GUIDE TO TECHNICAL GUIDE TO TECHNICAL PAPER WRITINGPAPER WRITING

EPH7112 Research Methodology

CONTENTSCONTENTS1. The Writing Process Flow2. Research Planning: K Chart 3. Paper Writing: The Philosophy4. Contents of a Paper5. Constructing the Title6. Writing the Abstract7. Writing the Introduction8. Writing the Main Body9. Writing the Conclusion10. Conclusion

1. THE WRITING 1. THE WRITING PROCESS FLOWPROCESS FLOW

1. Research Planning2. Obtaining results3. Organizing results4. Planning for publication5. Writing the title6. Writing the abstract7. Writing the introduction8. Writing the main contents

Theory Simulation/ Experiment Results and Discussion

9. Writing the conclusion10.Pre-submission reviewing and

editing11.Submitting12.Correcting

2. RESEARCH PLANNING2. RESEARCH PLANNING

Macro – level planning : Gantt Chart Micro – level planning: K-Chart

Sub Issues 2: Types basedSub Issues 3: Types based

ELEMENTS

Sub Issues 1: App. based

Vehicles

Land Sea

Motorcycles

Air

Cars Trucks

Mini Sedan Wagon

Vans

Engine Body Tire

Factors Influencing the Performance of Motor Vehicles

GENERAL TITLE

METHODOLOGIESSimulationExperimen

tTheory Survey

Lab. Tests Field Tests

Lab. prototype

Eng. prototype

Commercial prototype

Meas. Techn.1 Meas. Techn.2

Meas. Techn.3

SYSTEM

RESULTS: Performance Parameters

Pressure

Speed

Design Parameters

Acceleration

Tire WidthTire Height

Fuel consumption

Tire Pressure

Tire Width

3. PAPER WRITING: THE 3. PAPER WRITING: THE PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY

A paper contains a report on (new) findings and/or solutions. The purpose of the write-up is to convince the reader that your findings/solutions are important and better (than the existing solutions). The write-up describes What you are doing, What problems you want to solve/reduce, Why is it important, What have you achieved, How you achieved it, and How much better is it?

IN SHORT….IN SHORT….

State your claims clearly,Support and prove your claims

beyond doubts

4. CONTENTS OF A PAPER4. CONTENTS OF A PAPER1. Title2. Abstract3. Introduction4. Main Body

1. Theory2. Simulation/Experimental Design3. Results and Discussion

5. Conclusion6. References7. Other information:

Authors, Acknowledgements, Index

IN OTHER WORDS…IN OTHER WORDS…

A paper contains: Three Summaries, An Introduction, The Actual Works and Findings, A list of References

5. CONSTRUCTING THE 5. CONSTRUCTING THE TITLETITLE

(1(1STST SUMMARY) SUMMARY)A title should indicate:

The systems you are working on The problems you are solving Your achievements Your methodology

State each point in one or two words

SAMPLE TITLESSAMPLE TITLES A widely tunable hybrid brillouin-erbium ber laser (BEFL)

System Mohamad K. Abdullah, Suhairi Shaharudin, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, and Rosdisham Endut

Stability Robustness Analysis of Multiple Time- Delayed Systems Using “Building Block” ConceptHassan Fazelinia, Rifat Sipahi, Nejat Olgac

Broad Beamwidth and Cross Polarization Free Dipole Antennas With Reactive Loaded MonopolesKazushi Nishizawa, Hiroaki Miyashita, Shigeru Makino, Kunio Sawaya

A New Family of Optical Code Sequences for Spectral-Amplitude-Coding Optical CDMA Systems S. A. Aljunid, M. Ismail, A. R. Ramli, Borhanuddin M. Ali, and Mohamad Khazani Abdullah

Broadband Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Metal CoatingTze-Hsuan Chang, Jean-Fu Kiang

A Synchronous Digital Hierachy Based Dynamic Error Correction Technique For Wavelength Division Multiplexing Networks CL Cheah, BM Ali, MA Mahdi, MK Abdullah

6. WRITING THE 6. WRITING THE ABSTRACTABSTRACT

(2(2NDND SUMMARY) SUMMARY)An abstract elaborates the same items

as indicated by the Title: The systems you are working on The problems you are solving Your achievements, Your methodology

Elaborate each point in 1 or 2 sentences

SAMPLE ABSTRACT 1SAMPLE ABSTRACT 1

We experimentally demonstrate a simple method for generating a multiwavelength Brillouin comb by utilizing a linear cavity of hybrid Brillouin– erbium fiber lasers (BEFLs). The optimization of Brillouin pump wavelength, power, and erbium gain played a significant role in determining the maximum number of Brillouin Stokes signals generated. Simultaneous and stable multiple-wavelength laser output of 22 lines with 10.88-GHz channel spacing has been obtained with good flatness. Various parameters such as 980-nm pump power, Brillouin pump wavelength, and Brillouin pump power that affect the performance of a multiwavelength BEFL system have been investigated. An analysis of the tuning range of the system is presented.

SAMPLE ABSTRACT 2SAMPLE ABSTRACT 2A new code structure for spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple-access system based on double-weight (DW) code families is proposed. The DW code has a fixed weight of two. By using a mapping technique, codes that have a larger number of weights can be developed. Modified double-weight (MDW) code is a DW code family variation that has variable weights of greater than two. The newly proposed code possesses ideal cross-correlation properties and exists for every natural number. MDW code is shown here to provide a much better performance compared to Hadamard and modified frequency-hopping codes.

7. WRITING THE 7. WRITING THE INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Introduction section should clearly describe:

1. The scope of area of research2. Motivation factor: The importance of

the area of research3. Problem Statement: The specific

problems you attempt to solve4. Critical Review: Weaknesses of

existing solutions5. The achievements (main results)6. The methodology (in brief)

SAMPLE INTRODUCTIONSAMPLE INTRODUCTION Optical spectrum code-division multiple-access (OSCDMA) is a multiplexing technique adapted from the successful implementation in wireless networks. In OS CDMA systems, each user is assigned with a sequence code that serves as its address. An optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) user modulates its code (or address) with each data bit and asynchronously initiates transmission. Hence, this modifies its spectrum appearance, in a way recognizable only by the in tended receiver. Otherwise, only noise-like bursts are observed [1],[2].The advantages of OSCDMA technique over other multiplexing techniques such as time-division multiple-access and frequency-division multiple-access are numerous [3],[8].Many codes have been proposed for OSCDMA such as op tical orthogonal codes (OOCs) [4],prime codes, and modified frequency-hopping (MFH) codes [5].However, these codes suffer from various limitations one way or another. The codes’ constructions are either complicated (e.g., OOC and MFH codes), the cross-correlation are not ideal (e.g., Hadamard and Prime codes), or the code length is too long (e.g., OOC and Prime code). Long code lengths are considered disadvanta geous in its implementation since either very wide band sources or very narrow filter bandwidths are required. Table I shows the code length required by the different codes to support only 30 users. For example, if the chip width (filter bandwidth) of 0.5 nm is used, the OOC code will require a spectrum width of 182 nm and prime code will require 480.5 nm, whereas, modi fied double weight (MDW) only requires 45 nm. Hadamard and MFH codes show shorter code lengths than that of MDW and this will be discussed further in more detail in this letter. It will be shown that the transmission performance of MDW codes is significantly better than that of Hadamard and MFH codes. This is achieved through theoretical calculation and software simulation.

8. THE MAIN BODY8. THE MAIN BODY

1. THEORY2. METHODOLOGY: SIMULATION

and/or EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

WRITING THE THEORYWRITING THE THEORY

Compulsory if your results involve modification of the existing theory/model, Optional otherwise Provide the main equations relating to the parameters you are presentingDescribe how you have modified/improved the equations suiting to your designShow the derivation sufficiently

WRITING THE WRITING THE SIMULATION/EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION/EXPERIMENTAL

DESIGN (SET-UP)DESIGN (SET-UP)Describe how the design works i.e the working principle of the designDescribe the components used especially the important onesDescribe how the design is different from others (existing ones)Highlight the design advantages i.e in terms of simplicity, cost etc.Provide the specification of the system design/set-up in running texts or in tabular forms.

Describe the assumptions made (sometimes, certain devices are used to simulate real

environments)

WRITING THE RESULTS WRITING THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSAND DISCUSSIONS

Present and analyze using:Characterization curves / analysisComparative curves/ analysisOptimization curves/ analysis

Two angles of analyses:1. Analysis of trend2. Analysis of reason

CONTINUECONTINUE

Justify if any of your results is inferior to others’Highlight your better resultsExplain why and how the better results are achievedRelate the explanation to the theorySubstantiate every claim (conclusive statements) made through the results and/ or referencing 9except for the obvious, well known facts)

9. WRITING THE 9. WRITING THE CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION(3(3RDRD SUMMARY) SUMMARY)

Elaborate the items in the Abstract a little further focusing on the results (achievements), and your advantages

SAMPLE CONCLUSION 1SAMPLE CONCLUSION 1A thorough experimental analysis of the characteristics of a new technique for generating stable multiwavelength laser sources by using the linear cavity of a hybrid BEFL system has been presented. The requirement of internal feedback to generate cascaded Brillouin gain for multiple-wavelength operation was achieved by the proposed linear cavity design. Experimental results were used extensively in discussing the effects of EDF pump power, Brillouin pump power, and Brillouin pump wavelength on the performance of the BEFL system. The optimization of these parameters is critical for achieving the maximum possible number of Stokes signals. The operation of 22 stable output laser lines with 0.088-nm 10.88-GHz spacing was obtained at a 980-nm pump power of 100 mW, a BP power of 1.1 mW, and a BP wavelength of 1557.5 nm that was at the peak of erbium gain. Lower cavity loss in the resonator and more available pump power from the 980-nm pump power could increase the number of lines to a specific maximum number. Further, it was found that the number of Stokes signals decreased as the BP increased in the highest region of erbium gain. The number of Stokes signals was proportional to the intensity of BP power outside this wavelength range, however. The incremental numbers of Stokes signals with increasing BP power has its limit, whereby gain suppression (at other wavelengths) will prevent the generation of more Stokes signals. The value of this limit depends on the location of the injected BP wavelength from the peak of erbium-doped fiber gain. We found that both the BP and the EDF pump powers affected the tuning range. At a fixed EDF pump power the Stokes signal can be tuned wider at higher BP power, whereas higher EDF pump power produced a smaller tuning range.

SAMPLE CONCLUSION 2SAMPLE CONCLUSION 2

In this letter, we have proposed a new family of optical code structure for amplitude-spectral encoding optical CDMA system. It has been shown that the MDW code performs better than the system encoded with Hadamard and MFH codes. The advantages of the proposed code are numerous, including easy and efficient code construction, simple encoder–decoder design, existence for every natural number , ideal cross-corre-lation , and high SNR. The simulated result of one of the four MDW coded carriers running at 10 Gb/s over a communication-standard fiber shows a good quality transmission at the BER of 10-12.

WRITING THE REFERENCESWRITING THE REFERENCES

Ensure that all references are quoted in the textMore references in Introduction, and Results and DiscussionNormally, at least 5 referencesAvoid URL-sitesFollow formatsThe later the better

10. CONCLUSION10. CONCLUSIONWriting technical papers require

proper planning from early on It is important to understand the

structure of a paperThe main focus is on the

Introduction and the Main BodyClarity in the research leads to

easy paper writingSkills require practices