Guidance and criteria for healthy & comfortable

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Guidance and criteria for healthy & comfortable environments:Update from CIBSE and the Good Homes AllianceDr Julie Godefroy, Sustainability Consultant & CIBSE Technical Manager27th June 2019

TM40 Health & Wellbeing

Currently in editing – expected in 2019

Impact of built environmentEnvironmental factors

Thermal conditions Humidity Air quality Light WaterElectrical & electromagnetic fieldsAcoustics

Ref:BB101,2018

Health & Safety

Hazards

Security

Beauty

Happiness

Belonging

...

Supportive Environment

Health, Comfort, Cognitive performance

Scope

HOWGuidance, from early stages to O&M and monitoring

WHATHealth & comfort performance criteria in buildings

WHYEffects on health, comfort, cognitive performance

EMERGING THEMESDebate, innovation, R&D

Approach

Why– Health

WHO Air quality guidelinesfor particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen

dioxide and sulfur dioxide

Global update 2005

Summary of risk assessment

WHO/SDE/PHE/OEH/06.02

Legionnaires’ disease in residents of England and Wales – 2015 Official Statistics

Why- IEQ&CognitivePerformance

IEQ and Cognitive Performance

IEQ

“PERFORMANCE”Individual or Organisation performance e.g. HR stats, bespoke output ?Measured (tasks, bespoke tests) or self-reported ?Control group?Sustained or short-term? Large and representative?

Known IEQ factor, proxy, or indicator? Clearly defined and measured, or broad e.g. ”daylight” , “views out” ?Range within guidelines or beyond?

IEQ and Cognitive Performance

adopted to describe the relationship between performance and environmental conditions.

In recent years the Danish Technical University has published several studies that have attempted to estimate the additive effects of combined environmental conditions. Clausen and Wyon17 studied the impact on ratings of acceptability with overall indoor environment in an environmental chamber set up with three overarching conditions: i) poor condition or no improvements (0 per cent); ii) improvements partly implemented (50 per cent); and iii) improvements fully imple-mented (100 per cent). The improvements related to various combinations of noise, tem-perature, lighting and air quality conditions.

The mean acceptability rating from the three conditions is shown in Table 4. Balazova et al.18 conducted a climate chamber study on the effect of temperature, noise and air quality (pollution load) on acceptability. The subjects were exposed to a combination of good (G) and poor (P) conditions for all three variables. The mean rating of acceptability for each per-mutation of G and P is shown in Table 4. Witterseh et al.19 studied offices where they introduced three levels of temperature and two levels of background noise. The mean ratings of self-assessed performance for the best (good, G) and poorest (P) temperature levels and the two noise levels are given in Table 4. Although the dependent variable in these studies is

Table 2: Weighted effect for single factor studies

Factor Count Unweighted mean Weighted effect

Mean Lower quartile Upper quartile

Lighting (L) 17 9.5 1.1 0.1 2.0Noise (N) 10 27.8 1.4 0.2 1.7Temperature (T) 16 17.0 1.2 0.0 1.9Ventilation (V) 16 9.0 1.4 0.2 1.7Control (F) 10 8.0 1.2 0.3 2.1Furniture (F) 8 15.7 2.1 1.0 2.1Space (S) 3 24.1 3.5 1.7 4.4Average/Total 80 15.9 1.7 0.1 2.0

Table 3: Weighted effect for multiple factor studies

Factor Count Unweighted mean Weighted effect

Mean Lower Q Upper Q

Lighting (L+) 4 11.0 0.4 0.2 0.7Noise (N+) 3 72.0 3.9 0.6 5.6Temperature (T+) 8 12.0 0.7 0.1 1.0Ventilation (V+) 6 12.4 0.6 0.0 0.1Control (C+) 2 24.5 2.1 1.8 2.4Furniture (F+) 6 33.1 5.8 4.3 8.4Space (S+) 3 22.0 3.7 1.0 5.0General (G) 22 16.7 2.7 1.2 3.2Average/Total 54 25.5 2.5 0.2 5.2

Oseland and Burton

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Oseland and Burton, 2012

“30%improvement” “1.1%-3.5%improvement”

What - IEQ criteria

Thermal comfort: PMV/PPD, adaptive comfort etc

Light: visual effects ok, non-visual much debated ….

Air quality: Very often, reliance on proxys:

• User perception e.g. “stuffy”

• Human outcomes e.g. “productive”

• Design measures e.g. ventilation rates

• Indicators e.g. TVOC, CO2

Ø Unreliable e.g. carbon monoxide

Ø How to assess ?

Ø IAQ outcome ? e.g. outdoor pollution

Ø OK only to an extent & if known pollutants

What is ”Good IEQ”? Metrics & Language

IEQ Metrics

Perceptions & satisfaction

Design measures

Indicators (e.g. TVOCs)

Health-based metrics

Desired IEQ outcomes

Pollutants (e.g. formaldehyde)

?



Global update 2005



IEQ Metrics

Caveats

Allergies, asthma and “hyper-sensitivities”: Medical condition? Canaries ? Something else e.g. personal context, fear of “technology” beyond our control?

IEQ guidelines confidence & details

Caveats

Air pollutants:• Cocktails? • Multiple exposure? • Emerging ones from consumer products ?

Exposure to multiple stressors e.g. noise + heat, noise + air pollution



Global update 2005



? :

How - Guidance

IAQ Criteria – Examples

>> Guidance on most likely to require attention from designers, from indoor and outdoor sources

Annual averageShort-term average

PM10µg/m3 40 50

(24hr, max 35 times per year)



Global update 2005



(24hr)

(2hr)

20



Global update 2005



(annual)(annual)

(24hr, max 35 times per year)

(annual)

outdoorindoor



Global update 2005





Global update 2005



(24hr)



Global update 2005



F

WHO guideline

WHO recommends further progressive improvements

EU ambient air objective

UK ambient air objective

HSE occupational limit (2018)

Building Regulations Approved Document F performance criterion

BREEAM 2018 credit

WELL v1 credit

ODA 1 ODA 3ODA 2

(annual)30

Limits of Outdoor Air (ODA) classes in BS EN 16798-3:2017

TVOC µg/m3, 8hrs

300 500

F



Global update 2005



Formaldehydeµg/m3, 30min

30 100 2500

outdoorindoor

outdoorindoor

(occupied)(pre-occupancy)

(pre-occupancy)

Site assessment Source control

Internal & external, to indoor & outdoorEarly decisions incl. building layout

Ventilation StrategyRatesFiltration & purification: ISO 16890:2016 (PM); ISO 10121-2:2013 (gases – rare)

Construction, checks, commissioningBenefits to users AND site workers MVHRDetails! e.g. ductwork cleaning

O&M, incl cleaning and products

Hierarchical Approach – Example of IAQ

©ZCH,2016 © CraigBooth,DuctworkCleaning

IAQ R&D - Monitoring

Consumer awareness + contractual / regulatory performance >> Liability & opportunity

What data, what for, who for

Accuracy, contractual obligation:Ø Equipment calibrated by

accredited lab e.g. UKAS 17025 Ø Standard tests and procedures

e.g. BS/EN/ISO 16000 suite

Trends and awareness: more flexibility

CIBSE Air Quality working group

IAQ R&D

NOx and other gas filters, beyond special applications

“Purifying”, “absorbing” products>> By-products? >> Scale? >> Timescale?

IAQ R&D - CO2: indicator or pollutant?

CO2 only harmful at high levels• WHO : n/a• COSHH: 5,000ppm - 8hrs

15,000ppm - 15min

Ø Normally seen as indicator of ventilation effectiveness against indoor (human) pollutants

Ø Energy efficiency – e.g. CO2controlled ventilation

142

particular, the decision for manual windows was informed by previous projects where reliance on BMS-controlled windows had proved unsatisfactory. (left) winter (right) summer More information, including temperature and energy consumption data: https://architype.co.uk/project/wilkinson-primary-school/ https://www.cibsejournal.com/case-studies/a-lesson-in-passivhaus-award-winning-wilkinson-primary-school/ Beyond the above principles, there has been much increased interest in recent years for more extensive monitoring of indoor air quality parameters, including particulates, NOx, and VOC (TVOC and/or formaldehyde levels). Note that as discussed in the earlier sections of this chapter, monitoring of TVOCs should only be seen as indicator of possible issues, since it could encompass a wide range of VOCs, some of which not presenting a health hazard. The cost and accuracy of sensors was in the past prohibitive for common applications and limited to special environments or one-off investigations. They have become more common in recent years, with varying levels of accuracy, as discussed in the following paragraphs. Note that the accuracy of the data will rely not only on the equipment itself, but also on the procedures used – see section 4.5 for an overview of guidance, and section 9.5 for an overview of emerging methodologies. Equipment types and accuracy Overall, a wide range of options is available of varying capabilities and accuracy, from established products used for controls and monitoring for a number of years in the built environment, to more recent options linked to technological developments, the growing capability of data management systems, and the rise in awareness and interest in indoor air quality. Generally, air pollution sensors can be classified into two groups; those that measure gaseous pollutants, and those that measure particulate matter. For a technical description of the types of sensors and equipment available, refer for example to CIBSE KS17 (CIBSE, 2011) or to BSRIA. The appropriate option should be selected depending on the intended purpose for the data being gathered and the resources available to analyse and act on the data. Where equipment is required for contractual or legal purposes, equipment calibrated to an accredited standard, e.g. ISO or equivalent, should be used, preferably with the monitoring procedure requirements defined in the contract. Refer to section 4.5 for recommendations on equipment accuracy, and to Appendix B for a glossary on calibration.

© Architype

IAQ R&D - CO2: indicator or pollutant?

Allen and al, 2016 • 24 participants, 6 days, office lab• CO2 varied independently from fresh air rates• “Decision making” cognitive tests

Ø CO2 seems to have effect on its own at lower levels than usually assumed

Ø Maybe some performance gains in the margin, BUT ...

Ø Commissioning, O&M and monitoring !

800ppmWELL

750– 900ppm15251:2007

“high/medium”quality

950-1200ppm16798-1:2019

“high/medium”qualityAt 400ppm outdoors:

VENTILATION IN NEW HOMES | ZERO CARBON HUB 21

? 9. Was a handover process carried out and the ventilation system delivered to the occupant in a good state?

Site 1 Partially. The handover procedure was very good. There was a full

explanation of the ventilation system, controls and trickle vents with

a checklist provided for the Site Agent to work through. However,

the external ventilation grilles in 40% of dwellings were not cleaned

out properly before handover (they contained mortar and debris).

The occupier we were able to interview thought the fans were too

noisy and chose to turn the system off completely at the isolator

switch. The issue was caused by the fan coming on at night due to

the humidistat control kicking in.

Site 2 No. There was a good handover process to the buyers. However,

the occupants interviewed did not know they had an MVHR system

and were therefore unaware of the need to change the filters. The

suspected reason for this was that all apartments were buy-to-let

properties. The handover procedure was carried out with the home

owner, but not with the renter. Consequently, they had not been

informed of the type of ventilation system or the need to maintain it.

The filters in the MVHR units had not been changed/cleaned upon

handover. The MVHR system was quiet in normal mode and was

only noticeable when on boost. The noise was likely down to room

air terminal valves being set too tight (see above).

Site 3 No. The sales team confirmed that homeowners complained of

noisy fans and all isolators were switched off. As with Site 1, it is

thought the reason systems were switched off was due to

humidistats causing the fans to come on late at night. Occupiers

were shown how to 'commission' the fans to reduce noise levels.

The Show Home also showed signs of mould and condensation in

the under-stairs cupboard and kitchen top wall cupboards

potentially as a result of under-ventilation due to trickle vents being

closed and fans switched off.

Site 4 According to the sales team, no information was available as the site

was not yet occupied.

Site 5 No. The occupant interviewed had switched off the system at the

isolators due to noise.

Site 6 Yes. The handover procedure was very good. There was a full

explanation of the ventilation system carried out as part of the

handover procedure. No issues were raised by occupants.

Mould in a cupboard in the Show Home at Site 3 – Example of the risk of under-ventilation, including during building drying-out phase. Sales staff had closed all the trickle ventilators and switched off fans

Contents

Building Knowledge: Pathways to Post Occupancy Evaluation | 49

targets. These include, for example, energy and water use, transport use, the success of waste storage and collection strategies, as well as analysis of the success of a scheme against established urban design principles. This data is combined with the comments made during surveys and interviews revealing how a development is working from a user perspective and in this way contributing to their quality of life.

There are numerous examples of this POE work improving the operation and management of buildings. An example is the previously undiagnosed mechanical and control problems in an office building that was suffering from overheating, which were then fixed. The same study revealed the impact of the use of halogen lighting and its contribution to overheating, leading to the installation of more efficient LED lamps.

Common lessons have been learnt that have influenced the design of future projects. A much greater emphasis is now placed on a ‘fabric first’ approach to achieve energy targets and carbon emissions reductions. The studies demonstrated that complex technological approaches can lead to problems that often demand excessive management resource – an example is management time spent sorting out metering and billing issues caused by high system losses experienced in district heating schemes.

Findings have also led to changes in the development process. The views of the asset management teams who are responsible for individual developments are, for example, now sought in early design stage workshops so that feedback from completed projects is shared. At the other end of the process handover has been dramatically improved, with more time and effort spent providing materials and inductions for tenants and residents. Perhaps most importantly POE has reinforced the feedback loop in learning from built projects in the work of both the developer and URBED, meaning that the user experience is considered right from the very start of the design process.

© U

RBED

© U

RBED

© U

RBED

Humidity

Mould and allergens e.g. House Dust Mites

Higher T & RH Ø Summer discomfortØ Risk of death at extremes, mostly in Asia;

climate change!!

Unintended consequence of high ventilation rates: dry air, winter discomfort e.g. offices

No WHO criterion: ventilation, surface T Ø 40-60% RH in dwellings and air-conditioned

buildings, 40-70% elsewhereØ Good construction & operation

© Urbed / RIBA, 2017© ZCH, 2016

Residential retrofit

Airtightness and ventilation; interstitial condensation; cold bridges … >> Need for holistic approach>> PAS 2030 & 2035>> Need for joint monitoring of energy, costs, health, comfort, building fabric

Ref.: Sheffield University / Oldham Council

Warm Homes Oldham Example of joint health & housing initiative

Thermal Conditions – Criteria

Winter deaths (incl. flu) and health inequalities >> Retrofit >> Air quality and humidityOverheating risk and awareness rising; public health campaigns helpHealth-based criteria? >> Limits of comfort, CIBSE TM59 & TM52 Adaptive and PMV/PPD approaches, operative temperature Choice

24,000England & Wales

incl. flu

2,000England

2003, 2006

900England

2018

Thermal Conditions – Guidance

Passive solutions first: energy / carbon, resilience, comfort

Links to AQ e.g. Chilled ceilings >> Mixing

Controls linked to air T: disconnect user – designer / FM >> R&D opportunity!

Overheating in residences >> Noise

Light - Criteria

Figure 9.31 Examples of spectrum distribution from daylight and different types of light sources (this is illustrative only, as spectrum distribution will vary between products of the same light source) (picture from The Tap Blog http://tapnewswire.com/2016/10/to-protect-your-health-and-vision-stick-to-incandescent-lights/ or from https://endmyopia.org/how-fluorescent-lights-kills-your-vision/ … need to find similar images from another source)

Light as radiation

Visual aspects – lux, rendering, views etc

Non-visual effects: ipRGCs receptors, 2002

“Circadian”, “human-centric” lighting = ??ü Importance of spectrum ? Metric: WELL “melanopic lux” is one of many? Level ! Time dependent

Rapid and wide adoption of LED

Ø Daylight and views out

? Metric for glare from natural light

23

The b

alance o

f ligh

ting

This means there is still much to learn about the non-visual effects of light exposure (Boyce, 2006). It would be unwise to attempt to manipulate the circadian system with light too much or too often until all the possible consequences have been explored and understood which is why the effects of light exposure on human health are discussed in BS EN 12464-1 but no explicit recommendations are given. However, it is worth pointing out that both the visual system and the circadian system have evolved under a natural regime of daylight days and dark nights. The alternative electric light sources have only been available for use by day and night for about a hundred years, a very short time in evolutionary terms. It may be that the main impact of a greater understanding of the role of light exposure on human health will be to return attention to the better daylighting of buildings.

A proven benefi t for light exposure is in the treatment of seasonal mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, although the exact mechanism is unknown. The most common form is winter depression, better known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Seasonal depression symptoms include increased appetite, carbohydrate craving and unacceptable weight gain as well as increased sleep (Lam and Levitt, 1998). Estimates vary as to the prevalence of seasonal mood disorders and there are several theories as to their cause, but there is little controversy concerning the value of light therapy as an effective treatment (Ravindran et al., 2009). Standard light therapy involves the delivery of up to ~10 000 lx, measured at the eye, for 30 min daily, usually in the early morning delivered either by daylight or by a light box (Figure 1.12).

Visual cortex

IMLCC

CRH

SCG

ACTH

Pineal

Visual processing

Melatonin

CortisolAdrenal cortexAnteriorpituitary

Thalamus

Septum

Hypothalamus

Midbrain

Spinal cord

LGN/IGL

POT

RHT

)LJXUH�� A simplifi ed schematic diagram of two eye-brain pathways. Light received by the eye is converted to neural signals that pass via the optic nerve to these visual and non-visual pathways. POT = Primary optic tract; RHT = retino-hypothalamic tract; LGN/IGL = lateral geniculate nucleus/intergeniculate leafl et; SCN = suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus; PVN = paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; IMLCC = intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord; SCG = superior cervical ganglion; CRH = corticotropic releasing hormone; ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone (after CIE, 2004a)

Light – Guidance

Daylight

Glare control

Location and amount of glazing

Coordination: finishes, furniture layout, position of light sensors ….

Good quality fittings and controls –e.g. LED drivers: beware flicker

User control, task lighting

Project ONE

1 New Street Square Sustainability – Stage 2 Report

Page | 7

Cooling: the envelope specifications cannot be modified within the tenant’s scope of works, and they are expected to be of a high standard already, with good solar control. Areas with high expected cooling requirements (e.g. SER rooms) are proposed to be located away from the facades. Free cooling is expected as part of the MEP proposals.

Daylight: the stage 2 layouts have been developed to maximise daylight benefits in the occupied areas. Blinds will be installed and the possibility to modify the ones proposed in the base build for blinds of a lighter colour is being reviewed. This would be expected to offer benefits in increasing daylight penetration while the blinds are down for glare control. Daylight sensors will be installed and linked to dimming of artificial lighting, expected to offer significant benefits.

The above options, and others if identified, will be incorporated into the modelling carried out at Stage 3 in order to check whether they help achieve a 5% reduction in energy demand, in line with BREEAM credit Ene04, which is an onerous target.

4.3 PART L

A Part L 2013 model will be built at Stage 3 to inform design development and performance specifications, starting with typical floors at early Stage 3 (e.g. one office floor and one client floor), to be developed into a full building model for the end of Stage 3.

Early modelling was commissioned by Deloitte from the base build consultants to inform the feasibility of achieving BREEAM 2014 Outstanding. This should be taken with caution as the modelling was carried out on the CAT A proposals, however the following parameters were identified as required, and initial notes are made against them for the team’s attention before more detailed work at Stage 3.

Main AHU Specific Fan Power: no sensitivity analysis on this parameter was carried out by the base build Part L consultant, and the base build already includes filters (F7) which are expected to go towards meeting the WELL requirements for filtering of pollutants (Air 1 and Air 5). This will however be reviewed at the next stage, as further filtration measures may be required by Delos or Deloitte, especially in relation to reducing PM2.5 and NOx levels. The impact of additional filters on AHU SFPs and Part L performance would then need to be assessed.

Fan Coil Units Specific Fan Power: 0.3W/l/s (against 0.5W/l/s required for BREEAM 2014 Excellent). It is our current understanding that no requirements for filtering on the FCU apply in the WELL assessment (Air 23 - as there is no re-circulated ventilation air). This however needs to be confirmed with Delos.

A more detailed review of air quality data could be carried out Stage 3, including average pollutant levels, variability throughout the day and frequency of peaks, and the impact of the base build filters. This could aim to assist Deloitte in deciding whether filtering such as activated carbon filters should be installed to reduce ozone and VOC levels, regardless of whether it is required for WELL. The impact of additional filters on the FCU SFPs and Part L performance would then need to be assessed.

Lighting: 1.4W/m2/100lux. This is typically expected to be achievable in the open-plan office areas, with illuminance levels around 350lux at the working pane. Areas with more partitioning will be reviewed in more detail at stage 3 and options should be reviewed to maximise efficiencies in the open-plan areas in order to allow for potentially higher loads in the more enclosed areas.

The lighting solutions are also being reviewed in relation to WELL requirements, and in particular circadian design and target melanopic lux levels. Initial calculations suggest that modelling would be required in order to be able to take account of daylight benefits, as relying on simple calculations could lead to high artificial lighting loads. Lighting modelling of typical floors is therefore recommended at early Stage 3 in order to inform the WELL pre-assessment and the lighting design.

A number of lighting solutions are being reviewed as part of the lighting and IB strategy – see IB and MEP reports for more detail.

Due to the nature of the Power Over Ethernet solution, a level of interrogation with the manufacturers is required in order to ensure the declared performance data is compared on a ‘fair’ basis with that of more traditional products. It is possible that Building Control / Approved Inspectors will need to be approached by Hoare Lea on the best way to represent the product (if Power Over Ethernet is selected as the chosen solution), to ensure its benefits are rewarded in the Part L model.

As the above target was established by the base build consultant on the CAT A building, it will need to be reviewed with the actual fit-out proposals, with particular attention for areas which are not open-plan and where the same lighting efficiency may be more difficult to achieve. This will be reviewed at Stage 3, including early modelling on typical floors.

Attention should also be placed on finishes to ensure that the required efficiencies are achievable, while providing the required lux levels. Should dark finishes be incorporated, it is recommended that this be limited to a small number of areas only, and relating to particularly functional or aesthetic. The following box models illustrate the impact of the colour of finishes: this was carried out on a simple model, with a 2.4*2.4m layout, where the soffit was modelled as white in the first model, and black in the second.

Figure 2: simple lighting box model to illustrate the impact of finishes: all other parameters being equal, the average illuminance at working pane is 18% lower in the ‘black soffit’ scenario than in the ‘white soffit’ one

With the same lighting load, the ‘white soffit’ model achieves an average illuminance at working pane of 469 lux, while the ‘black soffit’ model achieves an average illuminance at working pane of 383 lux, i.e. 18% lower.

Alternatively, to achieve similar average lux levels of at least 400 lux at the working pane:

x The ‘white soffit’ model would require 168 products, equating to a lighting load of 3.8W/m2, and would achieve average illuminance levels at the working pane of 477lux.

x The ‘black soffit’ model would require 190 products, equating to a lighting load of 4.3W/m2 i.e. 13% higher lighting load, and would achieve average illuminance levels at the working pane of 421 lux, i.e. 12% lower.

Hon Office Lighting

© Hoare Lea Lighting

Acoustics Overheating in residencesSmarter open-plan office layouts for different needsVentilation design, installation & maintenance >> air quality

R&DAcoustic criteria for sleepBalancing heat and noise >> Collaboration with ANC and IOAAcoustically attenuated openingsSoundscapesVirtual reality

CASE STUDY 2 – ST. JOHN’S HILL, CLAPHAM

VENTILATION IN NEW HOMES | ZERO CARBON HUB 29

S2ASupply

S2AExtract

S2BSupply

S2BExtract

S2CSupply

S2CExtract

S2DSupply

S2DExtract

MinimumADF(l/s) 29 29 29 29 29 29 21 21

ZCHMeasured 17.70 21.10 22.90 27.40 24.90 25.30 17.70 14.00

CommissioningData 29 29 21 21

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Litrespe

rsec

ond

Chart2b- MVHRMeasurements- BoostSetting

Site 2 – Example of room extract air terminal with inadequate air gap se!ing, leading to higher flow resistance and localised air velocity noise

The consequence of this tight setting is that, to achieve the air flow rate values, the fan speeds for both supply and extract needed to be set to higher speeds to overcome this resistance, thus the systems will be using more electrical energy than is necessary. The high fan speeds will likely cause noise nuisance.

Flow Rate Measurements (boost speed)

Chart 2b shows the measurements for the sum of the supply and extract ventilation high rates, i.e. the sum of the individual room air flow rates in boost speed setting. Extract rates in boost are the same as for MEV (see the table on page 25). Supply air flow rates should be balanced to match the extract air flow rates, although this is not specified in ADF.

The issue of the inadequate air gap setting on the room terminal valves is exacerbated with the increase in fan speed from normal to boost setting. In each flat, the fan settings for the MVHR in boost were set to near maximum capacity (45 l/s), whereas Chart 2b indicates the highest whole-dwelling flow rate (minimum ADF) in boost to be 29 l/s. However, the air flow rates measured by the project team range from as low as 14 l/s to 27.4 l/s, with none of the systems meeting the minimum ADF specification. It was also observed that the sound levels from the systems increased.

Chart 2b – MVHR Measurements – Boost Se!ing

Mind: Beauty + Design

©MaxFordham

High-frequency:

General exposure:Whole-body SAR 0.08 W/kgHead & trunk 2 W/kg Limbs 4 W/kg(4.5-10W/m2)

Mobile phone base stations, outside exclusion zones : 0.002-2% of guideline (whole-body SAR)

900MHz-2GHz

Mobile phones: (vs Head & Trunk SAR)Ø Has been found on occasions above

guidelines when held close to the head for phone calls, especially when used by children

Ø Children: limit exposure & long callsØ Adults should have a choiceØ Select device with low SARØ Observe separation distances from

head & body recommended in product literature

2.4-5GHz

Wifi, microwave ovens, smart meters …. Exposures much lower than guidelines and than from mobile phones

Occupational & power lines:9 kV/m + protection 360microT

Typical UK homes:1-20V/m0.01-0.2microT

Close to appliances & wiring:A few 100s V/mA few 10s microT

A few kV/mA few 10s microT

General exposure:5 kV/m100microTEarth’s field:

50 microT

50-60Hz

Low-frequency:

Occupational exposure: Whole body SAR 0.4 W/kgHead & trunk 10 W/kg Limbs 20 W/kg

Substations:No / negligible electric field A few microT

Electro-Magnetic Fields: Guidelines vs Measured Exposure

Water

Pollution, flooding, climate changeUK limits ≤ WHO guidelinesPublic supplies: 99.96% tested compliance (+ incidents)Beware on-site filters and purification that are not WRAS-approved

Public water supplies, DWI report, 2017

Good Homes Alliance

non-CIBSE workwith Susie Diamond, Inkling

Better support local authorities and project teams in

the evaluation of overheating risk in new residential planning applications,

and raise awareness of possible design solutions

Objectives

Heat MappingRisk indicator for

location, not project

SAP, PHPP

GHA guidance & tool Project-specific

Strategic risks & solutions

NPPFHigh-level

Early stage; possibly sketches only

Early design to completion

HQM

Dynamic modelling (CIBSE TM59)

HHSRS

Existing homes

Engineers, modellers, some architects

Environmental Health

Planners,Environmental

Health

Planners

Target Audience

London Heat Risk mapping(upcoming)

Case officers + other LA & designers

London Domestic Overheating Checklist

In-house Overheating Checklists(confidential)

Policy making

Site context Occupancy risk profiles

Design options

Communityheating

Future climategreen, UHI

… Noise,

security

SAP ✗ ≈ ✗ ≈ ≈ ✗

HQM ✓ ✓ ✗≈

(principles) ✓ ✗

PHPP ✗ ≈ ≈ ✓ ✓ ✗

TM59 ✗ ≈ ≈ ✓ ≈ ≈

GHA tool ✓ ✓ ✗≈

(principles) ✓ ✗

ØEarly stage

ØAccounting for site context

Scope

GHA tool as “first filter”

Low riskHigh risk

Recommendation:Mitigation & Modelling

Recommendation:Modelling to

inform the design & as evidence

Medium risk

TOOL

Next steps

Heat gains

Solar gainsLocal microclimateSite surroundings

Tool

Capacity to dissipate heat

Ventilation potentialSite surroundings

LAUNCH 16th July 2019

Urban Heat Island

Micro climates

Effects of peak vs cumulative solar gains

Thermal mass operation and benefits in practice

R&D: Where Approximations & Best Guesses Were Required

Conclusions

Regulations Wish List: Filling the Gaps

Overheating

Indoor air quality (not just ventilation)

Whole-house approach to retrofit – Part L1B, L2B, Part F, overheating

Better consideration of micro-climates and site context in planning and/or building regulations

Towards outcomes:>> Operational building performance>> Long-term health impact assessments https://www.cibse.org/news-and-policy/

More focus on building performance outcomes

Hierarchical approach, centered on the precautionary principleSource control Site assessmentBenchmarking & targetsO&M, monitoring and evaluation

Evolving knowledge and solutions

Recommendations

Thank you

[email protected]

Documents

Guidance and criteria for healthy & comfortable