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8/3/2019 Growth in Human-child Development
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y Chow Kuok Feng
y Connie
y Adilah
y Anisa
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2 S curves
2 rapid growth phases :
Infantadolescent.
Slow growth phase
childhood.
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5 Major growth phases:-
i. Infant phase
ii. Childhood phaseiii. Adolescent phase
iv. Adult phase
v. Ageing phase
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i. Infant phase:
Growth rate - very rapid for both gender.
Few small cells are dividing rapidly.
As the number of cells becomes greater the sizeincreases more quickly because there are morecells carrying out division.
There is a limit to this rapid phase of growth.
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ii. Childhood phase
y
Growth rate - slower.
y From the age of 4, slightly higherin males compared to females.
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Growth rate - rapid.
In the earlier part females have a more rapidgrowth, this is 2 years before it begins in males. Atthe later part the male growth rate become highercompared to females.
This difference results in the females attainingpuberty at an earlier age (around age of 12)
compared to males (around age 14).
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y Two infants born at the same time may be verydifferent. Some infants are very quiet and sleep a lot.Other infants are very active.
y
Developmental change is a basic fact of humanexistence and each person is developmentally unique.Although there are universally accepted assumptionsor principles of human development, no two children
are alike. Children differ in physical, cognitive, social,and emotional growth patterns.
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y Development refers to change or growth that occursin a child during the life span from birth toadolescence.
y This change occurs in an orderly sequence,involving physical, cognitive, and emotionaldevelopment.
y These three main areas of child development involvedevelopmental changes which take place in a
predictable pattern (age related), orderly, but withdifferences in the rate or timing of the changes fromone person to another
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y Physical Development -At birth, infants cannotcontrol their body movements. Most of theirmovements are reflexes.
y Their nervous system is not fully developed. Duringthe first months, infants can see clearly objects that are
about 10 inches away from their faces.
y By six months, their vision is more fully developed.
y By four months, most babies have some control oftheir muscles and nervous system.
y They can sit with support, hold their head up for shortperiods of time, and can roll from their side to theirstomach. By five months, most babies can roll over.
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y Physical Development - Infants still take a nap in the morning
and afternoon. They start to eat and sleep at regular times.y They eat three meals a day and drink from bottles at various
times. They start using a cup and a spoon to feed themselves.Infants can sit alone.
y They crawl with their stomach touching the floor, and they creep
on their hands and knees.y By eight months, they can reach for and hold objects. They can
pick up objects with their thumb and forefinger and let objectsgo (drop things).
y They start to throw things. They pull up to stand, they stand
holding onto furniture, and they can walk when led.y By the time they are 12 months old, most babies can weigh three
times what they weighed at birth and gain about an inch permonth in length. The average infant at one year may be between2630 inches long.
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Factorsaffectinginfants
development
Gene
Dominantand
Recessive
MilestonesEnvironment
Personality
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y Gene
- Genes are the determinants of heredity, and each individual carries genes from the
mother and the father. Characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye color and
hair color are all determined through the balance of genes in the body. Genes are
responsible for cognitive and mental processes as well as physical features, and they
are passed down through generations.
y Dominance and Recessive
- According to ThinkQuest.org, there is both a recessive gene and a dominant gene for
every individual personal characteristic. For instance, if one parent has dark hair and the
other has light, the dominant gene will determine the color of the resulting child's hair.
Genes are responsible for factors that determine a wide variety of hereditary physical
characteristics.
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y Milestones
- Physical development in children is often measured inmilestones. Children are expected to reach certain
measurable developmental milestones at specific ages.
For instance, by the age of 3 months a child should beable to roll over. At 6 months they should be able to sit up
without assistance, and at 12 months most will have at
least attempted to stand up or walk. Thesedevelopmental milestones are used by physicians to
determine if a child is making adequate physical
progression throughout their growing years.
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y Environment
- Although genes do play a large part in the
developmental process, the environment also
has a role in determining physical characteristics
and development. If a fetus is exposed to
pollutants or chemicals in the womb at specific
stages in the developmental process, it can alter
their deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and cause
mutations that may not otherwise have occurred.
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y Personality
- Some babies just sit there, taking it all in, while otherswon't stay in one place long enough to hear whatyou've got to say. Just like adults, babies all shine indifferent areas, depending on temperament, likes anddislikes.
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y When reaches childhood stage, this timeperiod is a stage of continuing growth anddevelopment for the children.
y He/she will go through many changes intheir physical, mental, emotional andsocial development.
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Movement: Your child's body changesas he learns to do new things. Hismotor (movement) skills improve
along with his balance andcoordination
Movement: Your child's body changesas he learns to do new things. Hismotor (movement) skills improve
along with his balance andcoordination
Body control or movement: Yourchild will be able to stand on one foot
even for a short period of time. Helearns to walk up and down the stairsalternating each foot. He may also be
able to skip and throw a ball. Yourchild learns to dress and feed himself,
and use the toilet on his own.
Body control or movement: Yourchild will be able to stand on one foot
even for a short period of time. Helearns to walk up and down the stairsalternating each foot. He may also be
able to skip and throw a ball. Yourchild learns to dress and feed himself,
and use the toilet on his own.
Hand and finger control: Your childlearns to focus and increases his handskills. He can hold a book or pen more
firmly. He also learns to turn paperpages. Later, he is able to turn paper
pages one page at a time, and write hisname.
Hand and finger control: Your childlearns to focus and increases his handskills. He can hold a book or pen more
firmly. He also learns to turn paperpages. Later, he is able to turn paper
pages one page at a time, and write hisname.
Weight and height: Boys may weighabout 29 to 40 pounds during this
time period. Their height may reach
35 to 42 inches. Girls may weigh 27 to39 pounds. They may grow to about 34and one-half to 42 inches during this
time.
Weight and height: Boys may weighabout 29 to 40 pounds during this
time period. Their height may reach
35 to 42 inches. Girls may weigh 27 to39 pounds. They may grow to about 34and one-half to 42 inches during this
time.
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Certain medicalconditions: Problems thataffect the brain may slow
your child's development.These problems may includeinfections and head injuries.
Eating habits: Your childmay become picky about
what he eats and may prefercertain foods. Refusing to
eat, or only eating fast foodor junk food may decreaseyour childs growth and
development
Sleep: Your child needs sleep togrow and develop normally. The
total time spent sleeping includesnaps in the morning and
afternoon, and sleep withoutwaking up at night. Lack of sleep
decreases your childs energy.
Play: Playing helps a childdevelop his imagination.
Your child will also learn howto get along with others.
Family influence: Family isimportant as
they are the person that supportand educate the child. Parentschoice for suitable parenting
method is significant in moldingup a childs character.
Peer : Peer here refers tofriend of the same age. Thisis the first step taken by a
child to the society. Here isthe place where the child willtry and acquire skills to adapt
themselves in a society.
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y Adolescence = The state of growing up fromchildhood to manhood or
womanhood.
Source : www.brainyquote.com
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Biological
Yu Zhenhuan Born in 1979 in Anshan cityof China
IQ level
Skin complexion
Blue eyes
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Upbringing
Actions
Family
Foods taken
Physicaldevelopment
Nutrition
Behaviour
Influenceinterest,outfit style
Peer
Thinking
Right &
wrong
Culture
Interest
Relationship
with otherpeople
Media
Cognitive
Social
bonding
Teacher&School
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y Retrieved from http://urbanext.illinois.edu/babysitting/age -infant.html
y
Retrieved from http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350 -055/350-055.htmly Retrieved from http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/family/144358/Baby-
milestones--Factors-that-affect-babies--developmenty Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5045762_hereditary-
factors-affect-physical-development.htmly Thomson, R. (2011). Normal growth and
development of preschoolers.Drugs.com.Retrieved February 3, 2012,fromhttp://www.drugs.com/cg/normal-growth-and-development-of-preschoolers.html
y Factors that influence child development. (2011, January 14). RetrievedFebruary 3, 2012, from
http://teachinginmalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/01/20 -factors-that-influence-child_13.htmly Retrieved from
http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ad/adolescence127543.htmly http://www.focusas.com/Adolescence-Early.html
y Retrieved from http://urbanext.illinois.edu/babysitting/age -infant.html
y
Retrieved from http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350 -055/350-055.htmly Retrieved from http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/family/144358/Baby-
milestones--Factors-that-affect-babies--developmenty Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5045762_hereditary-
factors-affect-physical-development.htmly Thomson, R. (2011). Normal growth and
development of preschoolers.Drugs.com.Retrieved February 3, 2012,fromhttp://www.drugs.com/cg/normal-growth-and-development-of-preschoolers.html
y Factors that influence child development. (2011, January 14). RetrievedFebruary 3, 2012, from
http://teachinginmalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/01/20 -factors-that-influence-child_13.htmly Retrieved from
http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ad/adolescence127543.htmly http://www.focusas.com/Adolescence-Early.html