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Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)
Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory
Center for Tire Research (CenTire)
Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)
Guidance to Predict and Mitigate Dynamic Hydroplaning on
Roadways - Project UpdateGerardo W. Flintsch
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/accidents-hazardous-conditions/hydroplaning.htm
29th RPUG Conference Marriott Denver West, Golden, CO
November 14 to 17, 2017
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Contents
Background
Water Film Thickness Model
Vehicle Handing Model
Expected Outcomes
Concluding RemarksCenter for
Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Research Team Acknowledgement
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
NCHRP 15-55 Program OfficerNCHRP 15-55 Program Officer
Gerardo Flintsch (VTTI) - PIRoad/Vehicle Interaction &
Surface Properties
Gerardo Flintsch (VTTI) - PIRoad/Vehicle Interaction &
Surface Properties
Saied Taheri (ME)Tire Dynamics &
Tire/Pavement Interaction
Saied Taheri (ME)Tire Dynamics &
Tire/Pavement Interaction
Edgar de Leon (VTTI)Surface Characterization & Mitigation Strategies
Edgar de Leon (VTTI)Surface Characterization & Mitigation Strategies
Samer Katicha (VTTI)Data Analysis & Modeling
Samer Katicha (VTTI)Data Analysis & Modeling
Francine Battaglia (ME)Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) Modeling
Francine Battaglia (ME)Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) Modeling
Alejandra Medina (VTTI)Driver Behavior & Safety
Analysis
Alejandra Medina (VTTI)Driver Behavior & Safety
Analysis
Kevin McGhee (VCTIR)Surface Properties &
Guidance Development
Kevin McGhee (VCTIR)Surface Properties &
Guidance Development
John Ferris (ME) Vehicle Dynamics &
Surface Characterization
John Ferris (ME) Vehicle Dynamics &
Surface Characterization
Tony Parry (NTEC)Road/Vehicle Interaction & Guidance Development
Tony Parry (NTEC)Road/Vehicle Interaction & Guidance Development
David Hargreaves (NTEC)Hydraulics & CFD
David Hargreaves (NTEC)Hydraulics & CFD
David Kibler (VT/Consultant)
Hydraulics & Hydrology
David Kibler (VT/Consultant)
Hydraulics & Hydrology
Lu Chen (ME/CREST)Lu Chen (ME/CREST)
Kenneth Velez (CEE/VTTI)Kenneth Velez (CEE/VTTI)
Yong Suk Kang (ME/VTPL)Yong Suk Kang (ME/VTPL)
Lijie Tang (CEE/VTTI)Lijie Tang (CEE/VTTI)
Ashkan Nazari (ME/CenTire)Ashkan Nazari (ME/CenTire)
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)
Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory
Center for Tire Research (CenTire)
Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)
Background
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation4
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Dynamic Hydroplaning
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?cID=34&sID=171&preview=true
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Hydroplaning Models -Hydroplaning Speed Prediction
NASA:
TXDOT:
PAVDRN:
USF:
pFARvp 72.015.1780.51
1)(95.7 FARpvp
ATDpSDvp06.03.004.0 1
14.0
06.006.0 817.7952.28,409.10507.3max TWFTWFT
A
259.004.26 WFTvp
49.082.0
06.05.02.0
WFTpWLvp
vp = vehicle speed (km/h);p = tire pressure (kPa);FAR = tire footprint aspect ratio;WL = wheel load (N);WFT = water film thickness (mm).
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure NCHRP 15-55 Objective
To develop a comprehensive hydroplaning risk assessment tool that can be used by transportation agencies to help reduce the potential of hydroplaning.
–Treating hydroplaning as a multidisciplinary and multi-scale problem
–Solutions for areas with a high potential of hydroplaning based on a fundamental and meaningful understanding of the problem.
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure NCHRP 15-55 Objective (Cont.)
Final Product: Guidance and tools to predict and mitigate hydroplaning on roadways
–Applicable to all types of roadways
–Site-specific factors such as geometric design, etc.
–Appropriate for new construction, reconstruction, and maintenance/ retrofit projects.
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure NCHRP 15-55 Objective (Cont.)
Two Supporting products:
–A Hydroplaning Risk Assessment Tool • To provide highway engineers with practical and
simple means for assessing the impact of roadway geometric features on the accumulation of water on the pavement and determining the hydroplaning potential for existing or new roads.
–An Integrated Hydroplaning Model• Intermediate product, generated mainly for the
development of the simpler, more practical assessment tool.
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Research Approach Overview
Hydroplaning Potential
Enforcement & Traffic Control
Advice & Education
Pavement & Highway
Engineering
Mitigation Strategies
Previous Experimental Studies
Simulations
Naturalistic Driving
Crash Databases & Road Measurements
Mitigation Measures
Water Accumulation
Vehicle Response
Tire Model
Tire‐water‐pavement
Interaction (CFD)
Vehicle Dynamics
Water Film Thickness
Driver Response Speed
Road Model 3D Road
surfacemodel
Integrated Hydroplaning Model
Speed Limits
Maneuver
Tire Characteristics- Type- Condition
Weather Conditions- Rainfall
Road Characteristics- Geometry- Smoothness
Texture- Drainability
Vehicle Characteristics- Type of vehicle- Safety Features
Inputs Verification & Validation
Hydroplaning RiskAssessment Tool
Simple relationships between road characteristics, vehicle speed and water film thickness and hydroplaning potential
HydroplaningRisk
Current Ongoing Efforts
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)
Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory
Center for Tire Research (CenTire)
Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)
Water Film Model
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation11
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Wat
er F
low
Mod
els
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Water Film Thickness Modeling
13
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Straight Alignment
Curves
Transitions
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Mesh Definition and Initial Verification Work
Proctor (1986) measured WFT on a 30-ft. by 15-ft.
14
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Water Film Thickness Sensitivity Analysis
Modeled Transitions
15
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Longitudinal Slope
16
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
(preliminary results)
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Example of Preliminary Results
17
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)
Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory
Center for Tire Research (CenTire)
Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)
Vehicle Handling Model
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation18
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Response
Fluid‐Solid Interaction (FSI)
Vehicle Model
Tire Characteristics
Water Accumulation
Vehicle Characteristics
Hydroplaning Potential
Driver
3D Road Surface Model
Water Film Thickness
Tire Model(Abaqus)
Tire‐water‐pavement Interaction(Star‐CCM+)
Coupling (Star‐CCM+)
Pressure, Critical Velocity
Deformed tire structure
RoughnessTexture
Effective frictionRoll ,pitch , yaw, stability factor
Texture
Speed
Type of vehicle
Type of tireCondition (tread depth)
Vehicle Dynamics (CarSim)
Spindle position, lateral and longitudinal forces from tire, vertical hydrodynamic force
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure FSI Model Domain
20
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Tire Model
21
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure FSI Model Setup
2
Models setup in Star-CCM+– Implicit Unsteady (∆t= 5×10-4 s)– Eulerian Multiphase (air, water)– SST K-Omega turbulence model– VOF waves (water film)
Initial Boundary conditions: Inflow (water and air): Velocity inlet, Vz=-40 kph; VOF wave Outflow (water and air): Atmospheric pressure Pavement: Non-slip wall, Vz=-40 kph Side and top surfaces: Free-slip wall Tire: Non-slip wall, Local rotation rate, ωY=61.19 rad/s
x
YZ
Inflow
Outflow
Pavement Level
Y
VZ
Water Level
X – toward pavement;Y – cross stream direction;Z – car travel direction.
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Effects of water film (preliminary results)
6
Water 5 mmWater 0 mm
Water 8 mm Water 30 mm
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
FSI model with slip angle 2º
10
xY
Z
Inflow
Outflow
Pavement Level
Y
Road
Water Level
Operating conditions: Water film velocity: [0.0, ‐0.6239262, ‐17.867] m/s Inflow velocity [0.0, ‐0.6239262, ‐17.867] m/s Pavement: [0.0, ‐0.6239262, ‐17.867] m/s Side and top surfaces: Free‐slip wall Tire: Local rotation rate, ωY=61.19 rad/s
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Pressure: effects of slip angle
12
Slip angle 2º Water film: 5 mm
Slip angle 0º Water film: 5 mm
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Effect on contact patch and water splashing
Front
Side
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator
Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator allows the user to do a batch simulation by changingthe CarSim simulation factors (vehicle type, road characteristic, maneuver, and tiremodels) automatically by writing CarSim own code file (.par file)
ExportImport
Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator
Batch of Simulation Cases
1. G Matrix2. Text File with
the simulation information
MATLABWriting .Par files
CARSIMSimulation
SIMULINKData Processing
Vehicle Dynamic Simulation (preliminary)
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Cornering Simulation
Vehicle Braking Simulation
Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator & G Value
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Proposed Approach
31
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Performance Margin
Hydroplaning Potential
Hydroplaning Risk
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)
Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory
Center for Tire Research (CenTire)
Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)
Expected Products
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation32
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Water Film ThicknessSimplified Water Film Thickness Prediction
Tire Characteristics- Bald- Minimum tread depth
Location- Weather databases
Type of Road Segment- Tangent- Curve- Transition
Vehicle Characteristics- Hatchback- Sedan- SUV
Inputs
Road Characteristics- Grade- Cross-slope- Curvature- Lengths- Smoothness- Macrotexture- Drainability
Performance Margin Estimation(Simple IO Model)
Hydroplaning risk/ Potential Estimation
Hydroplaning Risk
Effective Friction
Processes Outputs
Speed
VehicleResponse
Design Rainfall
Proposed Hydroplaning Risk Assessment Tool Format
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Guide for Predicting and Mitigating Hydroplaning on Roadways (Preliminary Outline)
Executive Summary
Introduction
Background
Objectives
Scope and Organization
Understanding Hydroplaning
Definitions
Accumulation of Water on the Pavement– Basic hydraulic and hydrologic principles– Road surface properties– Predicting rainfall
Vehicle Response to Driver Behavior and Road Conditions – Driver behavior– Vehicle and tire dynamics– Fluid dynamics at the tire-pavement
interface
Integrated Hydroplaning Model
34
Advancing Transportation Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Guide for Predicting and Mitigating Hydroplaning on Roadways (Preliminary Outline) (cont.)
Assessment of Hydroplaning Risk Hydroplaning Risk Assessment Tool
– Tool development– Applications
Evaluation of Pavement Surface Properties– Assessment technologies– Examples
Precipitation Estimations– Using available climatic data– Examples
Prediction of Hydroplaning Risk
Hydroplaning Mitigation Strategies New Roadways
– Virtual audits
Existing Roadways– Road Surface Improvements– Operational Strategies– Outreach and Education
Case Studies
Implementation Recommendations
AppendicesAdvancing Transportation
Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)
Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory
Center for Tire Research (CenTire)
Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)
Concluding Remarks
Advancing Transportation
Through Innovation36
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure Concluding Remarks
Ongoing work– All results may change
Some significant advances– Water film thickness
prediction– Hydroplaning definition
& assessment approach
Main product: – Guide to predict and
mitigate hydroplaning on roadways
Secondary products– Hydroplaning Assessment tool
(practitioners)– “Integrated” Hydroplaning
Model (researchers)
37
Advancing Transportation Through Innovation
Center for Sustainable
Transportation Infrastructure
Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)
Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory
Center for Tire Research (CenTire)
Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)
Guidance to Predict and Mitigate Dynamic Hydroplaning on
Roadways - Project UpdateGerardo W. Flintsch
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/accidents-hazardous-conditions/hydroplaning.htm
29th RPUG Conference Marriott Denver West, Golden, CO
November 14 to 17, 2017