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GUERRA SUCIA: ARGENTINA’S DIRTY WAR
• ToviewthisPDFasaprojectablepresentation,savethefile,click“View”inthetopmenubarofthefile,andselect“FullScreenMode.”
• TorequestaneditablePPTversionofthispresentation,[email protected]
INEQUALITY & LATIN AMERICA
“LatinAmericaismuchmoreunequalthanotherregions.Thereasonishistory.Europeancolonisation setapatternofexploitationofindigenousIndians.Itslegacy,andthatofslavery,liveon.Thishelpstoexplaintheethniccharacterofsomeoftheregion'sinequality.”
– TheEconomist
THINK-PAIR-SHARE
• Whydoyouthinkit’simportanttothinkabouteconomicandsocialinequalitywhendiscussingLatinAmerica?
• Whatimpactdoyouthinkinequalityhasonwhatwe’reabouttostudy?
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE& THE COLD WAR
• Throughoutthe1950s&60spoliticalandeconomicproblemshelpedleadtowidespreadunrestthroughoutmuchofLatin&SouthAmerica.
• In1959,CubabecamethefirstcommunistgovernmentintheWesternHemisphere byoverthrowingaUSbackeddictator,FulgencinoBatista.
• TheUSwasafraidthatwithsupportfromCubaandtheUSSR,morecountriesintheWesternHemispherewouldturntocommunism.
Fidel Castro Celebrates Victory in Cuba
ALLIANCEFORPROGRESS• PresidentKennedyproposedan“AllianceforProgress”,a10yearplanwhichwouldprovide:• economicaid• militaryaid(counterinsurgency)
• Thegoaloftheeconomicaidwastocombatinequalitythrough• Improvingeducation&combatingilliteracy• ImprovingIndustrialproductivity&landuse• Improvingpublichealth• Pricestability• Establishmentofdemocraticgovernments
VenezuelanPresidentRómuloBetancourtandU.S.PresidentJohnF.KennedyatLaMorita,Venezuela,duringanofficialmeetingfortheAllianceforProgressin1961
ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
• Thegoalofmilitaryaidaidwastocombatcommunismusingatwoprongedapproach:
1. TheUSmilitarywouldpreventanyexternalcommunistinvasionsorthreats.
2. LatinAmericanarmieswoulddefendagainstthe “internalenemiesoffreedom”.• Referredtoascounterinsurgency
ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS: RESULTS
• Althoughsomegainsweremadebythe1970s(improvementstopublichealthandhigherliteracyrates),manyoftheeconomicplansweredeemedafailure• Inequalitywasstillhigh• Pricestabilityandeconomicgrowthdidn’tlast
• Thiswasduetomultiplefactors:• ResistancetolandandeconomicreformsbywealthyelitesandUSbusinessinterests• InsufficientUSaid• LackofUSfocusontheregion• Theriseofanti-democraticmilitarydictatorships
MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA
• Ironically,muchofthemilitaryaidprovidedbytheUS,allowedtheseanti-democraticmilitaryregimestogainpoliticalpower.o Buildingdemocraticgovernmentsbecamelessimportantthanfighting
communists.
FEATURES OF MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS• Manyofthesedictatorshipsbrutallyrepressedtheirpeopleandcrackeddownonanytypeofpoliticalexpression.
• Inmanycases,enemiesofthestatecouldinclude:o Politicalpartieso Laborunionso SchoolsandUniversitieso Professionalassociationso Journalists
• Anydissentwasmetwithharshretaliation.o Tortureo Exileo Incarcerationo Executiono Rape
THINK-PAIR-SHARE
• WhydoyouthinktheUSwasworriedaboutLatinAmericancountriesturningtowardscommunism?
• HowmighttheAllianceforProgresspreventcountriesfromturningtocommunism?
• DoyouthinktheAllianceforProgresswasagoodidea?Whyorwhynot?
• WhydoyouthinktheAllianceforProgressfailedtohelpLatinAmerica?
• HowdoyouthinktheUnitedStatesgovernmentreactedtotheriseofmilitarydictatorshipsacrossLatinAmerica?
THE PERÓN DECADE• JuanPeronwasapopular,yetcontroversial,militaryleaderelectedtothepresidencyin1946.
• Althoughheruledbydecree,heandhiswife,Evita,wereverypopular.
• Whilepresidenthe:o Establishedapoliticalmovement,“Peronism”,whichunitedleft&rightwingpoliticalmovements
o legitimizedtradeunionso extendedpoliticalrightstotheworkingclasso securedvotingrightsforwomeno openeduniversityeducationtoallcapableArgentinians.
THE PERÓN DECADE
• EconomicdifficultiesandrisinginflationinunderminedPerón’spresidencyintheearly1950s.Evita’s deathin1952furtherhurthispopularity.
• In1955,hewasdeposedbyamilitarycoupandwasexiledtoSpain.
Evita’s funeral
ARGENTINA IN THE 60S & 70S• Aseriesofciviliangovernmentsandmilitarygovernmentstookpowerthroughoutthe1960s.o BothsoughttobanorseverelylimitPerónism (JusticialistParty).
o ManyofthereformsPerón implementedwererepealed.
• Thisperiodwasmarkedbyinstabilityandbyrampantantigovernmentfeelings:o Economicproblemso Strikeso Protestso Riotso Politicalkidnappingso Guerrillawarfareagainstthestatebyleftistgroupso Violenceagainstleftistgroupsbyrightwinggroups
TheMontoneros wereacommunistguerillagroupthatkidnappedandmurderedvariousgovernmentofficials
RETURN OF PERÓN• Intheearly1970s,themilitarygovernmentrelaxedrestrictionsonthePerónistas.o In1973,HectorCámpora,aPerónloyalist,waselectedpresident.
o Heresignedafewmonthsafterbeingelected,pavingthewayforJuanPeron’sreturn.
• Perón wasanineffectivepresidentduetochronicillnessandhediedin1974.o Hiswife,Isabel,becamepresidentuponhisdeath.
Perón’s funeral
IsabelPerón
PRESIDENCY OF ISABEL PERÓN• Whilepresident,Isabelcreatedthe“TripleA”(Alianza ArgentinaAnticomunista),adeathsquadtotakeonrevolutionarygroups.o Suspectedofkillingatleast1,100people.oWipedouttheMontoneros.
• ShewasunpopularduetocorruptionandfailuretotackleArgentina’sproblems.
• In1976,shewasdeposedbyamilitarycoup.Shewasarrestedandplacedunderhousearrest.ShewasexiledtoSpainin1981andstilllivestheretoday.
MILITARY JUNTA
• LedbyGeneralJorgeRafaelVidela
• Originalaimwastorestoresocialorder
• Initiallysupportedbymuchofthepress&public
THINK-PAIR-SHARE• WhydoyouthinkthemilitarydeposedPerón in1955?
• Whydoyouthinkthevariousgovernments(civilian&military)duringthe1950s&60splacedrestrictionsonPerónism?
• WhatroledoyouthinktheColdWarplayedinArgentinainthe1960s?
• WhydoyouthinkIsabelPerón createdadeathsquad?HowmightthisinfluenceArgentina’spoliticslater?
• WhydoyouthinkmanyArgentinianssupportedthejuntaatfirst?
DIRTY WAR (1976 – 1983) • Whatbeganasanattempttorestoreorder,quicklyturnedintowaronArgentina’sowncitizens.
• ElProceso – “theProcess”orthereorganization– aperiodofwide-scalerepressionofthegeneralpublic:o Tradeunionistso Studentso Intellectualso Journalistso Writerso Humanrightsactivists
DIRTY WAR (1976 – 1983)• Methodsofsuppressiono Incarcerationo Tortureo Rapeo Killingo Kidnapping
• TwomethodswerespecifictotheDirtyWar:
1. Deathflights– prisonerswereexecutedbybeingthrownoutofairplanesalive.
2. Thechildrenof“losdesaparecidos”weretakenfromtheirparentsandgiventosupportersofthejunta.
LosDesparedcidos orthedisappeared
DIRTY WAR (1976 – 1983)
• LasAbuelas dePlazadeMayo&LasMadresdePlazadeMayoo Twohumanrightsgroupsmadeupofthemothersandgrandmothersofthedisappeared.§ PlazadeMayoisthemainsquareinBuenosAiresanditisthefocalpointofpoliticallifeinArgentina.
o Ledprotestsagainstthehumanrightsabusescommittedbythejunta
o Somewere“disappeared” ThesymbolofLasMadres&LasAbuelas – awhiteheadscarf– inPlazadeMayo
FALKLANDS/MALVINAS WAR• ThejuntadidlittletoimprovetheproblemsfacingArgentina:o Widespreadsocialunresto Economicdecline
• In1981,GeneralLeopoldo Galtieri becamepresident.
• TodistractfromArgentina’sproblems,helaunchedaninvasionoftheBritishcontrolledFalklandIslandsin1982.
• ManyArgentinesinitiallysupportedtheinvasionbecausetheybelievedthattheFalklandIslandsshouldbelongtoArgentina,notBritain.o MalvinasiswhattheArgentinescalltheIslands.
FALKLAND/MALVINAS WAR
• ThewarwasadisasterforArgentina.o Theirarmysurrenderedin74days
• Thisfailureendedthejunta’scontroloverArgentina.
• In1983,Raúl Alfonsín (acivilian)waselectedpresident.
THINK-PAIR-SHARE• WhydoyouthinkIsabelPerón’s governmentandthejuntausedextralegalmeanstodealwiththeguerillasandotherpeopletheydeemedsubversives?
• WhydoyouthinkthatthejuntabegantoexpanditsDirtyWaroperationstocitizenswhoweren’tguerillas?
• WhatroledidtheFalklandWarplayinendingtheDirtyWar?
• WhydoyouthinkitisreferredtoastheDirtyWar?Whatnamewouldyouuse?
• WhatdoyouthinkpresentdayArgentinian’saredoingtorememberthevictimsoftheDirtyWar?
AFTERMATH OF THE DIRTY WAR• NationalCommissionontheDisappearanceofPersonso Anorganizationinvestigatedthefateofthedisappeared.
o Nunca Mas – thereportissuedbytheCommission
• Afterthereport,Alfonsin attemptedtoprosecutetheperpetratorsoftheDirtyWar
• Thegovernmentsuccessfullytriedhigh-rankingofficials,includingJorgeVidela.
AFTERMATH OF THE DIRTY WAR• Inresponsetotheprosecutions,severaljuniorofficersstarteduprisingsinvariouspartsofthecountry.
• In1986and1987,CongresspassedthePardonLaws,theFinalLineandDueObedience,whichendedprosecutionsofmilitaryandsecurityofficersforcrimescommittedduringthemilitarydictatorship.
• In1990,afterfiveyearsinprison,GeneralVidela andotherhighrankingofficialswerepardoned,despitethepublic’sopposition.
AFTERMATH OF THE DIRTY WAR
• In2005,ajudgeruledthatthepardonlawswereunconstitutionalandVidela wasplacedunderhousearrestin2006.
• In2010,hewasputontrialagainforhumanrightsviolations.Hewasconvictedandsenttoprison.
• In2012,hewasconvictedofkidnappingthechildrenofthedisappeared.
• Hediedinprisonin2013.
AFTERMATH OF THE DIRTY WAR
• From2005to2011,259peoplewereconvictedofcrimesrelatingtotheDirtyWar.
• LasAbuelas dePlazadeMayostillcontinuetheirworktryingtolocatetheirgrandchildren.
• Asof2013,109ofthe500suspectedchildrenhavebeenidentified.
REMEMBERING THE DIRTY WAR• In2006,24MarchwasdesignatedasapublicholidayinArgentina,theDayofRemembranceforTruthandJustice.
• Onthe30thanniversaryofthecoup,ahugecrowdfilledthestreetstorememberwhathappenedduringthemilitarygovernment,andensureitdidnothappenagain.
• Itwasannouncedin2007thatthetheNavySchoolofMechanics(ESMA)– anotoriousdetentionandtorturecenter– wouldbecomeamuseumtohonorthevictimsoftheDirtyWar.
THINK-PAIR-SHARE• IfyouwereacitizenofArgentina,howdoyouthinkyouwouldreacttotheDirtyWar(support,protest,staysilent,etc.)?Why?
• TheUnitedStateshaslongbeeninvolvedintheaffairsofmanyLatinAmericannations(MonroeDoctrine,RooseveltCorollary,BayofPigsInvasion,etc.)DoyouthinktheUnitedStateswasawareoftheDirtyWar?Ifso,howdoyouthinktheUSresponded?
• Baseduponworldeventsofthe1950s– 80s,whymighttheUSviewthejuntaasanally,despitetheirknownhumanrightsabuses?
US & THE DIRTY WAR• By1976,theUSCongresswasconsideringplacingeconomicsanctionsonArgentinaforhumanrightsabuses.
• Aroundthesametime,USAmbassador,RobertHill,pressedthemilitarytostopitshumanrightsabuses,buthewastoldthatthejuntahadWashington’ssupport.
• Secretly,USSecretaryofState,HenryKissingerassuredthejuntathatPresidentNixonsupportedwhattheyweredoing.
“Look, our basic attitude is that we would like you to succeed. I have an old-fashioned view that friends ought to be supported. What is not understood in the United States is that you have a civil war. We read about human rights problems but not the context. The quicker you succeed, the better. The human rights problem is a growing one. Your ambassador can apprise you. We want a stable situation. We won’t cause you unnecessary difficulties. If you can finish before Congress gets back, the better. Whatever freedoms you could restore would help.”
Henry Kissinger to Argentine Foreign Minister, Augusto Guzzetti; October 1976
US & THE DIRTY WAR• In1976,PresidentJimmyCarterwaselected.
• DuringhisonetermherefocusedUSforeignpolicytoincludemoreemphasisonhumanrights.
• Hepubliclycondemnedthejunta’shumanrightsabusesandimposedsanctionsuponthemilitary.
• In1980,PresidentRonaldReaganwaselected.
• Hisforeignpolicytookamorehardlineapproachtocommunismandheestablishedfriendlierrelationswiththejunta.
LAS ABULEAS DE PLAZA DE MAYO & THE SEARCH FOR IDENTITY
ThisfilmtellsthestoryofLasAbuelas dePlazadeMayo,anArgentinianhumanrightsorganizationofgrandmotherscommittedtofindingtheirlostgrandchildren.Theybelievethesegrandchildrenwerestolenbytheir
governmentduringthecountry’smilitarydictatorshipfrom1976-1983,aperiodinArgentina’shistoryreferredtoastheDirtyWar.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MpAuPwlA7o&feature=youtu.be
SOURCES• http://www.coldwarstudies.com/2013/03/14/pope-francis-and-the-cold-war-in-latin-
america/
• http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/kennedy-proposes-alliance-for-progress
• http://www.ratical.org/ratitorsCorner/12.21.99.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_progress
• http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB104/herald.pdf
• http://www.cartercenter.org/news/upcoming_events/conversations/index.html
• http://books.google.com/books?id=vJrzQO3umO8C&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=jimmy+carter+foreign+policy+argentina&source=bl&ots=gnQsImAw5T&sig=k-nGssIkRhJFupYhhJW6i2PSMwM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7LGwUsmaJ4SqkQeL5YGoBQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=jimmy%20carter%20foreign%20policy%20argentina&f=false
• http://www.economist.com/node/2193852
• Rosenberg, Mark. Americas: An Anthology. Print.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_war