs ir r)ro-llr alron o. ?rhoul i rpro!(rrr!'r)l irt lrurtrirrr skillr rrrav h,. h, st LrnrhrllrlL nrhr'rLLgh rpplirrLl behlr'ior analr:si: (, (rlh.r Ji)rrn! r)l e()ltlroJlf(l cxl)ari0tcnlalion- llc:rar!hcrs r)!:c(l all li[n]s ol iI1!!iiLjglliol]. rrl'rd 1oi.\pcal thclr cquilll), anal ncc(l 1();rltcrnlt lo lirl, ciliill prohlcrrr to lhcr.r.ir.ch efprorch thrr l-Jas thr l-rtsr Iiliclihoorl ol h.lping to aplll! h!,rran lhoirchl 10 sol!a i1.Q L]ALITATIVI RIS[ARC HSluLi0r'rls iud collcaguas hiivrj Lrrscd u\ 1r) ril(l conlcnt ahorrt ilualilalir,crcscarch l() this cdilion.-Ilreir |casorrs rc thc ftrllowi0g: 'l'lre1. lounrlr[ilrl! iissL,eilurs unlilrniLiar wi{h {biLt lbrnl ol re)_carch und its fok:n-tialitirs lb. f/D u'orl; Lhoy wcrc coircrfllLrd irh{)rl possib}c lnisuu,clcrstanclilgs b.lwdcn those whrr usccl qualitirtive an.l quirntjtiltivc al-illolchcs lo inVestigationr: n d lhcy i-roirll.rl out th. in.[asin-s audsl)rca.ling us! ol qualilalilc rcscarch hlyond llic clisciplincs and pro,fissiorls ii \!hicl! tllrl stvb af rercarch hr(l its roots.Tlrost obst|vations seclrdd to.j stil\ drVolins addcd {ttc|fiolllr) thr lrlatt!r. Morao!cr, hoth ol us hrva drr,.ctcrl qLralilaLirt |tsL:archtir T/l)s rnd hlve pubhsired qLulilitili research rJr) trul Lrr.vr flrrrs. it

1B Chaptrr llha lollo\rio-g. ',,.1 .ali ol1 11st-hallcl er|t|iercr as \rc]l NS ol1 r.scarailrnrlho(lology lilrr irl urfThc Naturr of Qualitative Rescarclr()Lrxlilnli\'!) li]!eilrch r.pr_csLrals lhc g.!1(ral nxllr[ 1br a g[o1rp ol in!rs1-igeli!,f l-.r{r(',:(lLrrrJ \!i1h ()n!rlon char:r(t.ristics- Alsu, (lulrlrtrLli\a ir-scarrh is a/iilx/ir'al1 in thr salna 5cll-\c !s olhal rccdgniza!i 1;[r$ oiscicntilic inquir'y'. ]l r.rlirs or1 obscrValion. lt litio\rs th. Irin.iplc llratd\fcric cc. c:|ctialll_ ol tlrc scrl\c!. lbnns Ilic ilrillary iourcc of !rirnlillc linowifrlgc 1l]ogdan |ll1d Uikl.r, l9!)lii Hernrntlez. l!)9(i; Lan.y.1991. Lr ('orlil)lr ct al . l9c)3. Tallor arll Bo!{lan. l99S).Quxlilxli\t r'esear'clt ertcontl,rasses sc\,cril lbrn)s rrl tlrr: inlrstigr.r-tiorr Thcl'rll shxlr lhis cltatactcristic: TIr,r Llilla usa(l do lrol llcaolrnro-dittc rL:ltiilr lri (lLrlnLillcalion. !frrrlicirLi(nr. (ihicc{ilicaljorr. or clrrsilrc|li{)n. }:J(r'itil\i r)l llut, conr]l(rr sltli!Lirirl Ir,)cc(krrrs (xllrol hr Lrsa(llor rlirle rlisplay, or analysis. Irpiell ol such dtrtu nriglrt h. rrlll)r1! ('iIxrtiaipiurl obs,:r|ation ur th. tLrrls oI jr (lcplh iur(i r.lali\(ly urstrur-lrrr,l in'( r !rLr\\'\

lD qLralitii{i\'r invcsligilti()rs. tha tusrrltrelrrr \tr'i!(! Jr)r undcrrlan{li,u r)i 1h. l)hJr()nrn{)n un(l.r sludv. lirr','xumplc. rvh1,peoplc lilit crr'-llirr li)(rrls. irL}\ ir0 nthhlc prti-1arrs li)r oplirrlurlr cr.cijo . ho!! (Jpir]ion!.rhoLrt ;rrlitirll irsrrc: rrc lirr'rrted, irow it letls 1o lt x s(rior cili,.cr.'oJ ho$ lhr0iLt\ iir'a a\frcss(d irr ivlaoii cultillc. l"ha r(:srxr!liar kael]sdr'irrilcrl rr'c,r11is i){ .yanls ]1cirnl. srrn- rair(1. ltrll, r)r olhc|\\is\r n!)lirad inlr\pa(L lo fllc lol)i( or siloiltion Lrndcr sc llint. I'ha iln rlry ohjicli\,r isl,) rai,r lDowlltl!,: {diila) lroill llra subjccl s f|arrtr: ,rl-rr:frlrneeS.curills arcuratc ilrtbnnirtior lboLrl l0cling5. s.rlsiii\. behav-ior\. iur(l (llher p -iontl cxlcricn(cs is crilicill in llriutv arcirs r)l aa-s.irch. h hirs hr'cn lrisloricllll dillicull to obllin unbiasctl and lirllre|ons lidrr resrlrch sLrbjcos i!bL'ut. 1i)r exrnlple. their pain, nrood.|cr\oni1l rnd socill histurl, r)r .lictary llallils. -fccluricl0cs har,t l-rccrr(icvclopld in lhc l sl l;\.., deca(les lr) inutrvc thc r-cliabilitv nnd accr-riiLy i)i sall-rcpotl alld ollsct\rcr l.(|pori: qualilllivc lcsarrch slu(li(rsoli, rr r['prrrd ]rlN'ilv on such mcllxnLs. Such rlala tlt.:rt ronlrihul!r lolLr: crllLllrlrrrn rr1 hypolhr:rcs or i]lltr!'crrtir]ns rlnd 1(] lhe d.!,(:loprncnlrrl theori.:: or l)log'roslic ir)dicJlors Nh y rcsrrlchIr\ ar. rh!]n(l]

l ri \:.!: .rr 1r r,.. \r,:! i \,1! \'r.:i. lrlr :,t:=J

:' ,ri:r, !!f:r l!.rJr Jr1\i't.\!n1,':r *r I. t!-rtJti IN-ln


22/178

Celling Sla.tsd 19lrrr,r. l ,l:,,:,bl ul,olrr |'I..!:rIIiI'.: 'lui'l(rli,'j\-. rn,.'hurl. ul irr' .lr-,rir.'n.Thcreiil,:. x usclul way 10 dciinr rjurlil ivc lcscfich is 1o liichlighlhorv il corDpl:cs end conlrasts !\,ith tha motc t:liriliat quantitaliyc plocedurcs. In thc fitlo\\,ir1g, \\:c arnplilV nDcl extend til. (listirlctionsrnad. by ford (1997, f. 46) in an articlt aiDed ai psychologists.Distirrclions Eetween Qualitativeand Quanlit tive ResearchL Qualitativc l!'saarch rclies on (lcduction- lt rcachcs conclu-sions by rdasonirg or inl!. itlg fro]x generai prilcilles to llar-liculiirs. Quarlrililli\'. lt.srruch r.lirs on induclion. airi!i g alsenelirlizlliOlls b!, c,lllectut_L, exartinittg, iuxl ao:tlyziug sltecilicinstanccs2. Qualitltivr r.serrch rcquiras th{ i'1!cstjgalol lo tngag. $ilh tltcpcr!()ltt, itvcnls and ilrbicnco \ludicd as dn intagral ITil ol thcslLrdv pri)aass. Irl()sl oliLtn. quantilati\rc rasaarch eillls lrtr tlro in-

\ estigill0r to r.main ticlacllcd.-1. Qualitalivc rasaarch olicr\ Iurticular !alur in thc proc.:ss ol er'1,L:r_illing na!v conacpls oa thcorirs. Quatrtitativc rcscareh fi)cuscsInore an thc lcslitlsl ol cxi\titlg thcrrfics of scneraliz:rtirrns4. Qualitiltiv. rL-'s.lrch scck\ to prolidc luil antl accurate clcscrip,tiens ol l.tr!nomer^ itl r]l therl contplexity. The aill ol quantr{:},livi: rcscarch is {o rrrcal or cslxblish causd-aud-cllcct rrlaliolt-ships in or anrong r:xpr:ricncrs oa occlrrrcnca:!.5. Qualiiilivc lcscrrch irturpls lo discovcr and Jhow lhc assump,Li(,ll\ Illrt nl]riLirlia f\r.D]\ ol itcliot)s. Quantitatirc rcscarcli liFausgs rnolc on tastlr.! tha ullcliltion of assulllptions.Qualitativc tusci!ch us.s n:llural s. ings as prinurl dala. Quali-laliv. studius rlciil tr]ailrly wilh stattrncnts atld qu.stir)n5 eouchcdin qorcls and rvith dctailecl clcscriptions ol settiltgs and cvcnts.Quanlilalive rescarch col:illuels or colttrols setlings atrd dealscl)ielly \\,ilil irnroLrots illld nulrhets ils plimary dirta.Qualitirtivi: rosearch bclit)s rviLh broad qucstious or problslnsa,){l nlta!]rl}ts to niITow lhcut. Quilntjlalivc rcsearch slatls withrlx ow or slecillc phctrontana lnd atlctnpts 1() rclale th.tr toolhcrs a! bujldin:l bloclr to illunLiuatc largcr ltril !rs.

20 chapter 1ri Uurl t:r,i., J.+Jlil,tlL ,,,l,.rrl ril,.rr,r'll .l.trr-,1," irnll ur)iqr,ncss. QuirlrlilxLiv. r'ts('itrch cncout.llgcs stu(lyinc IarsL] snrllplLrsand plizcs lf pr'arLrrlali!ancss9. Qualitrti\,e r'csclr'ch cousidem the co tcri 01-words iind evLjllserr irrttgr:rl Jrart ol thc pfinrarv (lata. Qllantitati!e research teDds1o delcte conlc\t ol tigl)1ly colttrol i( k) lniniurize the inilucncL:

of all;ctivc nuiinccs.10. Qualilari!e rcs"-areh dcpcnds o tlloroughnoss and rli.:pth ol rr-ponirg t) d.lndNtrule sigltjl'icallcc. Quantitutivc rcscalch uli-lizcs slalislicill anallscs, pailiculall), crrrpLryirtn ptobabilities. 1odcllrdnstlilta si gDilicarlcLr.Irlorll lllc iih{lvc cofil)alisor)s a (l conlrasls, iL l}ccollcs e!,i(lenl

1at clualitatile rrs.ar.lr lrls a distincti"-c characlrr llow lhc ll)iqltrallrii\ttcii Df (lualilirtiVL: l!sri{!h otighl h.sl \crvc thr T/D studenl'spulpost sluruld hr rcsolvL C in discussions rvith th.: arivisor ard rtlhcrswho halt thc rcsponsitTililr rrf gurtling stud.nl roierrch-Rigor in Qualitalive llesenrchInr'cstigutot-s ur,irg thc nlora con!cDtiolr;rl lbnL)s of rrtsearch bili!]!ri(hal Ii!:or. or sllicl all(l s.aul,uL)!r! dc(L|tcv lrtl ltot)csty ilt crrlduclingitnrl rfportiog. is illr]slllr1all in part hy scrt|al rrurl.trs.'l'hc lllosl colt]-lron arc cvirlcncci ol virlidily {holh c\lclllal ltnrl inlcmal), r.litbilil-\,.anrl objccti"-ity. Quillitirtivr r.scitr(h has ils


23/178

Cetting Slnrted 2)1sl).(r:lhl! Irosiliorls iir sr.:icncc Otherrlisr, \rc tnight not hr)\,r rfiivcdiLl \uch s(iLrllilically usclirl nr)lion\ as thc color spc(lrurn ol li.ght,biol,)gical tirxirDotlri.s, gauvilv. or'lh( lhaor,\' ol clolulion anri borlicsol LnL)\.lcdgd likc ctrrrolo!.y :r)ld falc()llo1ogy.livcr) thc lnost qualiiatirr'rnd oliccti!c scjcnccs !olllc{i es lateciroces\ questious lhrl cln b.s1 be rtrdre(l bv qil:rlitatj\e rlesigus. Acolrtrllrnorilry e\au1fl\r is tl'rr ec{)logy OI- hu!llilD ColrrrlttliticS. \\,ithsplreial ra'iTrnce 1{' lha pi.rr.irt,eiio'l ol' .nliro'lIllanial qlralil,y {i.r.,i,rir lnd \rirLct llrrough applicatior oi'optirrlrrn c(rls.n,:rlion and ci\rilenrailr\rtr iDs l)r ircliccs.t,lsiug Qualilativc and Q.lartitati!e Appr{,achesilill.'r'rrtces brlvteen rrsearch !lyles do n{)l nacarsaril! nrrk. orc bcl-tar llrirn anothu'. Ila1i1cr, ,rir rtr


24/178

IIII

(i,.lling Slnrtr(l 23( onchsion(.)rrirlilllli!( ra\!:rlr( h (l0rrs lltr,c rttuclt in cQmnion !,"ith irl] othal rc-\r'il'rlr. ll cllls lL)r il \talr!llr0l of thc problcnr, antl a rcscarch dcsignrlllr\t gLridf llle slu(ly l()wxr(i ils lloal: dirtt atr gat.hrr


25/178

Crtlinij Slnrir.l 2S 26 {ltrt,ttr t

i.lr.r ' rir r-.:1jr:..,:.. ,: r...!rr \r, 1,ri \, n 1,"i rrr ,

sher|cn tha rbililv b coni.cl tl'r.oly ard prlcli.c, irdl to r.:lll1a () iticiliabilirl (ClilioI. I99:i)Ln |arf.la'n" r riill!r'\ Lhcsi:i. thc grarlual! \lu(lcnl can prasdrlr\iLlencc {)i lhe c{rnrfatL:rnci..s laquiraal to mrlia u,rl ol ilcceptrLl procd-

dLr|cs ol scholarlr- irrquirr, liLrI ir)slilncc. lhr slllrLrl crn conrbinc (lalillronr prirr1ary at]tl sL:colldar! s('urr.s iulo r rruilic(l ]rlairintirliofl in cor-lccl i.lD{l Ialidallla pr'osc _fird gc!)(ral olI!rcli\'!r ()i thc llusis as l)lin olrri]sltr's dcgr'ac sLLrdy hil\ hr.n slated Js lirllo\ s:It is leasollahlo lo trl]ecl 1ltt1. ii'r ir trlth \r]r oJ lcii(lcnlic \\,otliol rcsf.ctabh qullil\'. ir slu(lrnl \\'ill irirvr' I)il(l an intcllrcLuirlildVer)lure \.\,hich ciio be rlirscrihc(l i]l \\'rililr! .,\n{l such (lcsctil)li(m si\'ci rn !_\lrri(rrc{r u,hich rrill hc ol)ltin.(l in r() olhcr \Nilv'irf it. onc is ir)lrtxhr.rl lr) lhc r .lho(l\ !rIl)l()ya(l irr tlrr lrcquirr-lion. prclriuijli{)lr :urC tlrc xnxly!r\ oI rnrr[rrilI. l)rltnLlin:] Lr|,rrrlhr' fiL:lil rrntl lh.tvl), r,1 (l(:rr.!:1or rvhiihol, ir ir crrrtrlidirt,. tlrisaxcrcisc llulV rcil.:enl il srrltll pi!c. ol r,.:rrrrth, lhi:r)lLrlit) ola colnplc)i lllohlfr)l {)l (l.sign. l crilirlll urrtlcrsllrndinil o, ir sr'al()rrrf knorvlcclgc ol consitlcr-ltbI dirrrcnrionr. rrr criliclrl lrpprrrcilrlion or crerliva \\,ork i1] li[.rJtor. ()r'onL. r)l tl)(] illls. (liclnrl ol'the (:or)r ittaa on (jra(lilirta \\:orl ()i lh. A\!()cilrti() oj Ar (,ricirn [-]llivr'r'fitie.,., qloled ir xnrl a(lil]rl((l llonr 1l,1\:5tIla ill(ntktl alth( Sehool ol ilcl!ic,l1ioi1. llni\.rsr1\ ol l'ilrshurgll. l9S l. l) l{3)

lhis stalcrlent rli(l not .iifflr'entiata ba1q,fell prLrlessronill sehoul uurllcaaicnric llisriplin! rrlilstcr's Irr)iccl!. \olc. Ioo. ils sitrlillaiti, it) \ub-\lanct kJ lhc rltiisiet-\ Ic\eillch relluircr)t\nl lrorn an cDginocrin!.ich(ol rluolcd ilbove (Stlllrl. it79).llclh llrL lutuors a!(l lhc rua!lar's tllrsis ciln srNc IIrcsc furrc-li0ns:l. llrcy eau givr lirst-1rani:l r.\perjcdcr i ronducling inr',rsligationriin(i ean tallii]iarize rlii stn(lcl]t ,.r ith tl're l.ird (]l'el'li)tL un(l il]lcg

lit-v- derranded b), rrstluch. Ihr1. in lLrn..illl lrclp lo Prcpar!: lhr)scwhrt aspitc L{) lhc (l,ct{,r'al.2. lliey can l]llkL] lha sLudertl e\parl irr ill lcir\l onc asl]cd r)l u llr()lossional oI acailcrric cliscipliuc..l ljithar r!ll srl\'a as a,irapslJ c lr.-rr a srgnillclurl uDit ol ildriurccdstud-v.

IIIIItIIIIII

PR[F[RRTD PITAC}ICES IN STL]I][NT RTSTARCHStocierli a il la!Ult) ulike llrl probably rro\1 int(rtsleil ln,,rltlch charaeldrislics t-l/l) !houlal hava lrl jrcrit r1(ac|lrlrc!. l'ha1 is \!hal 1l1r.t.r.l,rrl .r.t t l rr,rrr . l, rr . r. fi,[ ]ur.l.Ir,. irr th, .cl ' tiur, ,'t .n)],'ic and r l)rocc(hllr {o Lrsr in slrd\rir):] il Ihat is whal tllc Lrcullyrlr(IlhLr!\iurlsloI.Dr)*whanlr!jn:'1o(lLri(lt !\ iralircr lo ancordiutL: ilslrr(lclll t) lrlo\ e allrtl \\ ith r ir uplsli rnr'rrrtrgatioll or- l:ttcr. \\t1(lh!rrlo selllc li)r u,hrl llr,. \1udcn1 has p|otluc|tl rl thr,.n(l oi l l-.trio(l o1sllr(lv. irDirl\ \is. irnLl rr'r'i1inl.A. llrn(lr)lilrl nirlirrnlrl slrrlv tL:j)()11.(1 (rn Irlreliecs in doa1t)ralstrrrlv irr llri ill{llr lllilr l{X] i stitrrtiorrs ir tlrr'LlnitL:tl Slilt!rs lhill itir(l(lo(torirl l)io1:rilIr\ irr lll( l)rol(:rsi1)rl oj arlfirirti()lr (ll.obcfison ilDd Sisi-l,r, l()/l) Acrrrrtlirrt l{, lllitr \lllllv. llrL] (li\rLtlit{ion is corrsirlcrcrl elririrlrr[t irl\lrrr)rrrrl ri lll('L.alrr]iqu\'\ {)l rcllol.rrll rLrs.itrch ilnd ol r!-lrortirrI lirrrlrrflrl rt itl:(r r( Ili..i.rl: il (or)lI]hulr)rl l() ilrc lno\nh(lglr ol',r lir,rr li, lrl ll) lSl) lll\' ( orrrrtil ,rl (;ril(luirl. Sehools. ilt lc)q0..ilirl.(l llrirl r 'l)o!tor ol I I I l i I ( ) ! ! ) I r I r \ lrr,rrrrni is dcsi-rnctl to p|cparrrr:lrrrltrrt t,r (li\c()\.r, irrli'ltritlr. i|rrl lr|1llr' knrru.lrdri. a\ \^cll ils 1o( i I r r r r r r r r r l r I l r I L iIrr( I I 1 r s \ . r r r r r r i I I ( . i ( L( (;S. l()()1)h p. I) I'hrr.r. schollrlyrrr\, r.Ii1,rlLLrrr lIrrl IIt, 1rt, sr'rrIlrIrorr !)l li (li !s 1() ()lh.is urr. ir Ieil of.Iilrirr'l( r,.iti(\ tlrirl llr\ l lli\lo11.r] l\r,).iiltrr)o \\'ilh ilo.loritl r.scarch.\\,ll( ll).r ilr Irrr)IL \:ir()rlllI :rllr(l\ or in llr. :l!ir(lrr)lir rlirriplrrr,:r (iLrutcmI)r)rir! \\ulirrlr rrilorrlrlv rr'l)r)rl\ tnrjrrrr jrt:clrolrtr'l\'arrcl r'cs':erchIrrrrr.r'rlLrrL r irrr(l c0rrlril)uli()')\ lo lrrorrlr'(fuc il: Llr( cIirl lcrlnrlj\ thc!ril(lllrlr \tLrlcr)l : r.s.ilr.h \hJo h:r\r (lJilr;,un trrtl (irafl. 1985:l'L)ltir(lir it'r{l Wirrl,lrr. l()l(): ( (iS, l()()ll}: l!ftlllruol]1. l9S,l; trlu i ,l()ijo; Slrrrb.rg. l()S l)..\r)r)th.r IL]l!lLlr. li l)or1.(l hY liohrrlrrrn lnd S jsllcr ( 1 97 1 ) lvxs il!\(r!ica ls lhr slrhj.cl ol .r llnlrl r'rrrrrriuirlion ,i)r (ll)(lr[irl studcnls.'fhrlii\l c\lrninlljon ol lh(r sllr(l(:Dl bv lha lirrully covarc(j oolv lhe Ie-scarch llroj!ct i!l lJ5'.1 (ll llr. rlurric(l irslil!1lrr)ns. lhrcc li)urllls ofthrli la Ihiir !\anrinIliorr rvls Lrlirl. No irrslitulron ilscrl r)nly ir firal \!ritlorlc\ar)inulion ol lhc sludcnl s rr:scrrrc)r ,,\ppr-rrrrnulcll, 107 used lroth,willl 1l)( wrjttr!r lcsl al carlilin sclrools inrok, Li (|)l! il \tu(ldr)1s dirlnol l-rcrlilrnr satirlilltuilv in an or l inl, rr,rgllion l,.ss tllilu l()'1. ofdr)(loral progrxrlls hld rx) Iilrili Li\llrlrir)uior1. lhL rLrle ol_lhr llnal oralrloclrrral c:ianrination rclllain5 !:ss.nliall\ th( sillro l(J(lir-\ ((l(;S. l99lb).

r.lr ,i .., ! ::rri\1,.1 .ri;\:jiti.r..':.,:i. \fN 'L,i:. r,r, !tI


26/178

I (;.llillfi 5l,ll lr(l 27TIIISIS ANI) DISSIRI'ATION O ts IECTIVESStLr(l( llii luv \\'( ll ir\k. Whilt is involvcd ill comlteling l)'D work'l''''\\ilr! slroulrl l rIr thi: rvolli l" Whal rrill it llavr lo do r,"ith ruy pro,( \!r)lill ill)d iran(lcrric cornpclcucL:1, ' l-acu1t1. llcnlbcls. pitfli(ularlyD.\\i r)la!j cill lre pleeircri b)' rt xtcd quc\iions: "Wltal a, l su1t1-tosodlr l)L r()rr\Lryirs 1o lhc slLtrl.nls wirrrsc inr'csligations I alir.cl (r.on\\ltost c(rrtrrllrlltas I su!cl What reallv atc the fillctioDj sarvcd lrythis l)husr t)j sr[[r;ll. sludy?"'Whal has this pl-ocess to iio \\,i1h tbcpLrln)sc ol lhc univcrsity',)" r\ corc clclllcnt coollDoll to thosa qilcs-tions is \\'lrr,l lror an ansu,c'r, w. look flr:it at Thc connlonlv statodoh.jtctitt:s rrl sriulualo sllr.l!tnl lesclrch fouod ill instiluti(|ntl llublica-liorrs.Ocne r,rl 0b jcctivesI'Lrblishctl objtctivcs. irs mcutioocd tbo!e, enrlhusizc !viricncd ol'sclrolar'lr, uorl., rcscatch colnpftencd. and conlributio| to Lno!vl(lgc.'lhLsc jrirrr.tht rillidit\ ol ilctdcinic conscnsus. Facuhi.s,tgrac Iltall)r)th tlr.r\.:r, ilnd (lissirlillioirs shoul(l xlln at li)orc ohiecti\es Mo[t-oVcr'. llr.\ lSr(c lhal li1ose quilljlics should bc casily disccfl)cd it] ac-&'ptillrlL: docurt]i:nts subJni cal by stu(lell1s.Opcrrtirrnal rllcxnin!s lr)r.n/rrldt'l), v,ork. rettrrrclt ( t)utPtrttt e>a'ltl t rtrttrihtttirttt to l;nottletigc arc nol easy to spaeil_\. ilow.vcl. Clfitr-lil li)r jrrlgiDg thot. thltc uuttcrs ure highlv intlir,itlLral. Thcy r,ur.yllorrt llcultr r)trlrhcr lo laculty rnetlbe'r and among tha tcaderuic aldp|olesrional tlisci|lircs. Our llnding5 fion interr,ic',r:s wirh studen!s.lacull\ nrtrrrbc|s, and othcr universitv inslitutional ripttsentatives,lro$,a\..r. ir)dicitla thill lhrs! g!naral objccli!cs arc col)Illonly ae-ccl)I.(i bv rcil(lculics. arrd scirolar.s feel ihey cau tell us \\rlcr thcv aftIn('sa l ir) lh!srs ll[(l dissc al.ions.Otr jet livcs (,1 Slu(lentsSlurlcril ol).j.cli!cs inclu(lc lhosc tltat arc shora ranse arlal thosc thalIor)k lo thr rrro|r tlistanl lirtu|t.I't1)lt'\.\i,)/!ttl ,ttrl ,\ttt,llnir ,lrr/n./ir.9: St rhnls oft(,'l filrd lh?rl Ihcqualiliclrtirr|,r llrcv sL:rL lrr'c lillkcd lo obtilitling thc ntilster's or doc-

2tl Chaprrr Ilollll dtur'ac. 'Ihils. thri atliLi 'ncnl 01-tn itdvanerd (l{gtft uu), bc licdlo gorrls lilit being lcconrlrcnrlcd lbr qualificatiol its l spccialist intcaehjn{. doing lesritlch, p]o'lir)tiolr in rank. supr'rvisinL. rr]itnagi g,cou[\a]ing. o, a rpcaitic lcdl l ol ptiicticc or arltnjnislrittion. Fotcj1]ltsl dents ar. often urrrlcr spccilic direclio,l l'roln titc inislry llul fl.o1i.l.s thc scholiuship aDd \Lrl4-ro!1 (e.g.. there is an c\pecriltion thul lllh D. rvill hc carn*l rillhcr ll)a ar)othlr doctclralc). Iletcc, it is apPr.rr-pr ialc thrl thc T/l) hc tec(lsnil.d as iin csscndal sh(rt,rirngc objecli\rc,lhr outcome ol wltich will bc cv:rllaled by olhets ai(,lig the stu(l!'nl s\{i.y 1o sornr dcsirc{i jTosilioo, ce ifiealioll, ot licrrlsutc.('tturlt!ttittl ( outtt' \\rotl nt a IlighQtL.L!in 1-crr,1: Whcll thc s1u-rl,rnt : ait! is doctorai !1u(iy. lhc Jllirstcr'S dcgrLtc br'cotUa-\ a sh(Jfl-rdng. obj.cli!r'. oDe thill rilitst bc rcachccl at l!r xcrclttable bvrl olqLialil! bcli)r. docft)tal rlurl] call bc !rnd.lli*cn-]'Sor)tc schools s.l alirrrit orl !hc rcsitltnct trr|c. lha nurttbrr of gril(lL,atc cr.tdits. or thcI)irlicuhr grrduitlo eoIrsos l sitt(lalll n]ay laka bcforc conrpieti g Lhclhc\is, thus oprrittiot)itll-\' rlrlir)ing {hc lh.si! as a sho ranlle objcctiv(.Stttitr4 lYirhitt tltr.\ttlIlr.)l Li,titatit']1i AlDlo.l all schotils put alirD. li ril on Ilrr co ll,rlrlion ol llta aliss{llalion. loo. ContIl)onJy, a\lillule ol lir)rilnliolts rexrls like this: "'l_he disserLatirrlr ntust tre coDlIlrlL:rl $,ithin 1lu[i] ].ars i)l-lhr' tiDlc Lhc It.]posal rcccived initial iil),Pro\trl "'Ihc null]bL.r ol vcl s ailorved uu], !aly lioll) school kJschrrol, hut solltc Iill)!: eo sttainl i\ all bul utlivcrsal. although cxLcn-si(rn5 lrrl), bc grantf(l ti eilusc.l'lntlnp Orx .{rllirr,'r'.r' arrrl J,IrJ.rt: Sludcltls (lo dct.clivc w(nk.tryins 1r) lind out whitl litc lty Ilttlrbcrs c([sider }n acccpublc l/l)This ellirlt to delinc \'lrat rnight lind 1:ivol witlr potcutial ndvisr)t.san(l coDlmillac I)rernb,:Ls eau bc rr()liVatcd hy a sinccrc dcsirc 10 tlo alvofihwhiie job bceause ol'\\'hat it neans lor sclf:cstcen and to glillatld.(l rrsfcct liotr the Ir,rcult1.. lrr pursuing this obicclive. stude ls

IItIIIIIItIII

;

.t

ffilft;lLry]lt)

ls.rr: j.h..l! t,fr lrr d .Ic,urrsi \1!drnr\ to jDir!. rt.r) rh. bi.lrlf I dcgRc dirr.rtv l,r ltri(i.(1,n1( lluri$r: jr dri.r..r.r.. s. h.ln-\.. ,h,uhl lr rd\iwl r,, dn dn.Cld lrlqttrd.!ru(l\ ,!!i,r dn t,, ,f.r(r . rlr,rj! N1,{ rlore rhJ sxr ,,h.tp tr.frr. rh. r li}r rtrc trrjr' rn)r \llri.fc. illi f,i L]i.\^ nul.Jrh ,,ir\ b( rL n! n(l!r,nas. h!r.

' llr: lllNrll'it!,,., r,...1' I'-'1; \l.Ir .Jr:\]dir:- r"(N \'.r:l \!tr \f.i. lrrlt. tli.. :\rr., .,., l| it. !:i, j:. .1.,.nrr. \, r ',, I i \,\t 1,:: ,rj,


27/178

Ce'linij SLarlsd 29lr.'l . r r'r.,i., rI r.rrilr ir|J,( r'. r)rl\ .,,rr,nl. r",l Ilj.. 'rir. lsl dcnts.I;orciqn rtudrnls ara olirn rs|rcirllv d0f$d.nt o lhri: ild!i5(ts. !o lirr ihclll lhc ahoiae ol-iLn arlvi',\)r rnlv al\o invr)l\a Jll,rali\'.considcmljorr! ol crrpathy, lcarnin! r1!l!s. ;l0d parsoDal tullrtronshipi.Such considrtlrliorts, vliile possibly iulj-.o!1iln1 lo all slt(l.. uts. :r!rnt lolre llri5 rrr issr,: ir lr+n cultural elilli:rLjrcr.s hct ,Lran slLrdrl]l\ xnrl lrl(r-tull) irr. srrtll or u,cll untLcrsiood Irr lx)Lh l)irtiL's (Nlallirrl'rorlt lrrtrlL,cong. li)92; l,'lr:Lrch ancl SprLrldiri:. lr)!)l: l'.lrr cl nl.. l1)i)2).Obicctives of the Higher E.lucation lnslitrlionLrslilulional obiccii\es ilre slxred ir1 h11)rd lenns. ]len((. it rv0Lrltl bcunusual Lo find tlrL:rr plrmsrcl i lantrrrgc spccilie to stLr(lcl]L rrs.llrclt.[l car bt inlirrttl, how.iv{r', llul thc l/l) alar)rcr]l\ {)l il slrltl!:ll s ll(l-viincc(l ilDparalioD illlr c\lJLrcla(l lo l)r .oir\islcnl rt itlr tlrr institrrtiorr strtisiion. lha lllrct slalarlrarll\ brli)\\ r,rl)l.srr)l lrrru, lr Iroli ssir)lllllsehur'Jl lreulll il]rgh1 pillirsr il]slituliorri]l ob)c!liVcs.Pntyithnlt I ta,i,:rshjl: Ir!|iuirlion L,l li ltlcrs lirr lllc Ir'(,lr:\jt)n l,)rcoit1Dlunilics. li)l stLrtr ucl li(larll :l!cncic\. lirr r'rrllc3r's ilnrl ni\arsi-lits. :Lnd litr'othcr i:onrporrlnl\ ()1 1h. pLrhlic arrd i)ri!iltr'scclor\L.tl)un,iltl9 ,(iil,u 1.,(/!.1 ii)stcrinv thcr)r_v building utrl eLrrrrluctinl\ludics that crlrillLr rlc\f and b.llcr irpproacltas 1() our proliisioI illl(len(oLulgirs i!n(i rar)'irlg out (l(rno11!lrlltioD5 thal illLlstlate illrd Ji\-sclrinatc irlji)rn)aliorl abou{ iltlpro\,a(l Irr:laticr\ dr!clopt(l rt Iht utli!aJsily arrd clsL:rvircrt.lrnprrttittg Prt.ft.tsiontti l)rarfitc I)c\aiopntanl (rl Drisler lltaclitiollers who wi)i h|i[g prLrllssioflal lrnil hununistic tdv.ulrs to thcflclds in which lh.v applr- tlrirjr sLills.-l'hcsc slatf'rcIl1s sir) liltlr lboirl l/l) aclilities. ]ct. u rhL:rkltdi| thosc objcctilcs iu. clucs lo the l,iuds r)l ltr)posals thitl oushl lo h.)rvcil rcc.:ircd ill lllis farLi.ullr inslrlLrtion. Stuclenls slroLrlcl look irr'strtclD.nts ol illstitulionill ubjcetir,r.s lncl discUss lhr t wilh lh!ir ld,visols Nol only ri,ill thar tlisccl i(ictir about possihlc to0i(s. hut:rls(Jit may hclp 1o c\tabli\h pru-l ol thr rationalc lirr th. scl.c(ion r)1 aloilic.

30 Chapter 1Objectivr:s o{ thc fac!ltyFacultl,objtclivcs iir'[7D rllivlty arc lo cnhlnce suhollrslrip in the\rrrsr ol looIing lrrI lrulh. 1o huild orr thc lristinl iroci.l ol Iillorvl.:dr]c.iln(l 1() crrrxl. LrisinrLl r,rllls. Sf.,{gna r.l97l) spr:als oi sclrolarship asiur:l(ti!it\ il1hrtunl in 11lr nri\siolr {)l univLy\i1)'. {)r)a lhtl shoold bJcr, rllplili, d in rh. \\orl. ol tlt,. litcrill\.. ll( cirli! il il lirculty dull' l0saurcll lor th,r trLrlh, u(|l to linLrr,' lLrrlgr:. iu!{ ln()dLrra lta\! cuhulal lrtlt-lerirls. lllirt r)h li)r s(lxrllrshil) is |cerrph:rsizcrl. (l]rrdl! or ;lnplicitl)i,irr r)x)rr I\'(rnl Irul)li(itli()n\ 1\\ (;. Ilo\\cl. I9xI: TiolLou'slii. 1990).(', rt:rrnlr'. thL. lil(Lrll! rllL)r1\ dr.votL,d tLr gli(lrn9 slLr(lcnt iil\,c:j1;ga-liorI\.ilr()rr](l .()rrlril)ul( l(, tlt, rlisrltIgL,(,l llritl (lLrl] t{}:LI applecial}l!lrlL:'rLt\ c1. h( [ !r(, tUl.lt to llr,, r]ltr!liolls \\ ltilt rs sclrrtllrslril,rir' anrl''\\lltt rssclttrlltrlr rrLrrl' llr. L riprcs'i,rrrs:u, t)llrn u\c(1. htrt sclthrnrI lrt, rl lltis rt, r'rl l,rr r[rlrritrorr i., r]l()rrr lhun ir llirtl.t {)i itrlollcclLlalirriorilr nrL)rL lllirl irr ir.;rlt nri. (llrr'sti')rr lir rrarrpla. sllrdanLsrrlur :rr, trrltl llrill llrL ir \!()rl, \rll lllr\. lo ll. nurr. scholarly" to bo:r,.r', lrtcrl r,ttllr rl, rLrrL l,r 1r1 ,111,111 1 (i.litIli(rll lr) ol)flillional 1crn1s.l)lrr,, , \rrrrl)l( \ l.rl,r'\\,r\,. it\\r!llrrrl lr.lr'ssor: $'lttr ltirre- allc: dLrc p|r.rttrs. lr,r'rr r.lu\.(l t, r)lr. lr,r'rlr.r,. tIcrr Ilrhlrclttir)ns \!art not sul[-(ir' tl\,.,.llol:lrlI slroLrl,l lrlrr, rlluslrrlit)l]\ lif (r)rnlllri\on xnd clitcriaJ r r 'l |r, I rrrrr ,r' I Ir' ri , rr'rl ' fillllll |it)t\' r'rlld\ :tiJrir(l l)ul irl)ro lr) (lL lin. :.lr()hl-\' ir riullici(rllv ip!ciJir iltd ohid.ii\,rl(r')j\ l{) illl('\\ tlrf|ll l() (lf\'.loir r!rils('nitlrl. )ililn(litr(ls lot thc uI or-1)ulLl,cr:iorrs th.r' Jrll\l r)nl,I A trl{rrr hL:lIrriotirl rlclitritiorr is I]eetled.,\nr ort, cho:rcrr will rlol l)( crllilily \llti\lilc11)r\, IlorvLrcr. the dcllrri-tiorr lrtlLrr! rvill br'rtsrlLtl rlt)\\. urrrl i1 rrlllv l.ld lo a lr.lt.r rlclinirjonin I lr, lirlrrlc.In< ul


28/178

IItIItItIt

,lFt'tllfi]lj,

.IIIT

(i('llinij Slirlrtl 3ll A scllollrl_y" u'oll, is pul-rlishccl i[ u rcspccrcd. rclircccl.journal orin hooli lirlrn.,l lr has hr'cn availahle lilr a sulllcicni pcliod ol'tiur! 1rl lte subiccr,:rJlo lhL'crili.isrn of othcr scholars llt lho \dntr fleld. nnrl it h:rr

't".,'i trl :urr, ,.lrrll) l. li)irt c li|rrlI It is basrrl or th. c\pcft \\risdonl and literirturri ol the Jicld. Thc\vork i dicatcs lhrt thc a hor is lainiliat r.vilh thc corrr,,entio alrvisdrrnr ol lhc llcl(l- and il it drparls in rw rlircctions. ir prcsenLsa solrnLl l (l r'xlioiral dclcnse |.rr its tleiralurtr.l. ll rlcnronstrirL.r\ llr.i wr) .iil1!ls ol-ir thorouitlt, cllcftrl, critical, arrdinrlylical rlrin(1. Iurliing at all siclcs ol tlry pr!)llositio . exaltininsnnd laslin-g hyfolirc!cs, sattills up and lirrocLine drrrvl) argrr]rrnl\.rnd lil!ihalin! in:r conrplcl,: :rnd lirir u,n\ all tht l cl\ in thr|roccss ol cliticalil- anallzirrg lli. stU(l! s ilrtrlirrss. i\ schLrlatrvill. ol coulsc. hclit!c anil s!rpport thr lrnrli gs oi il cllrlirl lr)\'csligillrorl. lrut a scholal is ltol utr ir(l\,or'll. or a pr0rrr0tlr'. llrcschollr is e\. lr:!rr(lcrl lrrtcl is \\illrn! lo ( L(tlliIl lll( l)o\:il)rlil\thal (rIIorr ciU) hc Ilrit(la b! Lr\,r',t tha lr)osl \{.illrhlitl i \(r\li!ltl()rStll,rl.trs shoulcl hi irirpl)y 1o lirxl crlol irr tltcil o\!r) lxr\r1i('r)s\\,llcn surll .rrors cxisl. lirr ol]ly in lhis rvay, can ttulh l\: \()u!llt.5 lt ticnr,,rnslr'a['s lo {'thcr scho]ers lhill lhc $'ritcr is lt a('lrll)r(clltspceialist rh,r Lrn(iLrslirnds thc tllcoric\ lLt)d concc,)1s ol lho (l(J-nrlin rnd $,ho hiis i:t sl'_slcll)alic linowlcLlgr, oj thc choscn Ji:lLlrather thar a slnilllering of i:tsights here rtld thcle.6. il is nonpolltical or arloral [t nray, ofcoursc. tic conccrned lvilhpolilicrl rnd rnoral .iudglDctlts and |clatcd |hcuoutcia as ficlds olstudy rrrrl spccializalion, hu1 a scholarly .,!/(] ( is l1o1 I ll!)litrri(. ltis r)ol srlrcliVCll cl(rnnrd up ('r lonc(l do\\,n or (,lhcr'\', isc slitntrdbccaus,: il ntiry bc populu or Lrnpopular wilh Lhe c(rlltactrlltagcr)(y, lhL !o\cl-llt)tr,ll, lhc churCh, lhc l'x).ts. or prefessiOlal rol-lcagucs. An cssentitl ingrccliont to scholr$hip is thc ii:-surnptionIhrl pollticitll\:. sriciallv, iurcl morallv tlnlopular 1lr]d qvcn 11pus,nllrtl woll\s rn:ry bc scholarly, aDd dccisions aboul whcthcr ontshorrld rvorl ir) lhcsc alcas lnd about *ltether or tlot they sbouldbc prrhlislrcrl. c\lrincd, and deltatc.l sbould be bascri on lhcsclrrrlulship ol thc worL and not i1s polililrl coucctncss_ Scholits

32 chrpt(r Isfcln lo agrcL on lhis, but thc llijrrl hils lo bc mdalc b&::[lsc r!tt]--onc al tinlLrs cen ljrld thc colllnilln.nl to I'rcc and opan 5cholar-ship rvcak,jring unrlcr lhc varirrLrs prassut-cs LhtL can hr b()!!htlo beilr so sliiliftillli. 5uhtly.2ttirl purliti!elv bv clctcnrlcr-r o1 sacrctl

7. lL r)Lust be usefLri. as jodicaicd by how oiiell othels citc ]hc \!otk.This illso c(,ltstit[tes a1t irldrx ol \cholalship. A rvell-rrgarclcd.innoyirtiv.. 1)r pr)vocalilc publicitlion rvill bc rt'felt ccl to Iic-qucniiy b) otll.I!. l'hrreby. it dcr]or]slratcs lllal it has (l

Documents

Guide to the Succesful Thesis and Dissertation