Growing Up in the New South Africa: Childhood and Adolescence in Post-Apartheid Cape Town

8/9/2019 Growing Up in the New South Africa: Childhood and Adolescence in Post-Apartheid Cape Town

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>( [ac bflomofy ugymk gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk ?5

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3( [ac ycfm ugymk~ gb tsimon ~naggmohe 654

2( [ac ~gnofm f~tcn{~ gb ~naggmohe0 Hfroef{ohe fh cksnf{oghfm nfyccy 94>

5( Bycckgl- ‑bo{{ohe oh‟ fhk bgycoeh {cyyo{gyoc~0 [ac ugymk gb byochk~-

kf{ohe fhk ~cq 93>

1( [ac vsoc{ rogmchnc gb ngh{cltgyfy ~ceycef{ogh oh Nftc [guh 9?;

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[fimc 6(6 Kc{fom~ gb tfy{onotfh{~ oh c{ahgeyftaon yc~cfyna >3[fimc 6(9 Lfyjcy~ gy ohkonf{gy~ gb {ac {yfh~o{ogh~ {g fksm{aggk ;4

[fimc 9(6 Uacycfigs{~ gb !iogmgeonfm/ lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ gb naomkych feck4„6> oh Nftc [guh !# gb {g{fm/ 36

[fimc 9(9 Uacycfigs{~ gb !iogmgeonfm/ lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck6;„65 oh Nftc [guh !# gb {g{fm/ 36

[fimc 9(> Tygtgy{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65 uag yctgy{ ~tchkohe {olc

uo{a lg{acybf{acy gy ig{a tfych{~- fnngykohe {g tfych{fmuacycfigs{~ !#/ 19

[fimc 3(6 Ko~{yois{ogh gb {c~{ ~ngyc~ i hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc vsoh{omc!62,cfy,gmk~/ 652

Boesyc 6(6 Ags~cagmk ohnglc~ oh {ac Rfmmc 92

Boesyc 9(6 Bflom,if~ck ags~cagmk {tc~- fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65 39Boesyc 9(9 Tygtgy{ogh gb naomkych feck 4„6> oh Nftc [guh ng,yc~okch{ uo{a

tfych{~- i yfnc fhk ags~cagmk ohnglc 3>Boesyc 9(> Tygtgy{ogh gb mobc ~tch{ uo{a tfych{~- i yfnc fhk ohnglc- fkgmc~nch{~feck 6;„65 3;

Boesyc 9(; Bycvschn {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ ~tchk {olc uo{a fi~ch{ tfych{~ 16

Boesyc >(6 ^fbc{ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk f~ yctgy{ck i gshe tcgtmcfeck 65„94 643

Boesyc >(9 Tcynct{ogh~ gb byochkmohc~~ fhk acmtbsmhc~~ gb hcoeaigsy~ 641Boesyc >(> Tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~tgy{~ gy ycmoeogs~ gy ls~on'kfhnohe eygst~ flghe

fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65 66;

Boesyc 3(6 Lf{yon nfhkokf{c~ fhk yc~sm{~ !6??>„9442/ 659Boesyc 3(9 Eyfkc f{{fohlch{ oh {ac Rfmmc !9446/ 65>Boesyc 3(> [c~{ ~ngyc~ i nsyych{ eyfkc !9449/ 65;Boesyc 3(; [c~{ ~ngyc~ i hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc !Nftc [guh- 9449/ 653

Boesyc 2(6 Uag oh {ac bflom acmt~ uo{a aglcugyj7 96;Boesyc 2(9 Cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb tfych{~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65- i

hcoeaigsyaggk 965Boesyc 2(> Cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65- i

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Boesyc 2(; Cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 94„99- i hcoeaigsyaggk 961

Boesyc 2(3 Nsyych{ cksnf{oghfm ycfmo{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 94„99- i

hcoeaigsyaggk 96?Boesyc 2(2 ^naggm f{{chkfhnc i fec- Gncfh Rocu !#/ 995Boesyc 2(5 ^naggm f{{chkfhnc i fec- Lf~otaslcmcmc !#/ 991Boesyc 2(1 ^naggm f{{chkfhnc i fec- Bo~a Agcj !#/ 991Boesyc 2(? Ycf~gh~ bgy hg{ icohe chygmmck oh ~naggm- fec~ 63„65 9>6Boesyc 2(64 Tyclf{syc kctfy{syc bygl ~naggm- i fec fhk hcoeaigsyaggk {tc 9>9Boesyc 2(66 ^{sk fhk ugyj ~{f{s~- i fec fhk hcoeaigsyaggk {tc 9;>

Boesyc 5(6 ^cqsfm fn{oro{ fhk tycehfhn flghe eoym~- Nftc [guh 931Boesyc 5(9 ^cqsfm fn{oro{ fhk oltycehf{ogh flghe ig~- Nftc [guh 931

Boesyc 5(> ^cqsfm fn{oro{ fhk tycehfhn flghe eoym~- i {tc gb hcoeaigsyaggkfhk fec- Nftc [guh 93?

Boesyc 5(; ^cqsfm fn{oro{ fhk oltycehf{ogh flghe ig~- i {tc gb hcoeaigsyaggk fhk fec- Nftc [guh 924

Boesyc 5(3 _gshe uglch‟~ cqtcn{ck fhk fn{sfm fec~ gb lf{cyho{ !9449„9443/ 951

Boesyc 1(6 Ngh{ygm grcy mobc- i hcoeaigsyaggk !65„94,cfy,gmk~- Nftc [guh/ 9?5



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[ao~ iggj o~ {ac tygksn{ gb f ngmmfigyf{orc cbbgy{ i yc~cfynacy~ oh {ac Nch{yc bgy^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna !N^^Y/ f{ {ac Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh( O{ tyc~ch{~ tyolfyom vsfmo{f{orc yc~cfyna- fhk af~ o{~ gyoeoh~ oh f tcyncorck hcck {g eg icghk vsfh{o{f{orcyc~cfyna( [ac N^^Y uf~ c~{fimo~ack oh 9446 uo{a {ac egfm gb ~{yche{achohe nftfno{ oh vsfh{o{f{orc ~gnofm ~nochnc( Ghc gb {ac N^^Y‟~ lf`gy tyg`cn{~ uf~ {ac Nftc FycfTfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/- bgy uaona f ‑tfhcm‟ gb fmlg~{ 3 444 fkgmc~nch{~ fnyg~~ Nftc[guh ucyc oh{cyrocuck yctcf{ckm grcy ~crcyfm cfy~ f~ {ac eycu oh{g fksm{aggk(NFT^ uf~ f `goh{ tyg`cn{ gb {ac N^^Y fhk ~nagmfy~ f{ {ac Shorcy~o{ gb Lonaoefh-fhk uf~ ng,koycn{ck i @cycl ^ccjohe~ !bygl {ac N^^Y/ fhk Kfrok Mfl !bygl {acShorcy~o{ gb Lonaoefh/( [ac boy~{ ufrc gb oh{cyrocu~ uf~ nghksn{ck oh 9449- fhk~si~cvsch{ ufrc~ oh 944>'4;- 9443 fhk 9442( O{ ~ggh icnflc nmcfy {af{ tygeyc~~oh shkcy~{fhkohe {yfh~o{ogh~ oh{g fksm{aggk ugsmk ycvsoyc f ngliohf{ogh gb vsfmo{f{orc fhk vsfh{o{f{orc yc~cfyna- fhk ~g fh c{ahgeyftaon yc~cfyna tyg`cn{ uf~oho{of{ck uo{aoh {ac N^^Y oh 944; i Yfnacm Iyf fhk @cycl ^ccjohe~( Yfnacm Iyf mck {ac c{ahgeyftaon ~{sk fhkuo{a Oljc Egg~jch~ fhk ^s~fh Lg~c~- nghksn{ck63 lgh{a~ gb bocmkugyj oh {ac Nftc [guh hcoeaigsyaggk~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc- Bo~aAgcj fhk Gncfh Rocu yc~tcn{orcm( [ao~ vsfmo{f{orc yc~cfyna tygncckck oh tfyfmmcm{g {ac ~snnc~~orc ufrc~ gb NFT^(

Fhfm~o~ gb {ac vsfmo{f{orc kf{f bygl cfna hcoeaigsyaggk uf~ nghksn{ck ig{aohkoroksfmm fhk ngmmfigyf{orcm i Oljc- Yfnacm fhk ^sc( @cycl fhfm~ck {acvsfh{o{f{orc kf{f fhk tfy{onotf{ck oh ko~ns~~ogh~ figs{ {ac vsfmo{f{orc yc~cfyna( Yfnacmfhk @cycl {ggj yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy oh{ceyf{ohe lf{cyofm oh{g ngltg~o{c naft{cy~- uo{aYfnacm {fjohe tyolfy yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy figs{ {ug,{aoyk~ gb {ac naft{cy~ fhk @cycl bgy ghc,{aoyk( @s~{ figs{ crcy naft{cy- agucrcy- ohnmskc~ ~si~{fh{ofm ngh{yois{ogh~bygl Yfnacm- ^sc- Oljc fhk @cycl( [ac ghc cqnct{ogh o~ Naft{cy 5- bgy uaonaMfsych Jfah uf~ tyolfyom yc~tgh~oimc( Mfsych afk nghksn{ck bocmkugyj flghefkgmc~nch{ eoym~ oh {ac ~flc hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh Nftc [guh- bgns~ohe ~tcnobonfmm gh

{acoy byochk~aot~ fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~( âc ohngytgyf{ck bohkohe~ bygl acy guhyc~cfyna fhk bygl {ac yc~cfyna i Yfnacm- Oljc fhk ^sc oh{g f ngltg~o{c naft{cy(Crcy naft{cy uf~ ko~ns~~ck yctcf{ckm oh ngmmcn{orc ugyj~agt~- fhk ycfk fhk ycycfki cfna lclicy gb {ac {cfl( Ig{a Yfnacm fhk @cycl yc~{ysn{syck fhk ycuyg{cfmlg~{ crcy naft{cy(

^glc ~cn{ogh~ gb {ac iggj afrc fttcfyck oh g{acy bgyl~( ^sc- Oljc fhk Mfsychkycu gh {acoy fhfm~c~ bgy {acoy lf~{cy‟~ ko~~cy{f{ogh~ !Egg~jch~ 9442: Jfah 9441:Lg~c~ 9443/( @cycl- ^sc- Oljc fhk Mfsych ngh{yois{ck fy{onmc~ {g f ~tcnofm o~~scgb ^gnofm Khflon~ !>9Z6\ 9442/( Yfnacm fhk Oljc ng,uyg{c fh fy{onmc gh {ac c{aon~gb nghksn{ohe yc~cfyna uo{a naomkych oh Fh{aygtgmge ^gs{acyh Fbyonf !Iyf "

Egg~jch~ 9442/( Yfnacm kycu gh {ao~ fhk bsy{acy c{ahgeyftaon ugyj uo{a lg{acy~



fhk gshe naomkych {g ng,uyo{c ugyj gh naomknfyc- tgrcy{ fhk AOR'FOK^ uo{a YchcIyfhk{ oh- flghe g{acy~- {ac @gsyhfm gb Naomkych fhk Tgrcy{ !Iyf " Iyfhk{ 9445/(Lg~{ gb {ac~c tftcy~ „ fhk g{acy~ „ ucyc tsimo~ack f~ ugyjohe tftcy~ oh {ac N^^Y

Ugyjohe Tftcy ^cyoc~(

Fyofhc kc Mfhhg- f TaK ~{skch{ oh {ac N^^Y- uag o~ yc~cfynaohe cksnf{oghfmkcno~ogh,lfjohe flghe gshe tcgtmc oh Nftc [guh- tygrokck tfy{onsmfy ohts{{g Naft{cy 2( Jf{acyohc Ch~mcy- f ro~o{ohe ~{skch{ bygl Tyohnc{gh- f~~o~{ck uo{agi~cyrf{oghfm yc~cfyna oh aoea ~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc(

[ao~ yc~cfyna uf~ ghm tg~~oimc icnfs~c gb {ac ch{as~of~l ~aguh i lfh naomkychfhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh Bo~a Agcj- Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk i lfh gb {acoy bflom lclicy~ fhk hcoeaigsy~( Uc fyc c~tcnofmm eyf{cbsm {g {ac ~oq {cchfecyc~okch{~ gb {ac Rfmmc uag rgmsh{ccyck {g `goh {ac {cfl f~ gshe yc~cfynacy~0

Yonnfykg Acykoch- [afhkgmuc{as Lio- Jfych Tfoh{cy- ^flfh{af Tcfngnjc- Pfaoy^mfyloc fhk ôfismcmf Uao{c( Fmm hflc~ s~ck oh {ac {cq{ fyc t~cskghl~(

Uc ucyc fimc {g nghksn{ yc~cfyna oh~okc ~naggm~ {aygsea {ac echcygs~ f~~o~{fhnc gb {ac tyohnotfm~ fhk {cfnacy~ f{ Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy- Lokkmc fhk ^chogy Aoea: LfyohcTyolfy: Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy: Sjafhg Tyolfy: fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea( Ucfyc fm~g eyf{cbsm {g {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc Cksnf{ogh Kctfy{lch{ bgy {acoy tcylo~~ogh „fhk c~tcnofmm {g Ky Yghfmk Ngyhcmo~~ch( ^{fbb fhk rgmsh{ccy~ ugyjohe oh ~{f{c~cyronc~- HEG~ fhk nasynac~ ucmnglck s~ oh{g {acoy ugyj chroyghlch{~ gy efrc{acoy {olc bgy oh{cyrocu~ gy ohbgylfm ko~ns~~ogh~( Hglf{fl~fhvf Bfho fhk MohkoucL{aclis,^fm{cy tygrokck ohrfmsfimc yc~cfyna f~~o~{fhnc fhk {yfh~mf{ogh ~cyronc~(

[ac yc~cfyna tyc~ch{ck oh {ao~ iggj uf~ bshkck mfyecm i {ac N^^Y( [ac bshkcy~ohnmskck {ac Fhkycu U Lcmmgh Bgshkf{ogh- f~ tfy{ gb o{~ eyfh{ {g c~{fimo~a {acN^^Y- fhk {ac Bgyk Bgshkf{ogh- {aygsea f eyfh{ {g {ac FOK^ fhk ^gnoc{ Yc~cfynaSho{ !uaona o~ tfy{ gb {ac N^^Y/ {g ~sttgy{ yc~cfyna {af{ echcyf{c~ hcu bgyl~ gb jhgumckec( ^sc Lg~c~ ycncorck f echcygs~ ~nagmfy~aot bygl {ac Tg{{cy Nafyo{fimc[ys~{- uaona fm~g bshkck f ugyj~agt oh cfym 9443( [ac lf`gy bshkcy gb NFT^ uf~{ac S^ Hf{oghfm Oh~{o{s{c gb Naomk Acfm{a fhk Aslfh Kcrcmgtlch{- {aygsea eyfh{~ Y46,AK>?511 !yc~cfyna gh ‑Bflomoc~- Ngllsho{oc~ fhk _gs{a Gs{nglc~ oh ^gs{aFbyonf‟/ fhk Y46,AK4;3316 !yc~cfyna gh ‑Bflom ^sttgy{ fhk Yftok ^gnofm Nafhec

oh ^gs{a Fbyonf‟/(F hslicy gb fnfkclon~ tygrokck oltgy{fh{ fkronc fmghe {ac uf- c~tcnofmm Fhk Kfuc~- Tflcmf Ychgmk~- Boghf Yg~~ fhk ^s~fh Mcrohc- fhk gsy ngmmcfesc~ oh {acN^^Y uag efrc bcckifnj gh tyc~ch{f{ogh~ oh {ac N^^Y ~clohfy ~cyoc~(

[ao~ tsimonf{ogh uf~ ~sttgy{ck uo{a echcygs~ f~~o~{fhnc bygl {ac Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc[guh fhk {ac ^gs{a Fbyonfh Hc{acymfhk~ Yc~cfyna Tygeyfllc gh Fm{cyhf{orc~ ohKcrcmgtlch{ !^FHTFK/(



6

[ac Bo~a Agcj rfmmc

[ac yc~cfyna bgy {ao~ iggj uf~ nghksn{ck oh {ac Bo~a Agcj rfmmc- uo{a {actfy{onotfh{~ oh {ac ~{sk kyfuh bygl {aycc gb o{~ lf`gy ngllsho{oc~0 Bo~a Agcj-Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( [ao~ ~cn{ogh tygrokc~ f ro~sfm oh{ygksn{ogh {g {acfycf- f~ ~cch {aygsea {ac cc~ gb {ac gshe tfy{onotfh{~ {acl~cmrc~( [ac {ggj fmm{ac tag{geyfta~ tyc~ch{ck acyc- fhk kycu fmm gb {ac lft~ uo{a {ac cqnct{ogh gb Lft6 fhk Lft 5(

ô{sf{ck oh {ac ~gs{acyh tfy{ gb {ac Nftc Tchoh~smf- {ac Bo~a Agcj rfmmc !ycbcyyck

{g f~ ‑{ac Rfmmc‟ {aygseags{ {ao~ iggj/ gyoeohfmm ngh~o~{ck gb f lokkmc,nmf~~ ngf~{fm rommfec- fhk bfylmfhk~( Shkcy ftfy{acok o{ uf~ fmlg~{ ch{oycm f ‑uao{c eygst fycf‟uaona lcfh{ {af{ ‑hgh,uao{c‟ tcgtmc ucyc tcylo{{ck {g morc oh {ac fycf ghm ob {ac ucyc cltmgck f~ kglc~{on ugyjcy~ gy bfyl mfigsycy~(

Oh {ac 6?24~ Gncfh Rocu- f ~lfmm ugyjohe,nmf~~ ags~ohe c~{f{c- uf~ isom{ oh fho~gmf{ck fycf oh {ac Rfmmc {g fnngllgkf{c ‑ngmgsyck‟ tcgtmc uag ucyc bgynoim yc~c{{mck {acyc bygl g{acy fycf~ oh {ac ~gs{acyh tchoh~smf( [ac 6?14~ fhk 6??4~~fu ~oehobonfh{ eygu{a {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc( [ac cqo~{ohe rommfec~ gb Bo~a Agcj-Hggykagcj fhk Jgllc{òc cqtfhkck- fhk hcu ~sisyi~- ~sna f~ Nftyo fhk ^fhLonacm- ucyc kcrcmgtck( I {ac cfym 6??4~- fttygqolf{cm afmb {ac tgtsmf{ogh-gnnstohe lg~{ gb {ac Rfmmc- uf~ ‑uao{c‟ fhk `s~{ shkcy afmb- nghbohck {g GncfhRocu- uf~ ‑ngmgsyck‟( Lf~otaslcmcmc uf~ c~{fimo~ack oh 6??6 f~ f ~clo,bgylfm~c{{mclch{ bgy {ac ~lfmm hslicy gb Fbyonfh tcgtmc fmycfk morohe oh {ac Rfmmc- co{acymcefmm gy ommcefmm( I 9446- agucrcy- Lf~otaslcmcmc- {gg- afk eyguh {g {ac tgoh{uacyc o{ fnngllgkf{ck fmlg~{ 93 tcy nch{ gb {ac tgtsmf{ogh oh {ac Rfmmc(

[gkf- {ac Rfmmc af~ icnglc f ~sisyifh cqtfh~ogh gb Nftc [guhfhk {actgtsmf{ogh af~ kgsimck( [acyc fyc lfh ~oeh~ gb tg~{,ftfy{acok nafhec „ fmlg~{crcyghc {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc af~ fnnc~~ {g cmcn{yono{- if~on ~fho{f{ogh- ~naggm~ fhkacfm{anfyc bfnomo{oc~( Agucrcy- {ac ~tf{ofm oltyc~~ gb ftfy{acok yclfoh~0 {ac lf`gyo{

gb {ac ngmgsyck fhk Fbyonfh yc~okch{~ morc uo{aoh {ac hfyygu nghbohc~ gb Gncfh Rocufhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- uaom~{ {ac yonacy- uao{c yc~okch{~ morc oh {ac ms~a ~sisyi~ fhk~lfmmagmkohe~ {af{ afrc kcrcmgtck fnyg~~ {ac fycf- bygl ghc ngf~{ {g {ac g{acy(



9

Mgnf{ohe {ac Rfmmc

Lft 6 [ac Bo~a Agcj Rfmmc

[ao~ lft ~agu~ {ac {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ yc~cfynack !ycfkohe bygl mcb{ {g yoea{/0

Gncfh Rocu- Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Bo~a Agcj- uo{a {ac lfoh fy{cyofm ygs{c~ mohjohe{acl {g Eycf{cy Nftc [guh oh {ac hgy{a( [ac oh~cy{ ~agu~ {ac tg~o{ogh gb {ac Rfmmc ycmf{orc {g Nftc [guh(



>

Mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk~

Tag{g 6 Gncfh Rocu nch{yfm

Gncfh Rocu af~ f afhkbsm gb bgylfm ~agt~- ohnmskohe f ~lfmm ~stcylfyjc{- is{nacy fhk rokcg,aoyc ~{gyc- f~ ucmm f~ ohbgylfm ~agt~ gtcyf{ohe gs{ gb tcgtmc‟~ aglc~( [acghm ~tgy{~ bfnomo{oc~ fyc ifyc ~gnncy bocmk~( [ac gshe tcy~gh uag {ggj Tag{g 9lfjc~ vso{c nmcfy {ac ycf~gh bgy {ac hflc gb acy hcoeaigsyaggk(

Tag{g 9 Gncfh Rocu yc~okch{ofm



;

Tag{g > Lf~otaslcmcmc nch{yfm

Lf~otaslcmcmc af~ ghm ohbgylfm ~tfpf ~agt~ ysh bygl ~afnj~- ygfk~okc ~cmmcy~ fhk~acicch~ !ify~/( O{~ ~gnncy bocmk o~ f tf{na gb eygshk bommck uo{a ysiimc- uaona sh{omycnch{m uf~ ngrcyck uo{a {cltgyfy nmf~~yggl~ bgy {ac aoea ~naggm( Fm{agsea {acycfyc ~glc {aycc,yggl iyonj aglc~ ycnch{m isom{ i {ac egrcyhlch{- lg~{ tcgtmc morcoh ~lfmm- ohbgylfmm isom{ ~afnj~ mojc {ac ghc ~aguh oh Tag{g ;(

Tag{g ; Lf~otaslcmcmc yc~okch{ofm



3

Tag{g 3 Bo~a Agcj nch{yfm

Bo~a Agcj af~ f uokc yfhec gb ~stcylfyjc{~ fhk ~agt~: yc~{fsyfh{~: fh 14,cfy,gmkkctfy{lch{ ~{gyc: f ucmm,~{gnjck moiyfy: {chho~ ngsy{~ fhk ms~a ~tgy{~ bocmk~ uo{anmsiags~c~( Vsoc{- {ycc,mohck ~{ycc{~ fhk ~gmokm ngh~{ysn{ck aglc~ nafyfn{cyo~c {acyc~okch{ofm fycf(

Tag{g 2 Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{ofm



2

Lfttohe gsy hcoeaigsyaggk~

Lft 9 Gncfh Rocu0 Kfhecygs~ tmfnc~

F eygst gb eyfkc,? ig~ bygl Gncfh Rocu lfttck {ac fycf~ oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk{af{ {ac ngh~okcy {g ic kfhecygs~(

Oh {ac {gt mcb{ ngyhcy {ac kycu fh fycf gb ohbgylfm ags~ohe hflck Lgsh{foh Rocuuacyc {ac ~f f mg{ gb efhe~{cy~ morcfhk gs fyc mojcm {g ic ygiick gy ~{fiick ob gseg {acyc( [g {ac yoea{ o~ ^gc{uf{cy- fh fycf ~moea{m gs{~okc gb Gncfh Rocu- uacyc tcgtmceg kyfe yfnohe( O{ o~ fh sh~fbc tmfnc icnfs~c nfy~ nyf~a fhk ~tcn{f{gy~ ec{ asy{(

Gh {ac yoea{- icaohk f ygu gb ags~c~- o~ fh gtch ~tfnc hcfy {ac ysiio~a kslt- gb{chs~ck bgy ommono{ fn{oro{oc~( Icnfs~c o{ o~ shmo{ o{ o~ tfy{onsmfym kfhecygs~ fb{cy kfyj-

uach gs yo~j icohe f{{fnjck ob gs ~{slimc fnyg~~ ~glcghc msyjohe {acyc(

Oh {ac nch{yc gb {ac lft fyc {ac ‑bmf{~‟ !imgnj~ gb ghc, fhk {ug,ygglck ftfy{lch{~/-uacyc lfh gb {ac naomkych morc( [ac~c fyc kfhecygs~ icnfs~c tcgtmc kyohj fhk {fjckyse~- yc~sm{ohe oh boea{~ fhk ~{fiiohe~( [ac naomkych uag morc {acyc ~{f oh fb{cy kfyj icnfs~c ‑efhe~{cy~ nglc fhk ~o{ gh {ac ~{gct !rcyfhkf/ fhk ~lgjc kfeef fhk lfjcf hgo~c( [ac gb{ch kgh‟{ ufh{ {g mcfrc( ^glc{olc~ fksm{~ acmt {g naf~c {acl fuf-is{ ob {acyc fyc hg fksm{~ aglc {ach uc ~agg{ ~{ghc~ fhk lfyimc~ uo{a f nf{ftsm{ f{{acl gy {aygu ag{ uf{cy grcy {acl fhk {ach {ac eg fuf(‟

‑Hcmmf‟~ Tft‟- oh {ac ig{{gl mcb{,afhk ngyhcy gb {ac lft o~ ghc gb {ac lfh ~acicch~

oh Gncfh Rocu( [ac ig~ ~f {ac fyc kfhecygs~ lfohm fb{cy kfyj- uach tcgtmc ec{kyshj fhk icnglc rogmch{(



5

Lft > Lf~otaslcmcmc0 Gsy fyk

Tyfo~c- f eoym feck 69- kycu {ao~ lft gb acy ollckof{c ~syygshk~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc(

âc kc~nyoic~ acy lft0

O morc oh {ao~ ~afnj Zig{{gl mcb{ vsfkyfh{\( Uc‟rc eg{ f ~{grc fhk f byokecoh gsy jo{nach- fhk l tfych{~ afrc f ick uo{a f icfs{obsm ngrcy( Uc~afyc gsy fyk uo{a g{acy bflomoc~ Ztgoh{~ {g g{acy ~afnj~ oh acy kyfuohe\(Gsy ags~c~ fyc isom{ nmg~c {gec{acy fhk {ac fyc fmm kobbcych{ ~opc~ „ ~glcgb {acl fyc ioe Ztgoh{~ {g {ac ags~c oh {ac {gt yoea{ vsfkyfh{\ fhk ~glc

fyc rcy ~lfmm Zohkonf{c~ {ac ags~c oh {ac nch{yc\(

O mojc ~{fohe acyc icnfs~c fmm l byochk~ fyc acyc fhk {ac nfh nglc {gl ags~c fhk O nfh eg {g {acoy ags~c~( ^glc{olc~ l byochk~‟ tmfnc~ nfhfm~g bccm mojc l guh aglc- ~g O afrc kyfuh {ac bsyho{syc oh {acoy ags~c~{gg(

Uc fmm s~c {ac {gomc{ fhk {ac ~agucy fhk {ft acyc Ztgoh{~ {g ig{{gl yoea{vsfkyfh{\( Fhk fb{cy uc‟rc uf~ack gsy nmg{ac~ uc afhe {acl st ic{ucchgsy ags~c~ Zohkonf{c~ {ac mohc gb uf~aohe oh acy kyfuohe\( L byochk~ fhkO fmuf~ acmt cfna g{acy fhk {ac g{acy fsh{oc~ {g afhe st {ac uf~aohe fhk

{fjc o{ kguh fefoh(



1

Lft ; Bo~a Agcj0 L ngllsho{

Kyfuh i 6>,cfy,gmk Acmch- {ao~ lft kcton{~ acy ollckof{c ‑ugymk‟ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk o{~ ~syygshk~( Acy lft ohnmskc~ ~crcyfm byochk~‟ ags~c~- hghc gb uaona fycuo{aoh ufmjohe ko~{fhnc0 {ac fyc ~tycfk fnyg~~ fh fycf uaona yfhec~ bygl f borc,lohs{c {g f 94,lohs{c kyorc bygl acy aglc(

Icmgu acy ags~c oh {ac nch{yc,mcb{ gb {ac lft- Acmch ohnmskc~ oh acy ugymk {ac icfnafhk {ac yfomuf ~{f{ogh- ygseam f borc,lohs{c kyorc fuf( Oh {ac nch{yc ~ac af~kyfuh f hcfyi ~agt ~ac ~glc{olc~ ufmj~ {g uo{a acy lg{acy( [g {ac yoea{ o~ Bo~aAgcj o{~cmb- uacyc ~ac af~ ~aguh {ac ~naggm ~ac f{{chk~- acy nasyna fhk {ug gb acybyochk~‟ ags~c~( Bgy Acmch- ec{{ohe {g fh gb {ac~c tmfnc~ ch{fom~ f {ch, {g bob{cch,

lohs{c kyorc uo{a ghc gb acy tfych{~(

Oh {ac {gt yoea{ ngyhcy gb acy lft- Acmch‟~ ugymk cqtfhk~ icghk {ac Bo~a Agcj Rfmmc {g ohnmskc {ac tmfnc uacyc acy bf{acy ugyj~ oh Ngh~{fh{of- f ucfm{a ~sisyi94 lohs{c~‟ kyorc fuf bygl acy aglc( Gh {ac g{acy ~okc gb {ac lgsh{foh- ohHggykagcj- ~ac af~ ~aguh fhg{acy byochk‟~ ags~c fhk {ac Mgheicfna Lfmm- uacyc~ac egc~ ~agttohe uo{a acy tfych{~ gh uccjchk~ !f {ch,lohs{c kyorc/(



?

Agu uc ~tchk gsy {olc

Tag{g 5 Gncfh Rocu0 [ac Boc~{f Eoym~

Lohf fhk acy byochk~ afrc eorch {acl~cmrc~ f eygst gy efhe hflc ‑icnfs~c uc kgcrcy{aohe {gec{acy‟( Acyc {ac fyc gs{~okc {ac bmf{~ uacyc {ac morc oh Gncfh Rocu(

Icmgu- {ac Boc~{f Eoym~ fhk g{acy byochk~ tmf jfyygl igfyk !oh uaona ~lfmm ko~j~ fycbmonjck uo{a f acfrocy ko~j {g jhgnj f~ lfh f~ tg~~oimc oh{g bgsy ngyhcy tgnjc{~/(

Tag{g 1 Gncfh Rocu0 Tmfohe jfyygl igfyk gs{~okc {ac bmf{~



64

Tag{g ? Lf~toaslcmcmc0 âcicch

âcicch~ fyc gb{ch ysh bygl tcgtmc‟~ aglc~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( ^cmmohe ig{{mck fhkaglc,iycuck fmngagm- {ac~c is~ohc~~c~ fyc fm~g ~gnofm nch{yc~ uacyc tcgtmc ef{acy{g kyohj fhk ycmfq( [ac ls~on tmfck oh ~acicch~ gb{ch f{{yfn{~ {cchfecy~ {g {acl([g frgok {ao~- Lks !Tag{g 64/ fhk ao~ byochk~ tyogyo{o~ck ugyjohe fhk ~frohe bgy

cvsotlch{ {g tmf {acoy guh ls~on ~g {af{ {ac ugsmk hg{ ic {clt{ck oh{g ~acicch~fhk {ac rogmchnc fhk tc{{ nyolc f~~gnof{ck uo{a {acl(

Tag{g 64 Lf~otaslcmcmc0 Lks mo~{chohe {g ls~on



66

Tag{g 66 Bo~a Agcj0 Fb{cy ~naggm

Oh Bo~a Agcj- naomkych‟~ fn{oro{oc~ fyc echcyfmm ngh{fohck uo{aoh {ac ufmm~ gb ‑~fbc‟tmfnc~( [as~ Jghyfk o~ fmmguck {g eg {g ao~ byochk‟~ ags~c bgy Tmf^{f{ogh eflc~fb{cy ~naggm- is{ lf hg{ tmf gs{~okc oh {ac ~{ycc{( Naomkych fyc s~sfmm kyorchic{ucch ~naggm fhk g{acy fn{oro{oc~ uaona ch~syc~ {acoy ~fbc{ is{ fm~g lcfh~ {af{{acoy lgrclch{~ fyc nghbohck i fksm{ ygs{ohc~ fhk kcno~ogh~( [g ~agu uacyc ~ac

mgrc~ ~tchkohe acy {olc- {ucmrc,cfy,gmk Mfyf ~hfttck Bo~a Agcj icfna {aygsea{ac uohkgu gb acy eyfhklg{acy‟~ nfy uaom~{ icohe kyorch {g ghc gb acy fb{cy,~naggmfn{oro{oc~ !Tag{g 69/(

Tag{g 69 Bo~a Agcj0 Kyorohe tf~{ {ac icfna uo{a Eyfhh



69

Gsy ~naggm~

Tag{g 6> Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm ch{yfhnc

Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm gbbcy~ if~on flcho{oc~ uaona ohnmskc f nglts{cyyggl kghf{ck i {ac mgnfm Yg{fy Nmsi( Fm{agsea {acyc fyc fm~g ~tgy{~ bfnomo{oc~-lfoh{chfhnc ng~{~ fyc f ngh{ohsfm nafmmchec ~g {ac fyc hg{ fmuf~ oh eggknghko{ogh(

Tag{g 6; Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm eygshk~



6>

Tag{g 63 Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm

Gyoeohfmm- Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm ngh~o~{ck gb clcyechn nmf~~yggl~ fhk flfjc~aob{ ~{fbbyggl cycn{ck gh {ac tyolfy ~naggm tyclo~c~ !Tag{g 63/( Oh 9442

f hcu ~naggm uf~ isom{ !~cc oh~cy{/( [ac hcu aoea ~naggm ohnmskc~ fmm {ac if~onflcho{oc~- is{ lfoh{chfhnc ng~{~ fhk rfhkfmo~l tg~c f ~cyogs~ nafmmchec(

Tag{g 62 Oh nmf~~ f{ Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea



6;

Tag{g 65 Bo~a Agcj Aoea ^naggm eygshk~

Bo~a Agcj Aoea ^naggm o~ ~c{ oh mfyec eygshk~ uo{a tyo~{ohc ~tgy{~ bocmk~( Bfnomo{oc~ohnmskc fh f~~clim afmm- f nglbgy{fimc ~{fbbyggl- mgnjcy~ bgy tstom~- f nglts{cynch{yc- moiyfy- ~nochnc mfigyf{gyoc~ fhk fy{ yggl~(

Tag{g 61 Byochk~ f{ Bo~a Agcj Aoea



63

Icghk gsy hcoeaigsyaggk~

Lft 3 Bo~a Agcj fhk ~syygshk~

F eygst gb 69,cfy,gmk Bo~a Agcj eoym~ icefh {ao~ lft i kyfuohe f ygsea gs{mohc gb {ac fycf- kcmohcf{ohe {ao~ i {ac tg~o{ogh gb cfna gb {acoy aglc~- ohkonf{ck i {ac tohj noynmc~ gh {ac lft( [acoy crcykf ‑ugymk‟ o~ igykcyck i Emchnfoyh !ig{{gl mcb{/-Lsopchicye !ig{{gl yoea{/- fhk Hggykagcj !{gt/- uacyc {ac afrc agy~c,yokohemc~~gh~ fhk ro~o{ {ac Mgheicfna Lfmm !{gt mcb{/(

Fm{agsea {ac bfmm uo{aoh {ac igshkfyoc~ gb {ac lft- Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmckg hg{ bcf{syc gh {ac eoym~‟ lft- icnfs~c hghc gb {acl eg {acyc- shmc~~ {ac afttch{g ic oh {ac nfy uo{a {acoy lg{acy uach ~ac kygt~ gbb f kglc~{on ugyjcy(

O{ uf~ kobbonsm{ bgy {ac eygst {g {aohj gb kfhecygs~ tmfnc~ {g ohnmskc oh {acoy lft!yck noynmc~/- icnfs~c {ac kg hg{ eg fhuacyc fmghc- fhk afrc {g f~j {acoy tfych{~ {g{yfh~tgy{ {acl fhuacyc {ac ufh{ {g eg( [acoy cq{yflsyfm fn{oro{oc~- ~sna f~ agy~c,yokohe- tofhg gy kfhnohe mc~~gh~- fyc ycesmfy fhk ~stcyro~ck( ̂ gnofm ro~o{~ fhk ro~o{~ {g{ac lfmm fyc fmuf~ oh {ac ngltfh gb tfych{~( Gh {ac g{acy afhk- {ac eoym~ afk hgkobbonsm{ oh ohkonf{ohe oltgy{fh{ tmfnc~- tmfnc~ uacyc {ac afrc bsh- fhk uacyc {ac eg {g is uaf{ {ac hcck !~cc {ac jc gh {ac yoea{,afhk ~okc gb {ac lft/(



62

Kyfuh i lclicy~ gb {ac Lf~otaslcmcmc fy{ nmsi- Lft 2 nch{yc~ gh Jgllc{òcYgfk- {ac lfoh ygfk mohjohe {acl {g {ac g{acy fycf~ oh {acoy ollckof{c ronoho{0Jgllc{òc- ôlgh‟~ [guh- Gncfh Rocu- Nftyo- Bo~a Agcj fhk ^shhkfmc- uacyc {ac

Mgheicfna Lfmm o~( [aygsea {ac s~c gb ngmgsy ngkohe- {ac naomkych ~agu {ac fycf~uacyc {ac bccm nglbgy{fimc fhk {ac fycf~ {af{ lfjc {acl bccm omm f{ cf~c- f~ ucmm f~{acoy tcynct{ogh~ figs{ tmfnc~ {af{ fyc oltgy{fh{- tmfnc~ {af{ fyc kfhecygs~- fhktmfnc~ uacyc {ac nfh afrc bsh(

âfkck oh eycch- {ac fycf~ uacyc {ac bccm ucmnglc fhk nglbgy{fimc fycLf~otaslcmcmcuacyc {ac morc- !ig{{gl yoea{/- fhk {ac fycf fygshk MgheicfnaLfmm oh ^shhkfmc !fk`fnch{ {g {ac Lf~otaslcmcmc Nmohon gh {ac lft/( Bo~a Agcj !ig{{gl nch{yc/- ôlgh‟~ [guh !ohkonf{ck i {ac eycch igf{~ ig{{gl mcb{/- fhkJgllc{òc !{gt yoea{/ fyc fm~g fycf~ uacyc {ac naomkych bccm f{ cf~c(

[ac fycf~ ~afkck oh tfmc iyguh fyc tmfnc~ uacyc Lf~otaslcmcmc fy{ nmsi lclicy~bccm shucmnglc( [ac~c tmfnc~ ohnmskc {ac Bo~a Agcj ~tgy{~ bocmk~ !ig{{gl yoea{/- fhk{ac lokkmc,nmf~~ fycf gb Nftyo !nch{yc mcb{/ crch {agsea- f~ ohkonf{ck i {ac ags~c~kyfuh oh gyfhec- ~glc gb {acl afrc ycmf{orc~ ugyjohe {acyc( Gncfh Rocu !{gt mcb{/fhk fh gtch uc{mfhk fycf hcq{ {g Lf~otaslcmcmc gh {ac yoea{ fyc {ac g{acy fycf~uacyc {ac naomkych bccm shcf~(

Tmfnc~ oltgy{fh{ {g {acl fyc kyfuh oh imsc fhk ohnmskc {ac nmohon fhk f ngllsho{ afmm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- f~ ucmm f~ {ac ~naggm~- hg{ ghm oh {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk-is{ oh fmm {ac g{acy fycf~- uac{acy gy hg{ {ac bccm nglbgy{fimc {acyc( Fm~g oltgy{fh{o~ Mgheicfna Lfmm icnfs~c {af{ o~ uacyc {ac eg ~agttohe- is{ hg kgsi{ fm~g icnfs~c

gb o{~ {ug bf~{ bggk gs{mc{~ uaona {ac f~~gnof{c uo{a uccjchk {ycf{~0 Ln Kghfmk‟~ !f rcy bfoh{ Ln gh {ac lft/ fhk JBN !ohkonf{ck i f mfyec naonjch isyecy/(

[ac tmfnc~ kyfuh oh ‑yck‟ !uaona oh cbbcn{ ~agu~ f~ kfyj lfyggh gy tsytmc gh {acoylft/ fyc tmfnc~ {ac fy{ nmsi lclicy~ tcyncorc {g ic kfhecygs~- uacyc {ac bccmsh~fbc( [as~ oh Nftyo- ~glc gb {ac ags~c~ fyc kyfuh oh yck- tg~~oim icnfs~c {actygtcy{oc~ ags~c mfyec kge~ {af{ ifyj fhk byoea{ch {acl uach {ac ufmj tf~{ {g ro~o{ {acoy ycmf{orc~ ugyjohe oh {ac fycf( [ac isomkohe~ kyfuh oh yck oh Gncfh Rocuyctyc~ch{ {ac ‑bmf{~‟- f~~gnof{ck uo{a kyse~ fhk rogmchnc fhk {acycbgyc tcyncorck f~kfhecygs~( Bo~a Agcj Lfoh Ygfk !ig{{gl nch{yc/ fhk {ac ~hfjc tfyj !{gt yoea{/ fyc

fm~g kyfuh oh yck {g ohkonf{c ‑kfhecy pghc~‟(‑Bsh tmfnc~‟- kyfuh oh cmmgu- ohnmskc {ac ~tgy{~ flcho{oc~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk GncfhRocu is{ fyc fm~g tmfnck oh fycf~ uacyc {ac~c naomkych bccm shucmnglc(



65

Lft 2 Lf~otaslcmcmc hcoeaigsyaggk fhk ~syygshk~

Bsh tmfnc

Oltgy{fh{ tmfnc~

Kfhecygs~ tmfnc~

Uacyc gsy ycmf{orc~ ugyj

Uacyc uc bccm ucmnglc fhk nglbgy{fimc

Uacyc uc kg hg{ bccm ucmnglc gy nglbgy{fimc



61

Lft 5 ~agu~ {ac ng~{~ gb {yfrcm i tsimon {yfh~tgy{ bgy {ac yc~okch{~ oh {ac Rfmmc(

Lft 5 [yfh~tgy{ ygs{c~ fhk ng~{~

Hg{c~0 [ac lft o~ hg{ kyfuh {g ~nfmc( Fmm bfyc~ ~aguh fyc bgy ~ohemc {yot~- oh PFY- Fses~{ 944?( Yc~okch{~ nfh fm~g is f is~tf~~ bgy Y36(44- uaona eorc~ {acl 64 ~ohemc {yot~ ic{ucch Gncfh Rocu gy Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk Bo~a Agcj(

Lft 1- kyfuh i naomkych feck 66„6> cfy~ morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- ycrcfm~ {af{gshe tcgtmc bygl {ao~ ngllsho{ {yfrcm bsy{acy gs{~okc {ac Rfmmc {afh lfh gb {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk crch Bo~a Agcj( Lf~otaslcmcmc bcf{syc~ig{{gl nch{yc- ~aguohe uacyc {ac morc- eg {g nasyna fhk tmf ~tgy{( [g {ac mcb{-gh {ac uc~{cyh ~okc- o~ Hggykagcj fhk Mgheicfna Lfmm uacyc {ac ~agt bgy bggk(Hslcygs~ ~{fy~ fyc kyfuh gh {ac cf~{cyh ~okc- oh {ac Bo~a Agcj fycf- {g ~agu {af{{ao~ o~ uacyc {ac eg {g ~uol fhk afrc bsh( Nch{yfm {g {ac lft fyc {ac lfoh ygs{c~oh{g fhk gs{ gb {ac Rfmmc- uaona {fjc {acl {g !lok,yoea{/ Hfhef- f {guh~aot uacyc{ac ro~o{ bflom fhk eg {g nasyna: Uhicye- f ~gs{a tchoh~smf ~sisyi bygl uacyc{ac ugsmk {fjc {ac is~ {g {ac [yfh~jco !Cf~{cyh Nftc/ {g ro~o{ ycmf{orc~: fhkoh {ac

nch{yc gb {ac lft- Nftc [guh nch{yfm is~ohc~~ ko~{yon{( [ug rcy ioe ~{fy~ ~agu agulsna bsh fhk ch{cy{fohlch{ o~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a Nftc [guh- uacyc {ac naomkych ro~o{byochk~- ~agt bgy nmg{ac~- fhk lf afrc ro~o{ck {ac ls~csl gy ^{ Ecgyec‟~ Nf{ackyfmgh f ~naggm gs{ohe( [ac Aseschg{ [shhcm- uaona o~ 694 jomglc{yc~ gs{ gb Nftc[guh- gh {ac ygs{c {g {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc- bgyl~ {ac hgy{acyh igykcy gb {ac lft(



6?

Lft 1 Tmfnc~ uacyc uc eg oh {ac Nftc Tchoh~smf

Uacyc uc morc

Uacyc uc ~agt bgy nmg{ac~

Uacyc uc eg {g afrc bsh

Uacyc uc {fjc {ac is~ {g [yfh~jco

^gnncy bocmk Nasyna Ls~csl

Uacyc uc ro~o{ byochk~

Tmfnc~ uc ~agt bgy bggk Uacyc uc tmf ~tgy{

Uacyc uc ro~o{ bflom lclicy~



94

^sttgy{ noynmc~

Lft ? Nafmmchec~ fhk ~sttgy{

Kyfuh i f eygst gb {cchfecy~ morohe oh Gncfh Rocu- Lft ? ~agu~ uaf{ {ac ngh~okcy {g ic ~gsync~ gb ~sttgy{- {acoy nafmmchec~ gy tygimcl~- fhk ~seec~{ogh~ bgy

uaf{ ugsmk acmt {acl grcynglc {acoy nafmmchec~(



96

Eyguohe st oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf

[acyc nfh ic hg jcchcy ycrcmf{ogh gb f ~gnoc{‟~ ~gsm {afh {ac uf ohuaona o{ {ycf{~ o{~ naomkych( Uc nglc bygl f tf~{ oh uaona {ac morc~ gb gsynaomkych ucyc f~~fsm{ck fhk kcrf~{f{ck oh ngsh{mc~~ uf~( O{ ugsmk ichg cqfeecyf{ogh {g ~tcfj gb f hf{oghfm fis~c gb f echcyf{ogh i f ~gnoc{ uaona o{ ~agsmk afrc icch fimc {g {ys~{( F~ uc ~c{ figs{ isomkohe f hcu^gs{a Fbyonf- ghc gb gsy aoeac~{ tyogyo{oc~ ls~{ {acycbgyc ic gsy naomkych([ac ro~ogh gb f hcu ~gnoc{ {af{ esokc~ s~ ~agsmk fmycfk ic lfhobc~{ oh{ac ~{ct~ uc {fjc {g fkkyc~~ {ac uyghe kghc {g gsy gs{a fhk {g tyctfyc

bgy {acoy bs{syc( Gsy fn{ogh~ fhk tgmonoc~- fhk {ac oh~{o{s{ogh~ uc nycf{c-~agsmk ic cmgvsch{ uo{a nfycyc~tcn{ fhk mgrc( !Lfhkcmf 6??3/

Ngh{ohso{ fhk nafhec oh crcykf mobc

Hcm~gh Lfhkcmf- uag- f{ {ac {olc gb {ao~ ~tccna- afk ycnch{m icnglc {ac boy~{kclgnyf{onfmm cmcn{ck tyc~okch{ gb ^gs{a Fbyonf- {cmm~ gb agu- kyorohe ifnj {g {actyc~okch{ofm ags~c oh Nftc [guh ghc uoh{y crchohe- ac ~fu f eygst gb ~{ycc{naomkych( Ac ~{gttck {g {fmj {g {acl( Mf{cy- ac kc{cylohck {g c~{fimo~a f bshk {gf~~o~{ naomkych oh hcck- fhk {g nafhec {ac uf {af{ ~gnoc{ {ycf{~ o{~ naomkych fhk

gshe tcgtmc( Bgy Lfhkcmf- {ac ~{yseemc bgy kclgnyfn afk icch f ~{yseemc bgygttgy{sho{( Oh ao~ lclgyfimc ~tccna bygl {ac kgnj oh {ac Yorghof {ycf~gh {yofmoh 6?2;- ac kcnmfyck {af{ ac ‑nacyo~ack {ac okcfm gb f kclgnyf{on fhk bycc ~gnoc{ ohuaona fmm tcy~gh~ morc {gec{acy oh afylgh fhk uo{a cvsfm gttgy{sho{oc~‟( [ao~- acngh{ohsck- uf~ fh okcfm {af{ ac agtck ‑{g morc bgy fhk {g fnaocrc( Is{ ob hcck~ ic-o{ o~ fh okcfm bgy uaona O fl tyctfyck {g koc‟( !Ac fhk ao~ ng,fnns~ck ucyc bfnohe ftg~~oimc kcf{a tchfm{(/

^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ boy~{ kclgnyf{on cmcn{ogh~ „ oh Ftyom 6??; „ lfyjck {ac fnaocrclch{gb f kclgnyf{on fhk bycc ~gnoc{- is{ {ac kok hg{ s~acy oh f egmkch fec gb cvsfmgttgy{sho{oc~ bgy fmm naomkych( ^glc ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych eygu st flokcq{yfgykohfy fbbmschnc fhk tyoromcec( [ac igshkfyoc~ gb tyoromcec afrc cq{chkckicghk uao{chc~~ {g ohnmskc ngh~okcyfimc hslicy~ gb imfnj naomkych eyguohe stuo{aoh {ac bf~{,eyguohe imfnj cmo{c fhk lokkmc nmf~~c~( Oh acy hgrcm Ngnghs{ - JgtfhgLf{muf !9445/ kc~nyoic~ acy nafyfn{cy- Gbomuc !gy Bobo- f~ ~ac tycbcy~ {g ic nfmmck/-uag morc~ uo{a acy hcum ucfm{a bflom oh f lgnj,[s~nfh ags~c oh {ac ‑Mo{{mcRfmmc Ngsh{y C~{f{c‟ tyg{cn{ck i 9;,agsy ~cnsyo{ esfyk~: f{{chk~ f Lgkcm N !gybgylcym ‑uao{c‟/ ~naggm: fhk bycvsch{~ {ac ~agttohe lfmm( F{ {ac gttg~o{c cq{yclcfyc aoeam oltgrcyo~ack ysyfm naomkych fhk syifh ~{ycc{ naomkychuag~c ycesmfyashecy fhk mfnj gb fnnc~~ {g if~on ~cyronc~- acfm{anfyc gy ~naggmohe ~cyrc f~ fhchksyohe ohkon{lch{ gb tg~{,ftfy{acok ~gnoc{( Oh ic{ucch {ac~c cq{yclc~ fyc {ac

lf`gyo{ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ „ lfh ~{omm morohe oh tgrcy{

6



e y g u o h e s t o h { a c h c u ~ g s { a f b y o n f

99

!Lcoh{`c~ " Afmm 9441/ „ bgy uagl {ac {yfh~o{ogh bygl ftfy{acok af~ chechkcyck floq gb gttgy{sho{oc~ fhk ko~fttgoh{lch{~- nafhec~ bgy {ac ic{{cy fhk nafhec~ bgy{ac ugy~c(

[ao~ iggj o~ figs{ {ac ycfmo{oc~ gb crcykf mobc bgy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh fkclgnyf{on ^gs{a Fbyonf- fb{cy {ac chk gb ftfy{acok( Uc cqflohc {ac morc~ gb gshetcgtmc f{ aglc- oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ uacyc {ac morc fhk f{ ~naggm( Uc cqflohc{acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a byochk~- nmg~c bflom fhk g{acy joh fhk hcoeaigsy~- fhk{acoy fhqoc{oc~ figs{ {ac {aycf{chohe ‑g{acy‟- uaona ~aftc {ac lfyeoh~ gb {acoy kfom morc~( Uc ngh~okcy {ac korcy~o{ gb cqtcyochnc- gttgy{sho{ fhk yo~j bfnohe gshetcgtmc f~ {ac hfroef{c {acoy uf {aygsea {ac shncy{foh fhk ngltmcq tg~{,ftfy{acokmfhk~nftc( Uc kg hg{ bgns~ gh {ag~c uag fyc c~tcnofmm rsmhcyfimc gy lg~{ oh hcck-~sna f~ ~{ycc{ naomkych( Oh~{cfk- uc ~ccj {g shkcy~{fhk {ac morc~ gb gykohfy syifhnaomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- gb gshe tcgtmc bfnohe lfh nafmmchec~ oh mobc- is{- bgy {aclg~{ tfy{- kcfmohe uo{a {acl oh uf~ {af{ kok hg{ mcfk {g {ac gs{nglc~ okch{obockf~ ~gnofm tf{agmgeoc~ i {ac lckof- tgmon,lfjcy~ fhk lfh ngllch{f{gy~( [ac~{gyoc~ gb lg~{ ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fyc hg{ ~{gyoc~ gb ‑bfomsyc‟ gygb f ‑kc~nch{‟ oh{g lfyeohfmo{( [ac fyc {ac gttg~o{c0 ~{gyoc~ gb nycf{oro{ fhk f{ mcf~{tfy{ofm ~snnc~~ oh {fnjmohe gmk fhk hcu nafmmchec~ fmojc( F~ Hcm~gh Lfhkcmf aol~cmb af~ gb{ch cltaf~o~ck- gshe tcgtmc ‑fyc ~tcnofm hg{ ghm icnfs~c {ac fyc rsmhcyfimc-fhk fyc {ac boy~{ {g ~sbbcy uachcrcy uc fksm{~ ec{ {aohe~ uyghe- is{ fm~g icnfs~c gb {acoy yclfyjfimc ~toyo{- {acoy fiomo{ {g acfm hg{ ghm {acl~cmrc~ is{ {acoy ~gnoc{oc~ f~ucmm‟ !Lfhkcmf 9444/(

Hcm~gh Lfhkcmf- crcy {ac gt{olo~{- tgoh{~ {g {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb gshe tcgtmc acmtohe{g acfm ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{( Fb{cy kcnfkc~ gb ftfy{acok „ fhk icbgyc {af{- ngmghofmnghvsc~{- ko~tg~~c~~ogh fhk ~ceycef{ogh „ ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{ uf~ ncy{fohm ohhcck gb fkko{oghfm acfmohe( Bgy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ eyguohe st oh {ac mf{c6??4~ fhk cfym 9444~- tg~{,ftfy{acok ~gnoc{ uf~ shcrchm tg~{ ,ftfy{acok( Oh ~glcyc~tcn{~- ftfy{acok afk icch isyock0 fmm fksm{~ afk {ac rg{c: {ac egrcyhlch{ uf~ mcki imfnj tgmo{onfm mcfkcy~: mceo~mf{ogh ko~nyolohf{ohe fefoh~{ imfnj tcgtmc afk icchfigmo~ack: {ac ~{f{s~ gb imfnj tcgtmc afk nafheck: fhk {acoy koeho{ uf~ hg mghecyoltfoyck {aygsea {ac tgmonoc~ fhk tyfn{onc~ gb ftfy{acok( [acyc ucyc hg mghecy mcefmyc~{yon{ogh~ gh uaona tsimon ~naggm~ imfnj naomkych ngsmk f{{chkgy uacyc {ac ngsmk

ec{ acfm{anfyc( [ac ~{f{c afk shkcy{fjch f lf~~orc ycfmmgnf{ogh gb tsimon bshk~ bygl{ac ~naggm~- ag~to{fm~ fhk lshonotfm ohbyf~{ysn{syc ~cyrohe {ac yona {g {ag~c ~cyrohe{ac tggy( [ac ucmbfyc ~{f{c uf~ cq{chkck- lg~{ oltgy{fh{m {aygsea {ac cqtfh~oghgb naomk,~sttgy{ eyfh{~- uaona tygrokck f ~lfmm is{ ~oehobonfh{ nf~a ohnglc {g tggytfych{~( Yfnofm yc~{yon{ogh~ gh {ac `gi~ {af{ ~glcghc ngsmk kggy agu fhk uacyc~glcghc ngsmk ~c{ st f is~ohc~~- ucyc yclgrck( Fm~g figmo~ack ucyc ~{f{s{gy yfnofmyc~{yon{ogh~ gh uacyc tcgtmc ngsmk morc fhk {ac ycvsoyclch{ {af{ Fbyonfh tcgtmc afk{g nfyy f tf~~ ~aguohe uacyc {ac ucyc fmmguck {g yc~okc( Hg mghecy ucyc tcgtmctygaoio{ck bygl afrohe ~cq uo{a gy lfyyohe ~glcghc bygl f kobbcych{ yfnofm eygst(Sh~sytyo~ohem- mfyec lf`gyo{oc~ gb imfnj ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ {cmm tgmm~{cy~ {af{ {ac {aohj

{acoy morc~ afrc oltygrck ~ohnc {ac chk gb ftfy{acok( Uao{c ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ fyc lgyc



e y g u o h e s t o h t g ~ { , f t f y { a c o k ~ g s { a f b y o n f

9>

flioesgs~- is{ bcu fklo{ {g yceyc{{ohe {ac tf~~ohe gb ftfy{acok( [acyc o~ f echcyfm rocu {af{ uaf{ ucyc ghnc nfmmck ‑yfnc ycmf{ogh~‟- o(c( ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch imfnj fhkuao{c tcgtmcafrc nafheck bgy {ac ic{{cy(

F{ {ac ~flc {olc- agucrcy- lfh bcf{syc~ gb {ac ftfy{acok cyf tcy~o~{- f~ {ac mcefn gb ftfy{acok ~aftc~ crcykf mobc fb{cy ftfy{acok o{~cmb af~ kock( Lf{cyofm ohcvsfmo{oc~tcy~o~{ fhk {ac ko~{yois{ogh gb ohnglc af~ tygifim icnglc crch lgyc shcvsfmfb{cy ftfy{acok {afh ksyohe o{( Ohnglc tgrcy{ ~ccl~ {g afrc kcctchck oh {ac mf{c6??4~- icbgyc kcnmohohe ~glcuaf{ oh {ac cfym 9444~( [ao~ kgc~ hg{ lcfh- agucrcy-{af{ fmm yona tcgtmc fyc uao{c- gy fmm imfnj tcgtmc fyc tggy( Gh {ac ngh{yfy- f bf~{,eyguohe tygtgy{ogh gb {ac ucfm{a oh ^gs{a Fbyonf fyc imfnj tcgtmc uag afrc{fjch fkrfh{fec gb hcu gttgy{sho{oc~ fhk lgrck st oh{g {ac lokkmc,nmf~~ fhk cmo{ccnacmgh~( Bob{cch cfy~ fb{cy mcfrohe mfu ~naggm- Tf{yonc Lg{~ctc afk fnvsoyck {acucfm{a !figs{ Y63 iommogh „ cvsorfmch{ {g S^+9 iommogh icbgyc {ac nyf~a {af{ icefhoh 9441/ {af{ {ac Gttchacolcy~ {ggj {aycc echcyf{ogh~ {g fnvsoyc( @s~{ f~ oh{cyyfnofmohcvsfmo{ af~ kcnmohck- i lfh lcf~syc~ oh{yf,yfnofm ohcvsfmo{ af~ ohnycf~ck(Lf~~orc shcltmglch{ ~ch{chnc~ lfh {g nayghon tgrcy{- lo{oef{ck ghm {g {accq{ch{ {af{ tcgtmc ycncorc bohfhnofm ~sttgy{ bygl {ac ~{f{c {aygsea gmk,fec tch~ogh~-naomk,~sttgy{ eyfh{~ gy g{acy ~gnofm f~~o~{fhnc tygeyfllc~( Oh lfh yc~tcn{~- nmf~~af~ yctmfnck yfnc f~ {ac bgshkf{ogh gb kcct ~gnofm nmcfrfec~ oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ~gnoc{ !Mcoiiyfhk{ c{ fm( 944?: ^ccjohe~ 9464: ^ccjohe~ " Hf{{yf~~ 9443/(

Ftfy{acok o~ fm~g cnagck oh {ac ngh{ohsohe ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch yfnc- hcoeaigsyaggkfhk nmf~~( Fmlg~{ fmm uao{c tcgtmc fyc ycmf{orcm yona- f~ {ac ngh{ohsc {g yc~okc oh ucmm,

yc~gsynck fycf~ fhk afrc ~snncckck oh yctygksnohe g{acy tyoromcec~ crch fb{cy {ac kclo~cgb ftfy{acok( Fmlg~{ fmm tggy tcgtmc fyc imfnj- gy- lgyc ~tcnobonfmm- Fbyonfh- fhk morc ohfycf~ uo{a ngltyglo~ck ohbyf~{ysn{syc fhk ~cyronc~( Bgy {ac tggy agucrcy- {ac kclo~cgb ftfy{acok loea{ afrc iygsea{ koeho{- is{ o{ af~ hg{ iygsea{ ycfm gttgy{sho{0 tggyFbyonfh naomkych {tonfmm f{{chk ngltyglo~ck fhk ~{yseemohe ~naggm~: fnvsoyc hco{acy~jomm~ hgy vsfmobonf{ogh~: ch{cy f mfigsy lfyjc{ {af{ gbbcy~ hg tyg~tcn{~ bgy sh~jommckugyjcy~: fhk ~{yseemc {g fnnc~~ acfm{anfyc uach {ac bfmm ~onj( ^gs{a Fbyonf yclfoh~ faoeam ~ceycef{ck ~gnoc{0 lg~{ tcgtmc yc~okc oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ uag~c tgtsmf{ogh~fyc „ oh ftfy{acok {cylohgmge „ grcyuacmlohem co{acy ‑Fbyonfh‟- gy ‑ngmgsyck‟ gy ‑uao{c‟-is{ hg{ f loq gb {ac~c: {acoy naomkych f{{chk ~naggm~ kglohf{ck i ghc ‑yfnc‟ eygst: fhk

bcu fksm{~ gy naomkych afrc yfnofmm korcy~c byochk~( Yfnc ngh{ohsc~ {g ic ~fmoch{ oh {ao~~sttg~ckm tg~{ ,ftfy{acok ~gnoc{ !^ccjohe~ 9441/(

[ac Rfmmc

Gsy yc~cfyna uf~ nghksn{ck oh {ac tcyotacy gb Nftc [guh oh {ac Bo~a Agcj rfmmc- f tmfnc uaona- oh ~glc yc~tcn{~- o~ f lonygng~l gb ^gs{a Fbyonf( [ac Bo~aAgcj rfmmc !achncbgy{a ‑{ac Rfmmc‟/ ~{yfkkmc~ {ac Nftc Tchoh~smf {g {ac ~gs{a gb {ac ugymk,bflgs~ [fimc Lgsh{foh( !^cc Lft 6- ~aguohe {ac Rfmmc fhk o{~ tg~o{oghuo{aoh {ac Nftc Tchoh~smf(/ F~ ghc fttygfnac~ {ac Rfmmc- o{ ~ccl~ {g ic fh fbbmsch{

loq gb lokkmc,nmf~~ ~sisyi~ fhk ~clo,ysyfm ~lfmmagmkohe~- uo{a yc{oyclch{ rommfec~-




9;

f iyf~a- hcu ~agttohe lfmm- yokohe ~{fimc~- icfs{obsm lfy~ac~ fhk icfnac~ fhk crchf bgylcy bfyl uacyc naomkych nfh yokc nflcm~( [ao~ o~ fh fycf {af{- shkcy ftfy{acok-fhk uo{a {ac cqnct{ogh gb ghc ~lfmm ngyhcy- uf~ kcnmfyck f ‑uao{c eygst fycf‟-

lcfhohe {af{ ‑hgh,uao{c‟ tcgtmc ngsmk morc {acyc mcefmm ghm f~ kglc~{on ugyjcy~gy bfyl mfigsycy~( [ac cqnct{ogh uf~ {ac ‑ngmgsyck eygst fycf‟ gb Gncfh Rocu- fho~gmf{ck ugyjohe,nmf~~ ags~ohe c~{f{c isom{ oh {ac 6?24~ fhk 6?54~- fhk {g uaonalg~{ ngmgsyck tcgtmc bygl {ac Nftc Tchoh~smf- ~gs{a gb Nftc [guh- ucyc bgynoim fhk {yfslf{onfmm yc~c{{mck !~cc @fngi~ 944> gh {ac cqtcyochnc~ gb ghc tfy{onsmfybflom/( I 6??4- fttygqolf{cm afmb gb {ac tgtsmf{ogh- gnnstohe fmlg~{ fmm gb {ac Rfmmc- uf~ nmf~~obock uao{c: `s~{ shkcy afmb- nghbohck {g Gncfh Rocu- uf~ngmgsyck: fhk f {oh hslicy- morohe gh cltmgcy~‟ tygtcy{oc~ gy ~vsf{{ohe oh {acis~a- ucyc Fbyonfh(

Oh {ac 6?14~ fhk 6??4~ {ac Rfmmc nafheck kyflf{onfmm- icnglohe tyolfyom f ~sisyifhcq{ch~ogh gb {ac no{ gb Nftc [guh( [ac tgtsmf{ogh kgsimck grcy 94 cfy~( [ac {guhgb Bo~a Agcj fhk {ac cqo~{ohe rommfec~ gb Jgllc{òc fhk Hggykagcj cqtfhkck- fhkhcu ~sisyi~ ucyc isom{ gh gmk bfyl~ fnyg~~ {ac mche{a gb {ac Rfmmc fhk {ac fk`fnch{aomm~okc~( I {ac cfym 9444~- lokkmc,nmf~~ olloeyf{ogh fhk ~sisyifh kcrcmgtlch{afk yc~sm{ck oh fh fmlg~{ ngh{oesgs~ mohc gb ~sisyi~ nyg~~ohe {ac tchoh~smf- bygl{ac F{mfh{on gh {ac uc~{ {g Bfm~c If gh {ac cf~{( Oh 6??6- f ~clo,bgylfm ~c{{mclch{-Lf~otaslcmcmc- uf~ c~{fimo~ack bgy Fbyonfh tcgtmc( Oho{ofmm oh{chkck bgy {ac ~lfmmhslicy gb Fbyonfh tcgtmc fmycfk morohe oh {ac Rfmmc- co{acy mcefmm gy ommcefmm-Lf~otaslcmcmc eycu vsonjm f~ tcgtmc lgrck oh bygl cm~cuacyc oh Nftc [guh gybygl {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc( I 9446- Lf~otaslcmcmc uf~ aglc {g figs{ 94 tcy nch{ gb {ac tgtsmf{ogh gb {ac Rfmmc( Bsy{acy tgtsmf{ogh eygu{a oh Lf~otaslcmcmc tygifim ohnycf~ck o{~ ~afyc {g figs{ 93 tcy nch{ i 944;( Fm{agsea {ac uao{c tgtsmf{ogh o~hgu f lohgyo{ oh {ac Rfmmc f~ f uagmc- {ao~ fycf ~{omm ~agu~ {ac ~tf{ofm oltyc~~ gb ftfy{acok0 fmlg~{ fmm gb o{~ ngmgsyck fhk Fbyonfh yc~okch{~ ~{omm morc uo{aoh {ac hfyygunghbohc~ gb Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- uaom~{ yonacy- uao{c yc~okch{~ morc oh{ac ~sisyi~ fhk ~lfmmagmkohe~ {af{ ~{yc{na fnyg~~ {ac tchoh~smf bygl ghc ngf~{ {g{ac g{acy( !^cc {ac oh{ygksn{gy tag{geyfta~ ZTag{g~ 6„2\- uaona kcton{ {ac korcy~cohbyf~{ysn{syc fhk mfhk~nftc~ gb {ac {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc(/

[ac Rfmmc ~agu~ lfh ~oeh~ gb nafhec ~ohnc {ac ftfy{acok cyf( Fmlg~{ crcyghc

af~ fnnc~~ {g cmcn{yono{- f bms~a {gomc{ fhk ycesmfy ycbs~c ngmmcn{ogh „ ohnmskohe {ag~cmorohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Lshonotfm ~cyronc~ fyc bshkck tyolfyom {aygsea tygtcy{ {fqc~ gh {ac yona fhk- {acycbgyc- ch{fom ngh~okcyfimc ycko~{yois{ogh {g {ac tggy( Bo~aAgcj- Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc fmm afrc f{ mcf~{ ghc tyolfy ~naggm fhk f aoea~naggm( Fmm {aycc afrc f{ mcf~{ ghc acfm{a bfnomo{( [ac nmohon oh Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ aglc{g f toghccyohe- ugymk,nmf~~ {ycf{lch{ tygeyfllc bgy tcgtmc uo{a AOR'FOK^( Oh g{acyyc~tcn{~- agucrcy- {ac mcefn gb ftfy{acok o~ rcy nmcfy( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- tcgtmc ec{uf{cy bygl {ft~ oh {acoy fyk~- hg{ oh~okc {acoy ags~c~( Lg~{ morc oh rcy ~lfmm ~afnj~isom{ gb uggk fhk lc{fm ~acc{ohe( Ghm f bcu morc oh {aycc,yggl iyonj aglc~ ycnch{m isom{ uo{a egrcyhlch{ bshk~( Acyc „ fhk oh Gncfh Rocu „ mfyec bflomoc~ ~glc{olc~ morc

oh ghc ~lfmm yggl fhk ~crcyfm bflomoc~ ~afyc f fyk- bmf{ gy ags~c kc~oehck bgy ghc(




93

Uacycf~ Bo~a Agcj af~ {chho~ ngsy{~ fhk ms~a ~tgy{~ bocmk~ uo{a nmsiags~c~- GncfhRocu af~ ghm ifyc ~gnncy bocmk~- fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc f tf{na gb eygshk bommck uo{aysiimc- uaona sh{om ycnch{m uf~ ngrcyck uo{a {cltgyfy nmf~~yggl~ bgy {ac aoea

~naggm( Bo~a Agcj af~ f uokc yfhec gb ~stcylfyjc{~ fhk ~agt~: {cf yggl~ fhkyc~{fsyfh{~: fhk fh 14,cfy,gmk kctfy{lch{ ~{gyc( Gncfh Rocu af~ f afhkbsm gb bgylfm ~agt~- ohnmskohe f ~lfmm ~stcylfyjc{- is{nacy fhk rokcg,aoyc ~{gyc- f~ ucmmf~ ohbgylfm ~agt~ gtcyf{ohe gs{ gb tcgtmc‟~ aglc~( Lf~otaslcmcmc af~ ghm ohbgylfm~tfpf ~agt~ ysh bygl ~afnj~- ygfk~okc ~cmmcy~ fhk ~acicch~ !ify~/( [ac tfy{onsmfynafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb {ac isomkohe~- ~{ycc{~ fhk ~agt~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac uf yc~okch{~ s~c{acl- lfjc cfna hcoeaigsyaggk mggj- ~gshk fhk bccm rcy kobbcych{( Ghm {acgnnf~oghfm kge,ufmjcy gy ~naggm tstom nfh ic ~tg{{ck gh Bo~a Agcj‟~ tfrclch{~-uacycf~ lg~{ ~{ycc{~ ~cyrc f~ tfrclch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc‟~hfyygu ygfk~ fyc is~{mohe uo{a fn{oro{( Oh ig{a {ac mf{{cy hcoeaigsyaggk~- naomkych

tmf eflc~ {af{ ~{yfkkmc {ac ch{oyc ~{ycc{ uaomc fksm{~ naf{ gh ~{ycc{ ngyhcy~ fhk grcybchnc~( F~ crchohe bfmm~ {ac ls~on bygl {ac ~acicch~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ec{~ mgskcyuaomc {ac ~{ycc{~ gb Bo~a Agcj ec{ crch vsoc{cy(

Kobbcychnc~ oh ohbyf~{ysn{syc ngyyc~tghk {g cnghglon kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch yc~okch{~gb {ac rfyogs~ tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc( Ftfy{acok bg~{cyck hg{ ghm yfnofm yc~okch{ofm~ceycef{ogh- is{ fm~g yfnofm cnghglon ohcvsfmo{oc~( Oh {ac 6?34~ fhk 6?24~- ic{{cy,tfohe gnnstf{ogh~ ucyc yc~cyrck bgy uao{c tcgtmc- uaom~{ fnnc~~ {g tyoromceckcksnf{ogh lcfh{ {af{ bygl {ac 6?54~- uao{c tcgtmc ngsmk kglohf{c {ac~c gnnstf{ogh~crch uach ~{f{s{gy ̀ gi yc~cyrf{ogh uf~ figmo~ack( [ac Ngmgsyck Mfigsy TycbcychncTgmon lcfh{ {af{ cltmgcy~ ucyc ycvsoyck {g cltmg ngmgsyck ugyjcy~ ohtycbcychnc {g Fbyonfh ugyjcy~- uaom~{ ohbmsq ngh{ygm !{ac tf~~ mfu~/ fnnch{sf{ck{ac rsmhcyfiomo{ gb Fbyonfh tcgtmc fhk nsy{fomck {acoy lgiomo{ fhk fnnc~~ {g crch~clo,~jommck cltmglch{( [ao~ ao~{gy uf~ ycbmcn{ck oh tf{{cyh~ gb cltmglch{ fhkshcltmglch{ oh {ac cfym 9444~( Oh 9446- {ac shcltmglch{ yf{c ~{ggk f{ 1 tcynch{ oh Bo~a Agcj: oh Gncfh Rocu o{ uf~ 9; tcy nch{: is{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc o{ uf~f lf~~orc 26 tcy nch{( Shcltmglch{ yf{c~ ucyc aoeac~{ flghe gshecy tcgtmc- f{64 tcy nch{- >6 tcy nch{ fhk fh cq{yfgykohfy 5> tcy nch{ yc~tcn{orcm( Gb {ac ugyjohetgtsmf{ogh gb {ac Rfmmc- lg~{ lfhfecy~- tygbc~~oghfm~- {cfnacy~ fhk hsy~c~ morc ohBo~a Agcj( Uao{c,ngmmfy ugyjcy~ fyc crchm korokck ic{ucch Bo~a Agcj fhk GncfhRocu( Lg~{ ~jommck gy ~clo,~jommck ugyjcy~ fhk ~glc mfigsycy~ morc oh Gncfh Rocu(

Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- gnnstf{ogh~ fyc molo{ck {g kglc~{on ugyj gy ngllcynofm nmcfhohe!bgy uglch/ fhk sh~jommck mfigsy fhk ~cnsyo{,esfyk ugyj !bgy lch/(

F lf`gy ycf~gh ua tcgtmc morohe oh {ac kobbcych{ fycf~ gb {ac Rfmmc afrc kobbcych{gnnstf{ogh~ „ gy ohkcck afrc `gi~ f{ fmm „ o~ {ac rfyof{ogh oh {acoy cksnf{oghmcrcm~( O{ uf~ tcyaft~ {ac yfnofm ohcvsfmo{ oh tsimon cksnf{ogh uacyc ftfy{acokmcb{ o{~ lg~{ tcyhonogs~ mcefn( Bgsy gs{ gb borc fksm{~ !feck 94 gy lgyc/ oh Bo~aAgcj fhk o{~ ~sisyi~ afk lf{yon gy crch tg~{,lf{yon vsfmobonf{ogh~ oh 9446: {accvsorfmch{ tygtgy{ogh oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc uf~ `s~{ ghc oh borc( Ohig{a Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- fmlg~{ f vsfy{cy gb {ac fksm{ tgtsmf{ogh

ngltmc{ck mc~~ {afh eyfkc,5 ~naggmohe( [ac ioe kobbcychnc~ oh ~naggmohe acmt {g




92

cqtmfoh {ac kobbcychnc~ oh cltmglch{ ~{f{s~ fhk gnnstf{ogh ic{ucch {ac lokkmc,nmf~~ ~sisyi~- Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( Is{ cksnf{ogh kgc~ hg{ cqtmfoh {ackobbcychnc~ ic{ucch Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( [ac cksnf{ogh mcrcm~ gb {ac

fksm{ tgtsmf{ogh fyc lsna {ac ~flc- is{ {ac shcltmglch{ yf{c o~ lsna aoeacyoh Lf~otaslcmcmc {afh oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk Gncfh Rocu ugyjcy~ fyc oh ic{{cy,tfokgnnstf{ogh~ {afh {ag~c oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(

[ac ngliohf{ogh gb shcvsfm cfyhohe~ fhk rcy kobbcych{ shcltmglch{ yf{c~ ch~syc~{af{ {acyc fyc asec ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh ags~cagmk ohnglc~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc !~cc Boesyc6(6/( Oh 9446- {ac tggyc~{ bob{a gb ags~cagmk~ afk ohnglc~ gb mc~~ {afh Y64 444 tcycfy- uaom~{ {ac yonac~{ bob{a afk ohnglc~ gb !fttygqolf{cm/ lgyc {afh Y634 444 tcycfy( [ac tggyc~{ ags~cagmk~ fyc lg~{m oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {ac lokkmc,ohnglc ghc~oh Gncfh Rocu fhk {ac aoeacy,ohnglc ags~cagmk~ oh {ac lokkmc,nmf~~ ~sisyi~( [aclcfh ags~cagmk ohnglc oh Bo~a Agcj fhk o{~ ~sisyi~ o~ fttygqolf{cm {aycc {olc~{ac lcfh ags~cagmk ohnglc oh Gncfh Rocu fhk coea{ {olc~ {af{ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc(

O{~ tcy~o~{ch{ yc~okch{ofm ~ceycef{ogh fhk lf{cyofm ohcvsfmo{ fmghe yfnc,eygstmohc~ ychkcy~ {ac Rfmmc ig{a {tonfm fhk f{tonfm f{ {ac ~flc {olc( O{ o~ {tonfm oh{ac ~ch~c {af{ tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf f~ f uagmc yclfoh~ aoeam ~ceycef{ckyc~okch{ofmm !Nayo~{gtacy 9446- 9443/ fhk eycf{ ko~tfyo{oc~ tcy~o~{ oh cltmglch{

Boesyc 6(6 Ags~cagmk ohnglc~ oh {ac Rfmmc

^gsync0 ^{f{~ ^F !9446/

Hg ohnglc

Y6„; 144

Y; 146„? 244

Y? 246„6? 944

Y6? 946„>1 ;44

Y>1 ;46„52 144

Y52 146„63> 244

Y63> 246„>45 944

Y>45 946„26; ;44

Y26; ;46„6 991 144

Y6 991 146„9 ;35 244

Y9 ;35 246 fhk lgyc

Fhhsfm ohnglc

4 344 6 444 6 344 9 444 9 344 > 444

Gncfh Rocu Bo~a Agcj Lf~otaslcmcmc




95

fhk cfyhohe~ ic{ucch yfnofm eygst~( Is{ {ac Rfmmc o~ f{tonfm oh g{acy yc~tcn{~(Boy~{m- o{ o~ shs~sfm oh {ac lf`gy no{oc~ bgy uao{c- ngmgsyck fhk Fbyonfh tcgtmc {gmorc oh f~ nmg~c tygqolo{ f~ {ac kg oh {ac Rfmmc( Oh Nftc [guh- {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{

gb tcgtmc morc oh lghg,yfnofm hcoeaigsyaggk~ nms~{cyck oh lghg,yfnofm tfy{~ gb {acno{( Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- {ac Rfmmc o~ lsna lgyc mojc f ~lfmm {guh {afh f tfy{ gb f mfyec^gs{a Fbyonfh no{( ^cnghkm- {ac {yo,yfnofm ngltg~o{ogh gb {ac Rfmmc o~ {tonfm gb Nftc [guh fhk {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc- is{ hg{ gb ^gs{a Fbyonf f~ f uagmc( Lg~{ gb ^gs{aFbyonf ngltyo~c~ f lf~~orc Fbyonfh lf`gyo{ fhk f ~lfmm uao{c lohgyo{( Ghm oh{ac Uc~{cyh Nftc !fhk o{~ lsna mc~~ tgtsmf{ck hcoeaigsy- {ac Hgy{acyh Nftc/ o~{acyc f mfyec ngmgsyck tgtsmf{ogh fhk fh Fbyonfh lohgyo{( Lgycgrcy- f lsna aoeacytygtgy{ogh gb {ac tgtsmf{ogh gb {ac Rfmmc o~ uao{c {afh {af{ gb Nftc [guh f~ f uagmc!;3 tcy nch{ ngltfyck {g 6? tcy nch{/( Oh {cyl~ gb ohnglc fhk nmf~~- {ac Rfmmc o~fm~g lsna lgyc korcy~c {afh lg~{ syifh fycf~ gb o{~ ~opc- bgy {ac ~flc ycf~gh~ {af{ o{

o~ ko~{ohn{orc oh yc~okch{ofm {cyl~( Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- {ac Rfmmc o~ f lonygng~l gb Nftc[guh- tycno~cm icnfs~c o{ o~ shmojc g{acy lghg,nmf~~ fhk lghg,yfnofm tfy{~ gb {acno{( [ac ko~{yois{ogh gb ags~cagmk ohnglc~ oh {ac Rfmmc o~ iygfkm ~olomfy {g {af{gb Nftc [guh f~ f uagmc- cqnct{ {af{ oh {ac no{ f~ f uagmc {acyc fyc ycmf{orcm lgycags~cagmk~ {af{ afrc f rcy mgu ohnglc(

Lf~otaslcmcmc- Gncfh Rocu fhk Bo~a Agcj fyc fmm cqfltmc~ gb f ngllgh nf{cegy gb yfnc, fhk nmf~~,~ceycef{ck hcoeaigsyaggk~ fnyg~~ ^gs{a Fbyonf( Lf~otaslcmcmco~ mojc lfh g{acy tg~{,6?14- mgu,ohnglc ~c{{mclch{~ {af{ ~{fy{ck gbb f~ ohbgylfm~c{{mclch{~- is{ afrc ~ohnc icch {yfh~bgylck {aygsea lshonotfm ohbyf~{ysn{syfmkcrcmgtlch{- ~cyronc tygro~ogh fhk ags~c ngh~{ysn{ogh „ cqnct{ {af{ o{ o~ shs~sfmm ~lfmm- bccm~ lgyc ‑ysyfm‟ !yc~okch{~ ~f/ fhk af~ ic{{cy `gi gttgy{sho{oc~( O{ o~ hg{ c{f~ bgylfmo~ck f ~c{{mclch{ f~ tmfnc~ mojc Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~ !kc~nyoick i Achkcy~gh6??? fhk Yfltacmc 9449/- fhk o{ o~ ncy{fohm hg{ mojc {ac gmkcy ftfy{acok,cyf{guh~aot~- ~sna f~ ^guc{g !gs{~okc @gafhhc~isye/( Gncfh Rocu o~ tcyaft~ {tonfmgb {ac ugyjohe,nmf~~ {guh~aot~ isom{ {g ags~c ngmgsyck tcgtmc yclgrck shkcy {acEygst Fycf~ Fn{- ~sna f~ Lfhhchicye !~cc ^fmg 944;/- fm{agsea o{ o~ shs~sfmm o~gmf{ck ecgeyftaonfmm( Ig{a {ac gmkcy fhk hcucy fycf~ gb Bo~a Agcj fyc lsna mojc‑uao{c‟- lokkmc,nmf~~ yc~okch{ofm fycf~ fnyg~~ ^gs{a Fbyonf( Oh ~si~cvsch{ naft{cy~uc tyc~ch{ ~syrc kf{f gh fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh {af{ ko~{oheso~a ic{ucch ‑tggyFbyonfh‟- ‑lckosl,ohnglc Fbyonfh‟- ‑tggy ngmgsyck‟- ‑lckosl,ohnglc ngmgsyck‟-

‑yona ngmgsyck‟ fhk ‑yona uao{c‟ hcoeaigsyaggk~( Oh {ac~c {cyl~- Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ f‑tggy Fbyonfh‟ hcoeaigsyaggk- fm{agsea o{ ohnmskc~ f lohgyo{ gb ags~cagmk~ uo{a flckosl ohnglc( Gncfh Rocu o~ f mfyecm ‑lckosl,ohnglc ngmgsyck‟ hcoeaigsyaggk-fm{agsea o{ ohnmskc~ lohgyo{oc~ gb tggy fhk yona ags~cagmk~( Bo~a Agcj o~ f ‑yonauao{c‟ hcoeaigsyaggk- fm{agsea o{ ohnmskc~ f ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb tcgtmc uag fyc hg{‑uao{c‟ fhk ~glc ‑uao{c‟ tcgtmc uag~c ohnglc~ fyc mgu gy lckosl !~cc Boesyc 6(6/(

[ac ~{sk gb gykohfy gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~

^g {ao~ iggj o~ figs{ gykohfy gshe tcgtmc oh ycf~ghfim gykohfy ^gs{a Fbyonfh

hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac gshe tcgtmc morohe oh {ac~c fycf~ uagl uc kc~nyoic oh {ao~




91

iggj fycuc icmocrc- hg{ f{tonfm gb {ac 94,gkk lommogh gykohfy gshe tcgtmc uagafrc ~tch{ lg~{ gy fmm gb {acoy morc~ oh f kclgnyf{on- tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf([ac~c fyc {glgyygu‟~ rg{cy~- tfych{~- ugyjcy~ fhk ngh~slcy~( _c{ f~{gho~aohem mo{{mc

af~ icch uyo{{ch figs{ {ao~ asec ngagy{ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh~(

[ac tyckglohfh{ cltaf~o~ oh mo{cyf{syc gh naomkych- fkgmc~nch{~ fhk gs{a~ oh^gs{a Fbyonf af~ icch gh f{tonfm eygst~( F~ uo{a lg~{ g{acy ~gnofm ~nochnc yc~cfynaoh ^gs{a Fbyonf- yc~cfyna gh naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc af~ icch acfrom ycfn{orc {g{ac tgmo{onfm chroyghlch{( Oh {ac 6?14~ fhk oh{g {ac 6??4~- {ac tyolfy bgns~ gb ~snayc~cfyna uf~ gh {ac tfy{onotf{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc oh tgmo{onfm tyg{c~{ fhk rogmchnc!Lfyj~ 9446: H{~cicpf 6??>: ̂ ccjohe~ 6??>: ^{yfjcy 6??9: Rfh Jc~~cm 9444/( Fm{agseao{ uf~ ~glc{olc~ f~~slck „ gy crch f~~cy{ck !c(e( ^{yfjcy 6??9/ „ {af{ lg~{ gshetcgtmc tfy{onotf{ck oh tyg{c~{~- {ao~ uf~ hcrcy kclgh~{yf{ckfhk hg crokchnc uf~tyc~ch{ck gh {ac cqtcyochnc~ gb gykohfy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~( Lg~{ yc~cfynauf~ nghksn{ck flghe fh shkgsi{ckm f{tonfm ~si,~fltmc gb fn{oro~{ gs{a( !F~si~cvsch{ ~{sk i Kmfloho Z9443\ cqtmgyck agu lfh gshe tcgtmc {yock {gngh~{ysn{ gykohfy morc~ flok uokc~tycfk rogmchnc fhk acoea{chck tgmo{ono~f{ogh(/ Oh{ac cfym 6??4~- ksyohe {ac {yfh~o{ogh bygl rogmch{ nghbmon{ {g tgmo{onfm hceg{of{ogh-f ‑lgyfm tfhon‟ grcy {ac ~sircy~orc ‑mg~{ echcyf{ogh‟ gb gs{a boy~{ cyst{ck fhk {achcrftgyf{ck !~cc- bgy cqfltmc- NF^C 6??>: Rfh Pm ^mfiicy{ c{ fm( 6??;/( Fkgmc~nch{~oh ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ {guh~aot~ uag afk igng{{ck fhk bfomck {g ngltmc{c ~naggm- uagafk bgsea{ uo{a {ac ~cnsyo{ bgync~ oh {guh~aot ~{ycc{~- uag afk nafmmcheck {acfs{agyo{ gb tfych{~ fhk {cfnacy~ fhk uag afk s~ck rogmchnc fefoh~{ g{acy {guh~aotyc~okch{~ oh {ac hflc gb ‑{ac ~{yseemc‟ icnflc {ac ‑mg~{ echcyf{ogh‟ gb ‑lfyeohfmo~ckgs{a‟- shkcylohohe tsimon ~fbc{ fhk lgyfmo{ fhk tcyaft~ crch {ac ~{fiomo{ gb {actgmo{onfm {yfh~o{ogh( Lgyfm tfhon uf~ bscmmck i {ac lckof fhk mceo{olf{ck i {ac bf~{,eyguohe tgmon,~{skoc~ ohks~{y !^ccjohe~ 6??3- 6??2/( Uo{a {ac tcfncbsm {yfh~o{ogh{g kclgnyfn oh 6??;- tgmon,gyoch{ck yc~cfyna ~aob{ck o{~ bgns~ bygl {ac ‑tygimcl‟tg~ck i gmkcy gs{a {g {ac tygimcl~ bfnohe gshecy naomkych- c~tcnofmm ~tcnoboneygst~ gb naomkych- ~sna f~ ~{ycc{ naomkych gy FOK^ gytafh~ !Iyf 944>f/(

[ac ~{sk gb {ac crcykf morc~ gb gykohfy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ uf~ hg{ ch{oycm hcemcn{ck icbgyc fhk ksyohe {ac kclo~c gb ftfy{acok( Isylfh fhk Ychgmk~‟~ cko{ck rgmslc- Eyguohe st oh f Korokck ^gnoc{0 [ac Ngh{cq{~ gb Naomkaggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf

!6?12/- tygrokck fh oltgy{fh{ fh{cnckch{ bgy gsy guh ~{sk( Oh {ac lok,6?14~-Ychgmk~ !6?1?/ nghksn{ck toghccyohe c{ahgeyftaon ugyj gh {ac crcykf morc~ fhkngeho{ogh gb gshe naomkych oh Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~- f tggy Nftc [guh hcoeaigsyaggk-uaom~{ @ghc~ !6??>/ ~{skock naomkych morohe uo{a {acoy bflomoc~ oh {ac ag~{cm~ isom{bgy lfmc loeyfh{ ugyjcy~( [ac chk gb ftfy{acok lcfh{ {af{ hcu ~tfnc gtchckst bgy ~nagmfy~ {g ~{sk {ac nafmmchec~ bfnohe naomkych „ c~tcnofmm tggy naomkych(T~nagmgeo~{~ Kfuc~- Kghfmk fhk Mgsu ngmmfigyf{ck gh cko{ck rgmslc~- Naomkaggk fhk Fkrcy~o{0 T~nagmgeonfm Tcy~tcn{orc~ bygl ^gs{a Fbyonfh Yc~cfyna !Kfuc~ "Kghfmk 6??;/ fhk Fkkyc~~ohe Naomkaggk Fkrcy~o{ !Kghfmk c{ fm( 9444/( Oh {ac cfym 6??4~- ~gnofm fh{aygtgmgeo~{~ Yfltacmc fhk Achkcy~gh- ugyjck uo{a {cchfecy~ bygl

Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~( Achkcy~gh !6???/ uyg{c gb {ac cq{ch~orc cbbgy{~ i naomkych fhk




9?

fksm{~ {g lfoh{foh hsy{syohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk gb {ac byfeomo{ gb {ac~c {oc~ oh {ac bfncgb ftfy{acok fhk o{~ ngh~cvschnc~( Yfltacmc‟~ ^{ccyohe i {ac ^{fy~0 Icohe _gshe oh^gs{a Fbyonf !9449/ tygrokck f ~cfyohe fnngsh{ gb {cchfecy~ ~{yseemohe {g fnaocrc

{acoy flio{ogh~ oh {ac bfnc gb tfych{fm hcemcn{- lf{cyofm afyk~aot- koyc ~naggmohe fhkkc~{ysn{orc tyc~~syc~ bygl byochk~ fhk hcoeaigsy~( Ifyifyoh fhk Yona{cy‟~ Lfhkcmf‟~Naomkych0 Eyguohe st oh Tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf !9446/ s~ck kf{f bygl {ac Ioy{a{g [ch ~{sk gb f ngagy{ gb naomkych igyh oh 6??4 oh Eycf{cy @gafhhc~isye {g ~c{ gs{{ac icafrogsyfm- clg{oghfm fhk fnfkclon tygimcl~ cqtcyochnck i naomkych bfnckuo{a hcoeaigsyaggk rogmchnc- ags~cagmk tgrcy{ fhk k~bshn{oghfm bflomoc~( ![actyg`cn{ uf~ mf{cy cq{chkck oh{g f Ioy{a {g [uch{ ~{sk {af{ cqflohck {ac ioy{angagy{ {aygsea {acoy {cchfec cfy~(6/

Gsy iggj isomk~ gh {ac bgshkf{ogh~ mfok i {ac~c cfymocy ~{skoc~( Uc bgmmgu oh{ac bgg{~{ct~ gb ~nagmfy~ ~sna f~ Ychgmk~- Yfltacmc fhk Achkcy~gh oh {yohe {gshkcy~{fhk {ac crcykf morc~ gb gshe tcgtmc i {fmjohe {g {acl fhk ~tchkohe{olc uo{a {acl( Uc bgmmgu {ac mcfk gb {ac Ioy{a {g [ch tyg`cn{ oh lfjohe s~c gb vsfh{o{f{orc kf{f( Uc tf tfy{onsmfy f{{ch{ogh {g {ac nagonc~ {af{ naomkych fhkfkgmc~nch{~ {acl~cmrc~ lfjc- o(c( {g {acoy fechn- f~ {ac hfroef{c {acoy uf~ {aygsea{ac lfh nafmmchec~ fhk lgyc gnnf~oghfm gttgy{sho{oc~ gb mobc fb{cy ftfy{acok( Lg~{oltgy{fh{m- tcyaft~- uc kg hg{ nghbohc gsy fhfm~o~ {g tggy gy Fbyonfh naomkych- is{cq{chk gsy efpc fnyg~~ fmm gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh gsy lsm{oyfnofm Rfmmc( F ~cyoc~gb cqncmmch{ ~{skoc~ af~ bgns~ck gh {ac cqtcyochnc~ gb naomkych oh yfnofmm loqck~naggm~ !Kfu~gh 944>: Kgmi 9446: LnJohhc 9445: ^gskoch 9445/( Uc eg bsy{acyi cqflohohe hg{ ghm {ac cqtcyochnc~ gb oh{cyfn{ogh oh {ac cqnct{oghfm ~tfnc~tygrokck i ycmf{orcm tyoromceck ~naggm~- is{ fm~g {ac cqtcyochnc~ fhk ngh~cvschnc~gb hgh,oh{cyfn{ogh kc~nyoick i {ac lf`gyo{ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- crch oh flsm{oyfnofm fycf mojc {ac Rfmmc(

‑Yfnc‟ fhk kcboho{ogh~ gb yfnc

Crch oh {ac ~tfnc gb {ac boy~{ bcu tfec~ gb {ao~ iggj uc afrc icch shfimc {g frgok s~ohe{ac yfnofm rgnfismfy {af{ o~ kcctm ch{ychnack oh ig{a ~nagmfy~aot fhk crcykf mobcoh ^gs{a Fbyonf( ^nagmfy~ ygs{ohcm tycbfnc {acoy ugyj uo{a fh ftgmge bgy s~oheftfy{acok,cyf nf{cegyoc~- is{ yfycm ycbmcn{ gh tycno~cm ua fhk agu {ac fyc s~ohe

{acl( [ac ̂ gs{a Fbyonfh ~{f{c fhk ̂ {f{o~{on~ ̂ gs{a Fbyonf nmfol {af{ {acoy ycf~gh~ bgyyc{fohohe ftfy{acok,cyf yfnofm nmf~~obonf{ogh~ fyc {g {fyec{ tgmonoc~ gb ‑yckyc~~‟ gh {ac‑ao~{gyonfmm ko~fkrfh{feck‟ fhk {g lgho{gy {acoy tygeyc~~ oh grcynglohe yfnofmo~cktf{{cyh~ gb ohcvsfmo{( ^sna fyeslch{~ kg hg{ cqtmfoh ua ~gnofm ~noch{o~{~ s~c {ac~flc yfnofmo~ck {cyl~- f~ ob {ac afrc cqtmfhf{gy gy nfs~fm rfmsc- hflcm cqtmfohohegy nfs~ohe oltgy{fh{ tf{{cyh~ fhk khflon~ oh ~gnofm- cnghglon gy tgmo{onfm mobc(

[acyc fyc f hslicy gb tg~~oimc ycf~gh~ ua yfnc loea{ ~ccl {g afrc ~glc ngh{ohsohenfs~fm cbbcn{~( Oh~gbfy f~ yfnofm ko~nyolohf{ogh tcy~o~{~ oh {ac hcu ^gs{a Fbyonf- yfncloea{ kchg{c rsmhcyfiomo{ {g fkrfh{fec fhk ko~fkrfh{fec( Oh {cyl~ gb acfm{a- yfnc

loea{ ic f tygq bgy ko~{ohn{orc echc~ ychkcyohe ohkoroksfm~ lgyc gy mc~~ ~s~nct{oimc




>4

{g tfy{onsmfy ommhc~~c~( Eorch {ac ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch yfnc fhk nmf~~ !uac{acy nmf~~o~ kcbohck oh {cyl~ gb uaf{ tcgtmc kg- uaf{ {ac ec{- gy {ac gttgy{sho{oc~ gtch {g{acl/- yfnc o~ gb{ch f tygq bgy nmf~~ gy nmf~~ ifnjeygshk „ c~tcnofmm oh Nftc [guh(

O{ o~- agucrcy- fh ohnycf~ohem mc~~ fnnsyf{c tygq f~ {ac ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch yfnc fhknmf~~ cygkc~( [ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c‟~ ~snnc~~ oh ~ceycef{ohe yc~okch{ofmm {ac tgtsmf{oghi yfnc fm~g lcfh~ {af{ yfnc o~ gb{ch f tygq bgy hcoeaigsyaggk- o(c( bgy {ac cbbcn{~{af{ morohe oh tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsyaggk~ afrc gh kobbcych{ f~tcn{~ gb mobc( Bohfmm- yfncloea{ kchg{c ko~{ohn{orc nsm{syc~ oh {cyl~ gb rfmsc~- f{{o{skc~ fhk icmocb~( Gyoeohfmm ko~{ohn{ ‑~c{{mcy‟ fhk ‑hf{orc‟ nsm{syc~ afrc oh{cyfn{ck uo{a cfna g{acy grcy ~crcyfmechcyf{ogh~ fhk ig{a afrc icch ohbmschnck i emgifm nsm{syc~- uo{a {ac yc~sm{ {af{ig{a afrc icch {yfh~bgylck yctcf{ckm( Is{ ^gs{a Fbyonf o~ nmcfym bfy bygl icohef nsm{syfm lcm{ohe tg{( Hghc gb {ac~c cbbcn{~ fyc aglgechcgs~ gy lghgmo{aon0 yfnofmko~nyolohf{ogh- crch uach tyc~ch{- fbbcn{~ tcgtmc kobbcych{m: echc~ rfy flghe crch

nmg~c joh: yfnc fhk nmf~~ fyc hg mghecy ng{cylohgs~- tyolfyom icnfs~c gb fh ohnycf~ohekorcy~o{ gb nmf~~ uo{aoh {ac lf`gyo{ yfnofm eygst~ hf{oghfmm fhk tygrohnofmm oh {acUc~{cyh Nftc: hcoeaigsyaggk~ rfy fnyg~~ ~agy{ ko~{fhnc~: fhk nsm{syc~ fyc bmsokfhk rfyock( Hghc{acmc~~- yfnofmo~ck okch{o{oc~ fyc ~{omm ~fmoch{ oh {ac morc~ gb lg~{ ^gs{aFbyonfh~ „ fmico{ gb{ch fmghe~okc g{acy okch{o{oc~ gb nmf~~- ycmoeogh fhk ~g gh(

[ao~ iggj o~ oh tfy{ figs{ {ac uf~ {af{ yfnc ngh{ohsc~ {g lf{{cy oh {ac morc~ gb gshe tcgtmc- bgy fh gy fmm gb {ac ycf~gh~ figrc( F~ yfnofm ko~ngsy~c o~ ngllgh fhkoltgy{fh{ oh crcykf mobc- o{ ugsmk ic ohfttygtyof{c {g frgok cqflohohe o{ koycn{m-fhk {af{ nfh afykm ic kghc uo{ags{ cltmgohe {ac ko~ngsy~c gsy~cmrc~( Vsfmo{f{orc~{skoc~ !c(e( ^gskoch 9445/ ~seec~{ {af{ yfnofm nf{cegyo~f{ogh yclfoh~ ~fmoch{ bgygshe tcgtmc- is{ oh ~glc yf{acy {afh fmm ngh{cq{~( ^syrc kf{f bygl Nftc [guh~agu {af{ lg~{ gshe tcgtmc ycfkom cltmg ftfy{acok,cyf yfnofm {cylohgmge {gkc~nyoic {acl~cmrc~ !^ccjohe~ 9441/( Crch uo{aoh {ac ‑ngmgsyck‟ tgtsmf{ogh {acyc o~crokchnc gb {ac ~fmochnc gb ‑ngmgsyck‟ okch{o{ !Fkaojfyo 9443/(

[g frgok cyyghcgs~ nfs~fm ohbcychnc gy {ac oltyc~~ogh gb oh{cyhfm aglgechco{- uc{y {g frgok lfjohe yfnofm ko~{ohn{ogh~ cqnct{ uach uc icmocrc {af{ yfnc kgc~ afrc~glc lcfhohe !fnngykohe {g ghc gy g{acy gb {ac lcnafho~l~ okch{obock figrc/([acycbgyc- uach uc {aohj {af{ yfnc o~ ~oltm f tygq bgy nmf~~ gy hcoeaigsyaggk-uc okch{ob ohkoroksfm~ oh {cyl~ gb nmf~~ gy hcoeaigsyaggk( Is{ {acyc fyc lfh

nf~c~ uacyc o{ o~ kobbonsm{ fhk tygifim lo~mcfkohe {g frgok yfnofm rgnfismfy([acyc fyc ~glc oltgy{fh{ kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch tggy ‑ngmgsyck‟ fhk tggy ‑Fbyonfh‟hcoeaigsyaggk~- bgy cqfltmc( [ac~c lf ic ksc {g mohecyohe nsm{syfm korcy~o{- rfyof{ogh~ oh cnghglon gttgy{sho{oc~- kobbcychnc~ oh {ac gyefho~f{ogh gb ~gnofm mobc gyg{acy ycf~gh~( Uaf{crcy {ac ycf~gh- uc ko~{oheso~a i yfnc ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~fhkgnnf~oghfmm- ags~cagmk~ gy ohkoroksfm~( Oh ~g kgohe- uc s~c {ac rgnfismfy ‑Fbyonfh‟- ‑ngmgsyck‟ fhk ‑uao{c‟( ^glc gshe tcgtmc kc~nyoic {acl~cmrc~ f~ ‑imfnj‟ gy‑imfnj Fbyonfh‟( Uc s~c ‑Fbyonfh‟ icnfs~c ‑imfnj‟ o~ fm~g gb{ch s~ck {g chngltf~~ fmm{ag~c tycrogs~m ko~fkrfh{feck- ohnmskohe {ac ‑ngmgsyck‟ tgtsmf{ogh( [ao~ s~fec gb Fbyonfh yfo~c~ fh fkko{oghfm kobbonsm{0 lfh tcgtmc uag ugsmk oh {ac tf~{ afrc icch

nmf~~obock f~ ‑uao{c‟ gy ‑ngmgsyck‟ hgu afrc fh ‑Fbyonfh‟ okch{o{ oh {af{ {ac okch{ob




>6

uo{a {ac ngh{ohch{ gb Fbyonf yf{acy {afh g{acy ngh{ohch{~( [ao~ Fbyonfh okch{o{ nfhfhk gb{ch kgc~ ngcqo~{ uo{a yfnofmo~ck okch{o{oc~ ~sna f~ ‑uao{c‟ gy ‑ngmgsyck‟- fhklfh lf ~cc {acl~cmrc~ oh {ac~c {cyl~( Uc fyc hg{ ohnmskohe {ac~c ohkoroksfm~ oh

gsy s~fec gb ‑Fbyonfh‟(

Yc~cfynaohe {ac crcykf morc~ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~

Gsy nagonc gb yc~cfyna lc{agkgmgeoc~ ycbmcn{ck gsy egfm~( Boy~{- uc ucyc nghncyhck{g iycfj gs{ gb {ac yfnofm ~ceycef{ogh {af{ nafyfn{cyo~c~ ~g lsna gb uaf{ o~ uyo{{chfigs{ ̂ gs{a Fbyonf( Yf{acy {afh uyo{c ghm figs{ Fbyonfh naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- uc~gsea{ {g nghksn{ fh oh{ceyf{ck fhk ngltfyf{orc fhfm~o~ gb gshe morc~ fnyg~~ ta~onfmfhk ~gnofm ~tfnc- fhk c~tcnofmm fnyg~~ yfnofm igshkfyoc~( Ngltfyohe fhk ngh{yf~{ohecqtcyochnc~ fnyg~~ {ac ~gnofm fhk ecgeyftaonfm igshkfyoc~ gb yfnc fhk nmf~~ o~ nysnofm

fm~g bgy fh f~~c~~lch{ gb {ac cq{ch{ {g uaona fhk lfhhcy oh uaona {ac hcu tgmo{onfmko~tch~f{ogh af~ lfkc f kobbcychnc {g {ac morc~ gb gykohfy ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych(^cnghkm- uc ucyc nghncyhck {g bgns~ tyolfyom gh {ac morc~ gb ‑gykohfy naomkych‟(Uaom~{ uc jhcu {af{ gykohfy naomkych fyc tfy{ gb f aoeam ac{cygechcgs~ eygstfhk lfh bfnc lf`gy nafmmchec~ fhk gi~{fnmc~ oh mobc- uc kok hg{ ufh{ {g bgns~ ghm gh {ag~c naomkych uag fyc kcclck !ohrfyofim i fksm{~- fhk s~sfmm i {ac cmo{c/ {gngh~{o{s{c f ~gnofm tygimcl( [aoykm- uc ~gsea{ {g chefec uo{a- fhk lfjc nghhcn{ogh~ic{ucch- {ac rfyogs~ ~gnofm fychf~ fhk ycmf{oghfm ~tacyc~ oh uaona naomkych gtcyf{c-c~tcnofmm {ac aglc- hcoeaigsyaggk fhk ~naggm( ^{skoc~ {af{ ~olsm{fhcgs~m cqtmgyc~crcyfm kglfoh~ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych‟~ morc~ fyc yfyc- is{ rfmsfimc icnfs~c {ac

ommslohf{c {ac oltgy{fhnc gb gykohfy ~gnofm ~c{{ohe~ fhk {ac lfh kolch~ogh~ gb yc~omochnc fhk rsmhcyfiomo{ !Ufyk c{ fm( 9445/( Bohfmm- uc ufh{ck {g shkcy~{fhk{ac cqtcyochnc~ gb gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ f yfhec gb fec~ ngltyo~ohe ig{a naomkaggkfhk fkgmc~nchnc oh gykcy {g ngllch{ gh uaf{ o~ oltgy{fh{ {g cfna fec eygst oh {actyc~ch{ kf fhk {g ycbmcn{ gh {ac ohbmschnc gb naomkaggk cqtcyochnc gh {ac tcynct{ogh~fhk kcno~ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~( Grcyfmm- gsy fol uf~ {g cqtmgyc {ac crcykf oh{cyfn{ogh~gb gykohfy naomkychfhk {g isomk fh shkcy~{fhkohe gb {ac lfhhcy oh uaona {acoyfn{ogh~- ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk ucmm,icohe fyc ohbmschnck i {acoy ~gnofm ugymk~- f~ ucmm f~i {ac hf{syc fhk cq{ch{ gb {acoy fechn oh ~aftohe {ac~c ugymk~(

Uc {acycbgyc cltmgck {ug rcy kobbcych{ is{ ngltmclch{fy fttygfnac~( [ac boy~{

uf~ fh oh,kct{a vsfmo{f{orc ~{sk gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ morohe oh {ac kobbcych{hcoeaigsyaggk~ gb {ac Rfmmc( [ac ~cnghk ch{fomck {ac fhfm~o~ gb vsfh{o{f{orc kf{fbygl f ~{sk gb f mfyec ~fltmc gb fkgmc~nch{~ fnyg~~ Eycf{cy Nftc [guh( I ngliohohevsfmo{f{orc fhk vsfh{o{f{orc yc~cfyna- uc ~gsea{ {g grcynglc {ac ucfjhc~~c~ gymolo{~ ohacych{ oh cfna( ̂ syrc~ fyc shfimc {g tsy~sc {ac mohj~ ic{ucch lcfhohe fhkcqtcyochnc- uaomc vsfmo{f{orc ~{skoc~ fyc molo{ck oh {acoy fiomo{ {g echcyfmo~c bohkohe~icghk {ac ~lfmm ~fltmc ohrc~{oef{ck(

Lg~{ gb {ac vsfh{o{f{orc kf{f s~ck oh {ao~ iggj nglc bygl {ac Nftc Fycf Tfhcm^{sk !NFT^/ nghksn{ck i {ac Nch{yc bgy ^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna f{ {ac Shorcy~o{

gb Nftc [guh(9

NFT^ o~ f tfhcm ~{sk {af{- ~{fy{ohe oh 9449- bgmmguck {ac morc~ gb




>9

f mfyec- yctyc~ch{f{orc ~fltmc gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh f~ {ac shkcyuch{ {aclsm{otmc {yfh~o{ogh~ bygl fkgmc~nchnc {g fksm{aggk( Ksyohe 9449- f yctyc~ch{f{orc~fltmc gb fmlg~{ 3 444 gshe tcgtmc ic{ucch {ac fec~ gb 6; fhk 99 uf~ oh{cyrocuck(

ôhnc 9449- lg~{ gb {ac~c gshe tfy{onotfh{~ afrc icch yc,oh{cyrocuck ~crcyfm{olc~- fm{agsea mo{{mc gb {ac kf{f bygl {ac~c yc,oh{cyrocu~ fyc s~ck oh {ao~ iggj(NFT^ ngrcy~ f yfhec gb f~tcn{~ gb fkgmc~nchnc- ohnmskohe ~naggmohe: ch{y oh{g{ac mfigsy lfyjc{ !o(c( cltmglch{- shcltmglch{ fhk `gi ~cfyna/: ~cqsfm fhkyctygksn{orc acfm{a: fhk cqtcyochnc~ uo{aoh bflomoc~ fhk ags~cagmk~( Lg~{ kf{f fycngmmcn{ck bygl {ac gshe tcgtmc {acl~cmrc~- is{ fm~g bygl tfych{~ fhk g{acy gmkcyags~cagmk lclicy~- fhk kf{f gh ohkoroksfm~ fhk ags~cagmk~ afrc icch ngliohckuo{a ngllsho{, fhk ~naggm,mcrcm kf{f( NFT^ o~ hg{ ~oltm f ~{sk gb fkgmc~nch{~gy fkgmc~nchnc( Icnfs~c {ac tf{{cyh~ gb ohcvsfmo{ oh ~gnoc{ f~ f uagmc fyc ygg{ckoh {ac kobbcych{of{ogh crokch{ gy echcyf{ck oh {ao~ fec ~tfh- NFT^ o~ fm~g f ~{sk

gb {yfh~o{ogh „ fhk {ac mfnj gb nafhec „ oh ‑hcu‟ ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{ f~ f uagmc([ac gi`cn{orc uf~ oh tfy{ {g f~~c~~ fhk shkcy~{fhk agu {ac gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy ^gs{aFbyonfh~ afrc „ gy afrc hg{ „ nafheck ~ohnc {ac chk gb ftfy{acok(

[ac NFT^ ~fltmc uf~ kyfuh {aygsea f {ug,~{fec tygnc~~ oh uaona oho{ofmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk {ach ags~cagmk~ uo{aoh hcoeaigsyaggk~ ucyc ~cmcn{ck !Mfl-^ccjohe~ " ^tfyj~ 9442/( [ac yc~tgh~c yf{c uf~ mgucy oh yona hcoeaigsyaggk~uo{a lg~{m uao{c yc~tghkch{~ {afh oh tggycy- Fbyonfh gy ngmgsyck fycf~( F{{yo{oghic{ucch {ac ufrc~ gb {ac ~{sk kobbcyck ~olomfym- fm{agsea 53 tcy nch{ gb {ac oho{ofmtfhcm ucyc yc,oh{cyrocuck oh {ac {aoyk ufrc !oh 9443/( Hgh,yc~tgh~c fhk f{{yo{ogh~c{ ~glc molo{~ {g {ac yctyc~ch{f{oro{ gb NFT^ kf{f- c~tcnofmm flghe gmkcy uao{cfkgmc~nch{~( Agucrcy- {ac NFT^ kf{f fyc {ac ic~{ frfomfimc- fhk f{{yo{ogh yf{c~ fycucmm uo{aoh {ac igshk~ gb uaf{ o~ fnnct{ck oh{cyhf{oghfmm( Ucoea{ohe {ac kf{f acmt~{g kcfm uo{a ~glc gb {ac lgyc girogs~ tygimcl~( [ac NFT^ ~fltmc ohnmskc~ ~glcgshe tcgtmc bygl {ac Rfmmc- is{ {ac hslicy o~ ~lfmm fhk {ac ~fltmohe kc~oeh lcfh~{af{ {ac nfhhg{ ic ngh~okcyck f~ yctyc~ch{f{orc gb {ac mgnfm tgtsmf{ogh( Uc kg hg{yctgy{- {acycbgyc- ~ctfyf{c yc~sm{~ bygl NFT^ bgy {ac Rfmmc( Oh~{cfk- uc s~c NFT^kf{f {g fhfm~c f~tcn{~ gb naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc oh Nftc [guh echcyfmm(

Tfhcm ~{skoc~ ~sna f~ NFT^ {af{ nghksn{ rcy aoeam ~{ysn{syck- ~agy{ oh{cyrocu~ uo{amfyec hslicy~ gb yc~tghkch{~ chfimc s~ {g okch{ob ~gnofm tf{{cyh~ {af{ tgoh{ {g {ac

nafmmchec~ fhk gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy gshe tcgtmc( Vsfh{o{f{orc lc{agk~ fhk fhfm~o~fmghc fyc gb molo{ck s~c- agucrcy- oh shkcy~{fhkohe {ac lg{orf{ogh~ fhk ngh~{yfoh{~{af{ shkcymoc {ac~c tf{{cyh~ gy {ac uf~ oh uaona {ac fyc cqtcyochnck( [ac ~{yche{a gb c{ahgeyfta o~ o{~ fiomo{ {g ohrc~{oef{c {ac uf {ac ugymk fttcfy~ oh {ac cc~ gb {ag~cuag~c morc~ fyc {ac bgns~ gb ~{sk( [ac nch{yfm tsytg~c gb gsy cq{ch~orc c{ahgeyftaonyc~cfyna oh {ac Rfmmc uf~ {g lfjc nghhcn{ogh~ ic{ucch {ac tcynct{ogh~ fhk fn{ogh~gb gshe tcgtmc !fhk gb {ac fksm{~ uo{a uagl {ac oh{cyfn{/- fhk ic{ucch {acoycqtcyochnc~ fhk bcf{syc~ gb {ac uokcy chroyghlch{ oh uaona {ac morc(

[ac ngyc gb {ac vsfmo{f{orc yc~cfyna uf~ nghksn{ck i {aycc gb {ac fs{agy~ gb {ao~ rgmslc !Yfnacm Iyf- Oljc Egg~jch~ fhk ^s~fh Lg~c~/ oh 944; fhk 9443 !uo{a

~glc yc~cfyna ngh{ohsohe oh{g 9442/( Oho{ofmm- uc ~tch{ lg~{ {olc uo{a naomkych




>>

fhk fkgmc~nch{~ gh ~naggm tyclo~c~- gi~cyrohe oh{cyfn{ogh ksyohe {so{ogh agsy~ oh{ac nmf~~yggl fhk oh fb{cy,~naggm fn{oro{oc~( Uc {ach icefh s~ohe mgnfm ~naggm~ fhkngllsho{ nch{yc~ bgy uccjm fy{ fhk ko~ns~~ogh eygst~ !kc~nyoick icmgu/( [ac~c

nch{yc~ ucyc lgyc ~tfnogs~ fhk hcs{yfm oh {ac ~ch~c {af{ {ac ucyc hg{ f~~gnof{ckuo{a aocyfynaonfm {cfnacy„tstom ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac bfn{ {af{ {ac ghm ycmf{ogh~aot~f{ tmf oh {ac~c ~c{{ohe~ ucyc {ag~c ic{ucch {ac gshe tcgtmc tyc~ch{ fhk {acyc~cfynacy~ efrc s~ oh~oea{ oh{g tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~( [olc uf~ fm~g ~tch{ oh {acoyaglc chroyghlch{~( Ghm fb{cy afrohe isom{ {ys~{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {ac gshetfy{onotfh{~ !fhk ~cnsyohe tfych{fm ngh~ch{/ kok uc nghksn{ oh,kct{a oh{cyrocu~uo{a {acl(

Gsy fttygfna ngsmk ic kc~nyoick f~ fh o{cyf{orc tygnc~~ ngh~o~{ohe gb f lg~fongb lc{agk~ kc~oehck {g isomk yfttgy{ uo{a- chfimc gi~cyrf{ogh gb fhk cmono{nghrcy~f{ogh uo{a gshe tcgtmc fhk {ac fksm{~ uagl {ac kcbohck f~ ~oehobonfh{- ohf rfyoc{ gb crcykf ~c{{ohe~( O{ uf~ hg{ ghc gb {g{fm ollcy~ogh {yfko{oghfmm s~cki fh{aygtgmgeo~{~ icnfs~c hghc gb s~ morck uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ uc ucyc~{skohe( Fmm gb s~ „ {ac fs{agy~ gb {ao~ iggj „ morc oh Nftc [guh: ghc gb s~ `s~{gs{~okc {ac Rfmmc fhk ~glc oh hcoeaigsyohe fycf~ gb Nftc [guh {af{ ~afyc lfh ~olomfyo{oc~ uo{a {ac aoeacy,ohnglc tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc( Mojc Ychgmk~ !6?1?/- @ghc~!6??>/- Achkcy~gh !6???/ fhk Yfltacmc !6??>- 9449/- uc ~tch{ lfh mghe kf~ fhkgnnf~oghfm crchohe~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ uc ucyc ~{skohe( Uaomc nghbokch{ {af{gsy lsm{otmc ~{yfhk~ gb chvsoy ommslohf{c {ac korcy~c bfnc{~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ morc~-uc fyc fufyc {af{ gi~cyrf{ogh gb {ac johk tg~~oimc {aygsea mghe tcyogk~ gb yc~okchncugsmk afrc kcctchck gsy oh~oea{~(

Uc fyc fm~g fufyc {af{ gsy guh moheso~{on fiomo{oc~ fhk nsm{syfm acyo{fec tg~cknafmmchec~ {g oh{cytyc{f{ogh( F~ Yfltacmc !94490 99/ ycbmcn{~ oh ycmf{ogh {g acyyc~cfyna oh f tyolfyom o~oQag~f,~tcfjohe hcoeaigsyaggk0 ‑Jhgumckec gb mfhesfec-okogl~- ns~{gl~ fhk {yfko{ogh~ fhk {acoy ko~{gy{ogh~ o~ fh c~~ch{ofm {ggm oh {fnjmohe~gnofm vsc~{ogh~- uaona mcfrc~ uao{c ~gnofm ~noch{o~{~- echcyfmm shbflomofy uo{a imfnj ^gs{a Fbyonfh mfhesfec~- f{ f ko~fkrfh{fec(‟ Hghc gb s~ ~tcfj o~oQag~f bmsch{m fhk hg{ fmm gb s~ ~tcfj Fbyojffh~ ucmm( [ug o~oQag~f ~tcfjcy~- ghc f lg{acy moroheoh Lf~otaslcmcmc- ngmmcn{ck kf{f uo{a s~ !tfy{onsmfym bygl gshecy naomkych/-oh{cytyc{ohe ig{a mfhesfec fhk nsm{syfm hsfhnc ic{ucch yc~cfynacy fhk tfy{onotfh{~(

Fkgmc~nch{~ ~tgjc oh ig{a {acoy aglc {ghesc~ fhk Chemo~a- {ac ngliohf{oghtygrokohe gttgy{sho{oc~ {g tygic okogl fhk lcfhohe(

I cq{chkohe {ac yc~cfyna grcy 63 lgh{a~ uc ucyc fimc {g gi~cyrc {ac oltfn{ gb crch{~ gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ morc~ fhk {aohjohe( Gi~cyrf{ogh grcy f tcyogk gb {olc efrcs~ ~glc oh~oea{ oh{g {ac nafyfn{cy fhk ~{yche{a gb ~gnofm hgyl~ ohbmschnohe ohkoroksfmicafrogsy- fhk oh{g {ac kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch uaf{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ ~fok {ac ugsmk kg ~agsmk ncy{foh crch{~ fyo~c fhk uaf{ {ac fn{sfmm kok( Fhg{acy ichcbo{ {g{ac mghe ksyf{ogh gb bocmkugyj uf~ {ac fiomo{ {g ycbmcn{ gh nafhec~ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~tcy~tcn{orc~ fhk fn{ogh~ f~ {ac lf{syc( O{ uf~ tfy{onsmfym oh~{ysn{orc {g uo{hc~~gsy tfy{onotfh{~ fh{onotf{ohe lgrohe {aygsea {acoy cksnf{oghfm nfyccy~- lfjohe

cqtcn{ck gy shcqtcn{ck {yfh~o{ogh~ fhk {ach ycbmcn{ohe gh {ac~c nafhec~(




>;

F{ {ac gs{~c{- uc cmcn{ck {g ugyj uo{a {aycc fec ngagy{~ gb gshe tcgtmc- ~tfhhohe mf{cnaomkaggk {g mf{c fkgmc~nchnc- oh gykcy {g f{{foh f ic{{cy shkcy~{fhkohe gb fec,ycmf{ckkobbcychnc~ fhk {ac tygnc~~ gb eyguohe st( [ac fec ngagy{~ ~cmcn{ck ucyc 64„6>- 6;„62

fhk 65( Uc ~gsea{ {g ugyj uo{a tstom~ oh ~tcnobon eyfkc~ f{ ~naggm( Tcylo~~ogh uf~eorch i {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc Kctfy{lch{ gb Cksnf{ogh fhk {ac yc~tcn{orc tyohnotfm~(Guohe {g f mfyec rfyof{ogh oh {ac fec gb naomkych oh cfna nmf~~ oh ~glc ~naggm~- gsy~fltmc~ ucyc hg{ cqfn{m {ac ~flc oh kobbcych{ fycf~( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- bgy cqfltmc-gsy gmkcy fec ngagy{ ohnmskck ~glc gshe tcgtmc st {g {ac fec gb 99( Uc ~tch{ {olc ohnmf~~yggl~ fhk ~naggm eygshk~ gi~cyrohe fhk {fmjohe {g gshe tcgtmc figs{ gsy ~{sk fhk {ac fb{cy,~naggm fn{oro{ nmsi~ {af{ uc tmfhhck {g ysh( _gshe tcgtmc yc~tghkcktg~o{orcm „ fm{agsea uo{a lgyc ch{as~of~l oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc {afhoh Bo~a Agcj- tygifim icnfs~c gb {ac ycmf{orc tfsno{ gb cq{yfnsyyonsmfy fn{oro{oc~ ghgbbcy oh {ac~c boy~{ {ug ~c{{ohe~( [ac tg~~oiomo{oc~ fbbgykck i ro~sfm lckof bgy cqtmgyf{orc

kf{f ngmmcn{ogh uo{a naomkych !Nayo~{ch~ch " @flc~ 6???: @gah~gh " Orfh,^lo{a 6??1/oltcmmck s~ {g c~{fimo~a uccjm fy{ nmsi~ bgy {ac gshecy fec ngagy{ oh cfna ngllsho{([ac gmkcy {cchfecy~ cqtyc~~ck f tycbcychnc bgy f ycesmfy ko~ns~~ogh eygst- kofy uyo{ohefhk kyflf ugyj~agt~ f~ uf~ gb echcyf{ohe ohbgylf{oghfhk ucyc aftt {g lfjc s~cgb ro~sfm lc{agk~ uo{aoh {ac~c lgyc ohbgylfm ~c~~ogh~( [cfnacy~ fm~g acmtck ycnyso{tfy{onotfh{~- {fjohe oh{g fnngsh{ gsy egfm gb bgylohe eygst~ gb loqck echkcy- ~gnog,cnghglon ifnjeygshk fhk ohkoroksfm fiomo{( Tfy{onotf{ogh oh {ac~c eygst~ uf~ ch{oycm rgmsh{fy0 {ac lc{agk gb ycnyso{lch{ oh{g {ac tyg`cn{ ch{fomck ~cmb,~cmcn{ogh(

[ac tfy{onotfh{~ ohnmskck rcy bcu gshe tcgtmc uag afk mcb{ !gy ‑kygttck gs{‟ gb/~naggmgy tcyaft~ ch{cyck oh{g {ac ugymk gb efhe~( Gsy bgns~ gh gykohfy naomkychfhk fkgmc~nch{~ nglc~ f{ {ac tyonc gb tfohe ~nfh{ f{{ch{ogh {g {ac lohgyo{ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ uag yc`cn{ {ac ~naggmohe ~~{cl( Gsy tfy{onotfh{~ lf fm~gic shyctyc~ch{f{orc crch gb {ac gykohfy lf`gyo{ oh {af{ {ac fyc ohkoroksfm~ uagcqaoio{ck oho{of{orc fhk eycf{cy ch{as~of~l {afh {acoy tccy~ {g `goh {ac ~{sk(

Oh cfna ~{sk ~o{c !o(c( Bo~a Agcj- Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu/ fhk cfna fecngagy{- uc ngmmcn{ck ~glc kf{f bygl f mfyec eygst gb lgyc {afh >4 gshe tcgtmc fhk{ach ugyjck lgyc oh{ch~orcm uo{a f ~lfmmcy eygst gb ic{ucch 3 fhk 63 tcgtmc !~cc[fimc 6(6/( [ac ~lfmmcy ~fltmc echcyf{ck lg~{ gb {ac oh,kct{a lf{cyofm kyfuh gh oh {ao~iggj- uaom~{ {ac iygfkcy ~fltmc tygrokck kf{f {g ngh{cq{sfmo~c {ac~c bohkohe~ uo{aoh f

uokcy ~tcn{ysl gb cqtcyochnc fhk gtohogh( ^glc bocmkugyj uf~ fm~g nghksn{ck uo{agshecy naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu( [ao~ bgns~ck gh nfyc,eoroheycmf{ogh~aot~- kcrcmgtlch{fm ~{fec~ fhk ugyj ygmc~ oh {ac aglc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc !~ccIyfhk{ c{ fm( 9443: Iyf 944>i: Iyf " Iyfhk{ 9442- 9445/ fhk gh ngllsho{ lfttohefhk o~~sc~ ycmf{ohe {g ~sttgy{ fhk nafmmchec oh Gncfh Rocu !~cc Lg~c~ 9442/(

[ac tfy{onotfh{~ oh {ac ~lfmmcy ~fltmc tygrokck if~on ~gnog,kclgeyftaon ohbgylf{ogh-ohnmskohe ags~cagmk ngltg~o{ogh- tmfnc gb yc~okchnc fhk tfych{fm cltmglch{([ao~ cqcyno~c ~seec~{ck {af{ gsy ~fltmc~ ucyc iygfkm yctyc~ch{f{orc gb {ac uokcytgtsmf{ogh( O{ o~ tg~~oimc {af{ i ugyjohe uo{a gshe tcgtmc uag ucyc hg{ ohrgmrckoh nyolc gy g{acy ~gnofmm tyg~nyoick fn{oro{oc~- uc lf afrc echcyf{ck fh grcym




>3

[fimc 6(6 Kc{fom~ gb tfy{onotfh{~ oh c{ahgeyftaon yc~cfyna

Hcoeaigsyaggk _gshe naomkych Tyc,'cfym {cch~

!64„6>/

Lok,{cch~

!6;„62/

Mf{c {cch~

!65/

Bo~a Agcj

Mfyecy ~fltmc 54 eyfkc,? ~{skch{~

oh {ac nmf~~yggl

;5 eyfkc,66

~{skch{~ oh {ac

nmf~~yggl

^lfmmcy ngyc 63 eyfkc,2 ~{skch{~ 64 eyfkc,? ~{skch{~ 2 eyfkc,66 ~{skch{~

Lf~otaslcmcmc

Mfyecy ~fltmc ;4 eyfkc,2 ~{skch{~

!nmf~~yggl

gi~cyrf{ogh/

33 eyfkc,64 ~{skch{~ oh {ac nmf~~yggl

^lfmmcy ngyc 3 naomkych = 3 cfy~:

69 naomkych oh

eyfkc~ 6„>

63 eyfkc,2 ~{skch{~ 69 eyfkc,64

~{skch{~ oh

ugyj~agt~

6> eyfkc,64

~{skch{~ uag uyg{c

kofyoc~

Gncfh Rocu

Mfyecy ~fltmc 9; ~{skch{~ oh

eyfkc~ ;„5

694 eyfkc,1

~{skch{~ oh

nmf~~yggl~

694 eyfkc,66

~{skch{~ oh

nmf~~yggl~

^lfmmcy ngyc 6? naomkych oh

eyfkc~ 6„>

63 ~{skch{~ oh

eyfkc~ ;„5

69 eyfkc,1 ~{skch{~ 1 eyfkc,66 ~{skch{~

yg~ ton{syc( Agucrcy- {ac bfn{ {af{ ~crcyfm gshe tfy{onotfh{~ afk koycn{ gy ohkoycn{cqtcyochnc gb ~g,nfmmck fh{o~gnofm fn{oro{oc~- uaomc g{acy~ f{{chkck ~naggm oyycesmfym

!gy crch mcb{ ~naggm- {cltgyfyom gy tcylfhch{m/ ksyohe {ac 63 lgh{a~ gb gsyyc~cfyna- ~ack moea{ gh {ac ~gnofm tygnc~~c~ shkcymohe {ac~c fn{ogh~( F~ uc uommko~ns~~ oh Naft{cy 3- {ac hf{syc gb ~naggm f{{chkfhnc fhk lgiomo{ ~cyrck {g vsc~{ogh{ac s{omo{ gb kcbohohe gshe tcgtmc hcf{m oh{g ‑~naggm,egohe‟ gy ‑hgh,~naggm,egohe'kygt,gs{‟ nf{cegyoc~(

Gsy fttygfna {g {ac c{aon~ gb yc~cfyna !~cc bsy{acy Iyf " Egg~jch~ 9442/ uf~if~ck gh ~{fhkfyk c{aonfm esokcmohc~ bgy ~gnofm yc~cfyna uo{a lohgy~- fhk tfok~tcnofm f{{ch{ogh {g {ac hcck {g tyg{cn{ {acl bygl fh tg~~oimc afyl f~~gnof{ck uo{a{acoy tfy{onotf{ogh !~cc- bgy cqfltmc- Igkch " Chhcu 6??5: Eycoe " [fmgy 6???:^nachj " Uommofl~gh 9443/( [ao~ ch{fomck- is{ uf~ hg{ molo{ck {g- nfycbsm f{{ch{ogh{g ohbgylck ngh~ch{( Ohbgylf{ogh ~acc{~ fhk ngh~ch{ bgyl~ ucyc kc~oehck bgy gshenaomkych- {cchfecy~ fhk fksm{~: ngmgsybsm nfy{ggh,~{mc kyfuohe~ ucyc s~ck {g chafhnc{ac fnnc~~oiomo{ gb {ac lf{cyofm kc~oehck bgy {ac gshec~{ fec eygst( Uyo{{ch oh cfnagb {ac {aycc tyckglohfh{ mgnfm mfhesfec~ !Fbyojffh~- Chemo~a fhk o~oQag~f/- {ac~ckgnslch{~ ~c{ gs{ {ac yoea{ hg{ {g tfy{onotf{c fhk cqtmfohck agu uc ugsmk ch~sycnghbokch{ofmo{( [ac ucyc s~ck f~ yc~gsync~ uo{aoh nghrcy~f{ogh~ figs{ {ac ~{sk fhk {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb icohe tfy{ gb o{- hg{ f~ yctmfnclch{~ bgy rcyifm cqtmfhf{oghfhk ko~ns~~ogh( Uc ucyc c~tcnofmm nghncyhck {af{ gshe tcgtmc shkcy~{ggk uaf{{acoy tfy{onotf{ogh ch{fomck- fhk s~ck {ac kgnslch{~ f~ {ac if~o~ bgy ngh{ohsoheko~ns~~ogh oh {ac ngsy~c gb gsy yc~cfyna( [ac bcu uag ~{gttck f{{chkohe ~c~~ogh~ucyc hg{ ts{ shkcy tyc~~syc {g yc{syh- is{ ucyc ohbgylck {af{ {ac ucyc ucmnglc




>2

~agsmk {ac uo~a {g yc{syh( [ac naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {acl~cmrc~ nag~c {ac kf-{olc fhk !uacyc tg~~oimc/ {ac mgnf{ogh gb gsy lcc{ohe~( Oh echcyfm- uc ~gsea{ {gfmmgu {ac gshe tfy{onotfh{~ oh gsy ~{sk {g tfy{onotf{c oh lfjohe kcno~ogh~ figs{

agu uc nghksn{ck gsy yc~cfyna( [acoy ngllch{~ gh gsy bohkohe~ fhk oh{cytyc{f{ogh~ucyc emcfhck ksyohe f kf,mghe bcckifnj ef{acyohe {af{ ohrgmrck {ac ngyc ~fltmc~gb gshe tcgtmc bygl fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~( Gttgy{sho{oc~ {g uyo{c ~{gyoc~ bgy{ac lckof !~cc Naft{cy ;/- ngh{yois{c {g f eyfbbo{o ufmm- kcif{c ngyc bohkohe~ fhk eorcngh~ch{ {g fy{ugyj icohe s~ck oh lckof fhk ~nagmfym tsimonf{ogh~ ch{fomck cbbgy{~gh gsy tfy{ {g bsmbom gsy gimoef{ogh~ {g {ac gshe tcgtmc uo{a uagl uc ugyjck(

ôq {cchfecy~ bygl {ac Rfmmc icnflc tfy{,{olc yc~cfynacy~ uo{a s~ fhk cqcyno~ck~glc ngh{ygm gb {ac kc~oeh fhk oltmclch{f{ogh gb bocmkugyj( [ac ‑[yo‟ eygst-f~ {ac ksiick {acl~cmrc~- ngh~o~{ck gb {ug {cchfecy~ bygl cfna gb Bo~a Agcj-Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- feck 65 gy 61 fhk ~{skohe oh eyfkc 66 f{ {acgs{~c{ gb {ac ~{sk( !Jcch {g c~{fimo~a f eygst okch{o{- {ac gshe yc~cfynacy~ nag~c{ac hflc ‑[yo‟ icnfs~c o{ ycbmcn{~ {ac oh{cyfn{ogh fhk ugyj gb tcgtmc bygl {aycchcoeaigsyaggk~(/ Uc ~gsea{ {g tygrokc fh gttgy{sho{- hg{ s~sfmm frfomfimc {g{cchfecy~ oh {ac Rfmmc- {g lcc{ uccjm {g ko~ns~~ f yfhec gb tcy~ghfm- ~gnofm- tgmo{onfmfhk ao~{gyonfm o~~sc~( Gsy yf{oghfmc bgy ohro{ohe {cchfecy~ {g ic yc~cfyna tfy{hcy~ uf~tgmo{onfm fhk ~gnofm- f~ ucmm f~ cltoyonfm( [acoy lg{orf{ogh bgy `gohohe {ac yc~cfyna{cfl ngltmclch{ck gsy oh{ch{ogh~ oh {af{ {ac ufh{ck {g efoh ~jomm~ oh ~gnofmyc~cfyna f~ ucmm f~ {g bohk gs{ figs{- f~ ghc gb {acl kc~nyoick- ‑uaf{ o~ egohe gh oh{ac morc~ fhk lohk~ gb gshe tcgtmc morohe oh {ac Rfmmc‟(

Acckbsm gb {ac morcm oh{cyhf{oghfm fhfm~o~ gb ~g,nfmmck tfy{onotf{gy yc~cfyna uo{anaomkych !Igkch " Chhcu 6??5: @flc~ 9445/- uc folck {g eg icghk {ac {gjcho~{ongy crch cqtmgo{f{orc ohrgmrclch{ gb gshe tcgtmc bgshk oh lfh ~{skoc~( Nmg~c- mghe,~{fhkohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch {ac ~oq gshe yc~cfynacy~ fhk {aycc fksm{ yc~cfynacy~ucyc isom{ grcy {ac yc~cfyna tcyogk !fhk ngh{ohsck fb{cy/( Fb{cy nfycbsm tyctfyf{ogh-{ac gshe yc~cfynacy~ nghksn{ck oh{cyrocu~- uaona uc {ach ko~ns~~ck cq{ch~orcm( [ackf{f tygksnck i gshe yc~cfynacy~ ucyc nyg~~,nacnjck oh f ~olomfy lfhhcy {g fmm gsylf{cyofm0 {ac ucyc hg{ f~~slck- {acycbgyc- {g ic fnnsyf{c gy fs{ach{on lcycm icnfs~c{ac ucyc echcyf{ck i naomkych gy fkgmc~nch{~( Gsy uccjm lcc{ohe~ bfnomo{f{ckycesmfy gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy gshe yc~cfynacy~‟ bcckifnj gh ~si~{fh{orc gy c{aonfm o~~sc~(

Hg{ ghm kok uc mcfyh f mg{ bygl {acoy yc~cfyna- is{ {ac tfy{hcy~aot o{~cmb icnflc fholtgy{fh{ mcfyhohe tygnc~~- bgy s~ f~ ucmm f~ bgy {ac gshe yc~cfynacy~(

Gsy yc~cfyna gh byochk~aot- kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm icafrogsy ohrgmrck lf{cyofm bygl fhfkko{oghfm ~gsync f~ ucmm f~ bygl {ac lfoh c{ahgeyftaon tyg`cn{ fhk NFT^( Ghc gb s~!Jfah/ uf~ ~ctfyf{cm nghksn{ohe yc~cfyna flghe 94 eyfkc,69 eoym~ bygl {ac kobbcych{tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc- ~glc gb uagl ucyc fmycfk tfy{onotfh{~ oh {ac lfoh c{ahgeyftaontyg`cn{( Oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk ~cqsfmo{ fyc ycngeho~ck f~ ~ch~o{orc {gton~ gb yc~cfyna- tfy{onsmfym uach nghksn{ck uo{a gshe tcgtmc( Agucrcy- uc bgshk {af{fb{cy isomkohe yfttgy{ grcy {olc- gshe tcgtmc ucyc nglbgy{fimc „ fhk ch{as~of~{on „figs{ ko~ns~~ohe {ac~c o~~sc~( Lfh gb {acl {gmk s~ {af{ {acyc fyc bcu ~tfnc~ frfomfimc

oh uaona {ac fyc fimc {g {fmj figs{ ~sna lf{{cy~ fhk ucmnglck {ac gttgy{sho{ {g




>5

ko~ns~~ {acl( Naft{cy 5 o~ if~ck gh ohbgylf{ogh {af{ uf~ ~afyck uo{a s~ i gshetcgtmc uagl uc nflc {g jhgu ucmm- lg~{ gb uagl ucyc bclfmc fhk oh {acoy mf{c {cch~(Uc afrc mc~~ ohbgylf{ogh bygl ig~ gy bygl gshecy naomkych( Uc fm~g afrc mo{{mc

ohbgylf{ogh gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ uo{aoh aglg~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~(

Gsy yc~cfyna oh {ac Rfmmc uf~ kc~oehck {g eorc gshe tcgtmc {ac ~tfnc {g yfo~cfhk tsy~sc o~~sc~ {af{ {ac ngh~okcyck oltgy{fh{- ycmf{orcm shngh~{yfohck i tycnghncorck fnfkclon „ fhk- {acycbgyc- fksm{ „ nf{cegyoc~( Uc s~ck f yfhec gb lc{agk~- ~glc gb uaona ucyc tsytg~cm gtch,chkck fhk g{acy~ {af{ ucyc kc~oehck~tcnobonfmm {g cmono{ ohbgylf{ogh ngltmclch{fy {g- is{ shfrfomfimc uo{aoh- ~{skoc~~sna f~ NFT^( Uc jct{ `gsyhfm~ gb gsy gi~cyrf{ogh~ fhk nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{afhk figs{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~( Uc ngliohck ghc,{g,ghc oh{cyrocu~ uo{atfy{onotf{gy eygst fn{oro{oc~- ohnmskohe fy{ fhk kyflf- uaona chfimck gshetcgtmc {g cqtyc~~ {acl~cmrc~( Gsy lc{agkgmge uf~ o{cyf{orc !~cc Ychgmk~ 6?1?/-fmmguohe s~ {g yc~tghk {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ guh tyogyo{oc~ fhk shkcy~{fhkohe~( Flghe{ac tfy{onotf{gy lc{agk~ uc cltmgck ucyc cqcyno~c~ oh uaona gshe tcgtmclfttck {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~ !~cc Naft{cy~ > fhk ;/ gy {acoy ~sttgy{ hc{ugyj~fhk nafmmchec~ !~cc Naft{cy~ > fhk 1/- fhk f lgkobock rcy~ogh gb {ac ‑acyg iggj‟!~cc Lgyefh 9445/- uacyci naomkych uyo{c fhk omms~{yf{c {acoy mobc,~{gyoc~ uo{a{acl~cmrc~ f~ {ac acygc~( Gmkcy fkgmc~nch{~ uag ucyc ac~o{fh{ {g ko~ns~~ {acoy lgyctcy~ghfm crcykf ycmf{ogh~aot~ jct{ kofyoc~ fhk ucyc eorch ko~tg~fimc nflcyf~{g {fjc tag{geyfta~ omms~{yf{ohe {acoy kofyoc~( [ac~c ton{syc~ ~{olsmf{ck rfmsfimcko~ns~~ogh~ figs{ ycmf{ogh~aot~( [gec{acy uo{a {ac kyflf ngltfh @shemc [acf{yc-uc fm~g yfh kyflf ugyj~agt~ uo{a gmkcy {cchfecy~(

Uaom~{ gsy bgns~ uf~ rcy lsna gh ugyjohe uo{a naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- uc fm~g~tgjc {g f yfhec gb fksm{~ ycmcrfh{ {g {ac tyg`cn{( [ac~c ohnmskck {ac tfy{onotfh{~‟ycmf{orc~- hcoeaigsy~- {cfnacy~- ~gnofm ugyjcy~: nasyna fhk HEG !hgh,egrcyhlch{fmgyefho~f{ogh/ mcfkcy~: fhk tgmonc gbboncy~(

Yoea{~- fechn fhk {yfh~o{ogh

^gs{a Fbyonf o~ hg o~mfhk( @s~{ f~ gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ fyc cqtg~ck {g {acoh{cyhf{oghfm ugymk gb bf~aogh fhk ngh~slt{ogh- mo~{ch {g oltgy{ck ls~on fhk ucfy „

gy f~toyc {g ucfy „ oltgy{ck nmg{aohe iyfhk~- ~g uc- f~ ~gnofm ~noch{o~{~- afrc icchohbmschnck i {ac nafheohe ~{sk gb naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc oh{cyhf{oghfmm(

Oh ig{a gsy lc{agk~ fhk gsy fhfm~o~ uc afrc icch ohbmschnck i {ac eyguoheycngeho{ogh ugymkuokc gb {ac yoea{~ gb naomkych( ^sna yoea{~ ycvsoyc {af{ naomkychfyc hg{ ~oltm {ycf{ck f~ {ac ~si`cn{~ gb tsimon tgmon {g tyglg{c {acoy ucmm,icohe-is{ {af{ {ac ~agsmk fm~g afrc f ~f oh {ac kcno~ogh~ fbbcn{ohe {acoy morc~( Oh ^gs{aFbyonf- f yoea{~,if~ck fttygfna shkcymoc~ {ac ugyj gb {ac Naomkych‟~ Oh~{o{s{c f{{ac Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh: {ac Naomk- _gs{a- Bflom fhk ^gnofm Kcrcmgtlch{Tygeyfllc f{ {ac Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom !Kfuc~- Iyf " Rfh kcyLcyuc 9445/: fhk ohkoroksfm ~{skoc~ gb- bgy cqfltmc- naomk mfigsy !Iskmchkcy "

Ig~na 9449: Mcrohc 6???- 9449: ^{ycfj c{ fm( 9445/- ~gnofm ~cnsyo{ bgy naomkych




>1

!Mcf{{ 9445/- ~cyronc yc~tgh~c~ oh fycf~ uacyc FOK^ yf{c~ fyc rcy aoea !Eoc~c c{ fm(944>: Lcoh{`c~ c{ fm( 9445/- fhk {ac vsfmo{ gb tyc,~naggm cksnf{ogh !Kfuc~ " Iocy~{cjcy944?/( Ig{a mgnfmm fhk oh{cyhf{oghfmm- {ac tgtsmfyo{ gb tfy{onotf{gy yc~cfyna uo{a

naomkych uo{aoh ~nagmfym fhk tgmon ~tacyc~ af~ lcfh{ {af{ tycnckchnc- fs{agyo{ fhk fs{ach{ono{ afrc icch eorch {g naomkych‟~ rgonc~- uo{ags{ {ac fttygtyof{c nyo{onfmycbmcn{ogh gh agu {ac~c ‑rgonc~‟ fyc icohe tygksnck fhk oh{cytyc{ck(

F ~cnghk oltgy{fh{ ohbmschnc gh s~ uf~ {ac clcyechnc gb f hcu tfyfkoel oh naomkaggkyc~cfyna uo{aoh fh{aygtgmge fhk g{acy ~gnofm ~nochnc~ oho{of{ck i Csygtcfh ~nagmfy~!@flc~ " Tygs{ 6??5: @chj~ 6??2: Vrgy{yst c{ fm( 6??;/- f~ ucmm f~ lgyc ycnch{ycbmcn{orc oh{cyygef{ogh gb {ac fnaocrclch{~ gb ugyj nghksn{ck oh {ao~ tfyfkoel( [ao~hcu tfyfkoel o~ hgu {ac ngllgh ~{fy{ohe tgoh{ bgy ~gnofm yc~cfyna ohrgmrohe naomkychoh ^gs{a Fbyonf fhk oh{cyhf{oghfmm( [tonfmm- o{ ycngeho~c~ ig{a {ac ao~{gyonfm fhknsm{syfm rfyof{ogh~ oh hg{ogh~ gb okcfm naomkaggk~: lgrc~ fuf bygl ~{skohe naomkych~oltm f~ lclicy~ gb bflomoc~ gy ngllsho{oc~ shkcyegohe tygnc~~c~ gb ~gnofmo~f{oghoh{g fksm{aggk: fhk bgns~c~ oh~{cfk gh {acoy crcykf cqtcyochnc~ f~ ~gnofm fn{gy~hfroef{ohe {aygsea ~gnog,cnghglon- nsm{syfm fhk tgmo{onfm chroyghlch{~ !~cc- bgycqfltmc- Igkch " Agmkch 6??6: Acna{ 6??1: Hocsuchas~ 6??;/(

[ac bgns~ gb ~nagmfy~aot gh naomkaggk af~ ~aob{ck fuf bygl okch{obohe uaf{ naomkychmfnj {g shkcy~{fhkohe {ac tfy{onsmfyo{oc~ gb {acoy kfom morc~- {ac lcfhohe~ f~~gnof{ckuo{a {acoy fn{ogh~- fhk {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ !Lf{{acu~ " Moli 6???: ~cc fm~g ^{ctach~6??3/( Fbbgykohe naomkych fechn af~ icnglc tgtsmfy crch uo{a {ac Ugymk Ifhj- uaonachkgy~ck ~ccohe fhk {ycf{ohe naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ f~ ‑kcno~ogh,lfjohe fech{~‟ oh o{~

Ugymk Kcrcmgtlch{ Yctgy{ 9445 !Ugymk Ifhj 94420 3>/ fhk uaona cltaf~o~c~ o{~ guhcbbgy{~ oh mo~{chohe {g gshe tcgtmc !{aygsea bgns~ eygst~ oh kcrcmgtohe ngsh{yoc~/(Is{- f~ @flc~ !9445/ tgoh{~ gs{- gtchohe st nghnct{sfm fhk tyfn{onfm ~tfnc oh uaonanaomkych nfh ~tcfj f~ yc~cfyna tfy{onotfh{~ fhk yc~cfynacy~- kgc~ hg{ ch~syc tcy ~c {af{naomkych‟~ rocu~ fyc acfyk f{ {ac mcrcm oh uaona {ac ngh{yois{c {g gsy shkcy~{fhkohe gb fhk {acgyo~ohe figs{ {ac ~gnofm ugymk(

Oh ̂ gs{a Fbyonf- kcrcmgtlch{ t~nagmgeo~{~ ugyjohe nyg~~,nsm{syfmm afrc ycngeho~ck{ac nch{yfmo{ gb naomkych‟~ tcynct{ogh~ oh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot uo{a {ac ~gnofm fhk ta~onfmugymk fygshk {acl- f~~cy{ohe {af{ ‑{ac uf Znaomkych\ tcyncorc {acoy noynsl~{fhnc~uomm ohbmschnc {ac uf {ac yc~tghk {g {acoy aslfh fhk ta~onfm ngh{cq{~‟ !Kghfmk-

Kfuc~ " Mgsu 94440 ;/( ^{skoc~ ~sna f~ Achkcy~gh‟~ !6???/- Ychgmk~‟~ !6?1?-6??3/ fhk Yfltacmc‟~ !9449/ ycrgmrc fygshk {ac ycfm nagonc~ {af{ gshe tcgtmclfjc- fmico{ yfycm oh ngh{cq{~ gb {acoy nagg~ohefhk {ac ollch~c ngh~cvschnc~ gb {acoy nagonc~ gh {acoy shbgmkohe morc~( Oh g{acy ugyk~- {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb naomkych‟~shkcy~{fhkohe gb {ac ugymk oh koycn{ohe {acoy fn{ogh~- {ac ngh~cvschnc~ gb uaonafbbcn{ {ac~c ohkoroksfm~ fhk {ag~c gb fmm fec~ fygshk {acl fmojc- o~ ucmm shkcy~{ggk(Tcyaft~ mc~~ ucmm oh{cyygef{ck o~ {ac ycngeho{ogh gb naomkych f~ nsm{syfm tygksncy~- fhfhfm{onfm ~{fhnc {af{ ycvsoyc~ shkcy~{fhkohe naomkych bygl {ac tcy~tcn{orc gb {acoyguh ‑lsm{otmc mobc,ugymk~‟ !^{ctach~ 6??3/(

Rocuohe naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ f~ fn{gy~- kcno~ogh,lfjcy~ fhk ~aftcy~ gb {ac uokcy~gnofm ugymk- agucrcy ngh~{yfohck- yfo~c~ kobbonsm{ vsc~{ogh~ figs{ {ac fttygtyof{c




>?

fec igshk~ bgy f ~{sk ~sna f~ gsy~( [ac tygimcl~ uo{a ~c{{ohe f mgucy igshk fyctyfn{onfm fhk c{aonfm0 {ac nghksn{ gb c{aonfm yc~cfyna uo{a gshecy naomkych ycvsoyc~f kobbcych{ fttygfna fhk lc{agkgmge {g {ag~c s~ck uo{a gmkcy naomkych !Kgnjc{{ "

Tcyy 9445/( Gsy yc~cfyna uf~ nghksn{ck uo{a naomkych bygl figs{ {ac fec gb hohc-bgy tyfn{onfm- lgyc {afh {acgyc{onfmycf~gh~( [ac tygimcl~ uo{a ~c{{ohe fh sttcyigshk fyc lgyc nghnct{sfm( Ob uc lgrc fuf bygl rocuohe fkgmc~nchnc ~oltm f~fh cto~gkc gb {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk- ksyohe uaona ~glc fkgmc~nch{~ kcrof{c fhkngh~{o{s{c ~gnofm tygimcl~- {ach agu kg uc kclfynf{c {ac cqtcyochnc gb fkgmc~nchnc-o(c( gb ‑eyguohe st‟- f~ uc kcnmfyc oh gsy {o{mc7 [ac Flcyonfh Hf{oghfm Yc~cfynaNgshnom‟~ tyg`cn{ [yfh~o{ogh~ {g Fksm{aggk oh Kcrcmgtohe Ngsh{yoc~ nghbygh{ck {ao~koycn{m i ngh~okcyohe {ac tyctfyf{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc bgy borc jc fksm{ ygmc~0 f~fksm{ ugyjcy~: rg{cy~ fhk ngllsho{ tfy{onotfh{~: ~tgs~c~: tfych{~: fhk ags~cagmklfhfecy~( [ac tyg`cn{ kcbohck f ‑~snnc~~bsm‟ {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk hg{ oh {cyl~ gb

{yfko{oghfm yo{c~ gb tf~~fec gy icnglohe f tygksn{orc ugyjcy- is{ oh~{cfk oh {cyl~ gb !vsg{ohe Flfy{f ^ch/ {ac fnvso~o{ogh gb {ac nftfiomo{oc~ {af{ fmmgu gshe tcgtmc ‑{gmcfk morc~ {ac afrc ycf~gh {g rfmsc fhk {g chafhnc {ac ~si~{fh{orc nagonc~ {ac afrc‟!vsg{ck oh Mmgk 94430 9;: Mmgk c{ fm( 9443/(

Uaom~{ {ac echcyfm bgyl gb f ~snnc~~bsm {yfh~o{ogh loea{ ic ngllgh {g fmm kcrcmgtohengsh{yoc~- {ac tycno~c bgyl uomm rfy- bgy cqfltmc oh {cyl~ gb {ac ifmfhnc ic{ucchohkoroksfm fs{ghgl fhk clickkckhc~~ oh mfyecy ags~cagmk~ fhk ngllsho{oc~( Ohfkko{ogh- {ac {yfh~o{ogh uf~ icnglohe lgyc cq{chkck oh lfh ~c{{ohe~0

Oh {ac tf~{- gshe lch fhk uglch {chkck {g lgrc koycn{m bygl

naomkaggk {g fksm{ ygmc~( Is{ {gkf {ac oh{cyrfm ic{ucch naomkaggk fhk{ac f~~slt{ogh gb fksm{ ygmc~ o~ mche{achohe( Ngltfyck {g {ac ~o{sf{ogh{uch{ cfy~ feg- gshe tcgtmc fyc ch{cyohe fkgmc~nchnc cfymocy fhkacfm{aocy- lgyc mojcm {g ~tchk {acoy fkgmc~nchnc oh ~naggm- lgyc mojcm {gtg~{tghc ch{y oh{g {ac mfigy bgync- fhk lgyc mojcm {g kcmf lfyyofec fhknaomkicfyohe( !Mmgk 94430 9/

Fh cltaf~o~ gh {yfh~o{ogh~ oh{g fksm{aggk mchk~ o{~cmb {g cltoyonfm lcf~syclch{-f~ o~ crokch{ oh {ac [yfh~o{ogh~ {g Fksm{aggk oh Kcrcmgtohe Ngsh{yoc~ tyg`cn{ fhk{ac Ugymk Ifhj‟~ Ugymk Kcrcmgtlch{ Yctgy{ 9445 !Ugymk Ifhj 9442/( S~ohe NFT^kf{f ycmf{ohe {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ boy~{ cqtcyochnc~ gb ~cq- tycehfhn fhk ioy{a: mcfrohe

~naggm: fhk lfyyofec gy ngafio{f{ogh- Iokkcngl fhk Ifjomfhf !944>0 63/ bgshk{af{ ‑{ac tf{auf~ {fjch {aygsea fkgmc~nchnc fyc nafyfn{cyopck i lgyc ko~gykcy{afh gykcy oh {cyl~ gb {ac rfyoc{ gb ngliohf{ogh~ fhk nayghgmgeonfm ~cvschnc~ gb oltgy{fh{ ~gnofm fhk bflom bgylf{ogh {yfh~o{ogh~‟( [fimc 6(9 tyc~ch{~ kf{f bygl Nftc[guh „ fm~g lg~{m bygl NFT^ „ gh {ac borc {yfh~o{ogh~ okch{obock oh {ac ‑[yfh~o{ogh~‟~{sk( Uaf{ o~ ollckof{cm ~{yojohe o~ agu mghe ~crcyfm gb {ac {yfh~o{ogh~ fyc kcmfck(I gy f{ {ac fec gb 99- lg~{- is{ hg{ fmm- gshe tcgtmc afrc ~glc cqtcyochnc gb ugyj-fhk ghc,{aoyk gb gshe uglch afrc naomkych( Is{ lfyyofec fhk ngafio{f{ogh fyc rcy yfyc- fhk bcu gshe lch fklo{ {g tf{cyho{( Lg~{ gshe tcgtmc f{ {ac fec gb 99 fyc ~{omm morohe uo{a tfych{~ gy g{acy gmkcy hgh,~oimohe fksm{~( Ghm f lohgyo{ gb

gshe tcgtmc rg{c: crch bcucy f{{chk noron lcc{ohe~(




;4

[fimc 6(9 Lfyjcy~ gy ohkonf{gy~ gb {ac {yfh~o{ogh~ {g fksm{aggk

Kolch~ogh~ gb

fksm{aggk

Lfyjcy gy ohkonf{gy Tcynch{fec gb gshe tcgtmc oh Nftc [guh uag

afrc lfkc {ac {yfh~o{ogh i gy f{ {ac fec gb0

61 94 99

Ugyjcy~ Crcy ugyjck* ;9 23 59

Ugyjohe hgu* 61 ;> ;2

^tgs~c~ Crcy lfyyock* 6 6 1

Crcy ngafio{ck uo{ags{ crcy icohe

lfyyock*

6 2 2

Tfych{~ Lch uag fyc bf{acy~ 9 > 66

Uglch uag fyc lg{acy~ ? 9; >;

Lch uag morc uo{a {acoy naomkych 4 6 >

Uglch uag morc uo{a {acoy naomkych 1 94 >6

Ohkctchkch{

ags~cagmk

lfhfecy~

Hg{ morohe uo{a lg{acybf{acy gy

g{acy gmkcy echcyf{ogh joh

69 96 >>

^cmb gy ~tgs~c o~ acfk gb ags~cagmk > 5 62

No{opch~ fhk

ngllsho{

tfy{onotfh{~

!tsimon

yc~tgh~oiomo{/

Yceo~{cyck {g rg{c [ac OCN c~{olf{c~ {af{ 31(3# gb gshe tcgtmc feck

61„93 yceo~{cyck {g rg{c oh {ac mf~{ cmcn{ogh~(**

Rg{c 31# gb tcgtmc feck 61„9? f{ {ac {olc gb {ac 944;

cmcn{ogh~ mf{cy nmfolck {af{ {ac afk rg{ck(***

F{{chk ngllsho{ lcc{ohe~

gy tfy{onotf{c oh ngllsho{

gyefho~f{ogh !cqnmskohe fec,

~tcnobon/

96# gb tcgtmc feck 61„9? ~f {af{ {ac afrc

f{{chkck f ngllsho{ lcc{ohe oh {ac tf~{ 69

lgh{a~: fhg{acy 93# ~f {ac ugsmk kg ~g ob {ac

afk f nafhnc(***

^gsync~ gb kf{f0* Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc 6 !9449/** Hn(egr(pf( Hg{c {af{ {ao~ o~ bgy ^gs{a Fbyonf f~ f uagmc(*** Nftc Fycf ^{sk 9443Hg{c0 OCN < Ohkctchkch{ Cmcn{gyfm Ngllo~~ogh

Oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf- ‑{yfh~o{ogh~‟ fyc yfycm hcf{ lglch{~ gb tcylfhch{fhk oyycrcy~oimc nafhec bygl ghc ~{f{c !nafyfn{cyo~{on gb fkgmc~nchnc gy gs{a/{g fhg{acy !f~~gnof{ck uo{a fksm{aggk/( [ao~ o~ lg~{ nmcfym {ac nf~c uo{a yc~tcn{{g cltmglch{( Flghe 99,cfy,gmk~- {aycc,vsfy{cy~ afrc ugyjck f{ ~glc {olc

oh {ac tf~{- is{ bcucy {afh afmb fyc nsyych{m ugyjohe( Oh Nftc [guh- ghc oh {ayccgshe tcgtmc feck 94„99 fyc ~{skohe fhk fhg{acy {aoyk fyc hg{ ~{skohe is{ugyjohe- lg~{m bsmm,{olc( [ac bohfm {aoyk fyc hco{acy ~{skohe hgy ugyjohe( Gb {ac~c- `s~{ grcy afmb afrc hcrcy ugyjck- uaom~{ lfh gb {ag~c uag afrc ugyjck oh{ac tf~{ afrc ghm kghc {cltgyfy gy tfy{,{olc ugyj( [ao~ o~ icnfs~c shcltmglch{o~ ~g uokc~tycfk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- crch oh syifh fycf~ ~sna f~ Nftc [guh( Aoeayf{c~ gb shcltmglch{ oh {syh ngh~{yfoh ig{a lfyyofec !gy ngafio{f{ogh/ fhk {acc~{fimo~alch{ gb ohkctchkch{ ags~cagmk~( [acyc fyc bcu lch feck 99 uag fklo{ {gafrohe naomkych- is{ crch flghe {ac lohgyo{ uag kg- bcu fyc fn{sfmm morohe uo{a{acoy naomkych(




;6

_gshe tcgtmc mcfrc ~naggm- {ach yc{syh( ^glc afrc naomkych- is{ {tonfmm yclfohmorohe uo{a gmkcy joh( ^glc kg bgyl ohkctchkch{ ags~cagmk~- is{ crch {ao~ o~ hg{hcnc~~fyom f tcylfhch{ ~aob{( Ycfmo{ oh ~gnoc{oc~ mojc ^gs{a Fbyonf o~ rcy kobbcych{

{g {ac nmcfy {yfh~o{ogh~ {af{ nafyfn{cyo~ck hgy{acyh Csygtcfh fhk Hgy{a Flcyonfh~gnoc{oc~ oh {ac lok,{uch{oc{a nch{sy( [acyc o~ hg hcf{ lgrclch{ bygl ~naggm {gugyj- bygl bohfhnofm kctchkchnc {g ohkctchkchnc gy bygl morohe uo{a tfych{~ {glfyyofec fhk tfych{aggk gb ghc‟~ guh( Naomkaggk- fkgmc~nchnc fhk fksm{aggk fychg{ hcf{- ~cvsch{ofm taf~c~- is{ cqtcyochnck fhk f~nyoick oh rfyogs~ uf~ f{ rfyogs~tgoh{~ oh fh ohkoroksfm‟~ lf{syf{ogh( [acycbgyc- {ac vsc~{ogh o~ f~ lsna figs{ohrc~{oef{ohe nafhec~ oh ~gnofm ~{f{s~ cqtcyochnck i gshe tcgtmc fhk {ac imsyyohegb igshkfyoc~ ic{ucch {ac~c nafhec~ f~ o{ o~ figs{ ngh~okcyohe fec kobbcychnc~(Lgycgrcy- oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- naomkych {acl~cmrc~ fttcfy {g ic tyolfy fech{~ oh {ackc~oeh fhk {olohe gb {acoy guh ngltmcq ‑{yfh~o{ogh~‟(

Eorch {ac ngltmcqo{ gb {yfh~o{ogh~ fhk f~nyoick ~{f{s~- {ac nagonc gb fh fec igshk~bgy {ac ~{sk gb fkgmc~nchnc o~ sm{olf{cm fyio{yfy( [ao~ iggj ko~ns~~c~ gshe tcgtmcgb f rfyoc{ gb fec~ fhk uo{ags{ fh boqck chk tgoh{- is{ uc ~f mo{{mc figs{ lch fhkuglch fb{cy {ac fec gb 99( Gsy mficmmohe loea{ ic fyio{yfy- is{ uc afrc chkcfrgsyck{g ic ngh~o~{ch{( Uc s~c {ac {cyl~ ‑naomkych‟ {g ycbcy {g gshe tcgtmc feck 6> fhkshkcy: ‑fkgmc~nch{~‟ {g ycbcy {g gshe tcgtmc ic{ucch {ac fec~ gb 6; fhk 65: fhk‑gshe fksm{~‟ {g ycbcy {g gshe tcgtmc ic{ucch 61 fhk 99 cfy~ gb fec( [ac {cyl‑gshe tcgtmc‟ kc~nyoic~ lclicy~ gb fmm {ac~c fec eygst~( Gsy bgns~ oh {ao~ iggj o~ ghuaf{ uc fyc nfmmohe naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- hflcm tcgtmc gshecy {afh 61(

Gs{mohc gb {ac iggj

Bflom fhk aglc fyc gb nysnofm oltgy{fhnc {g gshe tcgtmc- ig{a gi`cn{orcm fhk~si`cn{orcm- fhk fyc {ac bgns~ gb Naft{cy 9( Ghc gb {ac lg~{ ohrokogs~ f~tcn{~gb ftfy{acok uf~ {ac ~~{cl gb loeyfh{ mfigsy- ycesmf{ck {aygsea {ac tf~~ mfu~-uaona ~ctfyf{ck as~ifhk~ bygl {acoy uorc~- fhk bf{acy~ bygl {acoy naomkych bgymghe ~{yc{nac~ gb {olc !~cc- bgy cqfltmc- Yfltacmc 6??>: Uom~gh " Yfltacmc6?1?/( Tcgtmc nmf~~obock f~ ngmgsyck ucyc hg{ ~si`cn{ {g tf~~ mfu~- is{ ~sbbcyck byglko~nyolohf{gy tsimon,ags~ohe tgmonoc~ !ycmf{orc {g uao{c tcgtmc/- uo{a {ac yc~sm{{af{ tcgtmc oh tmfnc~ mojc Gncfh Rocu morck oh eyg~~m grcynygukck ags~c~( [ac tf~~

mfu~ loea{ afrc icch figmo~ack fhk hcu ags~ohe tyg`cn{~ ycksnck grcynygukohe ohlfh tmfnc~- is{ kglc~{on fyyfheclch{~ yclfoh ngltmcq fhk ‑bmsok‟- fhk {ac ~{fimc-ko~nyc{c- hsnmcfy,bflom ags~cagmk o~ bfy bygl ~{fhkfyk(

Oh Naft{cy 9- uc ~agu {af{ lg~{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ agmk {g fh okcfm oh uaona{ac morc uo{a ig{a iogmgeonfm tfych{~- fhk ig{a tfych{~ tygrokc hg{ `s~{ lf{cyofm~sttgy{- is{ fm~g clg{oghfm oh{olfn fhk ycnotygnfm yc~tcn{( Uc bohk {af{ {acyc fyc~{yojohe ~olomfyo{oc~ ic{ucch {ac hgyl~ fhk okcfm~ f{{fnack {g bflom mobc flghenaomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh fmm tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc( [ac tyogyo{o~c ~afyohe {olc fhk{f~j~ uo{a fksm{ bflom lclicy~ figrc lf{cyofm tygro~ogh( [ac okch{ob fn{orc

chefeclch{ fhk oh{cyc~{ gh {ac tfy{ gb bflom lclicy~ f~ nyo{onfm {g isomkohe {acoy




;9

guh ~cmb,c~{ccl- c~tcnofmm eorch {af{ {ac tccy chroyghlch{ o~ gb{ch nafmmcheohe(_gshe tcgtmc cltaf~o~c {ac oltgy{fhnc gb gtch ngllshonf{ogh- {ys~{ fhk yc~tcn{-fhk cqtcyochnc ycmf{ogh~aot~ {g ic lg~{ bsmbommohe fhk ~sttgy{orc uach {ys~{ fhk

yc~tcn{ fyc ycnotygnf{ck ic{ucch fksm{~ fhk naomkych( Oh {ac nf~c~ gb naomkych fhkfkgmc~nch{~ uag kg morc uo{a ig{a iogmgeonfm tfych{~- {ac~c okcfm~ fyc ~glc{olc~fnaocrck( Bgy g{acy~- agucrcy- {ac cqtcyochnc gb morohe uo{a ig{a tfych{~ o~ mc~~yg~( Uaom~{ echcyfmm ycmsn{fh{ {g ko~ns~~ tfych{fm ~agy{nglohe~ fhk fufyc gb {ackobbonsm{oc~ tg~ck i mghe ugyj agsy~- kglc~{on nghbmon{ fhk g{acy bfn{gy~- gshetcgtmc fyc nyo{onfm gb fksm{~‟ bfomsyc~ {g lcc{ {acoy okcfm~- fhk lfh fkgmc~nch{~icnglc c~tcnofmm nyo{onfm gb lg{acy~ uag fyc ~cch {g nagg~c {g hcemcn{ {acoynaomkych( Bf{acy~- c~tcnofmm- nfh ic fis~orc- {g {ac cq{ch{ {af{ ~glc {cchfecy~ gt{{g mcfrc aglc fhk lgrc oh uo{a g{acy ycmf{orc~( [ao~ o~ lsna cf~ocy {g kg oh ncy{fohtfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc „ Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc „ uacyc {ac lgkcm gb f hsnmcfy,

bflom ags~cagmk o~ lgyc gb fh olfeohck okcfm {afh f morck ycfmo{( Oh Bo~a Agcj-fkgmc~nch{~ bfnc bcu cf~ fm{cyhf{orc~ {g morohe uo{a {acoy iogmgeonfm tfych{~: fh g{acy fyyfheclch{ o~ ~{oelf{o~ck oh {cyl~ gb f ‑iygjch aglc‟( Bgy {acl- {ac hsnmcfy,bflom ags~cagmk nfh ~cyrc f~ fh ohaoio{ohe ngh~{yfoh{(

[ac cqtcyochnc~ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ uag kg hg{ morc uo{a ig{a iogmgeonfmtfych{~ fyc fm~g cqflohck oh Naft{cy 9( F bcu morc ftfy{ bygl {acoy lg{acy~- fhk{tonfmm {syh {g g{acy joh f~ lg{acy boesyc~( Is{ o{ o~ kobbonsm{ bgy g{acy joh {gtcybgyl fmm gb {ac ygmc~ tmfck i lg~{ ng,yc~okch{ lg{acy~( Lgyc naomkych morcftfy{ bygl {acoy bf{acy~- ~glc{olc~ icnfs~c {acoy bf{acy~ afrc kock- is{ lgyc gb{chicnfs~c {ac afrc mcb{ !gy hcrcy morck uo{a/ {ac lg{acy~( Tf{cyhfm fi~chnc hcck hg{ch{fom {ac ko~yst{ogh gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch naomkych fhk {acoy bf{acy~( _gshetcgtmc gb{ch yctyc~ch{ {acoy bf{acy~ oh {cyl~ gb bohfhnofm fhk lf{cyofm tygro~ogh- is{uc bgshk {af{ bf{acy~ gb{ch tcybgyl ~oehobonfh{ fn{~ gb ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm nfyc fhk{af{ crch lf{cyofm tygro~ogh o~ rfmsfimc {g {acoy naomkych f~ f ~ligm gb clg{oghfmf{{fnalch{ fhk nfyc( Eyfhktfych{~- ‑fsh{~‟ fhk g{acy~ gb{ch tygrokc ngh{ohso{ ohnfyohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk kglc~{on ygs{ohc~- crch uach naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ta~onfmm lgrc ic{ucch ags~cagmk~( Hcoeaigsy~- {gg- nfh tcybgyl oltgy{fh{ vsf~o,tfych{fm ygmc~( Grcyfmm- uc nghnmskc {af{ o{ o~ hg{ {ac tfy{onsmfy ngltg~o{ogh gb {ackglc~{on eygst tcy ~c {af{ lf{{cy~ {g gshe tcgtmc- is{ {ac vsfmo{ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~{acycoh( Lgycgrcy- {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ ~gsea{ fhk hsy{syck i naomkych fhk

fkgmc~nch{~ fmoeh uo{a {ac tyohnotmc~ gb ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ hcu kclgnyfn fhk- f{ mcf~{ oh{acgy- aghgsy {ac ks{oc~ fhk ch{o{mclch{~ gb gshecy fhk gmkcy echcyf{ogh~(

Naft{cy~ > fhk ; cq{chk gsy efpc icghk {ac aglc {g {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( F~ hg{ckfmycfk- {ac Rfmmc ngltyo~c~ ko~nyc{c fhk mfyecm lghg,yfnofm hcoeaigsyaggk~(Crch uach {ac hg{ogh fhk mfhesfec gb f hcu oh{ceyf{ck ^gs{a Fbyonf o~ bflomofy {gfmm- {ac mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk yclfoh~ nyo{onfmm oltgy{fh{( _gshe tcgtmc ngh~{ysn{f ~ch~c gb ngllsho{ bygl- fhk kyfu ~sttgy{ {aygsea- ycesmfy oh{cyfn{ogh uo{atcgtmc fhk oh ~tfnc~ {ac s~c gb{ch fhk jhgu ucmm( Naft{cy > cqflohc~ uacycnaomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ tmf- ycmfq gy afhe gs{: {acoy byochk~aot~: fhk agu {ac~c

ngh{yois{c {g okch{o{oc~ fhk f ~ch~c gb icmgheohe- fhk- {acycbgyc- agu gshe tcgtmc




;>

kcbohc ~cmb fhk g{acy oh {ac crcykf mgnfm ngh{cq{( Naft{cy > cqflohc~ ~cnsyo{ fhk{ac uf~ oh uaona naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {y {g tyg{cn{ {acl~cmrc~( Uokc~tycfknghncyh figs{ ~fbc{- flghe fmm echcyf{ogh~- ~c{~ molo{~ gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ lgiomo{-

c~tcnofmm bgy eoym~ fhk gshe naomkych( Lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~~tchk f mfyecy tygtgy{ogh gb {acoy {olc f{ aglcfhk {acoy oh{cyfn{ogh~ oh {acoyollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc ig{a molo{ck fhk ~{ysn{syck i fksm{~( [ac gb{chbccm ngh~{yfohck fhk ko~cltgucyck i {acoy yc~{yon{ck ohkctchkch{ lgiomo{( I ngltfyo~gh- {acoy tggycy tccy~ ~tchk f mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb {olc oh {ac ~tfnc fygshk{acoy aglc~ tmfohe fhk ~gnofmo~ohe- kc~to{c nghncyh~ figs{ ~fbc{( Icnfs~c {ac fyclgiomc ohkctchkch{m gb fksm{~- {ac afrc ngh~okcyfimc ngh{ygm grcy {ac lfhhcy fhkcq{ch{ {g uaona {ac kyfu gh hcoeaigsy~ bgy lf{cyofm fhk clg{oghfm ~sttgy{( Tggygshe tcgtmc‟~ lsna eycf{cy tfy{onotf{ogh oh {ac tsimon mobc gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggkaf~ f kguh~okc- oh {af{ o{ cqtg~c~ {acl {g tsimon ~nys{oh fhk lfjc~ {acl lgyc

rsmhcyfimc {g yslgsy fhk eg~~ot( [ac~c nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb hcoeaigsym oh{cyfn{oghkcctm fbbcn{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ icnfs~c {ac yc~ghf{c uo{a {ac esmb ic{ucch{ac f~toyf{ogh~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a f hcu kclgnyfn fhk {ac ycfmo{oc~ gb tcy~o~{ch{nafmmchec~ oh ycfmo~ohe tcy~ghfm egfm~(

Naft{cy ; ngh~okcy~ {ac uf~ oh uaona {ac igshkfyoc~ gb ngllsho{ fyc kyfuhfhk ~glc{olc~ nyg~~ck( Tcy~o~{ch{ yc~okch{ofm ~ceycef{ogh lcfh~ {af{ lg~{ naomkychfhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh {ac Rfmmc afrc mo{{mc koycn{ jhgumckec gb {acoy tccy~ oh g{acyhcoeaigsyaggk~: ycfkom yctygksnc ~{cycg{tc~ figs{ {acl: fhk gb{ch bccm ig{ansyogs~ figs{ fhk {aycf{chck i {ac~c ‑g{acy~‟( [ac f{{chk ~naggm~- ~gnofmo~c fhkchefec oh gyefho~ck gy ohbgylfm ycnycf{oghfm fn{oro{oc~ uo{aoh {acoy ollckof{c-lghg,yfnofm hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac molo{ck lgiomo{ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~fhk oh{cyyfnofm ngh{fn{ {af{ kgc~ gnnsy o~ {tonfmm oh ghc koycn{oghbygl tggycyhcoeaigsyaggk~ oh{g yonacy ghc~- fhk ohrgmrc~ ohkoroksfm~ bygl cfna hcoeaigsyaggkuag fyc ycmf{orcm ucfm{a oh {cyl~ gb bflom ohnglc gy ~gnofm hc{ugyj~( [as~- ~glcgshe tcgtmc bygl Lf~otaslcmcmc afrc ~glc koycn{ jhgumckec gb Gncfh Rocu-is{ hg{ ronc rcy~f- fhk ~glc gshe tcgtmc bygl ig{a hcoeaigsyaggk~ afrc ~glckoycn{ jhgumckec gb Bo~a Agcj- is{- fefoh- hg{ ronc rcy~f( [ac tyolfy ~tfnc~ gb oh{cyyfnofm oh{cyfn{ogh fyc- {acycbgyc- echcyfmm mohjck tyolfyom {g {ac lokkmc nmf~~0Bo~a Agcj Aoea ^naggm- uaona af~ f ~oehobonfh{ lohgyo{ gb Fbyonfh fhk ngmgsycktstom~: {ac Mgheicfna ~agttohe lfmm: ~glc nasynac~: fhk f gs{a,bgns~ck HEG(

Tstom~ f{{chkohe Bo~a Agcj Aoea ^naggm ko~tmf fh fttfych{ ko~ycefyk bgy yfnc oh~glc yc~tcn{~- ohnmskohe tcy~ghfm okch{o{ fhk byochk~aot tf{{cyh~- f{ {ac ~flc {olcf~ {ac ngh~{ysn{ f nsm{syfm ugymk {af{ o~ aoeam yfnofmo~ck oh {cyl~ gb {ac mficmmohegb {f~{c fhk bf~aogh( [ac ~agttohe lfmm tygrokc~ fh shs~sfm- oh{cyyfnofm fhk crchnyg~~,nmf~~ ~tfnc bgy gshe tcgtmc- is{ crch oh {ac lfmm gshe tcgtmc {chk {g yclfohoh hcoeaigsyaggk,if~ckfhk achnc lghg,yfnofm- ~gnofm eygst~- oh{cyfn{ohe uo{acfna g{acy fnyg~~ yfnofm mohc~ f~ eygst~- is{ hg{ f~ ohkoroksfm~(

^naggm~ fyc tgtsmfym ngh~okcyck {g ic {ac fychf oh uaona ~gnofm nafhec ngh~o~{ch{uo{a kclgnyfn nfh gtcyf{c lg~{ koycn{m fhk ycfmo~c o{~ tg{ch{ofm( Naft{cy~ 3 fhk

2 cqflohc ~naggm~- boy~{ f~ cksnf{oghfm oh~{o{s{ogh~- {ach f~ ~gnofm fychf~( Naft{cy 3




;;

iceoh~ uo{a f ~sllfy gb {ac echcyfm nafyfn{cy gb ~naggmohe oh tg~{,ftfy{acok^gs{a Fbyonf- kclgh~{yf{ohe {af{ tgmon ycbgyl~ !ohnmskohe {ac ycko~{yois{ogh gb yc~gsync~ {g ~naggm~ oh tggycy fycf~/ afrc hg{ yc~sm{ck oh ~si~{fh{ofm oltygrclch{~

oh {ac vsfmo{ gb ~naggmohe( ^naggmohe gs{nglc~ yclfoh rcy shcvsfm( Crch oh Nftc[guh- uaona af~ shs~sfmm eggk ~naggm~ i ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~{fhkfyk~- eggk tstom~oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ bfom {g fnvsoyc {ac ~jomm~ gb crch {ac ucfjcy tstom~ oh yonahcoeaigsyaggk~( Naft{cy 3 tygncck~ {g kyfu gh c{ahgeyftaon yc~cfyna oh {ac Rfmmc oh gykcy {g eg icghk ~syrc kf{f fhk tygic {ac ycfmo{ gb {ac nmf~~yggl( Oh ~naggm~oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~- lfh !is{ hg{ fmm/ nmf~~yggl~ fyc hg{ mggjck fb{cy-{cfnacy~ fyc tggym lg{orf{ck fhk kg hg{ cqtmfoh lf{cyofm- fhk {acyc o~ f aoea mcrcmgb ohko~notmohc ksyohe nmf~~c~( [cfnacy~‟ bys~{yf{ogh fhk mfnj gb oh{cyc~{ bscm~ „ fhko~ bscmmck i „ ycicmmogh flghe tstom~( [cfnacy~ bfmm icaohk {ac ycvsoyclch{~ gb {acnsyyonsmsl fhk {ach yfnc facfk- mcfrohe ucfjcy tstom~ ~{yfhkck bfy icaohk( Tstom~

uag fyc ~{yseemohe uo{a {ac lf{cyofm yfycm ec{ {ac ohkoroksfm f{{ch{ogh {af{ {ac hcck( Lfh ~tcfj tg~o{orcm figs{ {ag~c {cfnacy~ uag chngsyfec {acl fhk uag fycfttygfnafimc figs{ tygimcl~ f{ aglc fhk uo{a ~naggm ugyj( Is{ bcu ngllch{ gh{ac cksnf{oghfm ngllo{lch{ gb {acoy {cfnacy~( F~ f yc~sm{ gb {ac tggy {cfnaohe {ac ycncorc- lfh fkgmc~nch{~ afrc mo{{mc shkcy~{fhkohe gb uaf{ tstom~ hcck {g kg ohgykcy {g fnaocrc cksnf{oghfmm( Fksm{~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk- ohnmskohe {acoy tfych{~-fyc hg ic{{cy ohbgylck- afrohe icch tfy{ gb {ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c‟~ aoeam ngltyglo~ckfhk ohcvso{fimc cksnf{ogh tygeyfllc( Fhk icnfs~c gb {ao~ ao~{gy- {ac cqtcn{ {ac~{f{c {g kcmorcy {g {acoy naomkych {ac tygtcy cksnf{ogh {ac ucyc kchock(

^naggm~ oh yonacy hcoeaigsyaggk~ ko~tmf f rcy kobbcych{ fhk roy{sgs~ nnmc gb {cfnacy~ uag fyc !echcyfmm/ lg{orf{ck fhk nftfimc fhk tstom~ uag fyc !echcyfmm/ko~notmohck fhk ohks~{yogs~( [acyc fyc ~glc kckonf{ck fhk ~snnc~~bsm {cfnacy~ oh~naggm~ oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~- `s~{ f~ {acyc fyc ~glc ohcbbcn{orc {cfnacy~ f{~naggm~ oh yonacy hcoeaigsyaggk~( Oh echcyfm- agucrcy- tstom~ oh kobbcych{ ~naggm~afrc rcy kobbcych{ cqtcyochnc~ gb fhk f{ ~naggmfhk {ac~c kobbcychnc~ cqtmfoh lsnagb {ac korcyechnc oh {acoy mf{cy morc~(

Naft{cy 2 cqtmgyc~ agu {ac ycfm ugymk~ gb tsimon ~naggmohe fyc ~aftck acfrom i {ac~gnofm mgnf{ogh gb ~naggm~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk- i tstom~‟ aglc ifnjeygshk~ fhki {ac lcfhohe gb cksnf{ogh bgy gshe tcgtmc fhk {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh( O{ iceoh~

i cqtmgyohe {ac cnghglon- ~gnofm fhk nsm{syfm bfn{gy~ {af{ moc icaohk {ac kcno~ogh~gb lg~{ tfych{~ fhk naomkych oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ {g f{{chk tggym tcybgylohemgnfm ~naggm~( Shbflomofyo{- lfyeohfmo~f{ogh fhk ommo{cyfn flghe fksm{~ f{ aglc fhkmgnfm hgyl~ ~syygshkohe {ac yc~tcn{orc ygmc~ gb ~naggm~ fhk tfych{~ fyc bgshk {g iclf`gy ifyyocy~ hg{ ghm oh ~cmcn{ohe ic{{cy ~naggm~- is{ oh ~sttgy{ohe {acoy naomkychoh {acoy cbbgy{~ {g jcct st uo{a {acoy ~naggm ugyj( Bgy {ac~c tstom~- fnnc~~ {g ~glcghcoh gy hcfy aglc uag o~ fimc- frfomfimc fhk uommohe {g acmt uo{a aglcugyj fhk {fmj figs{ nafmmchec~ f{ ~naggm af~ f eycf{cy oltfn{ gh {acoy lg{orf{ogh fhk tcybgylfhnc{afh {ac !~glc{olc~ ngh~okcyfimc/ gi~{fnmc~ tg~ck i lf{cyofm tgrcy{ oh {ac aglc(âftck i ftfy{acok,cyf ohcvsfmo{oc~- {ac~c bfn{gy~ fm~g cqtmfoh {ac esmb ic{ucch {ac

rcy aoea cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ fhk tfych{~- fhk {ac kobbonsm{oc~




;3

gshe tcgtmc oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ bfnc oh fnaocrohe {ac~c( Fkgmc~nch{~ ohkobbcych{ tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc ch{cy ~cnghkfy ~naggm uo{a ~olomfy f~toyf{ogh~0 {ac ufh{ {g tf~~ ‑lf{yon‟ !{ac eyfkc,69 ~naggm,mcfrohe cqflohf{ogh/- eg gh {g aoeacy

cksnf{oghfhk ~cnsyc f ucmm,tfok fhk yc~tcn{fimc `gi( Lg~{ tfych{~ lfjc ycfm~fnyobonc~ {g chfimc {acoy naomkych {g f{{chk ic{{cy ~naggm~( Is{ lg~{ fkgmc~nch{~ ohtggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ bfom {g fnaocrc {acoy guh fhk {acoy tfych{~‟ f~toyf{ogh~- tfy{m icnfs~c {ac kg hg{ shkcy~{fhk uaf{ o~ ycvsoyck {g kg ~g(

Naft{cy 2 fm~g ngh~okcy~ uaf{ cm~c gshe tcgtmc kg f{ ~naggm ic~okc~ mcfyhohe- fhkuaf{ {ac okch{o{ gb ‑~naggm tstom‟ lcfh~( _gshe tcgtmc oh fmm ~naggm~ cqtchk f eycf{kcfm gb {olc fhk chcye gh nsm{orf{ohe tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~- is{ {ac~c {fjc gh f eycf{cy~oehobonfhnc {g naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh ~naggm~ uacyc {ac {cfnaohe o~ ohngh~o~{ch{fhk cksnf{oghfm ycufyk~ fyc shncy{foh( Fkgmc~nch{~ fyc shkcy tyc~~syc bygl tccy~{g chefec oh fn{oro{oc~ {af{ fyc gb{ch cqtcyochnck „ fhk fmuf~ kc~nyoick „ {g icohngltf{oimc uo{a ~{sk( [acoy s~c gb f lgyfmm olisck ko~ngsy~c {g nf{cegyo~c cfnag{acy f~ icohe gh {ac ‑yoea{‟ {yfnj !c(e( ohrc~{ohe {olc oh ~naggm ugyj/ gy {ac ‑uyghe‟{yfnj !c(e( tyogyo{o~ohe tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~/ ~tcfj~ gb fh f{{clt{ i {ac gshe {glfoh{foh tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm fhk oh{ceyo{ uo{a yc~tcn{ {g bflomofm fhk hcoeaigsyaggkcqtcn{f{ogh~ oh uaf{ o~ f aoeam nafmmcheohe chroyghlch{( F nmg~c mggj f{ gshetcgtmc‟~ kcno~ogh~ ycefykohe f{{chkfhnc f{ kobbcych{ tgoh{~ gb {ac ~naggm nfyccy ~ack~moea{ gh ~si{mc is{ ~oehobonfh{ kobbcychnc~ oh {ac rfmsc f{{fnack {g cksnf{ogh ic{ucchhcoeaigsyaggk~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac jhgumckec shkcytohhohe {ac~c rfmsc~( Ig{a ycfm fhktcyncorck shkcy~{fhkohe~ gb bs{syc gttgy{sho{ oh f tg~{,ftfy{acok ~c{{ohe cqtmfohua oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc cksnf{ogh o~ ~cch f~ {ac ygs{c {g ~snnc~~ i fkgmc~nch{~ fhk {acoy tfych{~- uacycf~ oh Gncfh Rocu o{ o~ ~cch f~ f ygs{c {g ~snnc~~bgy {ac ~lfmm lohgyo{(

Naft{cy 5 {syh~ {g {ac tyorf{c fhk oh{olf{c ycfml gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~cqsfm morc~fhk ch{y oh{g {ac ugymk gb tfych{aggk( F{ boy~{ emfhnc- {ac~c ~ccl {g ic fychf~ ohuaona iygfkcy- ~gnogtgmo{onfm nafhec ugsmk afrc mo{{mc koycn{ ohbmschnc( Is{ ao~{gyonfmohbmschnc~ gh {ac ngh{gsy~ gb echkcy ygmc~- {ac bgylf{ogh gb oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~fhk {ac lfhhcy oh uaona jhgumckec o~ ngh{fohck fhk ~afyck fmm afrc f icfyohegh {ac kcno~ogh~ gshe tcgtmc lfjc {gkf( ^g {gg kg {acoy tcynct{ogh~ gb ~gnofmokch{o{ fhk tcy~ghfm gttgy{sho{ „ gy g{acyuo~c „ {af{ fyc f~~gnof{ck uo{a icohe

{ac boy~{ echcyf{ogh {g eygu st fb{cy {ac kclo~c gb ftfy{acok( Oh {acoy {cchfec cfy~-fkgmc~nch{~ oh fmm tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc ch{cy oh{g ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh uaona ~cq tmf~ fioe tfy{( [ac co{acy ch{cy oh{g oh{olf{c fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a g{acy ig~gy eoym~- gy {ac kcnokc hg{ {g kg ~g( Lfh- is{ hg{ fmm- ko~ns~~ ~cq fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~uo{a {acoy byochk~( ̂ cq afhe~ grcy {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {acoy tfych{~- nafheohe {acycmf{ogh~aot~- crch uach „ f~ o~ s~sfmm {ac nf~c „ o{ o~ yfycm ko~ns~~ck( Tfych{fm ~omchncfigs{ ~cq o~ echcyfmm iygjch ghm i koycn{orc~ {g kfsea{cy~ {g frgok ~cq ~g {af{ {ac loea{ frgok {ac ‑ko~f~{cy~‟ gb tycehfhn gy ‑ko~cf~c‟( Tfych{fm f{{o{skc~ {gufyk~ ~cq~ccl {g ic echkcyck oh fmm tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc0 kfsea{cy~ fyc {g ic tyg{cn{ck fhkyclfoh naf~{c- is{ ~gh~ nfh kg lsna f~ {ac mojc( Bcu fkgmc~nch{~ mcfyh figs{ ~cq

bygl {acoy tfych{~- fhk ~glc yclfoh oehgyfh{ „ fhk fhqogs~ „ icnfs~c gb f mfnj gb




;2

ngh~{ysn{orc ko~ns~~ogh uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst( Oh fmm tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc {acyc o~ tccytyc~~syc gh fkgmc~nch{~ „ c~tcnofmm gh ig~- is{ fm~g gh eoym~ „ {g afrc ycmf{ogh~aot~fhk {g afrc ~cq( ^cq o~ igshk st uo{a f ycicmmogh fefoh~{ tfych{fm fs{agyo{ fhk uo{a

~{mc fhk ~{f{s~( Eoym~ cqtcn{ {g ycncorc eob{~ bygl {ac ig~ gy lch uo{a uagl {ac afrc ~cqfhk {ac ~ccl {g afrc ~olomfy ngh~slcyo~{ f~toyf{ogh~ oh kobbcych{ tfy{~gb {ac Rfmmc( Is{ {ac ngh~cvschnc~ fyc kobbcych{ oh {ac yonacy fhk tggycy fycf~(Oh {ac ucfm{aocy hcoeaigsyaggk~- eoym~ gb{ch ycncorc bohfhnofm ~sttgy{ bygl {acoytfych{~- fhk kg hg{ hcck {g ycm gh igbyochk~ bgy hcu nmg{aohe gy g{acy lfyjcy~ gb ~{mc fhk ~snnc~~( [ao~ lcfh~ {af{ eoym~ oh tggycy fycf~ fyc lgyc rsmhcyfimc {g {aciys{fmo{ fhk rogmchnc {af{ gb{ch ~ccl {g fnngltfh {yfh~fn{oghfm ~cq( Fkgmc~nch{~fyc lo~{ys~{bsm gb cfna g{acy „ bgy eggk ycf~gh- f~ byochk~ {y {g ‑~{cfm‟ igbyochk~ gyeoymbyochk~( Jhgumckec gb AOR tmf~ fmlg~{ hg ygmc oh ~aftohe ~cqsfm icafrogsy0 o{ o~tycehfhn {af{ eoym~ bcfy- fhk uaona f{{yfn{~ ~{oelf !is{ o~ fm~g ~glc{olc~ f lfyjcy

gb ycicmmogh/( ^glc fkgmc~nch{~ ~ccl {g cqcyno~c fechn i cliyfnohe ~cq- is{ {ao~echcyfmm nglc~ f{ {ac ng~{ gb {acoy ~{skoc~: g{acy~ yc~o~{ tyc~~syc~ {g afrc ~cq- is{ o{ o~hg{ cf~ {g yc~o~{ tccy tyc~~syc fhk {ac ~{f{s~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a afrohe f ~cqsfm tfy{hcy(Grcyfmm- uaom~{ {acyc fyc ~glc kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch yona fhk tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~-{cchfecy~ oh kobbcych{ tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc {aohj fhk icafrc oh iygfkm ~olomfy uf~(

Naft{cy 1 f~j~ {ac bshkflch{fm vsc~{ogh~ gb uacyc fhk agu- oh f ~gnoc{ ~{omm yorch uo{aohcvsfmo{oc~ fhk yc~{yon{ck gttgy{sho{oc~- naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fyc fimc {g lfjckcno~ogh~ fhk fn{ oh uf~ {af{ igm~{cy {acoy guh ucmm,icohe( Oh {ao~ uf- o{ ngh~okcy~gshe tcgtmc‟~ fechn oh {acoy oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a fksm{~ fhk tccy~ fygshk {acl- boy~{m {aygsea {acoy guh kcboho{ogh gb ~sna fechn( Fkgmc~nch{ tcynct{ogh~ gb {acoy guh ~cmb,cbbonfn fyc ohbmschnck i hcoeaigsyaggk tgrcy{- {ac ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch ao~{gyonfmko~fkrfh{fec fhk tcyncorck nsyych{ gttgy{sho{ fhk nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck hgyl~~aftohe naomk ycfyohe( Fm~g nch{yfm {g naomkych‟~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~‟ ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm gb ~cmb fhk gb {acoy mobc tf{a~ o~ {ac vsfmo{ gb {acoy crcykf oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~{aygsea uaona {ac fnaocrc ~sttgy{- chngsyfeclch{ fhk f ~ch~c gb ~cmb,cbbonfn uach~sna ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc nafyfn{cyo~ck i ycnotygno{ fhk {ys~{( Ohbgylf{ogh fhk {acjhgumckec ycvsoyck {g lfjc tg~o{orc kcno~ogh~ fyc kc~nyoick i lfh tggy gshetcgtmc f~ nyo{onfm eft~ oh uaf{ o~ gbbcyck crch uo{aoh rcy tg~o{orc oh{cytcy~ghfmoh{cyfn{ogh~( Bfo{a oh Egk fhk tfy{onotf{ogh oh ycmoeogs~ fn{oro{oc~ igm~{cy gshetcgtmc‟~ ~cmb,cbbonfn- tfy{onsmfym uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst( ^g {gg kgc~ {ac ohkoroksfm

kcno~ogh „ gb{ch tsimonm f~~cy{ck „ {g morc i ncy{foh ngkc~ {af{ fyc ngh~o~{ch{ uo{ansm{syfmm rfmokf{ck egfm~ fhk mobc tf{a~- ~sna f~ tf~~ohe cqfl~ fhk tsy~sohe bgylfmcksnf{ogh( Kcno~ogh~ mojc {ac~c {chk {g tygrokc gshe tcgtmc uo{a ghm f ~agy{,{cyl ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm grcy ~cmb fhk {ac ugymk fygshk {acl- tyolfyom icnfs~c {ac ycm gh {ac l{a {af{ ~snnc~~ o~ esfyfh{cck i ohrc~{lch{ oh ncy{foh oh~{o{s{ogh~!~sna f~ ~naggm/ fhk {acoy f~~gnof{ck tyfn{onc~( F yfhec gb ~{ysn{syfm- cnghglon fhk~gnognsm{syfm bfn{gy~ fn{ {g bfnomo{f{c gy molo{ gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~cmb,cbbonfn uo{aoh {acaglc- mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk- ~naggm fhk tccy chroyghlch{( [ac lokkmc ~cn{ogh gb {ao~ naft{cy kyfu~ {gec{acy bohkohe~ tyc~ch{ck oh kc{fom oh tycrogs~ naft{cy~ {af{cqtmfoh rfyof{ogh~ uo{aoh fhk ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ ngh{ygm

grcy ~cmb fhk {acoy fnaocrclch{ gb tcy~ghfm egfm~ fhk ~gnofmm f~nyoick lfyjcy~ gb




;5

~{f{s~( Bohfmm- uc mggj f{ {ac hfyyf{orc~ gb f gshe tcy~gh ch{cyohe fksm{aggk ohcfna gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~{skock fhk kc~nyoic {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb gsy ~{sk bgybsy{acy yc~cfyna gh {ac ~gnofm- nsm{syfm- cnghglon fhk oh{yftcy~ghfm kolch~ogh~ {g

{ac {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk oh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh(

[ac iggj‟~ nghnms~ogh kyfu~ {gec{acy gsy fhfm~o~ gb {ac ~tcn{ysl gb cqtcyochnc~fhk tg~~oiomo{oc~ gb gykohfy naomkych eyguohe st oh tg~{,ftfy{acok Nftc [guh( O{ommslohf{c~ {ac fnaocrclch{~ gb {ac gshe oh isomkohe fhk ~s~{fohohe ycmf{ogh~aot~fnyg~~ ta~onfm- ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm ko~{fhnc~ nycf{ck ksyohe- fhk oh yc~tgh~c {g-ftfy{acok( Oh {ao~ uf- gshe tcgtmc fyc fimc {g chechkcy oh{olfn fhk hsy{syc-{acyci tyg{cn{ohe {acl~cmrc~ fhk g{acy~ oh uf~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a Hcm~gh Lfhkcmf‟~f~~cy{ogh~ gb {acoy tgucy {g acfm hg{ ghm {acl~cmrc~- is{ fm~g ~gnoc{( [af{ ~fok-agucrcy- ngh{cltgyfy ~gnoc{ tmfnc~ f yfhec gb yc~{yon{ogh~ gh gshe tcgtmc ohtsy~sohe {ac gttgy{sho{oc~ {acgyc{onfmm frfomfimc {g {acloh fnnc~~ohe jhgumckecfhk oh nycf{ohe okch{o{oc~ {af{ fyc ko~~gnof{ck bygl bgylcy yfnofmo~ck nf{cegyo~f{ogh~(Lgycgrcy- gsy crokchnc yfo~c~ {ac tg~~oiomo{ {af{ ~glc naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~fyc kgohe {gg lsna {g nfyc bgy {acl~cmrc~ fhk g{acy~- fhk lf yo~j mghe,{cylng~{~ {g {acoy ucmm,icohe( Oh {ac ~cnghk kcnfkc gb ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ kclgnyfn- {acollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk oh uaona gshe tcgtmc morc yclfoh~ {ac lg~{ nyo{onfmbfn{gy oh kcbohohe {acoy crcykf cqtcyochnc~ fhk gttgy{sho{oc~( F~ c{- {acyc o~ mo{{mclgrclch{ gb tcgtmc- okcf~ fhk yc~gsync~ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~( Fhk iygfkngllsho{ oh~{o{s{ogh~ {af{ chngltf~~ fmm nmf~~- hcoeaigsyaggk fhk yfnc eygst~fyc ~nfync fhk bmckemohe oh hf{syc( Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ ch`g chefeohe oh {ac~cuach eorch ~tfnc {g kg ~g( Is{ bcu !ob fh/ tygrokc f bgysl oh uaona {ac nfh iyoheo~~sc~ bgy kcif{c fhk fn{oghfhk oh ~g kgohe ~afyc {ac ohbgylf{ogh syech{m hcckck{g bomm jhgumckec eft~- kcrcmgt hcu rgnfismfyoc~ bgy shkcy~{fhkohe kobbcychnc- fhkisomk f ngmmcn{orc ~ch~c gb okch{o{ oh uaona mgnfm ‑g{acyohe‟ o~ grcymfok i mceo{olf{cnmfol~ gh {ac ~{f{c fhk norom ~gnoc{ bgy if~on aslfh yoea{~ fhk {ac nycf{ogh gb f~gnofm ugymk {af{ ic{{cy lf{nac~ {ac yac{gyon gb {ac tg~{,ftfy{acok cyf(



;1

Ko~ngsy~c~ fhk ycfmo{oc~ gb bflom mobc

O uf~ f{ aglc uo{a l bflom lfjohe ~sttcy fhk {fmjohe figs{ l kf(Uc ~afyck ase~ fhk jo~~c~( O bcm{ aftt icnfs~c O jhgu {af{ l bflom mgrc~ lc( !Kofy ch{y i Hghjsmsmg- eoym- feck 63- Lf~otaslcmcmc- moroheoh f ghc,yggl ~afnj uo{a acy lg{acy- ~{ctbf{acy fhk {ug gshecy ~o~{cy~(/

^f{ gh ngsna fhk f{c ~sttcy uaomc afrohe f nghrcy~f{ogh uo{a l lgl(^tgjc gb lgyfm~ fhk rfmsc~- f{{yois{c~- bflom- iyg{acy- kfk- bs{syc-cqfl~( O bcm{ aftt: O ch`g {fmjohe {g l lgl figs{ fh{aohe•Mohe ohick icbgyc egohe {g ~naggm- O {agsea{ gb agu tyoromceck O fl {g afrc {acbflom O kg( !Kofy ch{yoc~ i @s~{ohig- feck 61- Bo~a Agcj- morohe uo{aao~ lg{acy fhk ~oimohe~(/

Uc kgh‟{ crch ~o{ fhk cf{ ~sttcy {gec{acy icnfs~c uc fyc hg{ f aftt bflom( [ac Zacy tfych{~ fhk iyg{acy\ cf{ {gec{acy oh l lg{acy‟~ickyggl fhk O cf{ oh l yggl•O nagg~c hg{ {g `goh {acl icnfs~c{ac tyc{chk {g ic f aftt bflom- is{ {ac fyc hg{ fhk O kgh‟{ mojc {acbfm~chc~~ gb o{ fmm( !Oh{cyrocu uo{a Rcyghovsc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu-morohe uo{a acy tfych{~ fhk gshecy iyg{acy(/

Ftfy{acok afk kcrf~{f{ohe cbbcn{~ gh lfh bflomoc~- yctygksnohe oh bflom mobc {ackoro~orc aocyfynaoc~ fhk ~ctfyf{ck morohe oltg~ck gh ~gnoc{ i {ac ~{f{c( Tyoromceck^gs{a Fbyonfh~ ch`gck ycmf{orcm nglbgy{fimc morc~- fhk ucyc ~{yghem chngsyfeck{g morc oh ~{fimc hsnmcfy bflomoc~- oh tfy{ {aygsea ~{f{c,rfmokf{ck Nayo~{ofh c{aon~( Fmfyecy hslicy gb ko~chbyfhnao~ck bflomoc~ ucyc uychnack ftfy{0 uorc~ fhk naomkychucyc tycrch{ck bygl morohe uo{a as~ifhk~ fhk bf{acy~- fhk cq{chkck bflomoc~bgyncbsmm ~nf{{cyck( Sh~sytyo~ohem- bflom mobc fhk aglc bgy naomkych gb {ac nsyych{echcyf{ogh ngltyo~c rcy korcy~c cqtcyochnc~( Hco{acy Hghjsmsmg hgy @s~{oh morc~uo{a {acoy bf{acy~- is{ {ac tfoh{ tg~o{orc ton{syc~ gb {acoy bflomoc~( Rcyghovsc morc~uo{a ig{a tfych{~- is{ cqtyc~~c~ acy fmochf{ogh bygl acy bflom( Hcoeaigsyaggk~fhk {acoy f~~gnof{ck ~gnogtgmo{onfm ao~{gyoc~ afrc ~glc icfyohe acyc( Is{ naomkych‟~

cqtcyochnc~ gb bflom mobc rfy uokcm uo{aoh hcoeaigsyaggk~- uacycf~ {acoy okcfm~fhk nafmmchec~ fyc ~{yojohem ~olomfy fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc(

[ac ngh{gsy~ gb bflom lclicy~aot bgy naomkych oh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh fyc~aftck i- is{ nfhhg{ ic ycksnck {g- {ac cbbcn{~ gb ftfy{acok- bgy f{ mcf~{ {aycc ycf~gh~(Boy~{m- fhk lg~{ girogs~m- {ac chk gb ftfy{acok lcfh{ {ac figmo{ogh gb lfh tgmonoc~{af{ ~{ysn{syck bflomoc~ oh kobbcych{ uf~( ^cnghkm- uaom~{ {ac tf~{ af~ mcb{ o{~ mcefn oh {ac tyc~ch{ oh {cyl~ gb {ac bgyl gb lfh bflomoc~ fhk ags~cagmk~- {ac ngltmcqlcfhohe~ fhk crcykf shkcy{fjohe~ gb icohe f bflom lclicy fhk ~afyohe f aglcfyc hg{ {ac ngh~cvschnc~ gb ghm {ac bgyl gb bflomoc~ fhk ags~cagmk~( [aoykm- {ac

naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ eyguohe st oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ̂ gs{a Fbyonf afrc {acl~cmrc~

9



;?

~aftck fhk yc~aftck {ac {cyyfoh gb bflom mobc {aygsea {acoy okcfm~- fn{ogh~ fhkf~toyf{ogh~( [ao~ naft{cy cqtmgyc~ naomkych‟~ crcykf ycfmo{oc~ oh {ac aglc fhkbflom( O{ ommslohf{c~ uacyc fhk agu {ac ~snncck gy bfom {g tyg{cn{ fhk igm~{cy {acoy

ucmm,icohe {aygsea {acoy kglc~{on oh{cyfn{ogh~ fhk joh ycmf{ogh~aot~(

[ac oltfn{ gb ftfy{acok gh bflom mobc

Uach ob O {aohj gb Gncfh Rocu fhk {ac bflom sho{- bgy lc {ac lfohbfn{gy Z{af{ oltfn{~ gh gshe tcgtmc clg{oghfmm\- O {aohj o{‟~ {ac fi~ch{bf{acy( Uc afrc mgfk~ fhk mgfk~ gb ~ohemc tfych{~( Uc kg fn{sfmm afrcvso{c f bfoy flgsh{ gb bf{acy~ uag fyc yfo~ohe {acoy naomkych ~ohemc,afhkckm- is{•lg~{ gb {ac bflomoc~ afrc {ac fi~ch{ bf{acy( !^gnofmugyjcy fhk lg{acy- Gncfh Rocu/

Lfh naomkych f{ ~naggm Zoh Bo~a Agcj\ fyc bygl ‑iygjch aglc~‟ fhkfyc mfyecm sh~stcyro~ck•O ~cc tfych{~ fhk bflomoc~ nglohe oh bgy jok~uag fyc oh ycfm {ygsimc( _gs kg uaf{ gs nfh Zf~ f {cfnacy\ is{ o{‟~ afyk:{ac tfych{~ kgh‟{ afrc o{ {gec{acy chgsea {g tygrokc uaf{ {ac jok~ hcck(![cfnacy~ oh Bo~a Agcj/

Ftfy{acok fbbcn{ck fmm ^gs{a Fbyonfh~- is{ kok ~g oh rcy kobbcych{ uf~( [ac lg~{tcyhonogs~ cbbcn{~ gh {ac bflom ucyc cqtcyochnck i tcgtmc nmf~~obock f~ ‑Fbyonfh‟-bgy uagl {ac ta~onfm fhk t~nagmgeonfm oh{ceyo{ gb bflom mobc uf~ shkcylohck{aygsea {ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c‟~ tgmonoc~ gb ‑~ctfyf{c kcrcmgtlch{‟- ‑ohbmsq ngh{ygm‟ fhk

shkcyohrc~{lch{ oh ysyfm fycf~( Ohbmsq ngh{ygm !o(c( {ac ngh{ygm gb olloeyf{ogh oh{g{guh~/ i lcfh~ gb {ac tf~~ mfu~ fhk yc~{yon{ogh~ gh ags~ohe ~ctfyf{ck lfh Fbyonfhtfych{~ bygl cfna g{acy f~ lch lgrck {g syifh fycf~ bgy ugyj- mcfrohe uglch fhknaomkych oh ysyfm aglc~( Yc~{yon{ogh~ gh Fbyonfh tcgtmc ucyc c~tcnofmm ~crcyc oh {acUc~{cyh Nftc icnfs~c o{ uf~ kcnmfyck f Ngmgsyck Mfigsy Tycbcychnc Fycf- lcfhohe{af{ cltmgcy~ ucyc ycvsoyck {g ~agu tycbcychnc {g ngmgsyck ugyjcy~ grcy Fbyonfhugyjcy~( F~ ycnch{m f~ 6?54- Fbyonfh tcgtmc ngltyo~ck ghm 64 tcy nch{ gb {ac {g{fmtgtsmf{ogh gb Nftc [guh( Oh {ac mf{c 6?54~ fhk 6?14~- lfh uglch icefh {g ~sircy{{ac ~~{cl gb ohbmsq ngh{ygm- loeyf{ohe {g {ac no{oc~ {acl~cmrc~- is{ mcfrohe naomkychoh {ac nfyc gb eyfhktfych{~ gy g{acy joh oh ysyfm fycf~( Lfh eyfhklg{acy~ ycncorck

gmk,fec tch~ogh~- uaona shkcytohhck {ao~ tf{{cyh gb naomknfyc- uo{a lfh naomkychta~onfmm ~ctfyf{ck bygl {acoy bf{acy~ fhk crch {acoy lg{acy~( Mgu ufec~ „ fhk bygl{ac 6?54~- yo~ohe shcltmglch{ yf{c~ „ bsy{acy oltckck lch bygl bsmbommohe {acoyygmc f~ tygrokcy~ fnngykck {acl i nsm{syfm okcfm~- fhk yo~jck fmochf{ohe {acl bygl{ac bflomofm nfyc hcqs~ !@ghc~ 6??>: Yfltacmc 6??>: Uom~gh " Yfltacmc 6?1?/(

Ngmgsyck tcgtmc lf afrc icch tyoromceck ngltfyck {g Fbyonfh tcgtmc- is{ {acoybflom mobc fm~g ~sbbcyck shkcy ftfy{acok( Bgynck yclgrfm~ shkcy {ac Eygst Fycf~Fn{ !Hg( ;6 gb 6?34/ stygg{ck bflomoc~ {g hcu hcoeaigsyaggk~ „ ~sna f~ GncfhRocu „ bfy bygl {acoy ugyjtmfnc~( ^sna yclgrfm~ ko~yst{ck c~{fimo~ack ycmf{ogh~aot~gb ~sttgy{ ic{ucch joh fhk hcoeaigsy~( Tgrcy{ uf~ uokc~tycfk fhk ags~ohe ~nfync-

~g {af{ ags~c~ ucyc gb{ch ~crcycm grcynygukck- uo{a lfyyock naomkych morohe uo{a




34

{acoy tfych{~ fhk eyfhktfych{~( [ac tg~o{ogh gb lch uo{aoh {ac bflom uf~ bsy{acyshkcylohck i tycbcychnc~ bgy uglch f~ tcylfhch{ cltmgcc~ oh {ac Uc~{cyhNftc‟~ kglohfh{ nfhhohe fhk {cq{omc ohks~{yoc~- fhk hf{oghfm ucmbfyc fhk ags~ohe

mceo~mf{ogh {af{ tfok nf~a eyfh{~ {g uglch !bgy naomk ucmbfyc/ fhk bfrgsyck uglchf~ ‑acfk~ gb ags~cagmk‟ oh ~{f{c ags~ohe fmmgnf{ogh~ !^fmg 944;/(

Tgmon ycbgyl~ f{ {ac chk gb ftfy{acok nafheck ~glc- is{ hg{ fmm- f~tcn{~ gb {ac chroyghlch{( [ac yctcfm gb ohbmsq ngh{ygm mceo~mf{ogh fmmguck bsy{acy yftoksyifho~f{ogh flghe Fbyonfh tcgtmc( [ac Fbyonfh tgtsmf{ogh gb Nftc [guh kgsimckoh {ac 6?14~ fhk fefoh oh {ac 6??4~- yo~ohe bygl ghm 64 tcy nch{ {g lgyc {afh >4 tcynch{ gb {ac no{‟~ {g{fm tgtsmf{ogh( [ac ~{f{c tygrokck mfyec fycf~ gb mfhk bgy ~c{{mclch{fhk ~si~oko~ck {ac ngh~{ysn{ogh gb hcu ags~ohe( [ac ngh~cvschnc bgy Fbyonfh tcgtmcoh Nftc [guh f~ f uagmc uf~ f ~afyt ycksn{ogh oh grcynygukohe- fm{agsea {ao~ uf~lsna mc~~ fttfych{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {afh cm~cuacyc( ^glc Fbyonfh uglch nag~c{g mcfrc {acoy naomkych oh {ac ysyfm fycf~ !Achkcy~gh 6???: @ghc~ 6??>: Mcc 9449:Yfltacmc 6??>: Ychgmk~ 6??3: ^tocecm " Lcamufhf 6??5/- is{ lfh iygsea{ {acoynaomkych {g Nftc [guhfhk „ bgy {ac boy~{ {olc „ lfh Fbyonfh naomkych ucyc igyhoh Nftc [guh( [ac yftok ohnycf~c oh {ac tgtsmf{ogh gb naomkych ycvsoyck f lf~~orc~naggm,isomkohe tygeyfllc( Ycmf{orcm bcu yc~gsync~ ucyc ohrc~{ck oh ags~ohe bgyngmgsyck tcgtmc- ~g {af{ i {ac cfym 9444~- ngmgsyck ags~cagmk~ oh Nftc [guh ucycechcyfmm mfyecy {afh Fbyonfh ghc~(

Uaom~{ tgmon ycbgyl~ afrc lfkc o{ cf~ocy bgy naomkych {g morc uo{a {acoy tfych{~-aoea shcltmglch{ fhk tcy~o~{ch{ tgrcy{ afrc ngh{ohsck {g shkcylohc bflom

mobc( Cnghglon bfn{gy~ tygifim cqtmfoh f mfyec tfy{ gb {ac kcnmohc oh lfyyofec fhk{ac yo~ohe yf{c~ gb tfych{fm ~ctfyf{ogh fhk ommceo{olfn( [ac cqtfh~ogh gb {ac tsimonucmbfyc ~~{cl- oh tfy{onsmfy {aygsea {ac yo~ohe rfmsc gb gmk,fec tch~ogh~ bgy lg~{cmkcym tcgtmc f{ {ac chk gb {ac ftfy{acok cyf fhk {ac cqtfh~ogh gb naomk,~sttgy{eyfh{~ {g tggy lg{acy~ oh {ac 9444~- af~ eorch Fbyonfh uglch lgyc cnghglonohkctchkchnc !fm{agsea ycbgyl~ afrc ko~fkrfh{feck ngmgsyck uglch/( Gmkcyuglch morohe oh cq{chkck,bflom ags~cagmk~ ngh{ohsc {g tmf f lf`gy ygmc oh {acnfyc gb naomkych oh ig{a ngmgsyck fhk Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~( Lch afrc icchcqnmskck bygl {ac tsimon ucmbfyc ~~{cl: gb{ch ycm gh fk agn- ohbycvsch{- kfom mfigsy !uaom~{ uglch afrc ycmf{orcm ~{fimc kglc~{on ugyj/: gb{ch tfy{onotf{c oh

efhe~ gy {fjc kyse~ uach gshe fhk kyohj acfrom uach gmkcy( [ac yc~sm{- fnngykohe{g Yfltacmc- af~ icch {af{ {ac ‑bflom‟ o~ oh ‑nyo~o~‟- uo{a lch !fhk tf{cyhfm joh/tmfohe crcy ~lfmmcy ygmc~ oh {acoy naomkych‟~ morc~- uaom~{ uglch fyc bgynck {g icfycrcy lgyc korcy~c yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ !Yfltacmc 9449: Yg~~ 6??3: ^fmg 944;/(

^nagmfym f{{ch{ogh af~ shkcy~{fhkfim icch koycn{ck tyolfyom {gufyk~ {ag~cuag ~sbbcyck shkcy ftfy{acok( Mo{{mc ~gnofm ~noch{obon ugyj af~ icch kghc gh {acuao{c bflomoc~ tyoromceck i ftfy{acok( Agucrcy- fh fishkfhnc gb bon{oghfm fhkfs{giogeyftaonfm mo{cyfy ugyj~ gbbcy~ oh~oea{~ oh{g {ac cnghglon- ~gnofm fhk lgyfmchroyghlch{~ gb {ac~c bflomoc~ !Icay 6??3: Ngc{pcc 6??1: Ngsy{chf 6?1?: Ach~9441: [yftokg 944>: Rfh kcy Lcyuc 9442/( ^{f{c tgmonoc~ {af{ efrc tycnckchnc {g

uao{c lfmc cltmglch{ igm~{cyck {ac ~{yghem echkcyck ygmc~ gb lfmc iycfkuohhcy



k o ~ n g s y ~ c ~ f h k y c f m o { o c ~ g b b f l o m m o b c

36

fhk bclfmc aglclfjcy {af{ ucyc stacmk uo{aoh {ac kglohfh{- {yfko{oghfm Nayo~{ofhnasynac~ !Rfh kcy Lcyuc 9442/( Fmghe~okc `gi fhk ohnglc ~cnsyo{ nflc {accqtcn{f{ogh gb f ~{fimc- ngh{ch{ck- hsnmcfy bflom mobc- fh okcfm {af{ uf~ gb{ch

ngh~nogs~m tyc~cyrck oh gykcy {g lf~j gttyc~~ogh fhk nghbmon{ uo{aoh {ac aglc!Icay 6??3: Ngc{pcc 6??1/( Lfh uao{c naomkych afk bsmm,{olc Fbyonfh gy ngmgsyckhfhhoc~- uag- bygl {acoy ohbfhn- tygrokck bggk- ngltfh fhk nfyc( F hgylf{orcfhk cnghglon ~~{cl {af{ ~sttgy{ck {ac cltmglch{ gb hfhhoc~ fhk g{acy kglc~{on~{fbb oh cbbcn{ ~aob{ck f mfyec tgy{ogh gb {ac oh{olf{c- nfyohe ygmc fuf bygl lg{acy~!Ngsy{chf 6?1?/( O{ fm~g tygrokck {ac ghm tgoh{ gb oh{cytcy~ghfm ngh{fn{ ic{ucchyfnc eygst~( Uaomc {ac tfyflc{cy~ gb {ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot ucyc gb{ch yc~{yon{ck- ~{yghebyochk~aot~ ucyc bgylck ic{ucch gshe uao{c naomkych fhk {ag~c gb {acoy tfych{~‟Fbyonfh fhk ngmgsyck cltmgcc~ „ ghm {g ic ko~fmmguck f~ {ac eycu gmkcy(

Kobbcychnc~ fhk ~olomfyo{oc~ oh {ac bgyl gb bflomoc~ fhk ags~cagmk~ fb{cy ftfy{acoknfh ic okch{obock s~ohe kf{f bygl ~syrc~ mojc {ac Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/([ac lg~{ ~{yojohe bcf{syc gb ags~cagmk~ oh Nftc [guh oh {ac cfym 9444~ o~ {ac cq{ch{gb tfych{fm fi~chnc( Bcucy {afh afmb gb fmm fkgmc~nch{~ fhk ghm `s~{ grcy afmb gb naomkych oh Nftc [guh morc uo{a ig{a gb {acoy iogmgeonfm tfych{~ !~cc [fimc~ 9(6 fhk9(9/( [ao~- {gec{acy uo{a {ac tyc~chnc gb hgh,hsnmcfy joh- lcfh~ {af{ {ac {ug,tfych{-hsnmcfy,bflom ags~cagmk o~ {ac cqnct{ogh yf{acy {afh {ac ysmc !~cc Boesyc 9(6/(

[fimc 9(6 Uacycfigs{~ gb !iogmgeonfm/ lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ gb naomkych feck 4„6> oh Nftc [guh

!# gb {g{fm/

Bf{acy o~•

Oh ags~cagmk Oh g{acy ags~cagmk Kcncf~ck [g{fm

Lg{acy o~•

Oh ags~cagmk 32 91 ; 11

Oh g{acy ags~cagmk 9 5 6 64

Kcncf~ck 6 6 6 9

[g{fm 3? >2 3 644

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk 9449Hg{c0 Boesyc~ fyc ygshkck gbb fhk {acycbgyc kg hg{ fmuf~ fkk st {g {ac yctgy{ck {g{fm(

[fimc 9(9 Uacycfigs{~ gb !iogmgeonfm/ lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65 oh Nftc [guh

!# gb {g{fm/

Bf{acy o~•


Lg{acy o~•

Oh ags~cagmk ;2 9; ? 14

Oh g{acy ags~cagmk ; 64 9 62

Kcncf~ck 6 9 6 3

[g{fm 34 >2 6> 644

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk 9449

Hg{c0 Boesyc~ fyc ygshkck gbb fhk {acycbgyc kg hg{ fmuf~ fkk st {g {ac yctgy{ck {g{fm(




39

Boesyc 9(6 Bflom,if~ck ags~cagmk {tc~- fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65


Tfych{fm ng,yc~okchnc fhk fi~chnc kg rfy ~oehobonfh{m i yfnc- is{ {ac fm~g rfy i nmf~~- fhk {ac kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch yfnofm eygst~ fyc tcyaft~ mc~~ tyghgshnck {afhuc loea{ afrc cqtcn{ck( Boesyc 9(9 ~agu~ {ac tygtgy{ogh~ gb naomkych oh Nftc [guhmorohe uo{a co{acy gy ig{a tfych{~- ko~feeycef{ck i {ac johk gb hcoeaigsyaggk(Hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc okch{obock i yfnc fhk ags~cagmk ohnglc( Yfnc o~ ohnmskckicnfs~c o{~ cbbcn{ gh ags~cagmk ~{ysn{syc o~ tygifim hg{ molo{ck {g {ac cbbcn{~ gb

ftfy{acok tgmonoc~ gb yfnofm ~ceycef{ogh fhk ko~nyolohf{ogh( O{ o~ mojcm {af{ ags~cagmk~{ysn{syc o~ fm~g ~aftck i nsm{syfm korcy~o{( Uaom~{ cm~cuacyc oh {ao~ rgmslc ucfhfm~c kobbcychnc~ i hcoeaigsyaggk yf{acy {afh yfnc tcy ~c- oh {ao~ naft{cy ucko~ns~~ {ac cbbcn{~ gb yfnc f~ chngltf~~ohe ig{a hcoeaigsyaggk fhk nsm{syfm cbbcn{~fhk kobbcychnc~(

Mcrcm~ gb ags~cagmk ohnglc afrc f ~{yghecy ohbmschnc {afh yfnc eygst gh tfych{fmyc~okchnc- ohkonf{ohe {af{ {ac tg~{,ftfy{acok cnghglon mfhk~nftc cqcy{~ f ~{yghecyohbmschnc gh bflom ngltg~o{ogh {afh bgylcy ~{f{c tgmonoc~( Naomkych morohe oh tggycyags~cagmk~ fyc lsna mc~~ mojcm {g morc uo{a ig{a tfych{~ fhk lgyc mojcm {g morc uo{ahco{acy tfych{ !~cc Boesyc 9(9/( Oh {g{fm- ghm >9 tcy nch{ gb naomkych shkcy 6> oh

mgu,ohnglc ags~cagmk~ morc uo{a ig{a tfych{~- ngltfyck {g ;2 tcy nch{ gb {acoy fecngagy{ oh lckosl,ohnglc ags~cagmk~ fhk 2? tcy nch{ oh aoea,ohnglc ags~cagmk~([ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot o~ rcy nmcfy uo{aoh {ac ngmgsyck tgtsmf{ogh- is{ o~ ~glcuaf{ls{ck oh {ac Fbyonfh tgtsmf{ogh( Icnfs~c {acyc fyc ~g bcu uao{c naomkych oh mgu, gycrch lckosl,ohnglc ags~cagmk~- o{ o~ kobbonsm{ {g kc{cn{ fh ycmf{ogh~aot uo{aoh {acuao{c tgtsmf{ogh( Yfnc lfjc~ f kobbcychnc oh {af{ Fbyonfh naomkych oh mgu,ohnglcags~cagmk~ fyc mc~~ mojcm {g morc uo{a ghc gy ig{a tfych{~ {afh ngmgsyck naomkychoh mgu,ohnglc ags~cagmk~- is{ {acyc fyc hcemoeoimc kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch uao{c fhkngmgsyck naomkych oh ags~cagmk~ uo{a aoea ohnglc~( [ac tf{{cyh o~ c~~ch{ofmm {ac~flc flghe fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6; {g 65(




3>

Boesyc 9(9 Tygtgy{ogh gb naomkych feck 4„6> oh Nftc [guh ng,yc~okch{ uo{a tfych{~- i yfnc fhk

ags~cagmk ohnglc


Gb {ag~c gshe tcgtmc uag kg hg{ morc uo{a ig{a tfych{~- {ac lf`gyo{ morc ftfy{bygl {acoy bf{acy( Lf{cyhfm fi~chnc o~ lsna mc~~ ngllgh {afh tf{cyhfm fi~chnc0ghm figs{ 69 tcy nch{ gb naomkych fhk 94 tcy nch{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ kg hg{ morc uo{a{acoy lg{acy !~cc [fimc~ 9(6 fhk 9(9/( [acycbgyc- uaomc o{ o~ echcyfmm {ac nf~c {af{gshe tcgtmc morc uo{a {acoy lg{acy~- o{ o~ hg{ {ac hgyl {af{ {ac morc uo{a ig{a gb {acoy tfych{~( Oh mgu,ohnglc ags~cagmk~- o{ o~ bfy lgyc ngllgh bgy naomkych {g morcftfy{ bygl {acoy bf{acy~ {afh uo{a {acl( Crch oh aoea,ohnglc uao{c ags~cagmk~- ̀ s~{shkcy ghc,{aoyk gb naomkych morc uo{a ghm ghc tfych{( F~ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~eygu gmkcy- {ac fyc lgyc mojcm {g morc ftfy{ bygl {acoy lg{acy~( [ao~ o~ {ysc fm~g bgybf{acy~- is{ tyolfyom icnfs~c f yo~ohe tygtgy{ogh gb {ac bf{acy~ gb gshe tcgtmc afrckock fhk mc~~ icnfs~c gb tfych{fm ~ctfyf{ogh(

Fh{aygtgmgeo~{~ afrc tgoh{ck {g {ac tycrfmchnc gb uaf{ o~ {cylck ‑kglc~{on bmsoko{‟flghe Fbyonfh tcgtmc oh Nftc [guh- f~ fksm{~ fhk naomkych lgrc ic{ucch ags~cagmk~!Yg~~ 6??2: ̂ tocecm 6??2/( Bmsoko{ o~ hg{ molo{ck {g Fbyonfh naomkych- agucrcy( [acyc fyc

fm~g ngmgsyck fhk uao{c naomkych uag nsyych{m morc uo{a ghc gy ig{a tfych{~- is{ afrchg{ fmuf~ kghc ~g: ~olomfym- ~glc kg hg{ nsyych{m morc uo{a ghc gy g{acy tfych{- is{afrc kghc ~g oh {ac tf~{( Boesyc 9(> ~agu~ {ac tygtgy{ogh~ gb {acoy morc~ {af{ fkgmc~nch{~afrc ~tch{ morohe uo{a {acoy lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~( Oh {g{fm- ghm afmb gb fkgmc~nch{~ afrcfmuf~ morck uo{a {acoy bf{acy~- fhk {aycc,vsfy{cy~ afrc fmuf~ morck uo{a {acoy lg{acy~([ac tygtgy{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ morohe uo{a ig{a tfych{~ fyc fmlg~{ okch{onfm {g {ag~cuag afrc morck uo{a {acoy bf{acy~- fnyg~~ fmm yfnc fhk ohnglc eygst~(

Oh ~sllfy- {ac lf`gyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc eyguohe st oh tg~{,ftfy{acok Nftc [guhafrc ~tch{ ~glc tfy{ gb {acoy naomkaggk morohe ftfy{ bygl ghc gy ig{a tfych{~( Mc~~{afh afmb afrc fmuf~ morck uo{a ig{a tfych{~( @s~{ grcy f vsfy{cy gb fkgmc~nch{~ afrc

hcrcy morck uo{a ig{a tfych{~- o(c( f{ {ac ~flc {olc !fmlg~{ fmuf~ icnfs~c gb nayghon




3;

tf{cyhfm fi~chnc/- fhk fmlg~{ hghc afrc hcrcy morck uo{a {acoy lg{acy~( [ac~ctf{{cyh~ afrc icch hg{ck oh tycrogs~ ~{skoc~ gh Fbyonfh bflomoc~ !Ifyifyoh " Yona{cy9446: Yona{cy " Lgyycmm 9442: Ys~~cmm 6??3: ^tocecm " Lcamufhf 6??5/- is{ {ac fyc

hg{ molo{ck {g {acl( Tfych{fm fi~chnc o~ mc~~ ngllgh oh yonacy ngmgsyck fhk uao{cags~cagmk~0 fmlg~{ {ug,{aoyk~ gb naomkych oh {ac~c ags~cagmk~ afrc fmuf~ morck uo{aig{a tfych{~: bgsy,bob{a~ afrc kghc ~g bgy f{ mcf~{ afmb gb {acoy morc~: fhk ghm ghc oh{ch afrc hcrcy morck uo{a ig{a tfych{~( Crch oh {ac~c ~gnofm eygst~- agucrcy- tfych{fmfi~chnc o~ bfy bygl shs~sfm( Tfych{fm fi~chnc o~ fm~g rcy ngllgh oh tggycy ngmgsyckags~cagmk~( [acyc fyc ig{a ~olomfyo{oc~ fhk kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~fhk ngmgsyck fkgmc~nch{~ oh tggy, gy lckosl,ohnglc ags~cagmk~( Flghe ig{aFbyonfh fhk ngmgsyck fkgmc~nch{~- figs{ afmb afrc morck uo{a ig{a tfych{~ bgy lgyc{afh afmb !gy fmm/ gb {acoy morc~( [acyc o~ f ~{yojohe kobbcychnc- agucrcy- oh {af{ ghm f vsfy{cy gb Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~ afrc fmuf~ morck uo{a {acoy lg{acy~- uaom~{ {aycc,

vsfy{cy~ gb ngmgsyck fkgmc~nch{~ oh mgu,ohnglc ags~cagmk~ afrc kghc ~g(

[ac ~syrc kf{f ~agu {af{ yfnofm fhk nmf~~ kobbcychnc~ tcy~o~{ oh ~{ysn{syohe naomkych‟~cqtcyochnc~ gb ~afyohe f aglc uo{a {acoy tfych{~( Fbyonfh naomkych fyc ~{omm lsna mc~~mojcm {g morc uo{a {acoy lg{acy~ bgy mfyec tgy{ogh~ gb {acoy morc~ {afh {acoy ngmgsyckgy uao{c tccy~( Fhk mgu,ohnglc ngmgsyck fhk Fbyonfh naomkych fyc lsna mc~~ mojcm {g morc uo{a {acoy bf{acy~ {afh aoea,ohnglc ngmgsyck fhk uao{c naomkych( Tfy{ gb {acngyycmf{ogh ic{ucch tfych{fm ng,yc~okchnc fhk ohnglc loea{ ic {af{ {ac kctfy{sycgb f bf{acy bygl f ags~cagmk ycksnc~ ags~cagmk ohnglc ~si~{fh{ofmm( [ug,tfych{ags~cagmk~ fyc mojcm {g ic ic{{cy gbb- gh frcyfec- {afh ~ohemc,tfych{ ags~cagmk~( [acngyycmf{ogh o~ fm~g mojcm {g ycbmcn{ {ac cbbcn{~ gb shcltmglch{ o{~cmb( Shcltmglch{kcmf~ {ac fec f{ uaona lch lfyy- ob {ac crcy kg ~g(

Boesyc 9(> Tygtgy{ogh gb mobc ~tch{ uo{a tfych{~- i yfnc fhk ohnglc- fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65







32

Agu ~agsmk uc oh{cytyc{ {ac~c kobbcychnc~7 Uaf{ o~ lg~{ ~{yojohe o~ {af{ {ac naomkychuag ngh~o~{ch{m tg~o{ogh tfych{~ f~ fmm,tygrokohe ~gsync~ gb shnghko{oghfm mgrc fhk~sttgy{ fyc {ag~c morohe oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ uacyc lfh tfych{~ afrc ~{yseemck {g

bsmbom {ac~c ygmc~ bgy ~crcyfm echcyf{ogh~( [ac~c naomkych fttcfy {g ycefyk eyguohe stuo{ags{ iogmgeonfm tfych{~ „ gy tfych{,boesyc~ f~nyoick {ac ~flc ygmc „ f~ ch{fomohecq{yclc rsmhcyfiomo{- crch oh mf{c fkgmc~nchnc( Ghc gshe yc~cfynacy f~jckIghfho- ao~ ~gnncy {cfllf{c- uaona fec eygst ac {agsea{ uf~ lg~{ rsmhcyfimc ohLf~otaslcmcmcfhk ua0

O {aohj {af{ {cchfecy~ fyc lg~{ rsmhcyfimc icnfs~c {acyc fyc ~g lfh acyc uag morc uo{ags{ tfych{~•Mojc bgy lc- o{‟~ l tfych{~ uag lfjclc rsmhcyfimc ‟nfs~c {ac fyc ~{omm fmorc ig{a gb {aclis{ {ac fyc hg{{gec{acy fh lgyc( Fhk hco{acy gb {acl ufh{~ {g ~sttgy{ lc( O‟l~{omm gshe fhk O ycfmm hcck {ac ~sttgy{ gb tfych{~( O kygttck gs{ gb

~naggm icnfs~c hg ghc uf~ ~sttgy{ohe lc fhk O ycfmm ufh{ {g eg ifnj {g ~naggm( L lg{acy ~glc{olc~ nglc~ {g ro~o{ lc fhk ob O f~j acy bgy~glc{aohe mojc lghc ~ac ycbs~c~ {g eorc lc- ~fohe- ‑O kgh‟{ afrc lghc gh lc- O uomm ~chk o{ {g gs ~glc {olc‟ fhk o{ chk~ mojc {af{( !Ighfho- ig-feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

[ug 63,cfy,gmk eoym~ morohe oh Bo~a Agcj ucyc f~jck {ac ~flc vsc~{ogh i fhg{acy gsheyc~cfynacy fhk feycck {af{ ~{ycc{ naomkychuag {ac {agsea{ nglc bygl Lf~otaslcmcmcgy Gncfh Rocu- fyc {ac lg~{ rsmhcyfimc fhk efrc {ac bgmmguohe ycf~gh~0

Acmchf0 •{ac fyc jok~ uag kgh‟{ afrc f yc~tgh~oimc fksm{ fygshk( [ac

kgh‟{ afrc {ac ~cnsyo{( Jok~ hcck ~cnsyo{( Fhk {ac kgh‟{ afrc f tmfncuacyc {ac fyc mgrck•

Nmfyc0 [ac fn{sfmm hcck {acoy tfych{~- uag mgrc fhk ~sttgy{ {acl(

Acmchf0 Fh naomk {af{ o~ fifhkghck i {acoy tfych{~ uomm bccm ugy{amc~~(

Fmm {aycc naomkych f~~cy{ {af{ {ac ta~onfm tyc~chnc gb tfych{~ o~ oltgy{fh{- f~ o~ {acoykc~oyc {g- fhk kclgh~{yf{ogh gb- ~sttgy{( F~ uc ~afmm ~agu- ngh{cq{ o~ rcy oltgy{fh{oh oh{cytyc{ohe naomkych‟~ f~~cy{ogh~ gb uaf{ o~ nyo{onfm( Bgy cqfltmc- aoea kcf{a yf{c~flghe fksm{ lfmc~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ tfy{m cqtmfoh ua tf{cyhfm tyc~chncnfhhg{ ic esfyfh{cck bgy Ighfho fhk ao~ tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu(

Shkcy~{fhkohe uaf{ o~ tygifimc uo{aoh f tfy{onsmfy ao~{gyonfm fhk ~gnofm ~c{{ohe acmtcks~ shkcy~{fhk ua Ighfho fhk ao~ tccy~ f~~cy{ {af{ tfych{~ ~agsmk ic fmm,tygrokohe-fmuf~ ycmofimc fhk shnghko{oghfm oh {acoy tygro~ogh( F{ {ao~ cfym ~{fec- f hslicy gb oh{cytyc{f{ogh~ ucyc frfomfimc( Ghc uf~ uo~absm {aohjohe gh {ac tfy{ gb ohkoroksfmnaomkych uag afrc mo{{mc gy hg g{acy lcfh~ {g fnaocrc {ac johk gb tfych{ohe {ac kc~oyc{afh {g tgy{yf tfych{~ f~ bsmbommohe fmm {acoy okcfm~( F ~cnghk uf~ {af{ {ac~c f~~cy{ogh~ycbmcn{ f ~{yghe nsm{syfm oh{cykon{ fefoh~{ {fmjohe {g g{acy~ figs{ tygimcl~ oh {acaglc- fhk {ac naomk‟~ cbbgy{~ {g lf~j {ac~c bygl tsimon ~nys{oh( Bohfmm- {ac fi~chncgb tfych{~ bygl Bo~a Agcj naomkych‟~ tgy{yffm~ gb acygc~ ~seec~{ck fh shvsc~{oghckeorch- hflcm {af{ lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych afrc hg hcck {g f~~cy{ tfych{fm tygro~ogh oh f




35

ngh{cq{ uacyc tfych{~ ucyc- gy ucyc f~~slck {g ic- bsmbommohe fmm {acoy naomkych‟~ hcck~(Ghegohe c{ahgeyftaon ugyj tygksnck ~{yghe crokchnc {af{ {ac~c lcnafho~l~ ugyj ~olsm{fhcgs~m- fhk ycrcfmck f lgyc ngltmcq ton{syc gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb

{acoy tfych{~ fhk ycmf{ogh~aot okcfm~ oh {ac aglc(

Grcy {olc- uc ucyc fimc {g gi~cyrc {ac kglc~{on fhk bflomofm cqtcyochnc~ gb ohkoroksfmnaomkych oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ „ ohnmskohe {ac kctfy{syc gb f tfych{ „ fhk {achfhfm~c {ac naomkych‟~ tcy~tcn{orc~ gh bflom mobc oh {ac moea{ gb {ac~c( O{ uf~ fttfych{ oh{ao~ tygnc~~ {af{ naomkych‟~ tgy{yffm gb {ac tfych{,tygrokcy o~ {ac lg~{ ycfkom rgnfmo~ckgb f yfhec gb ~{yf{ceoc~ s~ck i naomkych {g hceg{of{c {ac ycfmo{oc~ gb ngh{cltgyfy bflom mobc( G{acy ~{yf{ceoc~ ohnmskc {ac nmcfy tyogyo{o~f{ogh gb vsfmo{oc~ uo{aoh {ac tfych{„naomkycmf{ogh~aot {af{ igm~{cy {acoy ucmm,icohe: fh fn{orc chefeclch{ uo{a {ac nsm{syfmysiyon~ esokohe oh{olf{c kglc~{on ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsyaggk ngh{cq{~:fhk f {fno{ fnjhgumckeclch{ gb {ac ~gnog,cnghglon nafmmchec~ bfnck i tfych{~ fhkfksm{~ lgyc echcyfmm( Uaomc {acyc ucyc ~{yojohe fhk shcqtcn{ck ngh~o~{chnoc~ oh ~glcnaomkych‟~ yc~tgh~c~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- g{acy~ rfyock oh bgyl fhk oh {ac naomkych‟~ fiomo{ {g fnaocrc {ac mcrcm gb nfyc fhk hsy{syc {ac kc~oyck(

Cmcrch,cfy,gmk Lfhko~f o~ shs~sfm flghe acy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc oh {af{ ~acaf~ fmuf~ morck uo{a ig{a acy iogmgeonfm tfych{~( Acy cqtcyochnc~ gb- fhk oh~oea{~oh{g- bflom mobc fyc- {acycbgyc- {ag~c gb f gshe tcy~gh eyguohe st oh ycmf{orc ~{fiomo{ oh {cyl~ gb acy tfych{~‟ tyc~chnc( [ac tygrokc f s~cbsm ngh{cq{ fefoh~{ uaona {gngh~okcy naomkych‟~ yc~tgh~c~ {g tfych{fm lgiomo{ gy {acoy ohfiomo{ {g bsmbom f~tcn{~gb {ac tfych{ohe ygmc(

Lfhko~f ycnfmm~ {ac lgrclch{~ gb acy bflom fhk ohkoroksfm bflom lclicy~ f~bgmmgu~0

O uf~ igyh oh Hfhef- fhg{acy ~sisyi gb Nftc [guhfhk morck {acyc bgy{aycc gy bgsy cfy~( Uc {ach lgrck {g Lf~o: O‟l hg{ ~syc ua( L cmkc~{~o~{cy ~{fck oh Hfhef bgy f bcu cfy~- f~ ~ac uf~ f{{chkohe ~naggm {acyc(L lg{acy‟~ ngs~oh mggjck fb{cy acy ksyohe {af{ tcyogk- is{ {ach l lg{acy ~fok ~ac ls~{ nglc acyc {g morc uo{a s~(

Acy lg{acy‟~ kcno~ogh o~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {ac ~{yghe gtohogh ~ac rgonck {g s~ ycefykohemorohe uo{a acy naomkychfhk ycbmcn{orc gb f kctfy{syc i ~glc bygl {yfko{oghfm

tyfn{onc~ gb yfo~ohe naomkych uo{a eyfhktfych{~ oh ysyfm fycf~ {af{ o~ nft{syck oh g{acyyc~cfyna flghe syifh Qag~f,~tcfjohe bflomoc~ !Mcc 9449: ^tocecm " Lcamufhf6??5/( Fnngykohe {g Lfhko~f‟~ lg{acy0

[ac Cf~{cyh Nftc o~ f eggk tmfnc {g yfo~c naomkych- is{ {acyc o~ hg ugyj ~g uc afrc {g ic acyc( Oh {ao~ ~o{sf{ogh- O {aohj o{ o~ ic{{cy {g iyohe stnaomkych acyc uo{a s~ ~g {af{ uc nfh ic {gec{acy f~ f bflom- cf{ gsylcfm~ {gec{acy fhk ~sna- yf{acy {afh {acl ~{fohe oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftcuaomc uc morc acyc(

Shmojc lfh gb acy tccy~- Lfhko~f af~ hg{ ro~o{ck {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc ~ohnc ~ac

uf~ f {gkkmcy( Acy kyfuohe~ gb f {aycc,mceeck nggjohe tg{ fhk {af{nack yghkfrcm~




31

~seec~{ {af{ ~ac yc{foh~ fh oltgy{fh{ ~ligmon nghhcn{ogh {g [~glg- {ac rommfec oh{ac Cf~{cyh Nftc uacyc ig{a acy tfych{~ eycu st fhk acy eyfhktfych{~ ~{omm yc~okc(Lfhko~f ycefyk~ Lf~otaslcmcmc f~ acy aglc- is{ o~ tygsk gb acy ysyfm acyo{fec( âc

fhk acy tfych{~ ~afyc f ~ch~c gb icmgheohe {g {ac syifh ugymk- uaomc f{ {ac ~flc{olc yc{fohohe f ~{yghe okch{obonf{ogh uo{a {acoy ysyfm gyoeoh~( Cqtyc~~ogh~ gb fhsyifh,bgns~ck is{ ysyfm,ygg{ck okch{o{ fyc ngllgh flghe naomkych fhk tfych{~uag afrc morck oh Lf~otaslcmcmc bgy f kcnfkc gy lgyc( Ys~~cmm‟~ !944>/ ngltfyf{orcfhfm~o~ gb ysyfm fhk syifh Fbyonfh fksm{~‟ okcf~ tcy{fohohe {g fttygtyof{c bflomofmicafrogsy bgshk crokchnc gb yc`cn{ogh gb {ac ysyfm {yfko{ogh gb lsm{oechcyf{oghfmkglc~{on eygst~- is{ tgoh{~ gs{ agu korokck {ac~c yc~tghkch{~ ucyc oh {acoy rocu~(Bgy naomkych fhk {acoy tfych{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- rommfec~ gb gyoeoh fhk joh {acycohyclfoh oltgy{fh{ bgy {acoy fhnc~{yfm acyo{fec fhk icnfs~c {ac gbbcy f tg{ch{ofmbs{syc yc~gsync if~c !Iyf 944?/(

Lfhko~f‟~ tfych{~ fyc oh {acoy mf{c ;4~- lfyyock fhk f{{chkck aoea ~naggm- is{ kok hg{lf{yonsmf{c( Acy bf{acy ysh~ f is~ohc~~ bygl aglc- ~tyfohe fhk lchkohe nfy~( Acylg{acy s~ck {g ugyj oh f hcfyi ngltfh {af{ ~sttmock uggk bgy ags~ohe ngh~{ysn{ogh-is{ hgu f~~o~{~ acy as~ifhk oh ao~ nfy,yctfoy is~ohc~~( Gsy ro~o{~ {g Lfhko~f fhk acybflom ohkonf{ck f kclfhk bgy {acoy is~ohc~~ fhk f mcrcm gb cnghglon ~{fiomo{0 {acoy~tfnogs~ ~afnj o~ ucmm bsyho~ack fhk {acyc uf~ fmuf~ bggk oh {ac byokec(

Lfhko~f kc~nyoic~ f ~{yghe nfyohe chroyghlch{ uo{aoh acy ollckof{c bflom fhk ohacy noynmc gb mgnfm byochk~( ̂ ac o~ f ~cmb,f~~syck eoym- tgtsmfy uo{a acy byochk~ oh {ac fy{nmsi- uag kc~nyoick acy f~ johk- mgfm fhk bsh,mgrohe( âc uf~ ohrfyofim ycmfqck fhk

ngh{ch{ck ksyohe fy{ nmsi fhk uach uc ro~o{ck acy f{ aglc( Acy kyfuohe~ fyc kghcuo{a f boyl afhk- fyc ngmgsybsm fhk {ac tcgtmc ~ac kcton{~ afrc ~lomc~ gh {acoy bfnc~(Acy {cfnacy~ kc~nyoic acy f~ ghc gb {ac lg~{ komoech{ fhk ngltc{ch{ oh {ac nmf~~(

Gsy oh{cyfn{ogh~ oh acy aglc fhk nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a Lfhko~f grcy fh 61,lgh{atcyogk ~aguck agu lsna ~ac rfmsck ~tchkohe {olc uo{a acy tfych{~ oh uf~ oh uaona{ac ucyc fn{orcm chefeck {gec{acy gy f~~o~{ck cfna g{acy oh lshkfhc kglc~{on {f~j~-aglcugyj fn{oro{oc~ gy ~glc{aohe shs~sfm( [ac bfn{ {af{ acy tfych{~ ucyc oh{cyc~{ckfhk ohrgmrck oh f~tcn{~ gb acy mobc- fhk {af{ ~ac afk fh fn{orc ygmc oh {ac kglc~{oncnghgl- ucyc nyo{onfm {g {ac vsfmo{ gb {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk Lfhko~f‟~ cqtcyochncgb nfyc( Acy tccy~ oh {ac fy{ nmsi fttmock ~olomfy nyo{cyof {g {acoy f~~c~~lch{~ gb {acoy

ycmf{orc ch`glch{ gb kglc~{on {f~j~( Fnngykohe {g 6;,cfy,gmk Ififmuf- ‑{ac ic~{ `gio~ uf~aohe nmg{ac~- f~ l lgl fhk O kg {ao~ {gec{acy‟( Fyyorohe f{ {acoy aglc- ucgb{ch bgshk lg{acy fhk kfsea{cy `goh{m {fnjmohe f tomc gb mfshky(

Acy tfych{~‟ ~{cfk ohnglc bygl {acoy aglc,if~ck is~ohc~~ o~ f mojcm ngh{yois{gy{g Lfhko~f‟~ tg~o{orc kglc~{on cqtcyochnc~ fhk echcyfm ucmm,icohe( [af{ ~fok- {acbflom o~ i hg lcfh~ ucfm{a fhk {acoy ycmf{orc cnghglon ~cnsyo{ o~ hg{ oh o{~cmb fkcbohohe bcf{syc gb bflom mobc oh Lfhko~f‟~ cc~- gy f~ bfy f~ uc ucyc fimc {g gi~cyrc(Oh~{cfk- o{ o~ {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb {ac ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ ~ac ch`g~ f{ aglcfhk uo{a acytfych{~ oh tfy{onsmfy( Cqtmfohohe ua ~ac ch`g~ aglcugyj- Lfhko~f ~fok0 ‑Kgohe

aglcugyj ohrgmrc~ l tfych{~( [ac acmt lc ob o{ o~ {gg kobbonsm{ bgy lcfhk ~g




3?

kgc~ l ioe ~o~{cy( Uc kg o{ {gec{acyfhk {ac fyc {acyc {g ngyycn{ l lo~{fjc~ ob O afrc kghc o{ uyghe(‟ Acy tfych{~ mcb{ ~naggm icbgyc {ac ngltmc{ck eyfkc ? oh fysyfm aoea ~naggm f{ mcf~{ 94 cfy~ feg( [ac mcrcm gb cksnf{ogh {ac ycncorck uomm

afrc eorch {acl ~glc eygshkohe oh {ac ~si`cn{ lf{{cy {af{ Lfhko~f o~ mcfyhohef~ f eyfkc,2 ~{skch{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Agucrcy- f~ o~ nmcfy bygl {ac bfn{ {af{Lfhko~f‟~ cmkcy ~o~{cy gb{ch f~~o~{~- o{ o~ hg{ {acoy cksnf{oghfm nftfno{oc~ fmghc {af{lfjc f kobbcychnc {g Lfhko~f( @s~{ f~ ~oehobonfh{ fyc {acoy frfomfiomo{ !lfkc cf~ocyi {acoy aglc,if~ck is~ohc~~/ fhk {acoy uommohehc~~ {g kcrg{c {olc fhk lch{fmchcye {g acy ~naggm {f~j~(

Lfhko~f cqtcn{~ acy tfych{~ {g tygrokc bohfhnofmm- ~gnofmm fhk clg{oghfmm- fhkoh yc{syh ~ac ts{~ {olc fhk cbbgy{ oh{g acy fmmg{{ck {f~j~ f{ aglc- hflcm ~ucctohe-uf~aohe st fhk lfjohe {ac ick~( [ac ohacych{ oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycnotygno{ uo{aoh{ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot o~ {cltcyck uo{a ls{sfm yc~tcn{ fhk shkcy~{fhkohe {af{ chfimc~Lfhko~f‟~ tycbcychnc~ {g ic fnjhgumckeck0 ‑O ch`g kgohe {ac~c Z{aohe~\- is{ O af{cuf~aohe nmg{ac~( L lg{acy jhgu~ gb fhk yc~tcn{~ l ko~mojc- ~g ~ac kgc~ hg{ f~j lc {g uf~a nmg{ac~(‟

Cfymocy yc~cfyna oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~aguck {af{ ig{a eoym~ fhk ig~ ngh{yois{c {g {ackglc~{on cnghgl {aygsea {acoy crcykf nagyc~ !Iyf 944>i/( Eoym~ ugyj ohkggy~-nmcfhohe- nggjohe- kgohe mfshky fhk nfyohe bgy gshecy naomkych- uacycf~ ig~ fycs~sfmm cqtcn{ck {g kg gs{kggy `gi~- ~sna f~ ~ucctohe {ac fyk- fhk lf uf~a {acoyguh nmg{ac~( Eoym~ {chk {g ~tchk lgyc {olc gh kglc~{on nagyc~ {afh ig~(

G{acy eoym~ fhk ig~ gb Lfhko~f‟~ fec ~tgjc gb {ac nghko{ogh~ shkcy uaona {ac

fyc aftt {g kg rfyogs~ kglc~{on nagyc~( [ac ~fok {af{ {ac gi`cn{ck {g {f~j~ {af{ns{ acfrom oh{g {olc hcckck {g ~gnofmo~c uo{a byochk~ gy kg aglcugyj- fhk {acshkcymohe lc~~fec uf~ gb f uommohehc~~ {g tfy{onotf{c- is{ oh f lfhhcy {af{ kok hg{ohrgmrc icohe bgynck {g kg nagyc~ gy icohe {fjch bgy eyfh{ck(

Uac{acy naomkych ucyc fimc {g fnaocrc {ac~c okcfm~ oh {acoy kglc~{on ycmf{ogh~aot~kctchkck oh tfy{ gh kclgeyftaon fhk cnghglon tfyflc{cy~ {af{ fyc mfyecm gs{ gb {acoy afhk~- fhk oh tfy{ gh {acoy ~snnc~~bsm s~c gb nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck ko~ngsy~c~esokohe oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac bgylcy ohnmskc naomkych‟~ echkcyfhk ioy{a tg~o{ogh- {acoy lg{acy‟~ fec fhk {ac ags~cagmk‟~ ngltg~o{ogh fhk ugyj

fyyfheclch{~ f{ f eorch {olc( F~ {ac ~cnghk gb bgsy naomkych- fmm gb uagl fyckfsea{cy~- Lfhko~f ch`g~ ~glc ~ngtc bgy hceg{of{ogh uach o{ nglc~ {g kglc~{on{f~j~( Acy gmkcy ~o~{cy {fjc~ gh f mfyec ~afyc gb {ac nggjohe fhk mfshky( [ac bfn{{af{ acy tfych{~ fyc bfoym gshe- oh eggk acfm{a fhk ugyj oh gy hcfy aglc fm~gfmmgu~ bgy ~glc bmcqoiomo{ oh ags~cagmk nagyc~( Bgy lfh g{acy~- {ac ngh~cvschnc~gb ftfy{acok,oh~{oef{ck shkcycltmglch{ ngh{ohsc {g noynsl~nyoic {acoy gt{ogh~(Boy~{,igyh gy cmkc~{ yc~okch{ {cchfec eoym~ !fhk gnnf~oghfmm ig~/ uag~c lg{acy~ugyjck mghe agsy~ gb{ch afk mo{{mc nagonc is{ {g nggj- nmcfh fhk nfyc bgy gshecy~oimohe~ icbgyc fhk fb{cy ~naggm( Fhk uac{acy uommohem gy iceyskeohem- ~glc mcfyh{ac ~jomm~ hcckck {g ugyj oh {ac is~ohc~~c~ {acoy lg{acy~ ysh bygl {ac aglc- ~sna

f~ afoykyc~~ohe gy yshhohe f ~agt(




24

Tf{{cyh~ gb lgrclch{ {af{ afrc f mghe,~{fhkohe ao~{gyonfm tycnckch{- is{ fyc kyorchi nsyych{ tgrcy{ fhk ohcvsfmo{- iygsea{ fkrfh{fec~ {g ~glc0 rcy moea{ kglc~{on{f~j~ ucyc eorch {g naomkych morohe oh aglc~ {af{ ohnmskck f bclfmc ycmf{orc- s~sfmm

oh acy cfym 94~- uag afk ycnch{m fyyorck bygl {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc( [ac~c uglchucyc gb{ch yc~tgh~oimc bgy {ac kf,{g,kf kglc~{on ks{oc~ uaomc gmkcy syifh,if~cklg{acy~ ugyjck- fh fyyfheclch{ s~sfmm lfkc oh mocs gb nafyeohe ych{ fhk f~ f~{cttohe ~{ghc {gufyk~ {ac gshe olloeyfh{ bohkohe cltmglch{ fhk c~{fimo~aohef aglc !Iyf 944>i/(

Oh rgnfmo~ohe {acoy uo~ac~ ycefykohe kglc~{on ygmc~- naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fyclfjohe ycbcychnc {g- fhk {g ~glc kceycc nafmmcheohe- fn{ogh~ i gmkcy joh fhk fksm{~{af{ kcyorc bygl nsm{syfmm ~fhn{oghck hg{ogh~ mohjohe tgucy uo{a fec fhk tfy{onsmfym echcyf{oghfm kobbcychnc( [ac o~oQag~f ugyk sjsamghotaf !{g yc~tcn{/ o~ uokcm s~cki naomkych fhk fksm{~ fmojc {g kc~nyoic uaf{ o~ ngh~okcyck fh c~~ch{ofm cmclch{ gb oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~- c~tcnofmm {ag~c ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~( Uc acfyk o{ s~ckbycvsch{m oh nghrcy~f{ogh~ figs{ {ac rfmsc~ {af{ fksm{~ ~agsmk ohnsmnf{c oh naomkych-fhk figs{ agu naomkych ~agsmk icafrc {gufyk~ {acoy cmkcy~( O~oQag~f, fhk o~oPsms,~tcfjohe tfych{~ tfy{onotf{ohe oh {ac ~{sk gb naomk kcrcmgtlch{ lfyjcy~ s~ck {ac{cyl ‑yc~tcn{‟ {g byflc {acoy kc~nyot{ogh~ gb {acoy naomk,ycfyohe egfm~ fhk tyfn{onc~!Kfuc~- Iyf c{ fm( 944;0 24/( Oh acy ycnch{ iggj gh gs{a fhk okch{o{ tgmo{on~oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- ôis~o~ouc Hglis~g Kmfloho !9443/ tgoh{~ {g {ac ~oehobonfhncgb sjsamghotaf fifkfmf !yc~tcn{ bgy fksm{~/ oh yfo~ohe Psms naomkych( Oltgy{fh{m-{ac~c nsm{syfm ~nyot{~ fttm {g fhghc gmkcy- lcfhohe {af{ naomkych fyc cqtcn{ck {g~agu yc~tcn{ {g naomkych gmkcy {afh {acl~cmrc~( Kmfloho gi~cyrc~ {af{ {ac tyfn{onfmkclgh~{yf{ogh gb yc~tcn{ ohrgmrc~ kcbcychnc- tgmo{c ~tccna fhk icafrogsy- fhk {acs~c gb hgh,nghbygh{f{oghfm uf~ gb ko~feycclch{( Tgtsmfy s~fec gb {ac {cyl i fksm{~ fhk naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~cclck f{ boy~{ {g ~si~{fh{of{c {ac ton{syctfoh{ck oh {ac mo{cyf{syc- hflcm gb f ngllsho{ rfmsc ch{fomohe kcbcychnc i {acgshe {g fksm{ fs{agyo{ !bgy cqfltmc- âcmlcykohc 9443/( [c~{olghoc~ ~sna f~Lfhko~f‟~ tgoh{ rcy nmcfym {g {ac uf oh uaona naomkych fnjhgumckec kctchkchncgh fksm{ joh bgy {acoy crcykf hcck~ fhk f yc~tcn{ bgy {acoy ~chogyo{ fhk fs{agyo{(_c{ f{ {ac ~flc {olc- {ac nghrc f kceycc gb ycnotygno{ fhk ~tfnc bgy hceg{of{oghic{ucch naomkych fhk fksm{~ {af{ cqo~{ oh crcykf oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~([ao~ lgyc gtch oh{cyfn{ogh ~seec~{~ {af{ sjsamghotaf fifkfmf- f~ tmfck gs{ oh

ngh{cltgyfy Lf~otaslcmcmc- o~ hg{ f~ yc~{yon{orc gb naomkych‟~ fiomo{oc~ {g ohbmschncfksm{ kcno~ogh~ f~ o{ boy~{ fttcfy~( [ac vsc~{ogh {ach fyo~c~ f~ {g uacyc {ac molo{~ gb fksm{ tyctfyckhc~~ {g ycnotygnf{c yc~tcn{ fhk kcno~ogh,lfjohe tgucy moc( [ac {ysc{c~{ {g ycnotygno{ oh {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot vsfmo{oc~ ls~{ moc oh tfych{fm yc~tgh~c~ uachnaomkych lgg{ gy clifyj stgh yo~j gy fksm{,mojc fn{oro{oc~- ~sna f~ egohe gs{ mf{c f{hoea{ gy iyoheohe f igbyochk gy eoymbyochk aglc(

Ksyohe f kyflf ugyj~agt oh Lf~otaslcmcmc-6 63, {g 65,cfy,gmk~ uag nf~{{acl~cmrc~ oh {ac ygmc gb tfych{ ufeeck {acoy bohecy~ {aycf{chohem gy icf{ {acoy{cchfec naomkych bgy ~{fohe gs{ mf{cy {afh tcylo{{ck( Icbgyc icf{ohe {acoy naomkych-

~crcyfm ‑lg{acy~‟ tygick {acl bgy bsmm cqtmfhf{ogh~ gb uag {ac ucyc uo{a- uaf{




26

{ac ucyc kgohe- uac{acy {ac ucyc fufyc gb {ac {olc fhk f~jck uac{acy {ac ucyc ~ccjohe tsho~alch{( Oh hghc gb {ac~c ~nchc~ kok gshe tcgtmc nafmmchec {ackcno~ogh~ gb {acoy tfych{~- gy {ac lc{agk~ s~ck {g cqcy{ fs{agyo{( [ac lc~~fec

nghrcck uf~ gb `s~{ kc~~cy{~ bgy {acoy lo~kclcfhgsy~ fhk gb {fno{ kcbcychnc {g{ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh( [ac~c f{{o{skc~ ucyc fm~g ycbmcn{ck oh {ac ~skkch fhk hgh,ngh~sm{f{orc kcno~ogh~ gb tfych{~ {g lgrc {cchfecy~ {g ycmf{orc~ oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftcuach {ac ~s~tcn{ck {ysfhn gy ko~{yfn{ogh bygl {acoy ~{skoc~(

_c{ tcttcyck uo{aoh fnngsh{~ gb tfych{„naomk oh{cyfn{ogh~ fyc gtohogh~ fhk fn{ogh~{af{ gttg~c uaf{ lfh yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc ycbcyyck {g f~ ‑{yfko{oghfm‟ rocu~([cchfecy~ yctgy{ck tfych{~‟ ~ccjohe {acoy fkronc f~ {g uac{acy gy hg{ {ac bflom ~agsmklgrc {g f kobbcych{ fyk gy hcoeaigsyaggkfhk agu {g ~sttgy{ lclicy~ gb {accq{chkck bflom( Fhk lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ koycn{m fbbcn{ck i AOR ~tgjc gb f eyguohetygtgy{ogh gb fksm{~ uag- mojc {acl- fyc icohe tyglt{ck {g ycngh~okcy echkcy ygmc~ oh {acaglc fhk {acoy f~~slt{ogh~ ycefykohe naomkych‟~ nftfno{oc~ i uaf{ {ac ~cc afttchohemgnfmm !Iyf " Iyfhk{ 9442/( [ac~c tfych{~ hg{ ghm kclgh~{yf{ck {ac hsy{syohe ygmc gb lch oh {ac aglc- is{ ~tgjc figs{ o{~ rfmsc oh f{{clt{ohe {g lcc{ naomkych‟~ clg{oghfmfhk ~gnofm hcck~ uach lf{cyhfm ta~onfm fhk lch{fm acfm{a fyc ngltyglo~ck( Fhk{ac ycnfmmck {acoy ~sytyo~c {af{ naomkych feck ic{ucch bgsy fhk hohc afk shkcy~{ggk{ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb {acoy ~cyogs~ ommhc~~- fhk {af{ {ag~c fttygfnaohe fkgmc~nchncngsmk ~agsmkcy ncy{foh clg{oghfm fhk tyfn{onfm yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~( Gh {ac if~o~ gb ~snagi~cyrf{ogh~- {ac ycngllchkck {fmjohe {g naomkych figs{ ommhc~~ bygl f lsna cfymocyfec {afh uf~ gykohfyom {agsea{ fttygtyof{c !Iyf " Iyfhk{ 9442/(

F kceycc gb ycnotygno{ oh tyfn{onfm ohts{~- fhk ~si~cvsch{m yc~tcn{- chfimc~naomkych fhk tfych{~ {g ~s~{foh f {fno{ feycclch{ ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~ fhk- f~omms~{yf{ck oh Tcmo~uf‟~ kofy cqncyt{ gh tfec 21- o~ gb{ch fy{onsmf{ck uo{a ycefyk {gcksnf{oghfm f~toyf{ogh~ !~cc fm~g Naft{cy 5/( [as~- f ~{yghe {aycfk gb hceg{ofimcycnotygno{oc~ ic{ucch naomkych fhk {ac tfych{fmfhk crch eyfhktfych{fm- echcyf{ogh~o~ crokch{ uo{aoh {ac iygfkcy ko~ngsy~c gb yc~tcn{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( O{~ tyc~chnc fhkeyguohe ~fmochnc fttcfy~ {g ycmf{c {g {ac uf~ oh uaona kclgnyfn- lgkcyho{ fhkngh{cltgyfy {aycf{~ {g {ac oh{ceyo{ gb {ac bflom fyc shkcy~{ggk fhk cqtcyochnckoh {ao~ hcoeaigsyaggk(

Bsy{acy oh~oea{~ oh{g {ac ~gnofm fhk nsm{syfm mfhk~nftc stgh uaona naomkych chefec

uo{a {acoy ollckof{c bflomoc~ clcyec uach uc ngltfyc Lfhko~f‟~ cqtcyochnc~ fhktcy~tcn{orc~ uo{a {ag~c gb Nafyhc- f {cchfec eoym bygl Gncfh Rocu- fhk ̂ afygh byglBo~a Agcj- ig{a gb uagl fm~g morc uo{a ig{a {acoy lfyyock fhk ugyjohe tfych{~(

Oh acy ycnch{ kofy ugyj- 65,cfy,gmk Nafyhc uyg{c figs{ ~afyohe kohhcy uo{aacy bflom crcy crchohe fhk s~ohe {ao~ {olc {g naf{ figs{ {ac kf‟~ crch{~ bgy cfnalclicy( Mojc Lfhko~f- ~ac fn{orcm tfy{onotf{ck oh fhk {acyci bfnomo{f{ck ~afyckbflom {olc fhk bycvsch{ ngllshonf{ogh( ô{{ohe uo{a acy f{ aglc- uc ~ggh icnflcfufyc {af{ Nafyhc‟~ tfych{~ jhgu f eycf{ kcfm figs{ acy kf,{g,kf mobc fhk {acnafmmchec~ ~ac bfnc~( Bgy cqfltmc- uach {fmjohe figs{ f bfmmgs{ ~ac afk afk uo{a f

bclfmc byochk- ~ac f~jck acy bf{acy agu mghe feg {ac afk bgsea{( âc fm~g ~tgjc




29

gb egohe {g acy tfych{~ uo{a tygimcl~ ~ac uf~ afrohe uo{a lclicy~ gb acy nasynags{a nmsi( ^tchkohe {olc uo{a acy bflom o~ nmcfym oltgy{fh{ {g Nafyhc fhk ~acch~syc~ {af{ ~ac af~ ycesmfy gttgy{sho{oc~ {g kg ~g( âc ~tcfj~ figs{ ~tchkohe {olc

uo{a acy lg{acy oh {ac crchohe~- `s~{ ‑mohe gh acy ick- naf{{ohe fhk afrohe f `gm !tfy{/‟( [ac nmg~chc~~ gb {ac lg{acy„kfsea{cy ycmf{ogh~aot o~ fy{onsmf{ck i Nafyhc oh {cyl~ gb acy {ys~{ fhk {acoy ~afyck nghbokchnc~0 ‑L lg{acy o~ l ic~{ byochk: Onfh {cmm acy l kcctc~{ ~cnyc{~- {fmj {g acy figs{ crcy{aohe- ohnmskohe ~cq(‟

F~ lsna f~ acy lg{acy o~ f byochk- ~ac o~ fm~g fh fttycnof{ck fs{agyo{ boesyc ohNafyhc‟~ mobc( ̂ ac cqtmfoh~ {af{ acy lg{acy o~ vso{c ~{yon{- ~c{~ nmcfy igshkfyoc~ bgy acyicafrogsy fhk nafmmchec~ acy {g s~c acy {fmch{~ fhk ic {ac ic~{ ~ac nfh ic( F{ {olc~-Nafyhc bohk~ {ao~ bys~{yf{ohe icnfs~c ~ac kgc~ hg{ fmuf~ bccm ~ac o~ fimc {g fnaocrcuaf{ acy lg{acy cqtcn{~( Is{ oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb {acoy byochk~aot- Nafyhc sm{olf{cm cqtcyochnc~ {ac~c kclfhk~ f~ chngsyfeohe fhk mgrohe( Acy lg{acy fm~g fn{orcm {yoc~ {g isomk Nafyhc‟~ nghbokchnc fhk oh~{om ncy{foh rfmsc~ oh acy- ghc gb {ac lg~{oltgy{fh{ icohe c~{fimo~aohe fh ohkctchkch{ ~toyo{ oh Nafyhc i {cfnaohe acy {af{~ac kgc~ hg{ hcck g{acy tcgtmc- mojc byochk~ gy igbyochk~- {g kcbohc uag ~ac o~(

Nafyhc‟~ ycbcychnc~ {g {ac rfmsc gb oh{olf{c byochk~aot fnngltfhock i fs{agyo{ oh acy cqtcyochnc~ gb icohe tfych{ck afrc tfy{onsmfy ~gnofm fhk nsm{syfm ~fmochnc ohGncfh Rocu- fhk fyc oh ~glc uf~ cvsorfmch{ {g Lfhko~f‟~ ycbcychnc~ {g ‑yc~tcn{‟uo{aoh oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocubycvsch{m ~tgjc figs{ {ac kflfeohe cbbcn{~ gb eg~~ot- fhk gb {ac {chkchn bgy fksm{~ {gngltfyc naomkych {g yfyc cqfltmc~ gb ‑~snnc~~bsm‟ gshe tcgtmc- {acyci shkcylohohe

ig{a {acoy nsyych{ fnaocrclch{~ fhk {acoy bs{syc tg{ch{ofm( Icohe fimc {g `gm uo{aghc‟~ tfych{ fhk f{ {ac ~flc {olc ycncorc ngh~{ysn{orc esokfhnc o~ f yfyc fhk rfmsckngliohf{ogh- cqtyc~~ck oh {cyl~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a ~gnofm ycfmo{oc~ fhk nsm{syfm hgyl~oh Gncfh Rocu( O{ kchg{c~ ~glc ~olomfy vsfmo{oc~ oh oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~{g {ag~c fy{onsmf{ck {aygsea sjsamghotaf oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Bgy cqfltmc- Nafyhc yctgy{~ {af{ fm{agsea acy tfych{~ fyc ~{yon{ fhk ~ac o~ tyolfyom yc~tgh~oimc bgy {acnggjohe fhk nmcfhohe- ~ac ch`g~ f ~olomfy bmcqoiomo{ oh {ac kglc~{on fyyfheclch{~ f~Lfhko~f kc~nyoick icnfs~c acy tfych{~ fyc uommohe {g mo~{ch fhk hceg{of{c( Acy bf{acyugyj~ fh cfym ~aob{ ~g o~ f{ aglc oh {ac fb{cyhggh~( Ob ~ac hcck~ {g eg {g {ac moiyfy gy {g f lcc{ohe ~ac o~ fimc {g f~j aol {g ngh{ohsc {ac ~sttcy tyctfyf{ogh~( Ksyohe {ac

tcyogk gb bocmkugyj- uach ~ac uf~ ugyjohe afyk oh acy bohfm cfy f{ ~naggm- Nafyhc icnflc bys~{yf{ck uo{a {ac bfn{ {af{ acy gshecy iyg{acy hcrcy acmtck fygshk {acags~c( âc uf~ fimc {g ~tcfj {g acy tfych{~ figs{ {ao~: {ac ko~ns~~ck acy iyg{acy‟~ngh{yois{ogh~ {g {ac yshhohe gb {ac aglc fhk ac kok lgyc(

Mojc Lfhko~f- Nafyhc ~{fhk~ gs{ flghe acy tccy~ f~ icohe fy{onsmf{c- shs~sfmm ~snnc~~bsm f{ ~naggm fhk tgtsmfy flghe acy byochk~( Naomkych oh Gncfh Rocuycngeho~c {ao~ {g ic f yfyc ngliohf{ogh gb nafyfn{cyo~{on~ oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk( OhNafyhc‟~ cc~- {ac hf{syc gb {ac fkronc fhk ~sttgy{ eorch i acy lg{acy af~ icchnyo{onfm {g acy fnaocrclch{~ oh ycnch{ cfy~( âc kc~nyoick ~glc cfym cqtcyochnc~ gb ~snnsliohe {g tccy tyc~~syc- ~fohe {af{ ~ac hgu {fjc~ f ~{yghe ~{fhk fefoh~{ icohe

tcy~sfkck {g kg {aohe~ ~ac kgc~ hg{ uo~a {g( âc kgc~- agucrcy- lch{ogh {af{ ~ac af~




2>

afk kobbonsm{oc~ lfoh{fohohe ~glc gb acy nmg~c byochk~aot~- ohkonf{ohe fh fufychc~~gb {ac ~gnofm ng~{~ {g acy {fjohe {ao~ ~{fhnc(

Crch ob {ac hg{ 9;'5 uo{a gs- yoea{ chgsea- {ac fyc hg{ uo{a gs 9;'5-is{ ob gs f~ f tfych{ jhgu uaf{ gsy naomk kgc~ fhk gs fhk gsy naomkafrc fh gtch fhk aghc~{ ycmf{ogh~aot- {ach gsy tfych{~ ugh‟{ afrc {g `skec gs fhk f~~slc {aohe~( !Nafyhc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

Nafyhc‟~ cltaf~o~ gh gtchhc~~ fhk aghc~{ f~ lo{oef{ohe tfych{fm f~~slt{ogh~ gyhcef{orc `skeclch{~ af~ tfy{onsmfy ~fmochnc oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb acy hcoeaigsyaggk‟~ao~{gy fhk f~~gnof{ck ~gnognsm{syfm hgyl~( [ac {cyl ~jcmmohe - mo{cyfmm lcfhohe~ngmkohe- fttcfyck rcy bycvsch{m oh gshe Gncfh Rocu yc~okch{~‟ fnngsh{~ gb {acoykglc~{on fhk tccy,eygst oh{cyfn{ogh( O{~ lcfhohe o~ lgyc echcyfm {afh `s~{ icoheyctyolfhkck bgy kgohe uyghe( ^jcmmohe o~ f uokc~tycfk lcfh~ gb rch{ohe bys~{yf{ogh „

yf{acy mojc jonjohe {ac nf{ „ fhk gshe tcgtmc tgy{yf {acl~cmrc~ f~ icohe shfimc{g ts{ f bgg{ yoea{ fhk bccmohe ngh~o~{ch{m oh {ac boyohe mohc gb nyo{ono~l( [ac fm~gtgoh{ck gs{ fksm{~‟ kcmoicyf{c uo{aagmkohe gb fbboylf{ogh gy chngsyfeclch{- fhkagu {ao~ bscm~ tggy kcno~ogh,lfjohe0

L lgl af~ {ao~ {aohe uacyc ~ac mgrc~ {g {fmj tygskm figs{ acynaomkych {g g{acy~- mojc l fsh{- eyfhh gy {ac hcoeaigsy~- is{ ~ac hcrcy{cmm~ s~ koycn{m {af{ ~ac o~ tygsk gb s~( [ao~ lfjc~ lc {aohj {af{ l lgll kgc~h‟{ aghgsy lc- ~g O lf f~ ucmm kg {aohe~ {af{ bo{ oh uo{a{ao~- {af{ fyc hg{ aghgsyohe gb acy( !Yghfmkg- ig- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

F tfsno{ gb tg~o{orc clg{oghfm mfhesfec fhk f {chkchn {gufyk~ {ac hcef{orc~gnofmo~f{ogh gb naomkych {aygsea eg~~ot fhk rcyifm kchoeyf{ogh !~sna f~ ~jcmmohe /afrc icch hg{ck i fh{aygtgmgeo~{~ ugyjohe oh tggy ngllsho{oc~ uo{a ~olomfy~gnofm fhk tgmo{onfm ao~{gyoc~ !Yg~~ 944?: ^fmg 944;/( [ac~c tfyfmmcm~ ~seec~{ {af{tf~{ yfnofm nmf~~obonf{ogh f~ ‑ngmgsyck‟ fhk ~{f{c fn{ogh~ {gufyk~ {ao~ ~cn{gy gb {actgtsmf{ogh afrc ~aftck f ~gnofm chroyghlch{ fhk f ~tcn{ysl gb nsm{syfm hgyl~{af{ {aycf{ch {ac ngacychnc gb bflom mobc( Yc~okch{ lg{acy~- ~gnofm ugyjcy~ fhk ftf~{gy ucyc vsonj {g okch{ob ~tcnobon f~tcn{~ gb tfych{fm f{{o{skc~ fhk icafrogsy{af{ {ac f{{yois{ck {g {ac hcoeaigsyaggk‟~ tfy{onsmfy ao~{gy gb ko~cltgucylch{([ac ohkonf{c {af{ tggy kcno~ogh,lfjohe fhk ohfkcvsf{c hsy{syohe i tfych{~fyo~c bygl f bgns~ gh cnghglon ucmm,icohe- tyc~~syc~ gh ~ohemc lg{acy~- fhk f

~gnogtgmo{onfm okch{o{ {af{ icfy~ {ac mcefn gb f~nyoick fhk oh{cyhfmo~ck ohbcyogyo{(Hghc gb {ac~c {ychk~ fyc shovsc {g Gncfh Rocu gy g{acy ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~(Lfyeg Ys~~cmm !944>/ hg{c~ {af{ imfnj fhk uao{c tfy{onotfh{~ morohe oh syifh fhkysyfm fycf~ cqtcyochnc ~olomfy ~gnofm tyc~~syc~ {g ngllfhk {ug ohnglc~ oh gykcy{g tf bgy if~on ~si~o~{chnc fhk bgmmgu ngh~slcy {ychk~ !c(e( guhohe nfy~ fhkcmcn{yghon cvsotlch{ fhk ucfyohe kc~oehcy mficm~/( Is{ uaf{ Gncfh Rocu‟~ yc~okch{~ngh~okcy {g ic f ~tcnobon {aycf{ {g bflomofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc {ac ngliohck cbbcn{~ gb ~gnog,cnghglon tyc~~syc~ fhk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk‟~ ~gnogtgmo{onfm okch{o{( [ac~cfyc crokch{ oh ghc uglfh‟~ cqtmfhf{ogh gb ua tfych{~ ~tchk {acoy lcfeyc ohnglc~gh kc~oehcy nmg{aohe- uaomc f{ {ac ~flc {olc f~~cy{ohe rgnobcygs~m {g {cfnacy~ fhk

~gnofm ugyjcy~ {af{ {ac nfhhg{ fbbgyk {acoy naomk‟~ ~naggm shobgyl0




2;

O {aohj o{ af~ f mg{ {g kg uo{a uacyc uc nglc bygl•uc‟rc icch lfkc{g bccm ‑mc~~ {afh‟ ~g uc kyc~~ ‑lgyc {afh‟( [ac rfmsc ~~{cl {af{ uc afrc-gj- ~f- O loea{ hg{ afrc lghc- is{ ob O kyc~~ f~ ob O afrc lghc- gj-

fhk ob {ac kcng gb l ags~c {cmm~ gs {ao~ nggjoc af~ eg{ lghc {ach{af{ o~ gj- hcrcy lohk ob crcy ~cnghk kf O ec{ f yck mc{{cy gb kclfhk(_gs jhgu uaf{ O‟l ~fohe7 ^g o{‟~ {af{ uagmc nsm{syc- o{‟~ fmlg~{ mojc fhohigyh nsm{syc- O fmlg~{ ufh{ {g ~f- uo{a gsy tcgtmc( !^gnofm ugyjcy fhklg{acy- Gncfh Rocu/

Uach rocuck oh ycmf{ogh {g {acoy tccy~- Nafyhc fhk Lfhko~f ~{fhk gs{ f~ afrohetfy{onsmfym ~sttgy{orc fhk nmg~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {acoy tfych{~( [ac ycmf{ogh~aotnafyfn{cyo~{on~ {af{ {ac okch{ob icfy {c~{olgh {g uaf{ ~glc fksm{~ fhk naomkychfyc fimc {g fnaocrc oh ~to{c gb {ac ghegohe oltfn{~ gb ftfy{acok,echcyf{ck rogmchncgh bflom mobc fhk ngh{cltgyfy ~gnofm fhk cnghglon tyc~~syc~( [ac vsfmo{ gb {acoy

ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ ~s~{fohck oh tfy{ i ycbcychnc {g fhk s~c gb nsm{syfm hgyl~ esokohe~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh {af{ afrc clcyeck bygl tfy{onsmfy ngllsho{ ao~{gyoc~( [acoytfych{~‟ cltmglch{ fhk {ac yc~sm{ohe cnghglon ~cnsyo{ f{ aglc o~ fhg{acy bfn{gyoh igm~{cyohe {ac vsfmo{ gb {acoy kglc~{on ycmf{ogh~aot~(

[ac ycmf{ogh~aot nafyfn{cyo~{on~ {af{ Lfhko~f fhk Nafyhc okch{ob fhk ch`g yctyc~ch{ okcfm~ {g uaona g{acy~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk f~toyc is{ yfycm fnaocrc- bgyycf~gh~ {af{ uc ommslohf{c mf{cy oh {ac naft{cy( Hg{fim- {ac ~flc okcfm~ tcy{fohohe {gtfych{„naomk ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc acmk i gshe tcgtmc eyguohe st oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~aAgcj( âfygh af~ morck uo{a acy iogmgeonfm tfych{~ fhk ~oimohe~ oh {ac ~flc ags~c fmm

acy mobc( Acy bf{acy af~ ugyjck f~ f {cfnacy bgy f~ mghe f~ ~ac nfh yclclicy fhk acylg{acy ycnch{m ~{fy{ck tfy{,{olc ~cnyc{fyofm ugyj( âfygh‟~ fhfm~o~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~oh acy aglc ycrcfm~ {af{ cnghglon lcfh~ fyc hg{ f esfyfh{cc {af{ naomkych uommcqtcyochnc ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a tfych{~ gb {ac vsfmo{ {ac kc~oyc0

O ec{ ~sttgy{ bygl Lgl fhk Kfk- is{ ghm bgy ncy{foh {aohe~ „ bgy g{acy{aohe~ O mggj {g l byochk~ gy O lfhfec gh l guh( O uo~a {af{ l bflom ngsmk ic lgyc gtch uo{a lc fhk eorc lc fh gttgy{sho{ {g icgtch( Fmm O ufh{ o~ bgy l bflom {g ic {acyc lgyc bgy lc( [ac fyc {acycbgy lc bohfhnofmm „ {ac eorc lc f yggl- bggk fhk {aohe~ „ is{ {ac fychg{ {acyc tcy~ghfmm( !âfygh- eoym- feck 65- Bo~a Agcj/

Tfych{~ oh Bo~a Agcj s~c f hslicy gb {ac ~flc tayf~c~ {g kc~nyoic {acoy fttygfna {gyfo~ohe naomkych f~ {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Gncfh Rocu( Ghc gb {ac~c uf~ {ac f~~cy{ogh gb yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy ghc‟~ naomkych sh{om {ac ycfna {ac fec gb 61- uach {ac ngh~okcy {aclgmk chgsea {g kg f~ {ac mojc( [ac tfych{~ gb 69,cfy,gmk Rfhc~~f lfkc {ao~ tgoh{ ohycmf{ogh {g {acoy ~{yon{ ags~c ysmc~ fhk {acoy tcyncorck hcck {g lfjc kcno~ogh~ bgy {acoynaomkych( Ig{a tfych{fm fs{agyo{ fhk ko~{ohn{ echkcy ygmc~ esokc kglc~{on oh{cyfn{oghoh Rfhc~~f‟~ aglc( Acy bf{acy lfjc~ lg~{ gb {ac ysmc~ fhk kcno~ogh~- f{{clt{ohe {gngh{ygm uaf{ ao~ naomkych fyc cqtg~ck {g i tygaoio{ohe {cmcro~ogh oh {ac ags~c fhkkcnokohe uaf{ ao~ naomkych fyc fhk fyc hg{ fmmguck {g kg( Rfhc~~f ~tcfj~ fttycnof{orcm gb acy bf{acy‟~ cbbgy{~ {g tyg{cn{ {ac bflom- lfjc~ hg tyg{c~{ f{ aglc fefoh~{ {ac ygmc

~ac o~ f~nyoick fhk ghm aoh{~ {g s~ gb acy yc~sm{fh{ ~ch~c gb cqnms~ogh0




23

Uachcrcy l tfych{~ afrc byochk~ grcy O afrc {g ysh fygshk fhk iyohe{cf•is{ O fl hg{ fmmguck {g `goh oh{g fksm{~‟ nghrcy~f{ogh( !Rfhc~~f-eoym- feck 69- Bo~a Agcj/

[ac f~~cy{ogh gb cqnms~orc yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy ghc‟~ naomkych o~ bsy{acy crokchnc gb {ac tcy~o~{chnc gb {ac hsnmcfy,bflom lgkcm oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj( Hgyl~-gb ngsy~c- fyc shkcylohck gy igm~{cyck i crcykf ycfmo{oc~ fhk tcynct{ogh~ gb ycfmo{( Fm{agsea gb f kobbcych{ hf{syc fhk ~nfmc {g {ag~c bfnohe naomkych oh GncfhRocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- {ac {tc~ gb yo~j~ {g naomkych‟~ ~fbc{ fhk ucmm,icohetcyncorck i tfych{~ oh Bo~a Agcj ~ccl {g ngh{yois{c {g f tfych{ohe fttygfna {af{tmfnc~ boyl igshkfyoc~ gh {acoy naomkych‟~ icafrogsy(9 Tfych{~ tg~o{ogh {acl~cmrc~f~ {ac fech{~ gb {acoy naomkych‟~ fnvso~o{ogh gb {ac tcy~ghfm kcrcmgtlch{- ~jomm~fhk fs{ghgl {af{ {ac lg~{ kc~oyc bgy {acoy naomkych „ f tgoh{ fm~g lfkc i âcmlcykohc !9443/ oh acy t~nagmgeonfm fhfm~o~ gb f ~lfmm ~c{ gb oh{cyrocu~ oh {acRfmmc( Bygl {ao~ tcy~tcn{orc- naomkych fyc tg~o{oghck f~ ycfn{orc {g {acoy tfych{~yf{acy {afh f~ fimc fhk fn{orc oh cqcy{ohe {acoy guh ohbmschnc gh {acoy ucmm,icohefhk kcrcmgtlch{(

Lg~{ naomkych yc~okohe oh Bo~a Agcj yctgy{ck aftt fhk cbbcn{orc ycmf{ogh~aot~ ohaglc~ oh uaona fh c{aon gb tfych{,fech{ fhk naomk,yc~tghkch{ tycrfom~( F~ cm~cuacycoh {ac Rfmmc- {acyc uf~ mo{{mc crokchnc gb f ko~ngsy~c gb naomkych‟~ yoea{~ {af{ oh fh uf nafmmcheck {ac~c hg{ogh~( Fhk uaomc f bcu ~fok {ac bccm ~{obmck i uaf{ {ac kc~nyoic f~ {ac ngh~cyrf{orc f{{o{skc~ gb {acoy tfych{~- hghc gb {ac naomkych ucugyjck uo{a vsc~{oghck {ac if~o~ gb {ac~c ysmc~( [ucmrc,cfy,gmk Fhhoc- uag nglc~

fnyg~~ f~ lf{syc fhk cqtyc~~orc- uf~ ghc gb ~crcyfm naomkych morohe oh Bo~a Agcj uagyctgy{ck f rcy kobbcych{ fttygfna i {acoy tfych{~( Tfyftayf~ohe acy tfych{~- ~ac~fok- f mo{{mc lgnjohem- ‑Uc fyc fh gtch bflom& Fhghc uag af~ fh gtohogh nfh {fmj(‟[olc oh acy aglc ycrcfmck {af{ acy tfych{~ chngsyfec {acoy naomkych {g {aohj figs{{aohe~- hceg{of{c fhk ic ohkctchkch{( [acoy mc~~ fs{agyo{f{orc fttygfna {g tfych{oheuf~ fnaocrohe ngllshonf{ogh ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~ fhk f ~ch~c gb ls{sfm yc~tcn{(Agucrcy- {ac tyc~chnc gb nghbmon{ fhk ngltc{o{ogh ~seec~{~ {af{ ig{a echcyf{ogh~ fyc~{yseemohe {g lfhfec hg{ogh~ gb cvsfmo{ uaomc f{ {ac ~flc {olc bsmbommohe {ac ygmc~gb tfych{ fhk naomk( Fhhoc ~tgjc gb bycvsch{ fyeslch{~ uo{a acy lg{acy- ~fohe- ‑O{‟~icnfs~c uc fyc ig{a ~{siigyh tcgtmc‟- fhk cqtyc~~ck ~glc fliorfmchnc {gufyk~ acy(

âc ~glc{olc~ mo~{ck acy lg{acy f~ ghc gb {ac lg~{ oltgy{fh{ tcgtmc oh acy mobc fhkf{ g{acy {olc~ ~fok {af{ ~ac af{ck acy(

Kc~to{c korcyech{ ~gnogtgmo{onfm ao~{gyoc~ fhk hgylf{orc chroyghlch{~- gshetcgtmc‟~ fhfm~c~ gb {acoy oh{cyfn{ogh~ uo{a tfych{~ fyc ~{yojohem ~olomfy oh {cyl~gb {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot {ac okch{ob f~ nyo{onfm {g afylgh oh {ac aglcfhk {acoy guh ucmm,icohe( [ac kobbcychnc~ moc- boy~{m- oh {ac lgkc~ gb cqtyc~~oghgb {ac~c vsfmo{oc~ „ bgy gb{ch {ac~c fyc {ock {g ycbcychnc tgoh{~ uo{aoh f tfy{onsmfynsm{syfm ko~ngsy~c „ fhk- ~cnghkm- oh {ac johk~ gb gi~{fnmc~ {g naomkych fhk fksm{~fnaocrohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ gb {ao~ hf{syc- bgy cqfltmc uach bfnck uo{a fi~chnc-hcemcn{ gy fis~c(




22

ômchnc fhk yc~o~{fhnc0 Yc~tgh~c~ {g hcemcn{ fhk fis~c

âfyohe f aglc uo{a {acoy tfych{~ kgc~ hg{ esfyfh{cc naomkych {ac vsfmo{ gb nfyc

fhk oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ kc~nyoick i Lfhko~f fhk Nafyhc( _gshe tcgtmcyc~tghk {g ~agy{bfmm~ gb nfyc ngllgh oh tg~{,ftfy{acok bflom mobc i f{{clt{ohe {gtyg{cn{ {acoy guh ucmm,icohe fhk {af{ gb {acoy bflom lclicy~( [acoy ~{yf{ceoc~ ohnmskc{ac {fno{ fnjhgumckeclch{ gb tfy{onsmfy nafmmchec~ bfnohe fksm{~ oh {ac bflom: ~omchnc:~{yf{ceon ngllshonf{ogh: yc~okch{ofm lgrc~: fhk {ac ycf~~cy{ogh gb {ac tfych{fm ygmcgb tygrokcy crch uach o{ o~ ucfj gy fi~ch{( ^glc- mojc Mohkouc- ~snncck oh tyg{cn{ohe{ac ~gnofm oh{ceyo{ gb {ac bflom- is{ ngltyglo~c {acoy ta~onfm ~fbc{ fhk clg{oghfmhsy{syc( G{acy~- mojc Rcyghovsc- {fjc kcno~orc fn{ogh~ {g fm{cy {acoy kglc~{on ~tacyc-is{ ~s~{foh ng~{~ {g {acoy t~nagmgeonfm ucmm,icohe( F naomk,nch{yck shkcy~{fhkohe gb hcemcn{ fhk fis~c oh tg~{,ftfy{acok Nftc [guh hcnc~~o{f{c~ cqtmgyohe {ac oh{cybfnc

ic{ucch {aycf{~ nsyych{m oltg~ck gh naomkych {aygsea bflomofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk {acfn{ogh~ gb naomkych {g frgok gy lo{oef{c {ac~c {aycf{~(

[aoy{cch,cfy,gmk Mohkouc morc~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uo{a acy iogmgeonfm tfych{~-gshecy ~oimohe~- fh shnmc fhk f ngs~oh !uagl ~ac ycbcy~ {g f~ ‑~o~{cy‟/( [ac tyc~chncgb Mohkouc‟~ tfych{~- fhk icnfs~c ig{a {ac fhk acy shnmc ugyj- ugsmk ~seec~{ {af{~ac- mojc Lfhko~f- o~ oh f ycmf{orcm ~cnsyc tg~o{ogh( Agucrcy- o{ uf~ ~ggh fttfych{{af{ Mohkouc uf~- gh {ac if~o~ gb acy guh fhk g{acy~‟ `skeclch{- ghc gb {ac lg~{ rsmhcyfimc naomkych uc ugyjck uo{a( Lgycgrcy- uc uo{hc~~ck acy tccy~ oh {ac fy{nmsi fhk f{ ~naggm fhk acy {cfnacy~ oh{cyfn{ohe uo{a Mohkouc oh uf~ {af{ ~seec~{ck{acoy ~ch~c gb acy f~ ig{a kobbcych{ fhk ko~fkrfh{feck( âc gb{ch ugyjck gh acy

guh ksyohe fy{ nmsi fhk uf~ {ac gi`cn{ gb ech{mc {cf~ohe( Fm{agsea tygrgjck- fhkgb{ch ~afyt oh acy yc~tgh~c~- Mohkouc uf~ mojck i acy tccy~ fhk acy lfyeohfmo{ uf~ tfy{m ~cmb,koycn{ck( Uach f~jck figs{ acy byochk~aot~- ~ac ~{f{ck imsh{m0 ‑O kghg{ afrc byochk~•Crch nmg~c byochk~ fyc mofy~- {ac fyc hg{ nghbokch{ofm- O nfh‟{ {ys~{fhghc- O nfh‟{ crch {ys~{ gs(‟ Fhk oh yc~tgh~c {g gsy gi~cyrf{ogh gb {ac fttfych{cbbgy{~ gb fhg{acy eoym oh fy{ nmsi {g icbyochk acy- ~ac ~fok0 ‑Ififmuf o~ eggk {g lc „uc eg {g ^{skch{ Nayo~{ofh Lcc{ohe {gec{acy- is{ ~ac o~ hg{ f byochk(‟

Mohkouc‟~ lg{acy ugyj~ sh{om mf{c fhk acy bf{acy ‑nglc~ fhk egc~ fmm {ac {olc- f~ ackyohj~ oh {ac mgnfm {frcyh~‟( Mohkouc fhk acy ~oimohe~ fyc gb{ch f{ aglc uo{ags{ fhfksm{ bgy st {g borc agsy~ gb {ac kf- cq{chkohe oh{g {ac crchohe( ^tcfjohe gb {ac~ctcyogk~- Mohkouc cqtmfohck0 ‑Uc ~glc{olc~ eg hcq{ kggy „ O cf{ iycfjbf~{ uo{a l hcoeaigsy- Taouc- {acyc- is{ s~sfmm uc ~{f f{ aglc gh gsy guh f{ hoea{ f~ ucmm f~ksyohe {ac kf( Uc mggj fb{cy gsy~cmrc~(‟ [ac hcoeaigsy~ fm~g ycefykck {ac~c naomkychf~ rsmhcyfimc( [ac ucyc vsonj {g nyo{ono~c Mohkouc‟~ tfych{~ bgy mcfrohe {ac naomkychfmghc {g mggj fb{cy cfna g{acy- ohnmskohe {ac bgsy,uccj,gmk ifi- uaomc acy lg{acyf{{chkck f 9;,agsy ef{acyohe gb ooevoyafjfpo !bclfmc {yfko{oghfm acfmcy~/(

Fm{agsea Mohkouc hcrcy ~{f{ck {af{ ~ac bcm{ hcemcn{ck f{ aglc- ~ac fklo{{ck {gbccmohe sh~fbc {acyc( Acy bcfy~ afrc f {fheoimc if~o~0 ksyohe {ac yc~cfyna tcyogk-Mohkouc ~tom{ igomohe gom gh acy mce~ uaomc nggjohe bgy acy bflom( [ac ~cyogs~hc~~

gb {ac isyh~ lcfh{ {aycc kf~ oh ag~to{fm- {aycc uccj~ gbb ~naggm fhk coea{ uccj~ oh




25

acfr ifhkfec~- ycvsoyohe ycesmfy ag~to{fm ro~o{~( ̂ oq lgh{a~ icbgyc uc lc{ Mohkouc-acy coea{,cfy,gmk ngs~oh uf~ fmmceckm yftck f{ aglc ksyohe {ac kf i f ycmf{orc(

Mohkouc‟~ tfych{~ fyc nmcfym bfomohe {g tyg{cn{ {ac naomkych oh {acoy nfyc bygl ~crcycmghe,{cyl ta~onfm fhk clg{oghfm afyl( Hcrcy{acmc~~- ~ac kc~nyoic~ acy lg{acy f~acy acyg ‑icnfs~c ~ac jcct~ lc ~fbc oh acy mobc- {af{ o~ ua O fl f ioe eoym hgu‟: kyfu~f{{ch{ogh {g uaf{ ~ac kgc~ tygrokc: fhk tg~o{ogh~ acy f~ sm{olf{cm kctchkfimc- f{mcf~{ oh {cyl~ gb acy tyc~chnc0

L bf{acy nglc~ ifnj bygl ugyj {ach egc~ ~{yfoea{ {g ec{ f kyohj- fhkac ~agu~ hg oh{cyc~{ oh uaf{ afttch~ f{ aglc( L lg{acy f{ mcf~{ ts{~bggk gh {ac {fimc fhk tygrokc~ nmg{ac~ bgy acy naomkych•Uach l kf~fyc kfyj- l lg{acy o~ {acyc bgy lc(

[ac ugyk~ ‑f{ mcf~{‟ oh {ac figrc vsg{f{ogh aoh{ f{ Mohkouc‟~ fufychc~~ gb {ac

molo{f{ogh~ {g acy lg{acy‟~ nfyc( Lgycgrcy- {acyc o~ ~glc{aohe lo~~ohe byglMohkouc‟~ kyfuohe~ fhk kc~nyot{ogh~ gb acy oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a acy lg{acy uachngltfyck {g {ag~c gb acy tccy~( [ac mfnj {ac hsfhnc fhk kc{fomck ngllshonf{ogh{af{ nghrc clg{oghfm f{{fnalch{ gy ycnotygno{ gb clg{oghfm nfyc( [ac ycmf{ogh~aotic{ucch lg{acy fhk kfsea{cy o~ hg{ f~ nmg~c gy cbbcn{orc oh o{~ nfyohe nftfno{oc~ f~Mohkouc tyc~ch{~ o{ {g ic( [ac ko~nyctfhn ic{ucch kc~nyot{ogh fhk ycfmo{ yfo~c~{ac vsc~{ogh gb ua naomkych yclfoh ~omch{ figs{ ohfkcvsf{c nfyc- hcemcn{ fhk crchfis~c oh {ac aglc(

Agucrcy ngh~nogs~ Mohkouc o~ gb {ac mcrcm gb acy tfych{~‟ hcemcn{- ~ac gi~cyrc~ g{acy~

oh acy hcoeaigsyaggk uag afrc ~olomfy cqtcyochnc~ fhk oh {ao~ moea{ lf hg{ `skecacy guh noynsl~{fhnc~ f~ ugy{a yctgy{ohe( [ach {acyc o~ {ac vsc~{ogh gb uag ~acloea{ {cmm( ^tcfjohe figs{ fis~c uo{aoh {ac bflom gy hcoeaigsyaggk af~ ~cyogs~yflobonf{ogh~ bgy fh ohkoroksfm naomk- ohnmskohe- bgy cqfltmc- ycfn{ogh~ gb ko~icmocb gy yc`cn{ogh i ycmf{orc~- fhk {ac yo~j gb ko~nycko{ohe {ac bflom flghe hcoeaigsy~gy byochk~( [acyc o~ crch lgyc f{ ~{fjc bgy rcy tggy naomkych0 i cqtg~ohe fhfis~cy- {ac lf mg~c f iycfkuohhcy fhk tmfnc {acoy uagmc bflom f{ cnghglon yo~j ![guh~chk " Kfuc~ 944;/( Yctgy{ohe hcemcn{ gy fis~c {g ~gnofm ugyjcy~ {acgyc{onfmm ch{fom~ {ac ycfm kfhecy gb icohe {fjch oh{g ns~{gkofm nfyc fhk yclgrck bygl {acbflomofy chroyghlch{ bgy fh shjhguh tcyogk gb {olc !f ycf~gh bgy naomkych‟~ ~omchncbgshk oh g{acy oltgrcyo~ack ~c{{mclch{~ oh Nftc [guh „ ~cc Achkcy~gh 6???: Yg~~944?/( Is{ gsy crokchnc ~seec~{~ {af{ rcy bcu naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc {fjchoh{g ns~{gk- f{ mcf~{ oh f lfhhcy {af{ yclgrc~ {acl bygl crcy{aohe bflomofy( _gsheyc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu fyc lgyc mojcm {g bcfy {ao~ gs{nglc icnfs~c {ac uo{hc~~o{ lgyc bycvsch{m( Oh lgyc {afh 94 nf~c bomc~ gb ~gnofm ugyjcy~ ycmf{ohe {g kglc~{onhcemcn{ gy fis~c oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- ghm {ug ycngykck yclgrohe f naomk bygl {acaglc- fhk oh ig{a nf~c~ {ao~ uf~ {g f bg~{cy lg{acy uag uf~ mgnfm fhk fmycfk ucmmjhguh {g {acl( !^cc Naft{cy > bgy f bsmm kc~nyot{ogh gb {ao~ ohbgylfm bg~{cy,nfycfyyfheclch{(/ Gb {ac ~flc hslicy gb ~gnofm,ugyj nf~c~ gtch oh Gncfh Rocu- {ayccycngykck yclgrohe naomkych- {ug {g shjhguh ns~{gk fhk ghc {g fh fsh{(




21

[ac ngh{cq{ gb f tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsyaggk fttcfy~ {g ohbgyl naomkych‟~ kcno~ogh~ {gyclfoh ~omch{( Uach kglc~{on ko~ts{c~ fyo~c oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- gshe tcgtmc {chk{g lfjc {acoy tgoh{ i nsy{fomohe ngllshonf{ogh- co{acy i ycbs~ohe {g ~tcfj gy

ufmjohe gs{- yf{acy {afh ngh{yois{ohe {g fh fyeslch{0

L lg{acy kokh‟{ is lc fh{aohe Zgh l ioy{akf >\- hg{ crch fnagngmf{c( O uf~ ~g fhey {af{ O kokh‟{ crch {fmj {g acy- gy l ~o~{cy( ^g ~acf~jck lc ua O‟l hg{ {fmjohe {g acy fhk O {gmk acy( âc yctmock {af{ ~ac o~boqohe lghc bgy lc {g afrc f ic{{cy cksnf{ogh fhk ~frohe bgy lc {g f{{chk{ac GOM nflt; oh @shc- bgy uaona O‟mm hcck lghc {g is nmg{ac~ fhk g{acy~{sbb( ^g O shkcy~{fhk acy fhk ~ac eorc~ lc f ioe ase fhk {afhj~ lc bgyshkcy~{fhkohe( !Kofy ch{y i Tcmo~uf- eoym- feck 63- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

ômchnc gh {ac tfy{ gb gshe tcgtmc o~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a yc~tcn{bsm icafrogsy {gufyk~

ghc‟~ ~chogy~- fhk- {acycbgyc- ch~syc~ {ac ngh{ohsohe tg~~oiomo{ gb ycnotygno{ ic{ucchechcyf{ogh~( Oh {ac figrc nf~c- {ac tygimcl o~ yc~gmrck i lg{acy fhk kfsea{cy‟~ycfbboylf{ogh~ gb {acoy ngllo{lch{~ {g {acoy yc~tcn{orc yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~0

Uach l lg{acy cqtmfohck {af{ ~ac ngsmk hg{ fbbgyk {g {aygu f tfy{- Ouf~ hg{ naccj {g acy( O efrc acy f ioe ase fhk ~ac {gmk lc {af{ ~ac af~lfh tmfh~ bgy lc icnfs~c O fl {ac mf~{ igyh fhk ~ac uomm lfjc ~syc {af{l kycfl nglc~ {ysc ob O jcct kgohe l ~naggm ugyj(

Uaomc ~sna ~{yf{ceoc~ gb ngllshonf{ogh fyc gb{ch ~snnc~~bsm oh lfhfeohe mfnj fhko{~ yc~sm{ohe ko~fttgoh{lch{ gy nghbmon{- {acoy cbbonfn o~ molo{ck i {ac cnghglon

tg~~oiomo{oc~ frfomfimc {g tfych{~( Uach tfych{~ fyc ngh~o~{ch{m shfimc {g tygksnc {aclghc gy yc~gsync~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a eggk nfyc fhk nfh hg mghecy iyohe {acl~cmrc~ {gtyglo~c {g kg ~g- {ao~ oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ifyefoh o~ hg mghecy ~s~{fohfimc( Oh Mohkouc‟~nf~c- nayghon oltgrcyo~alch{ fhk ~nfh{ tfych{fm tygro~ogh fn{ {g shkcylohc {actgucy gb nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck ko~ngsy~c {g ~s~{foh f ~ch~c gb ucmm,icohe( Acy nagonc {gyc{foh f tg~o{orc olfec fhk yclfoh ~omch{ figs{ tygimcl~ o~ fm~g kyorch i ohkoroksfm,mcrcm ohbmschnc~- uaona fyc fm~g ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a ~gnofm hgyl~( T~nagmgeo~{~ ugsmkfyesc {af{ i tyc~ch{ohe fh olfec gb icohe oh f nfyohe bflom chroyghlch{ {aygsea~{yf{ceon- fhk tcyaft~ nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck- ~omchnc- naomkych fyc tyg{cn{ohe {acl~cmrc~i frgokohe afrohe {g nghbygh{ ycfmo{ !Ufmmcy~{coh " Jcmm 6?14/( Oh fkko{ogh-

lfoh{fohohe ~omchnc fhk nagg~ohe hg{ {g nyo{ono~c tfych{fm nfyc fyc uf~ gb nghrcoheyc~tcn{ {af{ fyc ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {ac nsm{syfm hgyl~ esokohe naomk„fksm{ ycmf{ogh~aot~oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( [as~- i ~aocmkohe {acoy tfych{~ !gy lg{acy~ f{ mcf~{/ bygl ~nys{oh-naomkych fyc tyg{cn{ohe {ac ycts{f{ogh gb {acoy tfych{~ fhk sm{olf{cm {acoy guh( [ac fyc f~aflck gb {acoy tfych{~ fhk ~olsm{fhcgs~m fhqogs~ {af{ tfych{fm fn{ogh~ lf ycbmcn{ ifkm gh {ac bflom fhk gh {acl f~ ohkoroksfm~ uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst( F~ uommicnglc crokch{ oh naft{cy~ {g bgmmgu- ~sna ~{ct~ lf{{cy {g naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk Gncfh Rocu icnfs~c {ag~c uag fyc jhguh oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk {g ic rcy tggyfyc mojcm {g ic {cf~ck fhk cqnmskck i {acoy tccy~(

Is{ lfoh{fohohe oltyc~~ogh~ gb f acfm{a bflom lf nglc f{ f asec ng~{ {g naomkych

oh {cyl~ gb {acoy ohrc~{lch{ oh ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ ~{fhk {g ~sttgy{ {acl hgu




2?

fhk oh {ac bs{syc( Mohkouc‟~ yc{onchnc {g ohrc~{ clg{oghfmm oh acy ycmf{ogh~aot uo{aacy lg{acy yc~ghf{c~ uo{a acy ~{f{ck kcno~ogh hg{ {g afrc nmg~c byochk~( Uc kok hg{nghksn{ {ac t~nagmgeonfm f~~c~~lch{~ {g jhgu uac{acy ~ac uf~ kctyc~~ck- is{

oh gykcy {g lfhfec {ac fi~chnc gb nfyc fhk tg~~oiomo{oc~ gb fis~c f{ aglc- ~ac o~fn{orcm ns{{ohe acy~cmb gbb bygl {ag~c uag fyc ta~onfmm fhk ~gnofmm nmg~c~{ {g acy(O{ o~ {cmmohe {af{ uach naf{{ohe figs{ acy bs{syc tmfh~- Mohkouc ~tcfj~ gb `gohohefhk kctchkohe gh ycmf{orc~ fhk g{acy~ uo{a uagl ~ac af~ lsna lgyc {chsgs~nghhcn{ogh~( Ghc o~ f tf{cyhfm eycf{,fsh{ ugyjohe bgy [cmjgl oh Efs{che- uag af~fttfych{m ~seec~{ck {af{ Mohkouc fnngltfh acy {g Flcyonf( [ac ~cnghk o~ acylg{acy‟~ cltmgcy- uag- ~f~ Mohkouc- tmfh~ {g {fjc acy fhk acy ~oimohe~ {g Ecylfh(Mohkouc‟~ rorfno{ fhk kc{cylohf{ogh fyc tcy~sf~orcis{ fmm g{acy ohkonf{ogh~ ~seec~{{af{ ~ac o~ nms{naohe f{ ~{yfu~(

[ac nf~c gb 65,cfy,gmk Rcyghovsc gb Gncfh Rocu ~ack~ moea{ gh g{acy uf~ ohuaona naomkych yc~tghk {g hcemcn{bsm gy fis~orc tfych{ohe( Uach uc boy~{ lc{Rcyghovsc- ~ac uf~ morohe uo{a acy tfych{~ fhk 64,cfy,gmk iyg{acy( Ngh~{ysn{orcngllshonf{ogh uo{aoh Rcyghovsc‟~ bflom o~ nmcfym rcy molo{ck fhk gnnsy~ uo{aohfh f{lg~tacyc gb lo~{ys~{ fhk fhecy( Lgycgrcy- {ac ~tchk rcy mo{{mc {olc {gec{acyfhk kg hg{ chefec oh cfna g{acy‟~ morc~( Rcyghovsc {yoc~ {g frgok icohe f{ aglc uachacy tfych{~ fyc {acyc0

Ob l lgl gy acy as~ifhk fyc acyc {ach O‟mm ic gs{ fmm kf fhk nglcaglc f{ hoea{( G{acy {olc~ O‟mm ic acyc {omm 5 fhk {ach eg gs{ {omm mojc ? gy64( O{‟~ tgoh{mc~~ icohe acyc icnfs~c {ac cqnmskc lc( [ac uf{na [R fhk

O kgh‟{ mojc {af{(ôhnc {ac fec gb 69- Rcyghovsc af~ ~tch{ ~crcyfm mghe tcyogk~ morohe uo{a g{acyycmf{orc~ gh acy lg{acy‟~ ~okc oh Gncfh Rocu0

O{ uf~ l kcno~ogh {g lgrc oh uo{a l fsh{ oh eyfkc ?( O{ uf~ hg{ fhgbbonofm lgrc- is{ eyfksfmm O ~tch{ lgyc fhk lgyc {olc {acyc fhkicnfs~c {ac kokh‟{ gi`cn{ fhk O mojck o{ {acyc- O ~{fy{ck lgrohe l ~{sbb fnyg~~ io{ i io{( O kcnokck {g mcfrc aglc icnfs~c gb {ac ~{yc~~ uo{a l bf{acy( O ufyhck l lg{acy O ugsmk lgrc gs{ ob ~ac kokh‟{ ec{ f korgync-is{ ~ac kokh‟{ icmocrc lc( [ao~ ags~c uf~ rcy bsmm {agsea: {acyc ucyc 66

gb s~ {acyc( ^g l fsh{ {gmk lc O ls~{ lgrc ifnj aglc fhk O ~agsmkh‟{ysh bygl l tygimcl~( [ach O kcnokck {g lgrc oh uo{a l g{acy fsh{([af{ uf~ f{ {ac iceohhohe gb eyfkc 64(

Rcyghovsc lfkc bycvsch{ ycbcychnc {g acy mghe,yshhohe nghbmon{ uo{a acy bf{acy- uagl~ac ycbcy~ {g f~ ‑l lg{acy‟~ as~ifhk‟( !Naomkych gb{ch ycbcyyck {g {acoy lg{acy‟~ tfy{hcy~f~ ‑l lf ~c lfh‟ Zl lg{acy‟~ lfh\- is{ oh {ao~ nf~c uc jhgu {af{ Rcyghovsc‟~ bf{acyo~ ohkcck acy iogmgeonfm bf{acy(/ âc fm~g ycbcyyck {g acy cbbgy{~ {g tcy~sfkc acy lg{acy{g korgync acy bf{acyfhk gb {ac mcrcm gb fhecy fhk clg{oghfm ko~{fhnc ~ac cqtcyochnc~oh {ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot( âc yctgy{ck icohe ~ags{ck f{ fhk oh~sm{ck i acy bf{acy- ycnfmmohefh gnnf~ogh uach ac {aycf{chck {g {aygu {ac jc{{mc f{ acy ‑bgy icohe yskc‟( Fhk ~ac o~

ohbsyof{ck i uaf{ ~ac tcyncorc~ f~ ao~ gnnf~oghfm f{{clt{~ f{ tyc{chkohe {g mojc acy fhk




54

nfyc bgy acy( Rcyghovsc kc~nyoick acy byso{mc~~ cbbgy{~ {g ngllshonf{c uo{a acy lg{acyfigs{ agu ~ac bccm~ figs{ acy bf{acyfhk {g lg{orf{c acy lg{acy {g fn{ gh acy icafmb(Uach acy ~{yf{ce {g tyc~~syc acy lg{acy oh{g f korgync bfomck- Rcyghovsc uch{ fmghc

{g ôlgh‟~ [guh ngsy{ {g fttm bgy f yc~{yfohohe gykcy fefoh~{ acy bf{acy fhk ohbgylckacy lg{acy ~crcyfm uccj~ mf{cy( F{ {ac nmg~c gb gsy bocmkugyj ~ac uf~ fh{onotf{ohe {af{acy bf{acy ugsmk ko~ngrcy {ao~ fhk cqtcn{ohe f nglif{orc yc~tgh~c {g acy fn{ogh~(

Rcyghovsc‟~ ycvsc~{ {af{ acy tfych{~ korgync- acy yctcf{ck kcno~ogh~ {g lgrc gs{gb acy aglc fhk {ac lfhhcy oh uaona ~ac ycbcy~ {g acy bf{acy fyc f~~cy{orc fhknghbygh{f{oghfm fn{ogh~- fhk ghc~ {af{ bm oh {ac bfnc gb hg{ogh~ gb yc~tcn{ bgy ghc‟~~chogy~ !sjsamghotaf/ ~tgjch figs{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Oh Gncfh Rocu- bcucyycbcychnc~ fyc lfkc {g yc~tcn{ oh crcykf nghrcy~f{ogh figs{ oh{cyechcyf{oghfmycmf{ogh~aot~( [ao~ o~ hg{ {g ~f {af{ hg{ogh~ gb yc~tcn{ ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~ afrc hgnsyychn oh Gncfh Rocu- is{ {af{ {ac fyc lgyc ycfkom oh{cytyc{ck fhk chfn{ck oh{cyl~ gb kcbcychnc fhk crch ~si~cyrochnc- f~ nfh ic ~cch oh {ac ~{yon{ igshkfyoc~gh icafrogsy oltg~ck i Nafyhc‟~ tfych{~( Oh Rcyghovsc‟~ nf~c- rogmchnc o~ s~ck{g grcynglc bgyl~ gb yc~o~{fhnc bygl f naomk uag ~agsmk ic yc~tcn{bsm0 acy bf{acy{aycf{ch~ {g {aygu {ac jc{{mc f{ acy ‑bgy icohe yskc‟(

Rcyghovsc‟~ bf{acy fhk ao~ ngh{cltgyfyoc~ eycu st oh f ~{f{c,ngh{ygmmck ~gnofmaocyfyna oh uaona {ag~c f{ {ac {gt uocmkck {acoy tgucy i ngllfhkohe {acyc~tcn{ !gyoh g{acy ugyk~- kclfhkohe {ac ~si~cyrochnc/ gb ugyjcy~- loeyfh{~fhk crch gykohfy yc~okch{~ {aygsea ycesmfy- oh{ch{oghfm- ta~onfm rogmchnc fhk i {ac yc~{yon{ogh~ {g bycckgl oltg~ck i tf~~ mfu~ fhk bgynck yclgrfm~( Boghf Yg~~

!944?/ uyo{c~ gb fksm{ lfmc ohbgylfh{~ uag yctgy{ck mcfyhohe gykch{mojacok !tygtcyicafrogsy/ {aygsea bycvsch{ icf{ohe~ uo{a f ~`fligj !nguaokc uaot/ gh {ac bfyluacyc {acoy bf{acy~ ucyc cltmgck( Icf{ohe~ ucyc eorch uach gshecy gy ‑ohbcyogy‟tcgtmc !{ag~c tmfnck mgucy oh {ac yfnofm aocyfyna/ bfomck {g ~agu yc~tcn{- gyoh g{acyugyk~- ~si~cyrochnc(

O{ o~- {acycbgyc- sh~sytyo~ohe {af{ gmkcy tcgtmcfhk lch oh tfy{onsmfy !bgy {acyc fycechkcy f~ ucmm f~ fec kolch~ogh~ {g hg{ogh~ gb tygtyoc{ fhk {ac nghrcfhnc gb yc~tcn{/- cqtcn{ {g agmk tg~o{ogh~ gb yc~tcn{ fhk lfoh{foh {acoy fs{agyo{ oh uf~bflomofy {g {acl( [ac aoeam nghbygh{f{oghfm hf{syc gb Rcyghovsc‟~ cbbgy{~ {g oltygrcacy aglc chroyghlch{ omms~{yf{c {ac uf kglohfhnc fhk ~si~cyrochnc fyc bgyncbsmm

cqtyc~~ck uo{aoh fksm{~‟ fhk naomkych‟~ f{{clt{~ {g yc~gmrc nghbmon{~(

_gshecy naomkych fyc c~tcnofmm rsmhcyfimc {g {ac t~nag~gnofm cbbcn{~ gb nghbmon{oh {ac aglc( [ch,cfy,gmk @slf{‟~ bf{acy o~ yfycm f{ aglc( Ac morc~ cm~cuacyc ohGncfh Rocu fhk ro~o{~ gnnf~oghfmm( @slf{ kycu f ton{syc gb ao~ bf{acy ~ags{ohe fhktshnaohe ao~ lg{acy- uag uf~ fm~g ~ags{ohe- is{ afk acy acfk kguh {g tyg{cn{ acybfnc bygl {ac imgu~( Ac kycu aol~cmb oh {ac ngyhcy gb {ac ton{syc- ~nycflohe ‑Hg&‟Shkcyhcf{a {ac ton{syc @slf{ uyg{c0 ‑[ao~ o~ uach l kfk o~ ao{{ohe l lg{acy(‟ Ac{gmk s~ {af{ ac bcm{ ‑mojc f mogh‟ fhk ycfn{ck i ‑ufmjohe fuf‟(

Uo{hc~~ohe clg{oghfm fhk ta~onfm rogmchnc ic{ucch tfych{~ bgync~ naomkych {g lfjc

f nagonc ic{ucch ec{{ohe ohrgmrck „ crch i yclfohohe fh gi~cyrcy „ gy ufmjohe




56

fuf( @slf{ lf ycngeho~c {af{ yclgrohe aol~cmb o~ ~fbcy {afh ec{{ohe ohrgmrck- gyao~ yc~tgh~c lf ic ghm fh oh~{ohn{orc uo~a {g img{ gs{ {ac agyygy( Co{acy uf- ghcngh~cvschnc gb ao~ tfych{~‟ fn{ogh~ fhk @slf{‟~ nagonc {g fmochf{c aol~cmb bygl {ac

~o{sf{ogh o~ {g ychkcy oltg~~oimc {ac johk gb gtch fhk yc~tcn{bsm ngllshonf{oghic{ucch tfych{~ fhk naomkych {af{ uc afrc ~cch {g ic aoeam rfmsck i naomkychfnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc(

Uaomc f tycno~c fnngsh{ gb {ac tfy{onsmfy t~nagmgeonfm oltfn{~ gb eyguohe st oh fnghbmon{sfm bflom chroyghlch{ fyc icghk {ac ~ngtc gb gsy ~{sk- Rcyghovsc‟~ guhfhfm~o~ {aygu~ ~glc moea{ gh agu {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ afrc fbbcn{ck g{acy f~tcn{~ gb acy mobc- ohnmskohe acy clg{oghfm ucmm,icohe fhk cksnf{ogh( ̂ ac yctgy{~ {af{ fm{agsea~ac af~ hcrcy icch ~cyogs~m ta~onfmm asy{ i acy bf{acy- ac af~ ugshkck acyclg{oghfmm fhk {ao~ af~ lfkc acy lgyc fhey fhk af{cbsm( âc af~ eorch st {yohe{g ~tcfj {g acy lg{acy figs{ {ao~ fhk g{acy o~~sc~ {af{ ~ac o~ eyfttmohe uo{a icnfs~c~ac o~ {oyck gb acy cbbgy{~ ghm {g bohk {af{ ~ac o~ uf~{ohe acy {olc- f~ acy lg{acy tf~hg f{{ch{ogh( Uach uc {fmjck {g Rcyghovsc figs{ agu ~ac ngtc~ uo{a {ac yc~sm{oheclg{oghfm isykch- ~ac cqtmfohck {af{ ~ac o~ fimc {g {fmj {g acy nmg~c byochk fhk {ao~byochk‟~ lg{acy- uag morc f bcu kggy~ fuf( [cmmohem- agucrcy- {ac kcbchnc~ ~ac af~lgsh{ck fttcfy {g gi~{ysn{ {ac~c byochk~‟ f{{clt{~ {g f~~o~{ acy0

O‟mm {cmm {acl figs{ ~{sbb- is{ O kgh‟{ mojc {g ic nglbgy{ck icnfs~c o{ lfjc~lc bccm ucfj „ O kgh‟{ mojc {ac aseeohe {aohe gy {ac ‑crcy{aohe‟~ egohe {gic gj‟ {fmj(

Ohkcck- Rcyghovsc ycngeho~ck {af{ byfhj ko~ns~~ogh figs{ acy kobbonsm{oc~ lfkc

acy rsmhcyfimc( Uach {fmjohe figs{ acy bf{acy- ~ac ugsmk gb{ch ~as{ kguh {acnghrcy~f{ogh f~ ~ggh f~ ~ac nflc nmg~c {g {cfy~- fmlg~{ f~ ob fmmguohe acy~cmb {gcqtyc~~ acy rsmhcyfiomo{oc~ ugsmk tycrch{ acy yc{yocrohe {ac oh{cyhfm ~{yche{a stghuaona ~ac ycmoc~( Rcyghovsc o~ oh{cmmoech{ fhk f vsonj {aohjcy0 ~ac uf~ ~cmcn{ck{g yctyc~ch{ {ac ~naggm f{ {ac Lf{aclf{on~ Gmltofk oh 944;( Agucrcy- acytcybgylfhnc f{ ~naggm kgc~ hg{ ycbmcn{ acy fiomo{oc~( âc ngh~o~{ch{m ec{~ K eyfkc~fhk kgc~ ghm {ac rcy loholsl gb aglcugyj0 ‑O ugh‟{ ~o{ uo{a l iggj~ shmc~~O fi~gms{cm afrc {g( O ~o{ oh l yggl gh l guh fhk kg o{- f~ {acyc o~ hg ghc Onfh f~j bgy acmt(‟ Ig{a acy tfych{~ ngltmc{ck aoea ~naggm !fm{agsea acy lg{acykok hg{ lf{yonsmf{c/ fhk- {acycbgyc- afrc ~sbbonoch{ cksnf{ogh {g chefec uo{a {acoy

kfsea{cy‟~ ~naggm {f~j~( Oh {ac moea{ gb {ac nghbmon{~ kc~nyoick figrc- Rcyghovsc‟~tfych{~ lf afrc ycbs~ck {g chefec oh acy ~naggmohe fhk ~ac lf afrc yc`cn{ckfh ~sna cbbgy{~ gh {acoy tfy{( Uaf{crcy {ac ycf~gh~- Rcyghovsc- acy tfych{~ fhk~oimohe kg hg{ ~tchk {olc {gec{acy- ngllshonf{c cbbcn{orcm gy ~agu oh{cyc~{ ohcfna g{acy‟~ morc~( Rcyghovsc- mojc acy tccy~ oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~- kc~nyoick{ac~c tyfn{onc~ f~ nyo{onfm {g tg~o{orc ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh {ac aglc fhk {g eggk nfyc([acoy fi~chnc oh Rcyghovsc‟~ rogmch{ aglc chroyghlch{ o~ tfy{onsmfym ~{fyj fhkyfo~c~ vsc~{ogh~ uc cqtmgyc mf{cy oh {ac naft{cy- hflcm uac{acy gshe tcgtmc bccmfimc {g f{{foh ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {ac~c vsfmo{oc~ gs{~okc {ac aglcfhk agu {actfy{onsmfy nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh lf ohbmschnc {acoy

~ch~c gb {ac tg{ch{ofm ohacych{ oh {ac~c uokcy ycmf{ogh~aot~(




59

Jhgumckec gb {ac cq{ch{- hf{syc fhk nfs~c~ gb rfyogs~ bgyl~ gb fis~c gb ^gs{aFbyonfh naomkych o~ rcy ~nfh{( O{ o~ uokcm ycngeho~ck {af{ ohnokchnc boesyc~ gb ta~onfm gy ~cqsfm fis~c ngmmcn{ck i {ac tgmonc fhk ~gnofm ~cyronc~ fyc ohfnnsyf{c

guohe {g ~oehobonfh{ shkcy,yctgy{ohe !Kfuc~- Igycm,^fmfkoh " Tfyjcy 944;/( [acycf~gh~ ua naomkych nagg~c hg{ {g yctgy{ fis~c {g bflom lclicy~ gy {ac fs{agyo{oc~fyc mojcm {g ohnmskc {ag~c lch{oghck figrc( F ycnch{ ~{sk oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftcbgshk {af{ tcytc{yf{gy~ gb ta~onfm fhk ~cqsfm fis~c yc~sm{ohe oh {yfslf{on oh`sy gy ag~to{fmo~f{ogh ucyc {tonfmm lch jhguh {g {ac naomk- fhk {af{ lg~{ f~~fsm{~gnnsyyck oh {ac aglc !Kfuc~- Mghe c{ fm( 9442/( [ac ~nfh{ crokchnc fm~g ~agu~ {af{{ac lf`gyo{ gb yctgy{ck rogmch{ fn{~ fefoh~{ tyc,tsicy{fm naomkych fyc tcytc{yf{cki fksm{~ uo{a uagl {ac ~afyc oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~- ohnmskohe tfych{~- ycmf{orc~-byochk~- mgkecy~- hcoeaigsy~ fhk g{acy~ ch{ys~{ck uo{a {ac nfyc gb naomkych !Yona{cy" Aoe~gh,^lo{a 944;/( [ac gshecy {ac naomk- {ac lgyc mojcm {af{ {ao~ o~ {ac nf~c-

fhk {af{ {ac fis~c o~ yctcf{ck grcy {olc !Yona{cy " Aoe~gh,^lo{a 944;/( Mgnfmyc~cfyna fm~g ~agu~ {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ fyc mfyecm yc~tgh~oimc bgy {ac ~cqsfm fis~c gb gshecy naomkych ic{ucch borc fhk {ucmrc cfy~ !Uggk c{ fm( 9444- no{ck oh [guh~chk" Kfuc~ 944;0 32/( [ac~c bohkohe~ yclohk s~ gb {ac uf oh uaona gmkcy naomkych nfhs~c {acoy ycmf{orc tgucy {g cqtmgo{ gshecy ghc~- fhk bgy {ao~ {g {fjc tmfnc uo{aohuaf{ o~ gb{ch f~~slck {g ic {ac ~fbc ~tfnc gb {ac aglc( Naomkych‟~ cqtg~syc {g aoeamcrcm~ gb rogmchnc fhk nghbmon{ oh {ac aglc af~ icch kc{cn{ck oh ycnch{ yceoghfmfhk hf{oghfm ~syrc~( Oh f Uc~{cyh Nftc ~{sk- 62 tcy nch{ gb tfych{~ ~syrcckyctgy{ck {af{ {ac ucyc oh rogmch{ ycmf{ogh~aot~ !Kfuc~- Mghe c{ fm( 94420 34/-uaom~{ hf{oghfmm- ghc oh borc gshe tcgtmc yctgy{ck uo{hc~~ohe ko~ts{c~ ic{ucch

bflom lclicy~- fhk {ac s~c gb ta~onfm rogmchnc f~ f uf {g yc~gmrc ko~ts{c~ uf~kc~nyoick f~ ‑ngllgh‟ !Mcg~nas{ " Isy{gh 94420 qo/(

Oh tg~ohe vsc~{ogh~ {g fkgmc~nch{~ figs{ {acoy cqtcyochnc~ gb ta~onfm fhk rcyifmfis~c oh {ac aglc- {ac NFT^ ~syrc gbbcy~ s~ f uohkgu gh{g {ac tycrfmchnc fhk~crcyo{ gb rfyogs~ {tc~ gb rogmchnc f~ kcbohck i gshe tcgtmc {acl~cmrc~( Oh {ao~oh~{fhnc- ~syrc~ fyc lgyc acmtbsm {afh c{ahgeyfta icnfs~c yc~tghkch{~ fyc lsnalgyc mojcm {g ~tcfj gb fis~c {g f ycmf{orcm fhghlgs~ oh{cyrocucy uag kgc~ hg{ ~{f oh {ac ronoho{- {afh {g ~glcghc uag lohemc~ uo{a {acoy bflom- byochk~ fhk {cfnacy~(Fh fmfylohe 3 tcy nch{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh {ac NFT^ ~fltmc yctgy{ck icohe ‑~glc{olc~‟-‑gb{ch‟ gy ‑rcy gb{ch‟ ao{ ~g afyk {af{ {ac afk lfyj~ gy ucyc oh`syck( @s~{ shkcy 94

tcy nch{ cqtcyochnck mgucy mcrcm~ gb ta~onfm rogmchnc !ts~aohe- eyfiiohe gy ~mfttohe/fhk f ~olomfy tygtgy{ogh morck uo{a fksm{~ uag lfkc {acl fbyfok {ac ugsmk ic asy{!f kcboho{ogh {af{ ngsmk chngltf~~ ~cqsfm fis~c/( Yf{c~ gb rcy bycvsch{ rcyifm fhkta~onfm fis~c ucyc ~olomfy oh tyckglohfh{m Fbyonfh fhk uao{c hcoeaigsyaggk~ !6„3tcy nch{/- is{ aoeacy oh tyckglohfh{m ngmgsyck fycf~ !9„66 tcy nch{/ fhk c~tcnofmm oh mgu,ohnglc ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~( Fkgmc~nch{~ oh Fbyonfh fycf~ ucyc mc~~ mojcm {g yctgy{ fn{sfm ta~onfm fis~c {afh fkgmc~nch{~ oh ~olomfym tggy ngmgsyck fycf~- is{{ac ucyc lgyc mojcm {g yctgy{ {af{ {ac afk gnnf~oghfmm icch fbyfok gb icohe asy{([ac~c boesyc~ ohkonf{c {af{ hco{acy ~gnog,cnghglon hgy nsm{syfm bfn{gy~ fmghc nfh icngh~okcyck nfs~fm gb oh{olf{c kglc~{on rogmchnc fefoh~{ naomkych(




5>

Mo{{mc f{{ch{ogh af~ icch kcrg{ck {g ohrc~{oef{ohe {ac ohkoroksfm fhk ngh{cq{sfmbfn{gy~ {af{ ngh{yois{c {g {ac ta~onfmfhk tfy{onsmfym ~cqsfm- fis~c gb naomkychuo{aoh ^gs{a Fbyonfh aglc~ ![guh~chk " Kfuc~ 944;/( _gshe tcgtmc‟~ guh

gi~cyrf{ogh~ gb {ac ~gnofm khflon~ uo{aoh {acoy aglc~ fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc-{acycbgyc- f~ nyckoimc f ~{fy{ohe tgoh{ f~ fh oh {yohe {g okch{ob ~glc shkcymohenfs~c~( Naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu mohjck {acoy tccy~‟ ~fbc{ oh {ac aglc uo{a {ac ~fmcfhk s~c gb kyse~ fhk fmngagm {acycoh fhk {ac rfyogs~ {tc~ gb hcemcn{ gy fis~c i tfych{~ gy g{acy fksm{ ycmf{orc~ {af{ ngsmk yc~sm{ bygl {ac~c fn{oro{oc~( [ac fhk {acoytccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fm~g lfkc koycn{ fhk ohkoycn{ ycbcychnc~ {g {ac crcykf oltmonf{ogh~ gb shcltmglch{ fhk tgrcy{ bgy ig{a fksm{~ fhk naomkych0

^glc naomkych bygl Gncfh Rocu fyc morohe gh {ac ~{ycc{~ oh Bo~a Agcj icnfs~c {acoy tfych{~ kgh‟{ mggj fb{cy {acl „ {ao~ o~ icnfs~c {ac kgh‟{afrc lghc gy `gi~ gy icnfs~c {ac kyohj {gg lsna( !Ig~ fhk eoym~ feck64„69 cfy~- Gncfh Rocu/

[acyc o~ fh ohnycf~ohem ycngeho~ck mohj ic{ucch fn{~ gb rogmchnc i lch fhk {acoyko~cltgucylch{ yc~sm{ohe bygl shcltmglch{ fhk nayghon tgrcy{ !Ash{cy9442: Yfltacmc " Yona{cy 9442/( Tf{yofyna fhk f uokcm fnnct{ck echkcyck ~gnofmkoro~ogh fyc ngllgh bcf{syc~ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh ngllsho{oc~ fnyg~~ {ac ~tcn{yf gb ucfm{a- mfhesfec fhk nsm{syc !Eslf " Achkf 944;/- is{ fyc cqtyc~~ck oh yf{acykobbcych{ uf~ uo{aoh fhk fnyg~~ kobbcych{ ngllsho{oc~( Bcloho~{ ~nagmfy~ afrcfyesck {af{ {aygsea uokcy okcgmgeonfm ohbmschnc~ fhk ~gnofmo~f{ogh tygnc~~c~ uo{aohtf{yofynafm ~gnoc{oc~- lch nglc {g icmocrc {af{ {ac afrc {ac yoea{ {g cqcy{ {ac tgucy

chkgy~ck {g {acl {aygsea ngh{ygm grcy {ag~c mc~~ tgucybsm !oh g{acy ugyk~- uglchfhk naomkych/- f~ ucmm f~ {g ic ~cqsfmm fhk clg{oghfmm ~s~{fohck i uglch !Nfmkcy6???: Lfeufpf 6??5- no{ck oh [guh~chk " Kfuc~ 944;/( [acyc o~ ~glc ^gs{aFbyonfh crokchnc {af{ tf{yofynafm okcgmge koycn{m ohbmschnc~ icafrogsy „ lfmcbfyl,ugyjcy~ ̀ s~{obock rogmchnc fefoh~{ {acoy tfy{hcy~ gh {ac if~o~ gb {acoy ags~cagmkacfk~aot !Tfyfhpcc " ̂ l{ac 944>- no{ck oh Kfuc~- Kc ̂ f~ Jygtouhonjo c{ fm( 9442/ „fhk {af{ f mfyec tgy{ogh gb uglch ngh~okcy o{ ~glc{olc~ gy fmuf~ fnnct{fimc bgy ghcfksm{ {g ao{ fhg{acy fksm{ !@cujc~ c{ fm( 9449- no{ck oh Kfuc~- Kc ^f~ Jygtouhonjo c{fm( 9442/(

Tf{yofynafm ~gnofm hgyl~ nfh fn{ co{acy {g tyg{cn{ gy chkfhecy naomkych( I

nghbcyyohe yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ gh lch {g tyg{cn{ lclicy~ gb {acoy guh bflom ~snahgyl~ lf bgyc~{fmm fis~c gy fn{ {g ycksnc naomkych‟~ ~ch~c {af{ {ac guc ~glc{aohe{g f lfmc ycmf{orc( Gh {ac g{acy afhk- {ac lf tmfnc naomkych f{ eycf{cy yo~j i ~si`sef{ohe fhk ~omchnohe {acl( Lfeufpf !6??5- no{ck oh [guh~chk " Kfuc~ 944;/kyfu~ f{{ch{ogh {g {ac~c {ug tg~~oiomo{oc~ uo{aoh {ac tyckglohf{cm tf{yofynafmHesho nsm{syc !ohngytgyf{ohe o~oQag~f ~tcfjcy~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc/- uaona cqtcn{~shvsc~{oghohe gickochnc fhk ~si~cyrochnc {g fksm{~- tfy{onsmfym lch(3 Yc~cfyna oh~gs{acyh Polifiuc bgshk {af{ fis~orc fn{~ {gufyk~ naomkych oh {ac aglc tcy~o~{ckicnfs~c nsm{syfm ~nyot{~ cltaf~o~ohe yc~tcn{ fhk gickochnc acfrom ko~ngsyfecnaomkych bygl ~tcfjohe gs{ fefoh~{ {acoy cmkcy~ fhk mceo{olo~c {acoy tsho~alch{ bgy

kgohe ~g !Lcsy~ohe c{ fm( 6??3- no{ck oh [guh~chk " Kfuc~ 944;/(




5;

Nfs{ogh o~ ycvsoyck oh s~ohe {ac~c bohkohe~ {g oh{cytyc{ {ac ycmf{orc rsmhcyfiomo{ gb naomkych oh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh( [acyc o~ f kfhecy gb f~~slohe {af{ nsm{syfmohbmschnc o~ bfy mc~~ tycrfmch{- gy crch fi~ch{- flghe hgh,Fbyonfh tgtsmf{ogh~- gy

gb f~~slohe {af{ nsm{syc ls~{ ic fh cqtmfhf{ogh( [ac~c f~~slt{ogh~ nfh tcy~o~{icnfs~c {acyc o~ ~g mo{{mc yc~cfyna gh {ac khflon~ gb oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ohrgmrohe naomkych oh hgh,Fbyonfh ngltghch{~ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{(

Gsy kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ nsm{syfm {yfo{~ nfhhg{ cqtmfoh naomkych‟~ kobbcych{ofm rsmhcyfiomo{ {g fis~c fhk {acoy oltg{chnc {g fkkyc~~ o{( Bgy cqfltmc- yc~tgh~c~ oh NFT^ ~seec~{{af{ yf{c~ gb bycvsch{ fhk ~cyogs~ afyl fyc f~ aoea gy aoeacy bgy uao{c fhk ngmgsyckfkgmc~nch{~ f~ bgy Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~( C{ahgeyftaon kf{f ef{acyck oh {ac Rfmmc ~agu {af{ nsm{syfm ~nyot{~ if~ck gh oh{cyechcyf{oghfm yc~tcn{ ychkcy lokkmc,nmf~~uao{c naomkych rsmhcyfimc {g fis~c( ̂ mrof- f 65,cfy,gmk uag morc~ oh Bo~a Agcj- uf~~cqsfmm fis~ck i fh gmkcy lfmc ngs~oh uach ~ac uf~ ? cfy~ gmk( âc ~fok {af{ ~ac‑fmmguck o{ {g afttch‟ fhk bcm{ shfimc {g nghbokc oh acy bflom figs{ o{ icnfs~c ac uf~fh gmkcy ycmf{orc0

O{‟~ rcy bshh- icnfs~c oh l bflom o{ ugyj~ {af{ gs yc~tcn{ gsy cmkcy~(Uaf{ gsy cmkcy~ ~f o~ yoea{- {tc {aohe: {af{‟~ agu l bflom ugyj~([ac‟yc mojc f lgyc gmk- {yfko{oghfm {tc•Fhk {af{‟~ uaf{ O icmocrck uachO uf~ mojc gshe( Fhk ac uf~ gmkcy- ~g•

[ac tfy{onsmfy ugyjohe~ gb joh~aot fhk ~chogyo{ uo{aoh ^mrof‟~ uokcy ~gnofmycmf{ogh~aot~ hg{ ghm ts{ acy f{ yo~j- is{ fm~g ko~ngsyfeck acy bygl ~ccjohe acmtf{ aglc0 ‑L tfych{~ kgh‟{ crch jhgu figs{ o{ {g {ao~ kf( O jct{ o{ f ~cnyc{ icnfs~c

gb {ac bflom: O kgh‟{ {aohj o{‟~ ugy{a st~c{{ohe {ac bflom(‟ Acy yc~tgh~c ohkonf{c~ f~ch~c gb yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy agmkohe {ac bflom {gec{acy fhk frgokohe yfo~ohe fh o~~sc{af{ ugsmk shkcylohc o{~ oh{ceyo{( [ao~ ~ch~c gb ks{ fhk tcyaft~ fnngltfhohebcfy~ gb tsho~alch{ cqtmfoh ua ~g lfh naomkych nagg~c hg{ {g yctgy{ {acoyfis~orc cqtcyochnc~( ^mrof ~fok {af{ ~ac kcfm{ uo{a {ac tygimcl oh acy ‑guh uf‟ i nghbokohe oh {ug nmg~c byochk~ fhk {ac lg{acy gb ghc {ac~c- uag o~ f mf ngsh~cmmgyfhk ~glcghc ^mrof kc~nyoic~ f~ acy ‑esokc‟(

^mrof‟~ cqtcyochnc~ omms~{yf{c {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb f lgyc byoea{chohe fhk kfhecygs~f~tcn{ gb tf{yofynafm hgyl~ {af{ fyc cqtyc~~ck oh crcykf ko~ngsy~c oh {ac chfn{lch{

gb ~g,nfmmck ‑yc~tcn{bsm‟ ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch naomkych fhk fksm{~( Acy nf~c tcyaft~omms~{yf{c~ {ac lgyc siovso{gs~ s~c gb ~si~cyrochnc i gmkcy tcgtmc- tfy{onsmfym lch- fhk {af{ {ao~ gnnsy~ c~tcnofmm oh ngh{cq{~ uacyc {ac bccm rsmhcyfimc fhk~ccj f lcfh~ gb cqcy{ohe tgucy( Gsy ~seec~{ogh hg{uo{a~{fhkohe- {ac bfn{ yclfoh~{af{ {ac lf`gyo{ gb fksm{~ kg hg{ fis~c naomkych oh {acoy nfyc( O{ ugsmk fttcfy {af{tf{yofynafm hgyl~ s~sfmm fn{ {g tyg{cn{ naomkych yf{acy {afh chkfhecy {aclfhk{af{ ~gnofm fhk cnghglon bfn{gy~ !~sna f~ shcltmglch{- mgu ufec~ fhk ~si~{fhncfis~c/ ngh{yois{c ~oehobonfh{m {g nghko{ogh~ fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh aglc~ uacycnaomkych ~sbbcy rogmchnc(




53

[ac lcfhohe~ fhk oltmonf{ogh~ gb tfych{fm fi~chnc

Uach l lg{acy yc{syhck bygl ugyjohe oh Nftc [guh ~ac eycc{ck

crcyghc fhk {ach nflc {g lc ~fohe ‑acmmg l ig‟( O yfh {g l lgl !uag o~ l eyfhh/ fhk ~f{ hcq{ {g acy( L Ziogmgeonfm\ lg{acyf~jck ‑ua fyc gs ~nfyck7‟ fhk O ~fok ‑ua fyc gs ~fohe ”l ig“7O fl hg{ gsy ig‟- fhk ~ac mfseack( !Eob{- ig- feck 65- f{ ~naggm ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk morohe oh Gncfh Rocu/

Uach uc ucyc gshe Zl kfk\ ugsmkh‟{ taghc fhk ~f ‑kg gs es~ ufh{{g eg {g f lgroc gy ~glc{aohe7‟•Is{ uc fmuf~ afk f kfk,nghhcn{ogh(!@s~{ohig- feck 61- Bo~a Agcj/

O{ uf~h‟{ cf~ uach O ~{fy{ck aoea ~naggm icnfs~c O uf~ kgohe fmm {ac

~agttohe- nggjohe fhk nmcfhohe f{ aglc „ f~ ucmm f~ mggjohe fb{cy l eyfhh- uag uf~ ~onj f{ {ac {olc( L cmkcy iyg{acy~ ucyc f{ ugyj- l kfkuf~h‟{ fygshk fhk l lsl uf~ oh fhk gs{( âc af~ hcrcy icch f lsl{g s~( Uach l eyfhh eg{ ic{{cy- ~ac {ggj grcy {ac~c `gi~ ~g {af{ O ngsmkbgns~ gh l ~naggm ugyj( âc kok ~g lsna bgy s~( !Iyofh- ig- feck 65-Gncfh Rocu/

Eob{- @s~{oh fhk Iyofh- fmm ig~ oh {acoy mf{c {cch~- nghrc ~glc{aohe gb {ac korcy~o{ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb tfych{fm fi~chnc {af{ uc gi~cyrck fnyg~~ fhkuo{aoh hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc( Gh {ac ghc afhk- {ac johk~ gb fi~chnc~ fhknoynsl~{fhnc~ {af{ kyorc {acl kobbcy( Gh {ac g{acy- {ac lcfhohe gb ‑fi~chnc‟ !f~

ycngykck oh {ac ~syrc/ rfyoc~ oh ycmf{ogh {g ~gnofm hgyl~ fhk {g naomkych‟~ tgucy {g~s~{foh nghhcn{ogh~ fhk ch~syc {acoy guh hsy{syc( Oh {ao~ ~cn{ogh uc eyfttmc uo{a {achf{syc fhk oltmonf{ogh~ gb tfych{fm fi~chnc f~ ghc gb lfh bfnc{~ gb ngh{cltgyfy bflom mobc( Uc f~j agu gshe tcgtmc‟~ fhfm~c~ ngltfyc uo{a mf fhk ~nagmfym tcynct{ogh~ gb mfyec ngltyglo~c~ {g bflom oh{ceyo{ fhk {g {ac nfyc gb naomkych {af{fnngltfh tfych{fm lgiomo{( Ao~{gyonfm tf{{cyh~ gb lgrclch{ fyc fh oltgy{fh{ifnjkygt {g {ac kcno~ogh~ lfkc i tfych{~ oh f tg~{,ftfy{acok ngh{cq{ fhk {g {achgylf{orc ~c{{ohe {g naomkych‟~ cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb nfyc fhk tfych{,mojc ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh{ac ngh{cq{ gb lgiomo{(

[ac tcyogk mcfkohe oh{g fhk bgmmguohe ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ {yfh~o{ogh {g kclgnyfn ~fu mfyec

hslicy~ gb tcgtmc lgrc oh{g Nftc [guh uag afk icch igyh cm~cuacyc oh {ac ngsh{y:o{ fm~g uo{hc~~ck aoea lgiomo{ uo{aoh {ac no{( @s~{ shkcy f vsfy{cy gb 6>, {g 94,cfy,gmk~ oh {ac no{ f~ f uagmc oh 9449 ucyc igyh gs{~okc Nftc [guh !fnngykohe {g NFT^/(Oh {ac Rfmmc ~tcnobonfmm- f ~olomfy tygtgy{ogh gb {ac fksm{ tgtsmf{ogh afk hg{ morckoh {ac ~flc tmfnc borc cfy~ icbgyc !fnngykohe {g {ac 9446 Nch~s~/( Uaom~{ {ac lckoftgy{yf {ac {tonfm olloeyfh{ oh{g {ac Rfmmc !gy Nftc [guh oh echcyfm/ f~ Fbyonfh fhknglohe bygl {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc- {ac Nch~s~ fhk NFT^ ig{a ~agu {af{ {acyc fyc f{ mcf~{{ug johk~ gb olloeyfh{~0 Fbyonfh tcgtmc !ohnmskohe naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~/ oh{gmgu,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk~ !~sna f~ Lf~otaslcmcmc/ fhk uao{c bflomoc~ oh{g aoea,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk~ !~sna f~ {ac cqtfhkohe ~sisyiof gb Bo~a Agcj/(




52

Ao~{gyonfm cqtmfhf{ogh~ bgy ~sna aoea yf{c~ gb olloeyf{ogh flghe Fbyonfh~ fycucmm shkcy~{ggk0 {ac tf~~ mfu~ {af{ nsy{fomck {ac lgrclch{~ gb yc~okch{~ gb {acoltgrcyo~ack ifh{s~{fh~ !~sna f~ {ac [yfh~jco fhk No~jco oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc/ ucyc

mob{ck oh {ac mf{c 6?14~- lfjohe o{ cf~ocy bgy fksm{~ „ lfh uo{a naomkych „ {g lgrc {g{ac no{ fhk ~ccj ugyj( Lgycgrcy- rf~{m ohbcyogy cksnf{ogh oh ysyfm fycf~ tyglt{cktfych{~- fhk gb{ch naomkych {acl~cmrc~- {g lgrc {g Nftc [guh bgy ~cnghkfy ~naggmohe( Ua ~sna aoea hslicy~ gb uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ fksm{~ fhk naomkych lgrckoh{g gy uo{aoh Nftc [guh oh {ac mf~{ {ug kcnfkc~ o~ mc~~ nmcfy( Tcynct{ogh~ gb eggkcltmglch{ tyg~tcn{~- aoea cksnf{oghfm ~{fhkfyk~ fhk f lgyc moicyfm fhk ~fbcychroyghlch{ {afh oh g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac ngsh{y fyc mojcm lg{orf{gy~(

[ac lgiomo{ ~{f{o~{on~ ohkonf{c {af{ {ao~ echcyf{ogh gb Fbyonfh fhk uao{c naomkychafrc co{acy {acl~cmrc~ lgrck {g {ac no{- gy cqtcyochnck tfych{fm lgiomo{ uo{a fao~{gyonfm tycnckch{ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( NFT^ kf{f ohkonf{c {af{ {ac kobbcychncacyc o~ oh {ac {chkchn bgy uao{c naomkych {g lgrc uo{a {acoy tfych{~- fhk Fbyonfhnaomkych fhk fksm{~ {g lgrc ig{a ohkctchkch{m fhk {gec{acy( Oh ngh{yf~{- ngmgsycknaomkych tyolfyom morc oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk {ac ucyc igyh oh fhk uo{hc~~ rcy mo{{mc fksm{ lgrclch{ oh gy gs{ gb {ac fycf( Uaomc {acoy tfych{~‟ naomkaggk~ ucyclfyjck i ~{f{c,chbgynck cron{ogh~ fhk ycmgnf{ogh- {acoy guh cqtcyochnc~ fyc gb fmfyecm ~ckch{fy ngllsho{ fhk f ~gnog,cnghglon nmolf{c {af{ yc~{yon{~ lgrclch{icghk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk !~cc Naft{cy~ > fhk ;/(

k- r 0 t ,

[ac boesyc~ tyc~ch{ck oh {ac ~cn{ogh ‑[ac oltfn{ gb ftfy{acok gh bflom mobc‟ ohkonf{c{af{ {ac lf`gyo{ gb tfych{fm fi~chnc fnyg~~ Nftc [guh‟~ kclgeyftaon ~tcn{yslyc~sm{~ bygl nafhec~ oh lfyo{fm gy tfy{hcy~aot fyyfheclch{~0 lgyc {afh f {aoyk gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh afrc bf{acy~ morohe cm~cuacycoh kobbcych{ags~cagmk~ „ fhk {ao~ tygtgy{ogh o~ crch aoeacy oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ mojc GncfhRocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( [ac mojcmoaggk {af{ f naomk‟~ tfych{ af~ kock o~ fm~g aoeacyoh {ac~c hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac ao~{gyonfm ~aftcy~ {g {ac~c oh{cy,hcoeaigsyaggkkobbcychnc~ afrc ngh{yois{ck {g korcy~c ~gnognsm{syfm hgyl~ fhk tyfn{onc~ {af{~syygshk tfych{fm ~ctfyf{ogh fhk lgrclch{( ^glc lfjc o{ cf~ocy {afh g{acy~ bgynaomkych {g hfroef{c {ac tygnc~~ fhk gs{nglc~ gb tfych{fm kctfy{syc( [af{ ~fok- {acyc

fyc ncy{foh uf~ oh uaona tfych{~ lf lgrc gs{ gb {acoy naomkych‟~ morc~ {af{ fycohngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {acoy cqtcyochnc gy hgylf{orc byflcugyj(

Tyclf{syc- shfh{onotf{ck gy rogmch{ kcf{a o~ ghc ~sna ~nchfyog( Bcy{omo{ tf{{cyh~lf{{cy acycoh {af{ {ac mghecy tcyogk grcy uaona lch bf{acy naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk Gncfh Rocu yfo~c~ {ac yf{c~ gb fec, fhk ommhc~~,ycmf{ck kcf{a~ figrc {ag~c oh Bo~aAgcj( Is{ tcy~o~{ch{m aoea yf{c~ gb rogmch{ nyolc yclfoh lgyc ~oehobonfh{ oh jommohebf{acy~ fhk mcfrohe naomkych fhk {acoy lg{acy~ icycb{( Uo{a figs{ 6? 444 lsykcy~-33 444 yftc~ fhk figs{ afmb f lommogh nf~c~ gb f~~fsm{ gy f{{clt{ck lsykcy tcy cfy-o{ o~ hg ~sytyo~c {af{ Fm{icjcy !94450 >5„>1/ kc~nyoic~ ^gs{a Fbyonf f~ ‑f ngsh{y f{ufy uo{a o{~cmb ‟( Rogmchnc o~ c{nack oh{g {ac morc~ gb lfh gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc(




55

[ac bf{acy gb ghc fy{ nmsi lclicy uf~ ~{fiick bgmmguohe f boea{ grcy lghc( [ac~{ctbf{acy gb fhg{acy uf~ ygiick fhk ~{fiick i {~g{~o~ !efhe~{cy~/ hcfy ao~ ugyj cm~cuacyc oh Nftc [guh( Bgsy{cch,cfy,gmk [afhko cqtmfohck {af{ ~ac lo~~c~ {ac

tyc~chnc f{ aglc gb acy lsykcyck ‑bf{acy‟ !uag uf~ oh bfn{ acy ~{ctbf{acy/- fhkugyyoc~ figs{ {ac bflom‟~ bs{syc bohfhnofm ~cnsyo{( [afhko af~ ycf~gh~ {g ugyy0 ~acaf~ f borc,cfy,gmk ko~fimck iyg{acy- acy tycehfh{ lg{acy‟~ aoea fmngagm ngh~slt{oghngltyglo~c~ acy fiomo{ {g ~s~{foh ugyj fhk {g lg{acy cbbcn{orcm- fhk {acoy aglco~ oltgrcyo~ack fhk nafg{on( [ac ~skkchhc~~ gb [afhko‟~ ~{ctbf{acy‟~ kcf{a fhkacy ~ch~c gb oltg{chnc oh {ac bfnc gb o{~ ngh~cvschnc~ bgy {ac bflom ~tcfj gb {aclf{cyofm- ~gnofm- clg{oghfm fhk t~nagmgeonfm kolch~ogh~ {g {ac tfoh gb {ao~ ~gy{ gb tfych{fm fi~chnc(

Oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj- tfych{~ {chk {g ‑~ctfyf{c‟ gy ‑korgync‟- fhk {ac kctfy{sycgb ghc tfych{ o~ tfy{ gb f bgylfmo~ck fhk gb{ch tsimon tygnc~~( Naomkych afk gb{chuo{hc~~ck nghrcy~f{ogh~ f{ aglc gy ngyyc~tghkchnc uo{a mfucy~ {af{ efrc {acl ~glcfh{onotf{ogh gb {ac crch{- fhk gb{ch ~glc bgyl gb cqtmfhf{ogh( @s~{oh tfoh{~ f yg~ ton{sycgb f nghbmon{,bycc korgync {af{ ac ngh~okcy~ {g afrc ichcbo{ck aol fhk ao~ ~oimohe~0

[af{‟~ {ac {aohe figs{ l tfych{~- ob {ac bgsea{ {ac kokh‟{ boea{ oh bygh{gb l iyg{acy fhk O: ob O mggj f{ o{ hgu O ~cc Z{ac korgync\ f~ f eggk {aoheicnfs~c l tfych{~ {ac nfhhg{ morc {gec{acy- is{ {ac fyc eggk byochk~( Oafrc hcrcy ~cch Z{ac korgync\ f~ f tygimcl( L iyg{acy uf~ figs{ 66- acfm~g ~f~ o{ uf~ bgy {ac ic{{cy- ac kokh‟{ ~f {ac ucyc boea{ohe• !@s~{oh-ig- feck 61- morohe uo{a ao~ lg{acy fhk ~oimohe~ oh Bo~a Agcj/

@s~{oh‟~ tg~o{orc tcy~tcn{orc fttcfy~ {g yc~sm{ ig{a bygl aohk~oea{ fhk cbbcn{orcngllshonf{ogh uo{aoh ao~ bflom( Uc ucyc {gmk i naomkych- tfych{~ fhk {cfnacy~oh Bo~a Agcj {af{ tfych{fm ~ctfyf{ogh gy korgync o~ ghc gb {ac lg~{ {yfslf{oncrch{~ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ morc~( Nghbmon{ f{ aglc fhk {ac ch~sohe ko~{yc~~ ucycgb{ch lf`gy tmfcy~- is{ ~g {gg ucyc {ac f~~slt{ogh~ {af{ ~syygshkck nafhec~ ohbflom ngltg~o{ogh fhk {af{ ychkcyck fh hgh,hsnmcfy fyyfheclch{ ohbcyogy fhktygimclf{on( F~~gnof{ogh~ ucyc bycvsch{m lfkc ic{ucch ~g,nfmmck iygjch aglc~fhk naomkych‟~ fh{o~gnofm icafrogsy0

Lfh naomkych f{ ~naggm fyc bygl iygjch aglc~ fhk fyc mfyecm

sh~stcyro~ck( [ac eyfkc hohc~ fyc {ac lg~{ kobbonsm{ icnfs~c {ac fyc ohic{ucch naomkaggk fhk fksm{aggk( !^naggm ~{fbb lclicy- Bo~a Agcj/

Uc fyc hg{ ~seec~{ohe {af{ {acyc o~ hg mohj ic{ucch {ac kctfy{syc gb f tfych{fhk ngltyglo~c~ {g naomkych‟~ nfyc {af{ fyc lfhobc~{ oh {acoy icafrogsy( Uaf{ o~crokch{- agucrcy- o~ {af{ {acyc o~ mo{{mc mf{o{skc bgy naomkychgy fksm{~- {g ~aftc fkobbcych{ fhk tg~o{orc bflom bgyl uach tgtsmfy ko~ngsy~c ~{omm rfmokf{c~ „ fhkcrch tyc~nyoic~ „ {ac hsnmcfy bflom f~ {ac ngyycn{ chroyghlch{ bgy naomkych( ^snahgyl~ fyc hg{ shs~sfm oh ngh{cltgyfy Csygtc0 @gah Igyhclfh !6??9/ kc{cn{~ f~olomfy tcy~o~{ch{ okcgmgeonfm ngllo{lch{ {g {ac hsnmcfy,bflom lgkcm if~ck ghngh~fhesoho{ oh Ecylfh- kc~to{c {ac cqo~{chnc gb f lsna uokcy yfhec gb fn{sfm

kglc~{on fyyfheclch{~ fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~(




51

^glc nafhec~ afrc gnnsyyck ~ohnc {ac kclo~c gb ftfy{acok0 {ac ~{f{c hg mghecy cqcy{~f~ lsna tyc~~syc gh uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ bflomoc~ {g stagmk {ac~c bgyl~ „ fm{agsea{acyc uf~ f ycnch{ f{{clt{ {g chngsyfec ‑tygtcy‟ bflom bgyl fmghe~okc f boea{ fefoh~{

lgyfm lfmfo~c fhk nyolc fnyg~~ {ac uagmc tgtsmf{ogh oh {ac egrcyhlch{‟~ aoea,tygbomc- is{ ~agy{,morck- Lgyfm Ycechcyf{ogh Lgrclch{ !Yfsna 9443/( F ~{yghe-Nayo~{ofh,if~ck lgyfm c{ag~ {g tyc~cyrc ‑{ac bflom sho{‟ o~ ~{omm tyglsmef{ck uo{aohBo~a Agcj‟~ hslcygs~ nasynac~- fhk bom{cy~ oh{g ~gnofm ko~ngsy~c(

Bgylfm korgync o~ ycmf{orcm shs~sfm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- tfy{m icnfs~clfyyofec o~ mc~~ ngllgh( NFT^ kf{f ~agu {af{ figs{ >4 tcy nch{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh mgu,fhk lckosl,ohnglc ngmgsyck fhk Fbyonfh ags~cagmk~ yctgy{ {af{ {acoy tfych{~ ucychcrcy lfyyock {g cfna g{acy( O{ o~ fm~g ycmf{orcm shs~sfm tfy{m icnfs~c tfy{hcy~aot~nfh ko~~gmrc fhk mf{cy yc,bgyl( [ac lg~{ ngllgh bgylfm cqtyc~~ogh gb ~ctfyf{ogh {af{uc uo{hc~~ck o~ {ac mcefm tygnc~~ oh~{oef{ck i lg{acy~ fhk ~gnofm ugyjcy~ {g ch~syc{af{ bf{acy~ tf naomk lfoh{chfhnc( ^{yghe mgnfm joh~aot fhk hcoeaigsym hc{ugyj~ch~syc {af{ hcu~ gb nafhec~ oh ngh~fhesohfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ ~tycfk~ vsonjm fhk tfych{fmkctfy{syc~ {acyci icnglc tsimonm fnjhgumckeck( [ac molo{ck ycngsy~c {g gbbonofmtygncksyc~ fhk f ao~{gyonfm tycnckch{ gb ‑tyg{cn{ohe‟ naomkych i uo{aagmkohe kobbonsm{ohbgylf{ogh nfh lcfh {af{ naomkych fyc hg{ ufyhck i fksm{~ figs{ fh oltchkohetfych{fm kctfy{syc( Fhk fm{agsea {ac uomm kgsi{mc~~ afrc gi~cyrck ncy{foh nmsc~- {ac fyc mcb{ kc~tcyf{cm fhqogs~ fhk tgucymc~~ i {ac fi~chnc gb koycn{ ngllshonf{ogh!ycnfmm @slf{‟~ kyfuohe gb ao~ kc~oyc {g bmcc {ac ~nchc gb ao~ bf{acy ao{{ohe ao~ lg{acy/(

Naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc gb{ch kc~nyoick f tfych{‟~ kctfy{syc f~ icohe f~~gnof{ck

uo{a {acoy ~cfyna bgy ugyj- f rcy ngllgh ~nchfyog oh {ac ysyfm Cf~{cyh Nftc(Lfh ycnfmmck f tfych{ lgrohe oh fhk gs{ gb {ac aglc grcy f tcyogk gb lgh{a~gy cfy~- fhk kok hg{ oh{cytyc{ {ac lgrc~ f~ ohkonf{orc gb tygimcl~ ic{ucch {acoytfych{~( [ac ko~{yc~~ {ac cqtcyochnck f{ {ac {olc ycmf{ck lgyc {g {ac ~skkchhc~~gb f kctfy{syc fhk icohe mock {g figs{ {ac kc{fom~- {afh {g tg{ch{ofm bo~~syc~ oh {acoytfych{~‟ ycmf{ogh~aot0

O uf~ igyh oh {ac [yfh~jco( L lg{acy mcb{ uach O uf~ coea{ cfy~ gmk( âc{gmk lc ~ac o~ egohe {g Sl{f{f uacyc ~ac ugyjck gh f tyg`cn{- {ach l ngs~oh {gmk lc lg{acy o~ oh Nftc [guh mggjohe bgy ugyj fhk O nyock {af{kf•Bgy f mghe {olc O uf~ hg{ ~mcctohe yoea{ oh l fsh{‟~ ags~c•O s~ck

{g ny fmm hoea{( _gs ~cc uach O uf~ ~lfmm O s~ck {g ~mcct uo{a l lg{acyoh {ac ~flc ick( !Ififmuf- eoym- feck 69- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

[ug cfy~ mf{cy- Ififmuf‟~ lg{acy iygsea{ acy {g Nftc [guh {g ~afyc acy syifhaglc- f lgrc {af{ Ififmuf oho{ofmm ~fok uf~ kyorch i acy lg{acy‟~ ~snnc~~ ohbohkohe ugyj( ^si~cvsch{m- ~ac byflck o{ f~ f yc~tgh~c {g acy bf{acy‟~ rogmch{icafrogsy {gufyk~ acy lg{acy0

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uo{a acy( L bf{acy o~ ugyjohe oh Is{{cyugy{a oh {ac [yfh~jco „ O‟l hg{




5?

~syc uaf{ ao~ `gi o~- is{ ac ~chk~ lghc ycesmfym( L lg{acy af~ f~jckaol {g nglc {g ro~o{- is{ ac kgc~h‟{ ufh{ {g nglc {g Nftc [guh( Fhk O‟rchcrcy icch ifnj {g {ac [yfh~jco(

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Ycnch{ {ychk~ afrc ~aob{ck {ac {cyyfoh gb fksm{ lgiomo{ oh uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ags~cagmk~0 ycfm fhk tcyncorck yc~{yon{ogh~ gh cltmglch{ oltg~ck i {acegrcyhlch{‟~ Imfnj Cnghglon Cltgucylch{ !ICC/ tgmon moc icaohk ohnycf~oheugyj,ycmf{ck lgiomo{ flghe fksm{~ oh Bo~a Agcj( ^crcyfm {cchfecy~ yctgy{ck {af{ghc gy ig{a tfych{~ afk lgrck {g fhg{acy tygrohnc- gy crch grcy~cf~- oh ~cfyna gb ugyj( Fhk oh ~glc nf~c~ {ac~c tfych{~ ~si~cvsch{m korgynck( [ac ~{yc{naohe gb oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ nmcfym hg{ nghbohck {g tggy gy Fbyonfh tcgtmc- f~ o~ gb{chf~~slck( Mcfhhc- f Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{- kc~nyoic~ acy mghe is{ {cltgyfy tcyogk~gb ~ctfyf{ogh bygl f tfych{ fhk ~oimohe fhk ng,yc~okchnc uo{a cq{chkck bflom lclicy~ „ cqtcyochnc~ hg{ ko~~olomfy {g Ififmuf‟~( Oh ig{a nf~c~- {ac lgrclch{~ gb

tcgtmc fyc ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a icohe f bflom fhk kg hg{ bgycnmg~c clg{oghfm fhk ~gnofmnghhcn{ckhc~~0

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I ngltfyo~gh- bcu fksm{~ mcfrc Gncfh Rocu {g ~ccj ugyj gy ~c{ st aglc cm~cuacyc-fhk naomkych nfh ghm oh{cytyc{ f tfych{‟~ kctfy{syc f~ yc~sm{ohe bygl f iycfjkguh oh

{acoy ycmf{ogh~aot( ^gnofm ko~ngsy~c {chk~ {g okcfmo~c {ac hsnmcfy bflom f~ {ac fh~ucy




14

{g lgyc uagmc~glc naomk ycfyohe- c{ f{ {ac ~flc {olc cqtmono{m rfmsc~ cq{chkck fhklsm{oechcyf{oghfm ags~cagmk~( [ac hc{ cbbcn{ o~ f mc~~ tyc~nyot{orc ton{syc gb uaf{ngsmk ic {cylck {ac tygtcy chroyghlch{ bgy naomkych {afh {af{ nycf{ck i tgtsmfy

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[ac cbbcn{~ gb {ac tf~{ fyc crokch{ oh {ac~c tcy~o~{ch{ oh{cy,hcoeaigsyaggk kobbcychnc~oh {ac byflc~ gb ycbcychnc frfomfimc {g naomkych bgy shkcy~{fhkohe tfych{fm kctfy{syc~fhk bgy hceg{of{ohe {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb ta~onfm fi~chnc( Is{ uc fyc hgu fufyc{af{ f mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb naomkych oh fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ uomm chngsh{cy tfych{fmfi~chnc- crch uach {ac shkcymohe ao~{gyonfm kyorcy~ rfy( [ac vsc~{ogh gb aguygis~{ hgylf{orc byflcugyj~ fyc oh {acoy fiomo{ {g ~s~{foh naomkych‟~ hsy{syc oh {acbfnc gb tycrfmch{ tfych{fm lgiomo{- {acycbgyc- icnglc~ tcy{ohch{ fnyg~~ {ac uagmcnsm{syfm fhk cnghglon ~tcn{yf( Yc~cfyna gh {ao~ {gton ksyohe {ac mf{c 6?14~ fhkcfym 6??4~ bgns~ck ~tcnobonfmm gh Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk yc~sm{ck oh {ug rocu~ gh {ac oltfn{ gb uaf{ uf~ {cylck ‑kglc~{on bmsoko{‟ gh {ac nfyc gb naomkych([ac boy~{ f~~cy{ck {af{ naomkych icnglc fnns~{glck {g nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck bmsok-hgh,cqnms~orc bflom ycmf{ogh~aot~ ~sna {af{ {ac cqtcyochnc fh ‑fmlg~{ ~cflmc~~ngh{ohso{•ic{ucch {ac rfyogs~ ags~cagmk~ uo{aoh uaona {ac fyc ags~ck‟ !^tocecm" Lcamufhf 6??50 >4/( [ac ~cnghk- imcfjcy- rocu uf~ {af{ naomkych‟~ ucmm,icohe uf~~crcycm ngltyglo~ck hg{ ~g lsna i fksm{ kctfy{syc~ is{ i {ac mfnj gb ngh~o~{ch{tfych{ohe !@ghc~ 6??>: Yfltacmc 9449/( Lfltacmf Yfltacmc !9449/ uyg{c gb {acng~{~ gb clg{oghfm hgsyo~alch{ ohnsyyck uach tfych{~ lfkc {ac kobbonsm{ nagonc {glgrc {g {ac no{ {g bohk ugyj( Tf{yonof Achkcy~gh !6???/ bgshk {af{ {ac yst{syc~ ohnaomkych‟~ oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ grcy {olc afk ngh{yois{ck {g {ac byfeomo{ oh {acoy~si~cvsch{ ighk~ uo{a bflom lclicy~ fhk {acoy clg{oghfm ucmm,icohe( Fhk TflcmfYchgmk~- fm~g ugyjohe oh oltgrcyo~ack- o~oQag~f,~tcfjohe fycf~ gb Nftc [guh-~seec~{ck ‑fh shkgohe gb gimoef{ogh~ {gufyk~ ncy{foh naomkych „ f kcngltg~o{ogh gb hsy{syfhnc‟ {af{ gnnsyyck uach fksm{~ bfomck {g tmf {acoy nghrch{oghfm tygrokoheygmc~ !Ychgmk~ 94440 6;>/( ^sna nghnms~ogh~ tyglt{ck s~ {g f~j agu naomkych hgucqtcyochnc {ac mghe,{cyl cbbcn{~ gb tfych{fm kctfy{syc( Fyc {ac fhk {acoy fi~ch{tfych{~ fimc {g ~s~{foh ycmf{ogh~aot~ fnyg~~ ta~onfm ko~{fhnc fh lgyc ~snnc~~bsmm hgu {afh oh {ac tf~{7 Kg naomkych yc~tghk {g f lg{acy‟~ fi~chnc oh ~olomfy uf~{g f bf{acy‟~7 Uaf{ ygmc~ kg g{acy~ oh {ac bflom fhk hcoeaigsyaggk tmf {g ch~syc

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fi~ch{ lg{acy~( [uonc f~ lfh fkgmc~nch{~ ycesmfym ro~o{ fhk nghrcy~c uo{a fi~ch{






19

{g ~cnsyc {acoy guh clg{oghfm hcck~ fhk {acoy yc~tgh~c~ {g {ac hcu kclfhk~ ghlg{acy~ {g ic ig{a iycfkuohhcy~ fhk {ac hsy{syohe acfy{~ gb {ac aglc( Fkgmc~nch{eoym~ ~glc{olc~ eyfro{f{c {gufyk~ bf{acy~ icnfs~c {ac ngh~okcy {acl lgyc ko~nycc{{afh lg{acy~- uag ‑{fmj {gg lsna‟ uo{a joh~uglch fhk hcoeaigsy~( Fhk lg{acy~ ~f {ac fyc nglbgy{fimc uo{a {ao~ mcrcm gb oh{olfn icnfs~c {ac {acl~cmrc~ fyc fmuf~

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L ~{ctlg{acy lfjc~ lc ufo{ gs{~okc uach O eg {g l bf{acy‟~ ags~c{g ec{ lghc( O kgh‟{ mojc {g eg {acyc ‟nfs~c O kgh‟{ bccm ucmnglc( O afrc fafmb,~o~{cy morohe {acyc uag o~ 62 cfy~ gmk( âc `s~{ lo~nfyyock {uoh~ mf~{lgh{a fhk O ghm acfyk figs{ o{ f{ ~naggm( !Iyofh/

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L bf{acy mcb{ gsy aglc acyc oh Lf~o uach O uf~ ~crch cfy~ gmk icnfs~c acuf~ fmuf~ boea{ohe uo{a l lg{acy( Is{ O mojc {g ~cc aol ~{omm( ^glc{olc~ac nglc~ acyc- ~glc{olc~ O eg {acyc( Ac o~ f johk tcy~gh( Ac ugyj~ ghngh~{ysn{ogh ~o{c~( Ac af~ f uobc oh ^{cchicye is{ hg naomkych( O s~ck {g nfmmaol vso{c f mg{ {ach O mg~{ ao~ taghc hslicy fhk ac kgc~h‟{ taghc l lsl‟~taghc( Is{ ob O ufh{ {g eg fhk ~cc aol- O f~j l lg{acy bgy lghc fhk {fjc{ac {yfoh bygl Bo~a Agcj fhk {ach f {fqo( O{ ng~{~ Y93 bgy {ac uagmc `gsyhc fhk O eg bgy {ac kf ghm( ![asmfho- ig- feck 66- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

^{cchicye o~ ghm 94 jomglc{yc~ bygl Lf~otaslcmcmc- is{ {ac yc{syh `gsyhc ohrgmrc~bgsy {fqo yokc~ fhk {ug {yfoh yokc~- ng~{ohe {ac cvsorfmch{ gb ghc,{aoyk gb [asmfho‟~lg{acy‟~ kfom ufec f~ f kglc~{on ugyjcy( Ycf~gh~ bgy acy ohrc~{lch{ oh [asmfho‟~

ro~o{~ {g ao~ bf{acy fyc mojcm {g ohnmskc acy ~ch~c {af{ ac o~ f eggk bf{acy uag nfh cqcy{f tg~o{orc ohbmschnc gh [asmfho- fhk acy f~toyf{ogh {af{ [asmfho uomm ic ohngytgyf{ckoh{g ao~ bf{acy‟~ nmfh {aygsea ao~ oho{of{ogh yo{sfm( [ac~c ygmc~ fyc tcyaft~ lgyc~fmoch{ eorch {af{ [asmfho‟~ lg{acy ysh~ f ~acicch !f ify fhk movsgy ~agt- s~sfmm shmonch~ck/ bygl {acoy aglc fhk {ac lch uo{a uagl [asmfho g{acyuo~c oh{cyfn{~fyc s~sfmm kyshj bygl cfym oh {ac lgyhohe(

Naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~ {g ~s~{foh nghhcn{ogh~ uo{a fi~ch{ bf{acy~ {aygsea taghc nfmm~fhk ro~o{~ nfh icfy {fheoimc byso{~ oh {ac mghe {cyl( F hslicy gb {cchfecy~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc uag~c lg{acy~ afrc FOK^ tmfhhck fhk cqcns{ck {acoy guh lgrc{g {acoy bf{acy‟~ gy tf{cyhfm eyfhktfych{~‟ aglc~ oh ko~{fh{ no{oc~ gy rommfec~( ^glc

yc{syhck fb{cy f bcu uccj~- is{ g{acy~ chygmmck oh ~naggm~ hcfy {acoy bf{acy‟~ aglc(Fhk ~crcyfm gshe Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{~ ~tgjc gb tmfh~ {g ̀ goh {acoy bf{acy~ cm~cuacycoh {ac ngsh{y- gy grcy~cf~- ghnc {ac afk ngltmc{ck ~naggm fhk uo~ack {g {yfrcm-ugyj gy ~{sk bsy{acy( F tgy{ogh gb naomkych uag~c bf{acy~ fyc {cnahonfmm fi~ch{nmcfym ycefyk {acoy ighk~ uo{a {ac~c lch fhk {ac ks{oc~ {ac ch{fom {g yclfoh ~{ygheycefykmc~~ gb {ac flgsh{ gb {olc {ac afrc ~tch{ {gec{acy oh naomkaggk(

Fi~ch{ lg{acy~ fyc lgyc gb fh fhglfm {afh fi~ch{ bf{acy~- fhk naomkych‟~ yc~tgh~c~lgyc kclfhkohe gb {ac lf{cyhfm ygmc( Hcfym {aycc,vsfy{cy~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc[guh yctgy{ck afrohe morck {acoy ch{oyc morc~ uo{a {acoy iogmgeonfm lg{acy~- fm{agseaghm f vsfy{cy gb Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~ afrc kghc ~g( Fhk {ac eycf{cy bycvschn uo{a




1;

uaona fkgmc~nch{~ yctgy{ ro~o{ohe fhk nghrcy~ohe uo{a fi~ch{ lg{acy~ {afh uo{afi~ch{ bf{acy~ ~seec~{~ f ~{yghecy ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm nghhcn{oro{ grcy {olc fhkko~{fhnc( [ac~c tf{{cyh~ fyc ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {ac torg{fm ygmc gb tygrokcy- tyg{cn{gy

fhk lch{gy fnngykck {g lg{acy~ „ fhk lg{acy boesyc~ „ i {cchfecy~ oh {ac Rfmmc-fhk fyc ~sttgy{ck cm~cuacyc oh {ac ~syrc( Tgucybsm tgcl~ tyfo~ohe fhk {afhjohelg{acy~ bgy {acoy kckonf{ogh moc fmghe~okc ngltg~o{ogh~ figs{ bycckgl- mgrc fhkokch{o{ oh fh fh{agmge i aoea,~naggm tstom~ oh ^guc{g !Hcubocmk " Lfsheckpg9443/( Bf{acy~ fyc ngh~tonsgs~ i {acoy fi~chnc(

Fkgmc~nch{~ uag ~tch{ lg~{ gy fmm gb {acoy naomkaggk uo{a {acoy lg{acy~ echcyfmm okch{ob {acoy lg{acy~ f~ {acoy lg~{ oltgy{fh{ ohbmschnc !fnngykohe {g kf{f ngmmcn{ckoh {ac {aoyk ufrc gb NFT^ oh 9443/( Flghe fkgmc~nch{~ uag ~tch{ mc~~ {afh afmb gb {acoy naomkaggk uo{a {acoy lg{acy~- ghm figs{ afmb okch{obock {acoy lg{acy~ f~ {acoylg~{ oltgy{fh{ ohbmschnc- uo{a figs{ ghc,bob{a okch{obohe f eyfhktfych{- fhk {acyclfohkcy rfyogs~ g{acy joh fhk gnnf~oghfmm crch hgh,joh( Uc fyc i hg lcfh~ {acboy~{ {g gi~cyrc {ac {chkchn bgy naomkych {g hflc f eyfhklg{acy gy fsh{ ‑lg{acy‟-fhk {acoy iogmgeonfm lg{acy ‑~o~{cy‟ gy ‑fsh{‟- {as~ ycbmcn{ohe uaf{ {ac afrc jhguh~ohnc ohbfhn !Mcc 9449/( Vsc~{ogh~ oh NFT^ ucyc kc~oehck {g {y fhk tycrch{ {ao~ joh,hflohe gi~nsyohe yc~sm{~ is{ o{ yclfoh~ mojcm {af{ {ac kf{f grcyc~{olf{c {ac yctgy{ckohbmschnc gb iogmgeonfm lg{acy~ gh fkgmc~nch{~‟ morc~( F ngh~o~{ch{ ton{syc clcyec~ gb {ac nch{yfmo{ gb lg{acy~ „ iogmgeonfm fhk f~nyoick „ oh naomkych‟~ tcynct{ogh~ gb {acoyhsy{syc fhk ucmm,icohe( Agu {ach kg naomkych ngtc uach f lg{acy kctfy{~- fhk {guaf{ cq{ch{ nfh lg{acy boesyc~ tygrokc f ~si~{o{s{c bgy iogmgeonfm lg{acy~7

Mojc lfh fkgmc~nch{~ yfo~ck oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc i f lf{cyhfm ycmf{orc- Eob{ kok hg{cqtcyochnc {ac fi~chnc gb ao~ iogmgeonfm lg{acy f~ {yfslf{on icnfs~c f{ {af{ tgoh{ ackok hg{ jhgu acy f~ ao~ lg{acy0

Uach O boy~{ acfyk {af{ l ‑fsh{‟ uf~ l lgl- O uf~ ~agnjck fhk kokh‟{icmocrc {acl „ O {aohj O uf~ figs{ hohc cfy~ gmk( [ach O ~{fy{ck tonjoheo{ st oh {ac uf tcgtmc ucyc {fmjohe f{ aglc- ~g O icefh {g icmocrc {acl(O{ fmm icefh i {ac {olc l lg{acy nflc ifnj {g {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc ghagmokf f{ {ac chk gb {ac cfy( Fhk O ~{fy{ck acfyohe l lg{acy‟~ ~o~{cy~~fohe ‑Eob{‟~ lg{acy o~ nglohe aglc {glgyygu‟( âc uf~ ugyjohe acycoh Nftc [guh gs ~cc( Uach ~ac fyyorck {ac bgmmguohe kf- ~ac eycc{ck

crcyghc fhk f{ {ac chk ~ac nflc {g lc fhk ~fok- ‑Acmmg- l ig‟( [ach Oyfh {g l lgl !uag o~ l eyfhh/ fhk ~f{ hcq{ {g acy( L lg{acy f~jck-‑Ua fyc gs ~nfyck7‟ fhk O ~fok- ‑Ua fyc gs ~fohe ”l ig“7 O fl hg{gsy ig‟ fhk ~ac mfseack( [ac kf~ uch{ gh fhk crcy ~ohemc kf O acfyktcgtmc uach {ac nflc {g ~cc acy {ac fmuf~ ~f ‑lflf jf Eob{‟- uaona o~‑Eob{‟~ lg{acy‟( [af{‟~ uach O ~{fy{ck {g icmocrc ~ac uf~ l lgl- fhk l eyfhh fm~g {gmk lc o{ o~ ~g( O ~{fy{ck ~tchkohe lgyc {olc uo{a l lg{acyfhk O uf~ aftt {g afrc {ug lgl~ fygshk lc f{ {ac ~flc {olc(

Eob{‟~ ycngmmcn{ogh o~ gb nghbs~ogh fhk ko~{yc~~ f{ {ac tgoh{ uach ao~ lg{acy yc{syhck

aglc fhk ac uf~ boy~{ {gmk gb {acoy {ysc ycmf{ogh~aot( Ao~ lg{acy‟~ bycvsch{ ro~o{~




13

chfimck Eob{ {g fk`s~{ {g {ao~ hcu ycfmo{( Ac nycko{~ {ac tcyogk~ gb {olc {af{ ac uf~fimc {g ~tchk oh {ac ngltfh gb ig{a ao~ ‑lgl‟ !eyfhklg{acy/ fhk ao~ lg{acy uo{aao~ ycmf{orcm ~lgg{a fk`s~{lch{(

Lfh gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc {gmk ~olomfy ~{gyoc~ gb f tygbgshkycnghboesyohe gb {acoy oh{olf{c lf{cyhfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh cfym naomkaggk( ^glcucyc ~{omm ~{yseemohe {g fnaocrc f tg~o{orc ycmf{ogh~aot uo{a {acoy lg{acy~( F{ {acfec gb ~crch- Ron{gyof lgrck bygl {ac ysyfm aglc ~ac afk fmuf~ ~afyck uo{a acyeyfhklg{acy !uagl ~ac nfmm~ ‑lg{acy‟/ {g Lf~otaslcmcmc oh gykcy {g f{{chk f ‑eggk‟~naggm( âc lgrck oh uo{a {ac uglfh ~ac jhcu f~ acy ~o~{cy fhk uf~ ohbgylck{ach {af{ oh bfn{ ~ac uf~ acy lg{acy( Ron{gyof uf~ ollckof{cm {ayguh oh{g f hcuchroyghlch{ oh uaona ~ac afk lf`gy yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ bgy {ac ags~cugyj- ohnmskohenggjohe bgy {ac bflom fhk nfyohe bgy acy gshecy ~oimohe~( âc ~tgjc gb acy oh{ch~cbys~{yf{ogh fhk fhecy f{ aglc {af{ yc~sm{ck oh acy yskc icafrogsy {gufyk~ acylg{acyfhk acy kc~oyc {g yc{yocrc {ac nfyc ~ac afk ycncorck bygl acy eyfhklg{acy0

O f~j uacyc l bggk o~ Z{af{ O ~frck bygl iycfjbf~{\ fhk {ac kgh‟{fh~ucy lc- ~g O fl ~ags{ohe {af{ O afrc kcnokck {af{ O kgh‟{ ufh{ {g ~{f acyc hcq{ cfy- {af{ O fl egohe {g eg {g {ac [yfh~jco {g l ‑lg{acy‟ Zacyeyfhklg{acy\( Crcy kf {ac cf{ l bggk fhk uach O nglc aglc bygl~naggm O fl ~sttg~ck {g nggj( [ao~ o~ l ~gms{ogh0 l ‑lg{acy‟ nglc~bygl {ac [yfh~jco fhk {ach O fl aftt( âc is~ icfs{obsm nmg{ac~ fhkshobgyl bgy lc( [af{‟~ fmm( !Ron{gyof- eoym- feck 6;- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Ron{gyof ~{yseemc~ uo{a {ac lf{cyhfm fs{agyo{ oltg~ck i {ac uglfh ~ac af~ fmuf~

jhguh f~ ‑~o~{cy‟ fhk acy ohfiomo{ {g fnaocrc acy tygtg~ck ~gms{ogh- hflcm {g iyoheacy eyfhklg{acy oh{g {ac aglc( Fhk- shmojc Eob{- ~ac afk hg{ ~tch{ tcyogk~ gb {olcuo{a ig{a acy lg{acy boesyc !eyfhklg{acy/ fhk iogmgeonfm lg{acy- uaona ugsmkafrc gbbcyck ngh{ohso{ oh acy nfyc fhk {ac isomkohe gb clg{oghfm ighk~ uo{a acylg{acy( Tgtsmfy ko~ngsy~c {chk~ {g mohj tygimcl~ naomkych bfnc fk`s~{ohe {g nafhec~oh ygmc~ fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a tfych{fm ~ctfyf{ogh gy {ac fyyorfm gb f ~{ct,tfych{( [acbfn{ {af{ {ac gnnsy oh ~o{sf{ogh~ gb tfych{fm tyc~chnc nafmmchec~ f~~slt{ogh~ {af{naomkych bfyc ic{{cy gh fmm fnngsh{~ uach {ac morc uo{a f iogmgeonfm tfych{(

F~ uc ~fu cfymocy- lf{cyhfm fi~chnc o~ lsna lgyc mojcm {g gnnsy ksyohe {ac

naomkaggk~ gb Fbyonfh gs{a {afh flghe {acoy ngmgsyck fhk uao{c ngsh{cytfy{~( Is{eyfhklg{acy~- fsh{~ fhk crch hcoeaigsy~ bycvsch{m fn{ f~ lg{acy boesyc~ oh GncfhRocu( Acyc- bcu lg{acy~ lgrc fuf bgy ugyj- is{ lfh ~sbbcy lch{fm acfm{a tygimcl~f~~gnof{ck uo{a kyse gy fmngagm fkkon{ogh( O{ uf~ ghm fb{cy ~crcyfm lgh{a~ gb ugyjohe{gec{acy nmg~cm {af{ Iyofh bcm{ fimc {g cqtyc~~ {g s~ ao~ bccmohe~ figs{ ao~ lg{acy0

O kgh‟{ fn{sfmm ~tcfj {g l lg{acy fh lgyc( [ac kgn{gy~ afrc ~fok {af{{acyc o~ ~glc{aohe uyghe uo{a acy iyfoh- t~nagmgeonfmm O lcfh- is{ Okgh‟{ fn{sfmm nfyc( Uach ~ac nglc~ {g l fsh{‟~ O `s~{ eg {g l yggl( O{aohj l eyfhh lf jonj acy gs{ icnfs~c ~ac o~ hcrcy {acyc fhk ~g ~acloea{ f~ ucmm ~{f uacycrcy o{ o~ {af{ ~ac ~mcct~•L lg{acy o~h‟{ fn{sfmm

f lg{acy {g acy naomkych- O yf{acy ~cc l eyfhh f~ l lg{acy( !Iyofh/




12

[cchfecy~ oh fmm {aycc ngllsho{oc~ uag~c lg{acy~ morc nmg~c i !is{ hg{ uo{a {acl/cqtyc~~ f ngliohf{ogh gb asy{- yceyc{ fhk imflc {gufyk~ lg{acy~ uag kg hg{ bsmbom{acoy kcboho{ogh gb {ac lg{acyohe ygmc( Mfyf af~ morck uo{a acy eyfhklg{acy oh Bo~a

Agcj ~ohnc ~ac uf~ {aycc lgh{a~ gmk( Acy lg{acy morc~ oh f bmf{ f bcu ~{ycc{~ fuf fhk {ac ~cc cfna g{acy ycesmfym0

Mfyf0 âc o~ l lg{acy- is{ ~ac af~ hcrcy icch l lg{acy( O kgh‟{ jhguagu {g kc~nyoic o{•icohe f lg{acy•icohe {acyc bgy lc- nfyohe- `s~{shkcy~{fhkohe- mggjohe fb{cy lc- uf{na l ifnj•

Oh{cyrocucy0 ^g uag kgc~ {af{ bgy gs7

Mfyf0 L kfk‟~ uobc fhk l eyfh( L kfk‟~ hcu uobc af~ acmtck lc{aygsea f mg{- O lcfh ~ac o~ lgyc gb f lg{acy {g lc {afh l guh lg{acyaf~ crcy icch fhk {af{ af~ ycfmm acmtck lc gs{(

Mfyf‟~ kc~nyot{ogh~ gb acy guh lg{acy‟~ bfomsyc~ !fhk {ao~ fttmoc~ oh {ac lfhhcy ohuaona g{acy fksm{ ycmf{orc~ bfmm ~agy{ gb tygrokohe lf{cyhfm ohts{/ ~seec~{ {af{ ~ac ~cc~~glc{aohe shovsc oh uaf{ f iogmgeonfm lg{acy ~agsmk tygrokc( O~ {ao~ ghm icnfs~c~ac kgc~ hg{ afrc ycngsy~c {g {ac johk~ gb ao~{gyonfm tycnckch{~ fhk nsm{syfm ysiyon~{af{ fttgoh{ fhk rfmokf{c ‑lg{acy boesyc~‟ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc7 Gsykf{f ~seec~{ hg{- bgy crch {ag~c uag ch`g oh{olf{c ighk~ uo{a {acoy lg{acy boesyc~-~nys{oho~c {ac bfomsyc~ gb {acoy iogmgeonfm lg{acy~ oh uf~ {af{ oltm {acoy shovsc~{f{s~ fhk ~ligmon oltgy{fhnc( Fm{agsea Namgc af~ icch mgrohem lg{acyck i acyeyfhklg{acy ~ohnc acy ohbfhn- ~ac yceyc{~ {af{ acy iogmgeonfm lg{acy o~ shfimc {g

lg{acy acy tygtcym fhk agmk~ acy f{ mcf~{ tfy{m yc~tgh~oimc0Mghe feg- l lsl s~ck {g ugyj oh f byso{ ~agt oh Fmcqfhkyof Zgs{~joy{~gb @gafhhc~isye\ uacyc l kfk morck f{ {ac {olc( Ac o~ bygl ûfpomfhkfhk ~tcfj~ ûf{o( [ac lc{ {acyc „ l kfk afk f {frcyh fhk l lsl~{fy{ck {g kyohj {acyc( L lsl fhk kfk hcrcy eg{ lfyyock- fhk {ac ~tmo{st figs{ {ac {olc O uf~ igyh( O morck uo{a l kfk fhk ~{ctlg{acy bgyf bcu cfy~- fhk ~ohnc {ach O‟rc icch morohe uo{a l eyfhh•O kgh‟{ ec{fmghe uo{a l lg{acy f{ fmm( Uach ~ac‟~ oh f ifk taf~c uo{a acy kyohjohe-o{‟~ ugy~c( L eyfhh oehgyc~ o{- ~ac kgc~h‟{ mojc {fmjohe figs{ o{•Uc- l eyfhh- ~o~{cy fhk O {aohj {af{ {acyc loea{ ic ~glc{aohe uyghe oh acy

acfk f~ ~ac kgc~ {aohe~ {af{ fyc rcy ~{stok- {af{ crch l mo{{mc iyg{acyugsmkh‟{ kg( Ghnc ~ac uf~ bgynck {g eorc st kyohjohe i ghc gb acyigbyochk~ oh @g‟isye- is{ uach ~ac nflc acyc ~ac ~{fy{ck fefoh( O {aohj o{‟~ f bflom {aohe f~ l eyfhh ~f~ l eyfhkbf{acy uf~ fm~g fh fmngagmon(Is{ O imflc acy bgy hg{ ~gy{ohe o{ gs{ fhk icohe f lg{acy {g s~( !Namgc-eoym- feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Gsy kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ naomkych fyc {fno{m- is{ tgucybsmm- ucoea{ohe {ac nfycyc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ gb lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ kobbcych{m( Tcyaft~ oh yc~tgh~c {g tf{cyhfmlgiomo{- naomkych fyc nf~{ohe lg{acy~ f~ sm{olf{cm kctchkfimc- {acyci tmfnohef lgyfm oltcyf{orc gh {ac ohkoroksfm fhk {ach {ac bflom {g ch~syc ‑lf{cyhfm‟




15

nfyc( NFT^ kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ {ac fyc mfyecm ~snnc~~bsm- f{ mcf~{ oh mf{c naomkaggk(Uach fkgmc~nch{~ morc uo{a ghc tfych{ ghm- {ac tfych{ oh vsc~{ogh yfycm lgrc~gs{ !NFT^ tfhcm kf{f bygl ufrc~ 6 fhk >/( [ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb ~ohemc,yc~okch{

tfych{~ fyc lg{acy~ fhk lg~{ naomkych morohe ftfy{ bygl bf{acy~ fyc oh mgu,ohnglchcoeaigsyaggk~( [as~ {ac lg{acy„naomk ycmf{ogh~aot fttcfy~ {g ic {ac bgnfm tgoh{fygshk uaona f kglc~{on eygst gb{ch ngacyc~ fhk {acyc o~ f kceycc gb yc~okch{ofm~{fiomo{ oh lg{acy„naomk ighk~ bgy lfh fkgmc~nch{~- ohnmskohe ~glc uagcqtcyochnck lf{cyhfm fi~chnc ksyohe naomkaggk !~cc Boesyc 9(9/(

_gshe tcgtmc‟~ eycf{cy ghs~ gh lg{acyohe acmt~ cqtmfoh ua lg{acy boesyc~ nfh fhkkg tygrokc f lf{cyhfm ycmf{ogh~aot- is{ gshe tcgtmc ~{yseemc ollch~cm {g morc uo{a{ac shkcy~{fhkohe {af{ {acoy iogmgeonfm lg{acy uf~ oh f tg~o{ogh {g afrc bsmbommck ~snaf ygmc fhk kok hg{ kg ~g( Iyofh- Mfyf fhk Namgc fmm kc~nyoic {acoy fufychc~~ gb {acuokcy ~gnofm fhk cnghglon ohbmschnc~ {af{ afrc ngh{yois{ck {g {acoy iogmgeonfm lg{acy‟~ohfiomo{ {g lg{acy( _c{ f{ {ac ~flc {olc- {ac ~seec~{ {af{ {acoy lg{acy~ afrc- f{ ghcmcrcm f{ mcf~{- nag~ch hg{ {g bsmbom {ac lg{acyohe ygmc( Ta~onfmm gy clg{oghfmm fi~ch{bf{acy~ fyc hg{ ~nys{oho~ck oh {ac ~flc uf- ohkonf{ohe {af{ naomkych‟~ okcfmo~ck hg{ogh~gb nfyc ohrgmrohe ig{a tfych{~ fyc ngsh{cyifmfhnck i hgyl~ {af{ tg~o{ogh uglch f~~gsync~ gb hsy{syc fhk i {ac tyfn{onfm ycfmo{ gb lgyc lgiomc fhk {yfh~och{ bf{acy~(

Uag cm~c nfyc~ f{ aglc7

[as~ bfy gsy kf{f afrc ~aguh agu cbbcn{orcm tfych{,boesyc~ „ tfy{onsmfym eyfhklg{acy~ fhk ~{ctbf{acy~ „ nfh tygrokc tfych{,mojc nfyc bgy lfh naomkychuag~c iogmgeonfm tfych{~ fyc fi~ch{( Is{ {ac kckonf{ck hsy{syc gb f tfych{,boesyc o~hg{ esfyfh{cck- c~tcnofmm oh lokkmc fhk mf{c naomkaggk( Uag cm~c kg naomkych {syh{g bgy rfyogs~ johk~ gb nfyc- fhk agu frfomfimc fhk cbbcn{orc fyc {ac~c ~gsync~7 Fycuc uo{hc~~ohe fh nafhec~ oh {ac nghnct{~ fhk tyfn{onc~ gb ‑bflom‟ gy {ac noynmc gb nfyc cq{chkck {g naomkych7

O{ o~ tg~~oimc {af{ naomkych ~ccj nfyc bygl lclicy~ gb {acoy guh ags~cagmk- ycmf{orc~morohe cm~cuacyc fhk byochk~ gy hcoeaigsy~( Oh {acgy- {acyc fyc lgyc tcgtmc frfomfimc{g gbbcy nfyc oh {ac aglc~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh mgu,ohnglc {afh oh aoea,ohnglchcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac frcyfec fkgmc~nch{ oh f mgu,ohnglc ags~cagmk morc~ uo{a

3(2 g{acy tcgtmc- uacycf~ ao~ gy acy ngsh{cytfy{ oh f aoea,ohnglc ags~cagmk morc~uo{a ghm >(5 g{acy tcgtmc !fnngykohe {g NFT^/( Oh fh ags~cagmk ohnglc nf{cegy-ngmgsyck fkgmc~nch{~ morc oh mfyecy ags~cagmk~ {afh Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~ !fm{agsea{ac frcyfec bgy fmm ngmgsyck fkgmc~nch{~ o~ mgucy {afh bgy fmm Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~icnfs~c f aoeacy tygtgy{ogh gb {ac bgylcy morc oh aoeacy,ohnglc ags~cagmk~/( Mfyecyags~cagmk~ oh lckosl, fhk mgu,ohnglc ngmgsyck fhk Fbyonfh fycf~ fyc cqtmfohck i mfyecy hslicy~ gb iyg{acy~ fhk ~o~{cy~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac tyc~chnc gb {ac cq{chkck bflom-tfy{onsmfym shnmc~- fsh{~- ngs~oh~- hctacu~ fhk hocnc~( F ~oehobonfh{ lohgyo{ !ic{ucch 6> fhk 93 tcy nch{/ gb {ac~c fkgmc~nch{~ ~afyc f aglc uo{a ghc gy {ugeyfhktfych{~( [ac aoeacy tcynch{fec ycmf{c~ {g ngmgsyck fkgmc~nch{~ icnfs~c f mfyec

tgy{ogh gb Fbyonfh eyfhktfych{~ yc~okc oh {ac ko~{fh{ Cf~{cyh Nftc- ghm lfjohe




11

gnnf~oghfm ro~o{~ {g Nftc [guh bgy acfm{anfyc( Ng,yc~okchnc uo{a eyfhktfych{~ o~shs~sfm bgy uao{c fkgmc~nch{~- ycbmcn{ohe {ac {chkchn bgy cmkcym tcgtmc {g yclfohohkctchkch{ gy lgrc oh{g yc{oyclch{ aglc~ uach {ac icnglc byfom(

NFT^ fm~g ~aguck {af{ ghc,tfych{ ags~cagmk~ fyc lsna lgyc mojcm {g ic cq{chkck{afh {ug,tfych{ ags~cagmk~ !~cc Boesyc 9(6/( [acycbgyc- naomkych uo{a fh fi~ch{tfych{ afrc f{ mcf~{ ghc g{acy ycmf{ck fksm{ oh {ac aglc uag- oh {acgy- lf tygrokcnfyc( [ac lgyc ko~{fh{ is{ ng,yc~okch{ joh fyc fmlg~{ fmuf~ lf{cyhfm joh( Fhfkgmc~nch{ uf~ ic{ucch bgsy fhk borc {olc~ lgyc mojcm {g afrc ng,yc~okch{ lf{cyhfmjoh !eyfhktfych{~- shnmc~- fsh{~ fhk g{acy~/ {afh ng,yc~okch{ tf{cyhfm joh( OhNftc [guh- ng,yc~okchnc uo{a tf{cyhfm joh o~ cqnct{oghfm- uaom~{ ng,yc~okchnc uo{alf{cyhfm joh o~ uokc~tycfk( [ao~ tf{{cyh uf~ fmlg~{ okch{onfm flghe uao{c- ngmgsyckfhk Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~(

Fhfm~o~ gb NFT^ kf{f fm~g ~aguck {af{ lg~{ gb {ac bmsoko{ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~aglc~ o~ fnngsh{ck bgy i {ac ch{y fhk cqo{ gb cq{chkck,bflom lclicy~ !shnmc~-fsh{~ fhk ngs~oh~/ yf{acy {afh gb tfych{~ fhk ~oimohe~( [ac tf{{cyh flghe Fbyonfhfkgmc~nch{~‟ aglc~ o~ ~olomfy {g {ac echcyfm tf{{cyh( Oh g{acy ugyk~- ngh{cltgyfy ags~cagmk bmsoko{ o~ hg{ nafyfn{cyo~ck i aoea mcrcm~ gb tfych{fm lgiomo{ bgynaomkych oh mgu,ohnglc Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk ‑~{fimc‟ ags~cagmk~ cm~cuacyc-f~ o~ gb{ch f~~slck(

^{ctbf{acy~ bcf{syc tyglohch{m oh f ngh{cq{ uacyc naomkych ngllghm morc uo{a {acoylg{acy~- is{ hg{ {acoy iogmgeonfm bf{acy~( NFT^ f~jck fkgmc~nch{~ {g yf{c {ac vsfmo{ gb {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a yc~okch{ fhk fi~ch{ iogmgeonfm tfych{~- yc~okch{ ~{ct,

tfych{~ fhk g{acy yc~okch{ fksm{~( [ac lf`gyo{ !31#/ kc~nyoick {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~uo{a yc~okch{ ~{ct,tfych{~ !{ac lf`gyo{ gb uagl uc jhgu {g ic ~{ctbf{acy~/ f~‑eggk‟: 9># ~fok {ac ucyc ‑cqncmmch{‟: fhk 6?# yctgy{ck {acl f~ ‑hg{ eggk‟ gy ‑ifk‟([ac ~syrc kf{f ~sttgy{ gsy c{ahgeyftaon bohkohe~ oh kclgh~{yf{ohe {af{ f ~{ct,tfych{ o~ tfych{,mojc bgy f mfyec tgy{ogh gb fkgmc~nch{~- tygrokohe ~gnofm- clg{oghfmfhk lf{cyofm nfyc ygmc~0 lgyc {afh {ug,{aoyk~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ uo{a ng,yc~okch{ ~{ct,tfych{~ yctgy{ {af{ {ac ~tchk {olc {gec{acy fmghc uo{a {acoy ~{ct,tfych{~( Ygseam afmb yctgy{ck afrohe tcy~ghfm nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a {acoy ~{ct,tfych{~- fhk {ac ~flctgy{ogh ~fok {af{ ~{ct,tfych{~ ~tchk lghc gh {acoy ~naggmohe fhk nmg{aohe- fhkafrc eorch {acl tyc~ch{~ fhk lghc(

^cnghk {g lg{acy~- ~oimohe~ ucyc {ac lg~{ ngllgh ng,yc~okch{ joh- uo{a {aycc,vsfy{cy~ gb 6;„65,cfy,gmk~ oh Nftc [guh morohe uo{a ghc gy lgyc ~oimohe~( [ac~oehobonfhnc gb ~oimohe ngltfhogh~aot fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ tggym shkcy~{ggk oh^gs{a Fbyonf !cqnct{ bgy Hocafs~ 6??; fhk iyocb ngllch{fyoc~ oh Achkcy~gh 6???:Ychgmk~ 6??>: fhk Yg~~ 6??3/( Fkgmc~nch{~ lf hg{ morc uo{a fmm gb {acoy ~oimohe~-c~tcnofmm oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk {acyc o~ ~glc bmsq oh ng,yc~okchnc ic{ucch~oimohe~( Hghc{acmc~~- lg~{ fkgmc~nch{~ ng,yc~okc bgy mghe tcyogk~ gb {olc uo{atfy{onsmfy ~oimohe~( _gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc uag afk yc~okch{ ~oimohe~ gb f~olomfy fec ~tgjc figs{ icohe ‑fmghe~okc cfna g{acy‟ oh ycmf{ogh {g fksm{~ gy ohbfh{~

oh {ac aglcfhk oh moea{ gb {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac afk fmuf~ ~tch{ {olc oh ghc fhg{acy‟~




1?

ngltfh- tmfohe- mfseaohe fhk ~vsfiimohe( Nghbmon{ grcy yc~gsync~ fhk ~tfnc oh {acaglc uf~ tyc~ch{ck f~ f nafmmcheohe- is{ cqtcn{ck- tfy{ gb morohe uo{a ~oimohe~ {af{kok hg{ hcnc~~fyom shkcylohc ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh {ac mghe {cyl( [ao~ uf~ tfy{onsmfym

crokch{ oh Bo~a Agcj uacyc gshe tcgtmc ~tchk mfyecy flgsh{~ gb {olc f{ aglcuo{a {acoy ~oimohe~ ngltfyck {g {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc0

L iyg{acy tmf~ Lc{fmmonf {gg mgsk fhk eorc~ lc acfkfnac~( !Fhhoc- eoym-feck 69- Bo~a Agcj/

O kgh‟{ ycfmm afhe gs{ st~{foy~ uo{a l bflom( O{‟~ igyohe( L iyg{acy fhk~o~{cy- {ac ec{ gh l hcyrc~•Ob O nglc kguh acyc O nfh ~o{ acyc oh l mgshec fhk kg l guh {aohe( O fl fmuf~ oh l yggl( !Mfyf- eoym- feck 65-Bo~a Agcj/

_gshe tcgtmc uag afk lgrck fygshk uo{a {acoy ~oimohe~ ~tgjc gb {ac oltgy{fhncgb afrohe f ngltfhogh uo{a f ~afyck ~c{ gb cqtcyochnc~ fhk uag uf~ hg{oghfmm cvsfm !kc~to{c ~lfmm fec kobbcychnc~/ uo{aoh {ac bflom fhk oh ycmf{ogh {g {ac hcuchroyghlch{( Mcfhhc- vsg{ck cfymocy oh {ao~ naft{cy- uyg{c gb agu lsna ~ac lo~~ckacy iyg{acy uach ~ac fhk acy lg{acy lgrck {g Nftc [guh- mcfrohe acy bf{acy fhkiyg{acy {cltgyfyom oh @gafhhc~isye( Namgc- ycnfmmohe acy lgrc {g Nftc [guh uo{aacy lg{acy boesyc !acy eyfhklg{acy/ fhk acy gshecy ~o~{cy- kc~nyoic~ f nmg~c- aoeam ~sttgy{orcis{ fmlg~{ cqnms~orcycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch {ac {ug ~o~{cy~( âc f{{yois{c~{acoy ~mgu fnvso~o{ogh gb {ac mgnfm mfhesfec {g {acoy {oea{ ighk- ~seec~{ohe {af{ {ao~lf afrc aohkcyck {acoy oh{ceyf{ogh oh{g {acoy hcu hcoeaigsyaggk( Is{ {ac clg{oghfmichcbo{~ f{ {ac {olc- fhk {ag~c {af{ tcy~o~{- gs{ucoea {ac~c cfymocy ~gnofm ng~{~0

Uach uc lgrck acyc- Fhcmc Zgshecy ~o~{cy\ fhk O ngsmk ghm ~tcfj ^g{ag- ~g uc ngsmk hg{ crch {fmj {g {ac ngs~oh~ uc‟k lgrck oh uo{a( Ucfmuf~ s~ck {g ~o{ {gec{acy icnfs~c {acyc uf~ hg tgoh{ ~o{{ohe uo{a g{acy~uag uc kokh‟{ shkcy~{fhk fhk uag uc bcfyck loea{ ic mfseaohe f{ s~(F{ {af{ {olc Fhcmc fhk O ucyc ic~{ byochk~( Uc ~{omm fyccrch hgu( Uc kokcrcy{aohe {gec{acy( Uc ucyc {yfttck oh {ao~ mfhesfec {aohe( O{ {ggj s~figs{ {aycc cfy~ {g shkcy~{fhk o~oQag~f rcy ucmm- fhk {g lfjc eggkbyochk~( Tcyaft~ o{ loea{ afrc icch ~agy{cy ob uc afkh‟{ ~tch{ ~g lsna{olc {gec{acy f~ {ac {ug gb s~( Uaf{ lfkc f kobbcychnc uf~ lc ~{fy{ohe

tyolfy ~naggm fhk mcfrohe Fhcmc oh {ac tyc,~naggm( [ach uc afk {g~tcfj uo{a g{acy naomkych( !Namgc/

Naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu uo{a ~oimohe~ lgyc {afh {aycc cfy~gmkcy gb{ch kc~nyoick {acl oh {cyl~ {af{ oho{ofmm ~seec~{ck f ~{yghe grcymft uo{a {actfych{ohe ygmc0 fh sh~sytyo~ohe nafyfn{cyo~{on eorch {ac bycvsch{ mfyec fec eft~ fhktcyogk~ uach cmkcy ~oimohe~ yfh {ac kfom kglc~{on ygs{ohc( Agucrcy- stgh nmg~cyoh~tcn{ogh- {ac ygmc gb lsna gmkcy ~oimohe~ kobbcyck bygl {af{ gb tfych{~ oh {af{ o{ohnmskck fh cqtcn{f{ogh gb tyfn{onfm yc~tgh~c fhk ohrgmrclch{ oh f gshe tcy~gh‟~nghncyh~- yf{acy {afh f lgyc yclg{c fkro~gy ~{fhnc {fjch i ~glc tfych{~( Gmkcyiyg{acy~ ucyc kc~nyoick f~ ~gsync~ gb tyg{cn{ogh- tfy{onsmfym i ig~- uag kycu

ton{syc~ gb ‑l gmkcy iyg{acy‟ oh {ychk- lfnag nmg{aohe yc{yocrohe f ~gnncy ifmm {fjch




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i byochk~ gy boea{ohe {acoy ngyhcy oh f ko~ts{c uo{a tccy~( Crch bgy {ag~c uo{a fhg{acylg{acy boesyc- gmkcy ~o~{cy~ ucyc kc~nyoick f~ ~gsync~ gb ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm nfyc- fhkcrch lf{cyofm ~sttgy{ uach {ac ucyc cfyhohe fhk ngh{yois{ohe {g ~naggm bcc~( [ac

bmot ~okc gb {ao~ ~chogy- fhk g~{ch~oim tyg{cn{orc- ygmc gb gmkcy ~oimohe~ o~ {ac tg{ch{ofmbgy s~ohe {acoy ycmf{orc tgucy {g cqtmgo{ {acoy gshecy ~oimohe~( Khflon~ gb {ao~hf{syc lf yc~sm{ oh ycmf{orcm ichoeh gs{nglc~ bgy gshecy naomkych- ~sna f~ icohef~jck {g ysh cyyfhk~- is{ ngsmk cvsfmm ohrgmrc ngltyglo~ohe {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{afksm{~ i icohe f~jck {g moc gy ~{cfm bgy {ac efoh gb fh gmkcy ~oimohe(

Oh fkgmc~nchnc- fnyg~~ fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~- ~oimohe~ nfh icnglc rfmsck ygs{c~oh{g uokcy ~gnofm noynmc~ fhk cqcy{ fh ohbmschnc gh {cchfecy~‟ f{{o{skc~ fhk ~gnofmoh{cyfn{ogh( Royeohof- uag {fmjck figs{ acy ycmf{ogh~aot uo{a acy ~o~{cy s~ohe {acugyk~ ‑mgrc‟- ‑boea{‟- ‑fkro~gy‟- ‑bsh‟- rfmsc~ acy cmkcy ~o~{cy bgy oh{ygksnohe acy {g f ~gnofmugymk gs{~okc Bo~a Agcj0

L ~o~{cy ohbmschnck lc•âc loqck uo{a ngmgsyck tcgtmc fhk ~ac nflcacyc fhk ~fok gs ~agsmk loq uo{a {acl•âc o~ l gmkcy ~o~{cy O mggj st {g- ~g crcy ~ohnc {ach O `s~{ afhe gs{ uo{a {acl Zngmgsyck tcgtmc\- mojc~mcctohe f{ {acoy ags~c~- icohe uo{a {acl lg~{ gb {ac {olc( !Royeohof- eoym-feck 65- Bo~a Agcj/

F{ {ac ~flc {olc- ~oimohe~ nghbokc oh ghc fhg{acy- tfy{onsmfym !is{ hg{ cqnms~orcm/uach {ac fyc {ac ~flc ~cq fhk hg{ lgyc {afh {aycc cfy~ kobbcych{ oh fec( Fkronc gh{gton~ ~sna f~ kf{ohe- ~cq- ~naggm, gy nfyccy,ycmf{ck kcno~ogh~ {af{ fyc hg{ ko~ns~~ckuo{a tfych{~ gy g{acy fksm{~ oh {ac aglc o~ gb{ch ~gsea{ bygl ~oimohe~ !ohnmskohe

ng,yc~okch{ ngs~oh~ uag fyc ngh~okcyck ~oimohe~/(

[yfnc0 O lo~~ acy Zgmkcy ~o~{cy\ f mg{ icnfs~c ~ac s~ck {g acmt lc uo{al aglcugyj- O s~ck {g eg {g acy {g {fmj {g acy- {g eg gs{ {gec{acy- bgylghc- fhk `s~{ {g ic uo{a acy(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Uaf{ kok gs s~ck {g {fmj {g acy figs{7

[yfnc0 Uc {fmjck figs{ {aohe~ {af{ afttchck- fhk lfjc `gjc~ figs{{acl( O ngsmk eg {g acy ob O afk f tygimcl gy uf~ ~fk(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Uag kg gs eg {g hgu ob gs bccm ~fk gy afrc f tygimcl7

[yfnc0 O jcct o{ bgy lc fmghc( L lgl o~ {gg is~ fhk ~glc{olc~ O flhcyrgs~ {g eg {g acy( ![yfnc- eoym- feck 69- Gncfh Rocu/

[yfnc fhk acy ~o~{cy afk morck uo{a ig{a tfych{~ oh {ac ~flc ags~c oh Gncfh Rocufmm {acoy morc~- is{ acy cmkcy ~o~{cy lgrck {g ic hcfycy {g acy mghe,{cyl igbyochkfhk oltygrc acy nafhnc~ gb bohkohe ugyj( [yfnc‟~ ycbmcn{ogh~ gh {ac oltfn{ gb acycmkcy ~o~{cy‟~ ycnch{ lgrc {g fhg{acy ~sisyi gb Nftc [guh ~seec~{ {af{ f ~oimohe‟~kctfy{syc bygl {ac aglc- crch uach tmfhhck fhk fh{onotf{ck- nfh afrc ollckof{c~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm ngh~cvschnc~ bgy naomkych- uaona- ob g{acy~ kg hg{ bomm {ac eftoh ~sttgy{- lf mcfk {g gshe tcgtmc lfjohe shohbgylck kcno~ogh~ {af{ ~aftc {acoy

mghecy,{cyl ucmm,icohe(




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^nfh{ f{{ch{ogh uf~ tfok {g {ac ~ctfyf{ogh gb ~oimohe~ oh {ac igk gb naomkaggkc{ahgeyfta nghksn{ck oh {ac cfym 6??4~- uaona kc{fomck {ac lgrclch{ gb tfych{~fhk fksm{ joh fhk {ac ngh~cvschnc~ ~g f{{ch{orcm !Achkcy~gh 6???: @ghc~ 6??>:

Yfltacmc 9449: Ychgmk~ 9444/( ^cfh @ghc~ !6??>/ bmfe~ {ac o~~sc i tgoh{ohe gs{{af{ tfych{~ ucyc bgynck i noynsl~{fhnc~ {g nagg~c uaona naomkych {g {fjc uo{a{acl fhk uaona {g mcfrc oh g{acy~‟ nfyc( Ghm oh ncy{foh ~tcnobon ngh{cq{~ af~ {ac ygmcgb ~oimohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ icch eorch ycnch{ f{{ch{ogh i ~gnofm ~noch{o~{~( ^{skoc~ gb {acoltfn{ gb FOK^,ycmf{ck lgy{fmo{ fhk loeyf{ogh oh ~gs{acyh fhk nch{yfm Fbyonf afrcycrcfmck {af{ icohe ~ctfyf{ck bygl f ~oimohe o~ cqtcyochnck i naomkych f~ ghc gb {ac lg~{ {yfslf{on ngh~cvschnc~ gb ags~cagmk ycfyyfheclch{~ !Lfhh 944>: _gshe" Fh~cmm 944>/( Gsy bohkohe~ ~{yche{ach {ac nf~c bgy bsy{acy yc~cfyna oh{g ~oimoheycmf{ogh~aot~ !ohnmskohe {ag~c ic{ucch ngs~oh~/- {acoy cbbcn{orchc~~ oh tygrokohet~nag~gnofm ~sttgy{ uo{aoh f echcyf{ogh fhk {ac kceycc {g uaona gmkcy ~oimohe~

tygrokc f lch{gy boesyc gy ohbmschnc gb f kobbcych{ hf{syc oh naomkych‟~ crcykf kcno~ogh,lfjohe- c~tcnofmm uach f lg{acy gy bf{acy o~ fi~ch{( Fyc naomkych uagafrc afk f ngh~o~{ch{ ~oimohe ngltfhogh {aygsea yc~okch{ofm lgrclch{ fhkfm{cyf{ogh~ oh {ac kglc~{on chroyghlch{ „ bgy cqfltmc- {ac nglohe fhk egohe gb tfych{~ „ lgyc yc~omoch{ {afh {acoy tccy~ uag afrc hg{7 Ob ~g- uaf{ f~tcn{~ gb {ac~oimohe‟~ tyc~chnc ngsh{7

NFT^ kf{f ~agu {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ morohe uo{a ghc tfych{ gy hco{acy tfych{ f{{ac gs{~c{- ycefykmc~~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk- ucyc lsna lgyc mojcm {g fnvsoyc hcung,yc~okch{~ !c~tcnofmm ~oimohe~ fhk ngs~oh~- hctacu~ fhk hocnc~/ {afh fkgmc~nch{~yc~okohe uo{a ig{a tfych{~( Eycf{cy bmsq oh {ac ags~cagmk~ gb gshe tcgtmc uo{a ghcgy {ug fi~ch{ tfych{~ yfo~c~ vsc~{ogh~ figs{ {ac vsfmo{ gb nfyc {af{ nfh ic tygrokckuach tcgtmc fyc bycvsch{m lgrohe oh fhk gs{- fhk bmfe~ {ac tg{ch{ofm bgy fis~c(

[ac yo~j~ gb fis~c tg~ck {g naomkych i {yfh~och{ ycmf{orc~ gy joh fhk hcoeaigsy~morohe nmg~c i o~ lsna eycf{cy uach {acoy guh kglc~{on chroyghlch{ o~ cnghglonfmm fhk ~gnofmm oltgrcyo~ack( Cfymocy uc ~fu agu {ac ~skkch fhk rogmch{ kcf{a gb acy~{ctbf{acy tmfnck [afhko- acy gshe ko~fimck iyg{acy fhk {acoy lg{acy oh f tcyomgs~bohfhnofm tg~o{ogh( Fh shnmc morohe oh f hcfyi ~afnj icefh {g ngh{yois{c ~glc gb ao~ ohnglc {g {acoy ags~cagmk- fhk uc gb{ch chngsh{cyck aol kyshj oh {ac ronoho{ gb [afhko‟~ aglc( F{ hg tgoh{ kok ~ac yctgy{ fis~c gy ~{f{c koycn{m acy bcfy~ gb {ao~

lfh- is{ ~ac lfkc ~crcyfm fmms~ogh~ {g ao~ shtyckon{fimc- ~glc{olc~ {aycf{chohe-icafrogsy fhk {g acy ~ch~c gb kctchkchnc0

O ghm mgrc l shnmc uach ac iyohe~ s~ honc {aohe~( Icnfs~c ~glc{olc~ac ~ags{~ f{ s~- ~fohe {af{ ac o~ hg{ ugyjohe bgy s~ fhk {af{ ac kcnokck{g yc~oeh bygl ugyj icnfs~c ac kgc~ hg{ ufh{ {g ~sttgy{ fhghc cm~c(![afhko- eoym- feck 6;- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Cnghglon oltgrcyo~alch{ ychkcy~ o{ fmlg~{ oltg~~oimc bgy fksm{~ fhk naomkych {gycbs~c f~~o~{fhnc bygl f ycmf{orc fhk nycf{c~ f ycmf{ogh~aot gb ohkci{ckhc~~( [afhkoaf~ mo{{mc ollckof{c bflomofm tyg{cn{ogh icnfs~c acy lg{acy ugyj~ sh{om mf{c fhk ~ac

af~ hg cmkcy ~oimohe~ gy ngs~oh~ oh {ac ronoho{( [ac yo~j~ ~ac bfnc~ fyc shkcy~ngyck




?9

i echkcy, fhk fec,ycmf{ck aocyfynaoc~ gtcyf{ohe fnyg~~ {ac bohfhnofm lcfh~ fhknsm{syfm ~tcn{yf- f~ ucmm f~ i tgucybsm hgyl~ {af{ mohj {ac fttcfyfhnc gb cnghglon~sbbonochn uo{a yc~tcn{fiomo{ oh mgu,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk~ !ko~ns~~ck bsy{acy

oh {ac hcq{ naft{cy/( Is{ {ac~c yo~j~ fyc yfo~ck ngh~okcyfim i acy lg{acy‟~ fmngagmngh~slt{ogh- mghe ugyjohe agsy~ fhk {ac ags~cagmk‟~ lcfeyc ohnglc- fmm gb uaonaafrc icch cqfncyif{ck ~ohnc acy ~{ctbf{acy‟~ ~skkch kcf{a(

‑O‟l mojc f kfsea{cy oh {af{ ags~c‟0 [ac ycfnac~ gb ngllshfm nfyc

[ac cq{ch{ {g uaona naomkych ~ccj nfyc bygl {acoy uokcy hgh,yc~okch{ bflom kctchk~gh {acoy fnnc~~oiomo{ {g {acl- ~gnofm hgyl~ fhk {ac vsfmo{ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ {ac ch`g( Tf{{cyh~ oh {ac ecgeyftaonfm tygqolo{ gb naomkych‟~ uokcy bflom lclicy~ nfhic mohjck {g {ac loeyf{ogh ao~{gyoc~ gb tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsyaggk~ kc~nyoick cfymocy(

[ac cq{chkck bflomoc~ gb {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb gshe Gncfh Rocu yc~okch{~ morc oh {achcoeaigsyaggk- fhk f tgy{ogh morc oh g{acy mgu, {g lokkmc,ohnglc ~sisyi~ gb Nftc[guh- kc~oehf{ck ‑ngmgsyck‟ i {ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c !ohnmskohe Lfhchicye- Eyf~~ Tfyj fhk Mfrchkcy Aomm/( [acoy tccy~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc morc nmg~c {gf ~lfmmcy tgy{ogh gb {acoy uokcy bflom fhk bycvsch{m afrc ycmf{orc~ oh rcy ko~{fh{tygrohnc~ fhk g{acy tfy{~ gb Eycf{cy Nftc [guh(

Gsy c{ahgeyfta tgoh{~ {g {ac rcy {fyec{ck hf{syc gb naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~ {g ~cnsyc nfycbygl hgh,yc~okch{ ycmf{orc~ fhk kyflf{on rfyof{ogh ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~( Cmcrch,cfy,gmk [asmfho- uag~c uccjm is~ ̀ gsyhc~ bygl Lf~otaslcmcmc grcy {ac lgsh{foh {g~cc ao~ bf{acy ucyc kc~nyoick cfymocy- af~ f nmcfy ~{yf{ce {g ngltch~f{c bgy ao~ lg{acy‟~tycgnnstf{ogh uo{a {ac ~acicch ysh bygl {acoy aglcfhk {ac hgo~c nycf{ck {acyc0

O{ o~ ~g is~ f{ aglc {af{ O nfh‟{ kg l aglcugyj( ^g O {fjc l iggj~ {gl fsh{‟~ tmfnc- `s~{ {ug tmg{~ fuf( O{ o~ lsna vsoc{cy {acyc( Fhk ob O ec{~{snj O f~j l ~o~{cy- uag o~ oh eyfkc 64•Uach O bccm ifk- l g{acy fsh{fhk shnmc fyc {ac ghc~ uag lfjc lc bccm ic{{cy( [ac morc oh f ~afnj gh{ac ~flc tmg{ f~ gsy~( O {ys~{ l fsh{ fhk nfh {cmm acy fh{aohe( Oh {ao~uf- ~ac o~ f io{ mojc f lg{acy {g lc(

[ac ~sttgy{ ygmc~ tmfck i [asmfho‟~ fsh{~- shnmc fhk ~o~{cy fyc ~tcnobon- fhk cfnatygrokc~ fh c~~ch{ofm ohts{ oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb ao~ hcck~( Ao~ fn{ogh~ fyc {tonfm gb

naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- uacyc lgrclch{ ic{ucch cq{chkckbflom fhk hcoeaigsy~‟ aglc~ o~ oh{yoh~on {g ~gnofmo{ flghe fksm{~ fhk naomkych(Rg{ohe uo{a {acoy bcc{- ~glc naomkych oh {ac~c fycf~ lgrck oh uo{a ycmf{orc~ gy byochk~bgy tcyogk~ gb uccj~ gy lgh{a~( _gshe Gncfh Rocu yc~okch{~ gb{ch cqtmono{m ~gsea{{ac ngltfh fhk tfych{,mojc ~sttgy{ gb hcoeaigsy~- uag ucyc cqtcyochnck f~ mc~~tfy{o~fh {afh ycmf{orc~( Ycnfmmohe Rcyghovsc‟~ aoeam nghbmon{sfm aglc chroyghlch{-o{ o~ ycrcfmohe {g ycfk {ac uf ~ac ycnycf{c~ acy okcfm gb f bflom oh acy ic~{ byochk‟~aglc kguh {ac ygfk0

O fl fmuf~ {acyc Zf{ Lfyofhnf‟~ ags~c\( [ac fyc mojc bflom( O cf{ {acyc-

~mcct {acyc- {ac fyc mojc f ~cnghk bflom {g lc•Ob O afrch‟{ icch ygshk




?>

{acoy ags~c Lfyofhnf‟~ lgl f~j~ lc uacyc O‟rc icch fhk ~f~ {af{ ~acaf~ lo~~ck lc•O‟l vso{c nmg~c {g acy( âc mojc~ {cf~ohe lc fhk Lfyofhnffigs{ gsy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a ig~( Uc fm~g kg ~{sbb {gec{acy( Uc eg

ufmjohe- eg {g {ac lfmm fhk {g Bo~a Agcj( Uc naf{ figs{ [R fhk gsykf~( âc uomm lfjc lc ngbbcc gy O uomm lfjc ngbbcc bgy acy- f{ acy ags~c(O‟l mojc fhg{acy kfsea{cy oh {af{ ags~c( !Cqncyt{~ bygl oh{cyrocu~ fhkkofy- Rcyghovsc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

[cmmohem- Rcyghovsc cqtcyochnc~ acy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {ao~ bflom f~ clg{oghfmm ~sttgy{orc icnfs~c {ac ngh{foh ~glc gb {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb gtchhc~~ fhk ycnotygno{ {af{ naomkych rfmsc oh ycmf{ogh {g {acoy guh ucmm,icohe !~cc Naft{cy >/( Is{hcoeaigsym ycmf{ogh~aot~ mojc {ao~ kg hg{ nfyy {ac ~flc kch~o{ gb gimoef{ogh f~{ag~c uo{aoh bflomoc~ !Iyf 944?/( Uc gi~cyrck {af{ ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a hgh,joh ucycgb{ch rcy oh{ch~c ksyohe f ncy{foh tcyogk gb {olc- is{ byfeomc oh {ac ~ch~c {af{ {ac ngsmk vsonjm {syh io{{cy gy nghbmon{sfm(

Bcucy gshe Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{~ nsm{orf{ck ycmf{ogh~aot~ gb {ao~ johk uo{a mgnfmycmf{orc~- hcoeaigsy~ fhk byochk~( Mgnfm eyfhktfych{~ fyc {ac lg~{ bycvsch{ ~gsync~gb oh{olf{c nfyc- c~tcnofmm uach tfych{~ fyc omm gy afrc mghe ugyjohe agsy~( [ag~cuag ~cc {acoy eyfhktfych{~ bycvsch{m yctgy{ f nmg~c- ~sttgy{orc fhk ycnotygnfmycmf{ogh~aot- ~olomfy {g {ag~c kc~nyoick i naomkych cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc0

Ycfmm O jhgu O fl ~tgom{- O nfh eg {g l eyfh gy fhuacyc fhk f~j bgy~glc{aohe( Is{ O fm~g fmuf~ acmt gs{•O uomm nggj bgy acy- kg ko~ac~- ~tchk{olc•hg{ icnfs~c o{‟~ cqtcn{ck- is{ O ufh{ {g kg o{( Ua ~agsmkh‟{ O7

[ac afrc fmuf~ icch {acyc bgy lc( O{‟~ `s~{ f hf{syfm {aohe( O fmuf~afrc bflom {g eg {g ob O hcck f mob{•fh{aohe O hcck( !@s~{ohig- feck 61-Bo~a Agcj/

@s~{oh kc~nyoic~ aol~cmb f~ ‑~tgom{‟ gh {ac if~o~ {af{ ac af~ ycfk fnnc~~ {geyfhktfych{~ uag fyc uommohe {g acmt aol oh fh uf {af{ {ac nfh( Ac ~cc~ aol~cmb f~ ig{a shs~sfm fhk tyoromceck- fh ohkonf{ogh {af{ crcykf ls{sfmm ~sttgy{orcycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a eyfhktfych{~ fyc yfyc oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj( Ao~ fhfm~o~ fm~gagmk~ oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb {ac uagmc Rfmmc0 ac af~ fmuf~ afk aoea,vsfmo{ nfyc byglao~ yc~okch{ lg{acy fhk ycncorc~ ycesmfy clg{oghfm nfyc fhk bohfhnofm ~sttgy{ bygl

ao~ eyfhktfych{~(F afhkbsm gb gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj ~tgjc figs{ f mgnfm bflom uo{a uagl {acoyguh ollckof{c bflom o~ rcy byochkm0 ~afyohe mob{~ {g ~naggm: tmfohe oh cfna g{acy‟~aglc~ ycesmfym: fhk egohe gh bflom agmokf~ {gec{acy( Is{ rcy bcu yctgy{ck {acmcrcm gb ~cmb,lg{orf{ck bflomofyo{ fhk crch kctchkchnc gh hcoeaigsy~ fhk byochk~{af{ uc ~fu oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( Kglc~{on ugyjcy~ cltmgck i lg~{lokkmc,nmf~~ ags~cagmk~ gb{ch lgho{gy naomkych tmfohe f{ aglc fhk tyctfyc bggksh{om tfych{~ yc{syh bygl ugyj- {acyci ycksnohe {ac hcck {g {syh {g hcoeaigsyohebyochk~( Yc~{yon{ogh~ gh gshe Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{~‟ ohkctchkch{ lgiomo{ fyc flf`gy ngh~{yfoh{ gh {acoy gttgy{sho{oc~ {g kyfu ~sttgy{ bygl gs{~okc {ac aglc

!ko~ns~~ck oh {ac hcq{ naft{cy/( Nsm{syfm tycbcychnc~ bgy naomknfyc {g ic ngh{fohck




?;

uo{aoh f hsnmcfy,bflom fyyfheclch{ bsy{acy ko~ngsyfec naomkych bygl ~ccjohe gyycncorohe nfyc bygl cm~cuacyc- fhk ~cyrc {g shkcylohc {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb fh ~sna~sttgy{ {af{ naomkych ~snncck oh ~cnsyohe(

Nghnms~ogh

Ghc gb {ac mcefnoc~ gb ftfy{acok o~ f aoea yf{c gb ta~onfm byfelch{f{ogh oh {acbflomoc~ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~( Is{ tf{{cyh~ gb ng,yc~okchnc kg hg{ fnngykhcf{m uo{a {ac yfnofm koro~ogh~ gb ftfy{acok( O{ o~ {ysc {af{ lfh Fbyonfh naomkychfhk fkgmc~nch{~ morc ftfy{ bygl {acoy bf{acy~- afrc mo{{mc ngh{fn{ uo{a {acl gy uo{atf{cyhfm johfhk ~glc fm~g morc ftfy{ bygl {acoy lg{acy~( Agucrcy- tf{{cyh~ fyc hg{ko~~olomfy flghe tggycy ngmgsyck naomkychfhk f ~oehobonfh{ lohgyo{ gb ao~{gyonfmm tyoromceck uao{c naomkych bfnc ~olomfy nafmmchec~( [ac kobbcychnc~ {af{ tcy~o~{ ~ccl

{g ycbmcn{ nmf~~ f~ lsna f~ yfnc- oh {af{ naomkych oh tggycy ags~cagmk~ ~tchk lgyc gb {acoy naomkaggk uo{a {acoy tfych{~ {afh {acoy tccy~ oh yonacy ags~cagmk~( Ohnglc o~hgu f lgyc fnnsyf{c tyckon{gy gb bflom bgyl {afh yfnc eygst(

Cq{chkck bflom ags~cagmk~ fyc fm~g uokc~tycfk( Oh {cyl~ gb {acoy bgyl- ags~cagmk~oh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh afrc hg{ nghrcyeck fygshk {ac {ug,tfych{- hsnmcfy,bflom lgkcm( Oh~{cfk- {ac afrc nghrcyeck gh f yfhec gb lgkcm~ {af{ ohnmskc {ac~c-f~ ucmm f~ ags~cagmk~ ngltyo~ohe lg{acy~ fhk hg g{acy fksm{~ fhk ags~cagmk~ngltyo~ohe f uokcy gy cq{chkck yfhec gb joh- lg~{m lf{cyhfm( ^gs{a Fbyonfhags~cagmk~ fyc nghrcyeohe fygshk f korcy~o{ gb ags~cagmk bgyl~- fhk hg{ fygshkfh ghc gb {ac ~tcnobon bgyl~ {af{ nafyfn{cyo~ck yfnofm eygst~ shkcy ftfy{acok(

Oh {ac bfnc gb fn{sfm gy f{ mcf~{ tg~~oimc bmsq oh ags~cagmk ngltg~o{ogh- naomkychfhk {acoy oh{olf{c fksm{~ fnyg~~ Nftc [guh ~ccj {g isomk eggk ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh f rfyoc{ gb uf~( Fi~chnc hcck hg{ ch{fom ifk ycmf{ogh~aot~- fh lgyc {afh tyc~chncch{fom~ eggk ycmf{ogh~aot~( Naomkych ngh~o~{ch{m f~~cy{ {ac ygmc~ fhk gimoef{ogh~gb {acoy tfych{~ f~ tygrokcy~ „ c~tcnofmm {acoy lg{acy~ „ mggjohe bgy ycnotygno{ ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~ fhk tyg{cn{ohe tfych{~ bygl {ac shucmnglc ~nys{oh gb ~agy{bfmm~ oh {acoy nfyc( [acoy lc{agk~ fhk {ac cq{ch{ gb {acoy ~snnc~~ kobbcy fnngykohe{g hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac rfyof{ogh~ uc gi~cyrck ycbmcn{ {ac lf{cyofm fhk ~gnofmtg~~oiomo{oc~ gb fksm{~ {g lcc{ naomkych‟~ cqtcn{f{ogh~- fhk {ac ~ngtc gb nsm{syfm hgyl~

{g yc~tghk {g naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~ {g lgsmk {ac nafyfn{cy gb oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh {acaglc( Fhk ig{a {ac~c rfyofimc~ fyc tygbgshkm ohbmschnck i {ac tcy~o~{chnc gb tf~{oh`s~{onc fhk oltgrcyo~alch{- f~ ucmm f~ tyc~ch{,kf gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy nafhec „ ig{aycfm fhk tcyncorck(

Tg~o{orc ohrc~{lch{~ oh bflom khflon~ fyc lsna cf~ocy bgy naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc{afh oh Gncfh Rocu( [ac fyc mc~~ gb{ch kclfhkck gb naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj-fm{agsea uach {ac fyc- {ac fyc cvsfmm kobbonsm{( Ngyyc~tghkohem- naomkych {chk{g hceg{of{c nafmmchec~ oh {ac kglc~{on fychf lgyc ~snnc~~bsmm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc{afh oh {ac g{acy {ug hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ao~ ~ccl~ {g ycbmcn{ {ac yc~omochnc gb lgycbmcqoimc uf~ gb ‑kgohe bflom‟ uo{aoh ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ Fbyonfh tgtsmf{ogh( Fbyonfh

naomkych nfh kyfu gh mghe,~{fhkohe ~gnofm fhk nsm{syfm yc~gsync~ nghncyhohe




?3

ngmmcn{orc nfyc bgy naomkych- ngkc~ gb yc~tcn{ {gufyk~ gmkcy tcgtmc- {ac kc~oehf{oghgb nfyc yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ {g ~chogy uglch fhk ohrc~{lch{ oh f ysyfm aglc gb gyoeoh([ac~c nsm{syfm yc~gsync~ fyc hg{ shnafheohe- agucrcy( Fbyonfh naomkych fkk {g {ao~

tfmc{{c ~glc ycnch{m mceo{olo~ck rfmsc~ fhk f~toyf{ogh~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {acoy hcu~gnogtgmo{onfm ~{f{s~( Tfych{~ !c~tcnofmm lg{acy~/ hgu ngh~okcy o{ ichcbonofm {g yfo~c{acoy naomkych uo{a {acl oh {ac no{ !oh morohe fyyfheclch{~ {af{ ~glc{olc~ ~ccl~glcuaf{ hsnmcfy/( [ac cqtcn{f{ogh {af{ ~naggmohe o~ f tf~~tgy{ {g ~snnc~~ lcfh~{af{ naomkych afrc lgyc ifyefohohe tgucy oh {ac bflom gy ags~cagmk( [acyc fycfm~g ohkonf{ogh~ {af{ fksm{ rsmhcyfiomo{ {g FOK^ o~ tyglt{ohe {ac yc,crfmsf{ogh gb echkcyck ygmc~ oh {ac aglc fhk gb {ac nftfno{oc~ gb gshe naomkych oh koycn{ogh~ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a naomkych‟~ ycmf{ogh~aot okcfm~( [ac~c tg~~oiomo{oc~ fyc ~sttgy{ck i f~ch~c gb tcylfhchnc fhk syifh okch{o{ ~afyck i {ao~ echcyf{ogh gb naomkych fhktfych{~ uag~c ~ligmon nghhcn{ogh~ {g {acoy ysyfm gyoeoh~ fyc ~{omm fimc {g ~gmokob

{acoy Fbyonfh okch{o{ fhk gbbcy f tg{ch{ofm bs{syc yc~gsync if~c(

Ftfy{acok‟~ ko~chbyfhnao~clch{ afk kobbcych{ oltmonf{ogh~ bgy naomkych eyguohest oh ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ {ug kcnfkc~ feg- {ac cbbcn{~ gb uaona fyc fttfych{{gkf( Naomkych‟~ ycfk ycngsy~c {g nghbygh{f{ogh fhk {ac aoea mcrcm~ gb oh{cytcy~ghfm rogmchnc oh Gncfh Rocu loyygy {ac lc{agk~ gb yctyc~~ogh fhk bgynck ko~mgnf{oghs~ck i {ac ~{f{c( F ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb bflomoc~ afrc icnglc ycmf{orcm ucfm{a- is{ {aclf`gyo{ tcyncorc {acl~cmrc~ f~ ‑~{snj‟ oh ~gnog,cnghglon {cyl~ fhk kg hg{ chro~fecf ic{{cy bs{syc bgy {acoy naomkych( Oh {ao~ ngh{cq{- f ngacych{- tg~o{orc- hgylf{orcbyflcugyj f{{fnack {g ngllsho{ ao~{gy fhk okch{o{ o~ lsna lgyc cms~orc(

Oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ mojc Bo~a Agcj uo{a f ao~{gy gb tyoromcec fhk cnghglon ~cnsyo{-{ac echkcy fhk fec aocyfynaoc~ stacmk i ftfy{acok‟~ ysmohe cmo{c ngh{ohsc {g yc~{yon{uaf{ o~ tg~~oimc bgy naomkych fhk fksm{~ f{ aglc( Uach tfych{~ chngsyfec kcif{cfhk hceg{of{ogh- naomkych fyc kyfuh {g {ac~c okcfm~ gb ycnotygno{ fhk cvsfmo{-is{ bohk {af{ {ac ~o{ shcf~om fmghe~okc mghe,acmk hg{ogh~ gb koycn{orc tfych{ fhkyc~tgh~orc naomk( Bflom lgiomo{ fhk ~ctfyf{ogh bygl tfych{~ o~ hg{ shs~sfm- eorch{ac ycfm fhk tcyncorck hfyyguohe gb cltmglch{ gttgy{sho{oc~ yc~sm{ohe bygl {actg~{,ftfy{acok ~{f{c‟~ tgmonoc~ gb ICC( Hco{acy naomkych hgy {acoy tfych{~ afrc {ac~gnofm gy nsm{syfm yc~gsync~ {g hceg{of{c {ac~c {yfh~o{ogh~ ~lgg{am( Ngllshfm nfycuo{aoh gy gs{~okc {ac uokcy joh eygst o~ yfycm cqtcn{ck gy rfmsck( Fhk naomkych fhk

{acoy oh{olf{c fksm{~ fyc cbbcn{orcm bgynck {g tygrc {af{ {ac nfh yc{foh ~gnofm fhkclg{oghfm ngacychnc oh {ac aglc uach ghc gy ig{a tfych{~ fyc cm~cuacyc(

[ac yc~{yon{ogh~ gb {ac tf~{ fyc i hg lcfh~ kc{cyloho~{on oh fh hcoeaigsyaggk0gshe tcgtmc yclfoh tg~o{orc figs{ {acoy bflomofm chroyghlch{ fhk nycf{orc oh {acoycbbgy{~ {g ~cnsyc hsy{syc uo{aoh fhk icghk {ac igshkfyoc~ gb ‑aglc‟( O{ o~ tcyaft~tfy{onsmfym yclfyjfimc {af{ hco{acy {ac grcy{ gttyc~~ogh hgy ftfy{acok‟~ oh~okogs~shkcylohohe gb ohkoroksfm ugy{a af~ bom{cyck oh{g {ac uf oh uaona naomkych ohtggy Fbyonfh fhk ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ cqtcyochnc fhk nghksn{ bflomofmycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac ~nfync lch{ogh gb naomkych‟~ yoea{~ ohkonf{ck {af{ gshe tcgtmc kghg{ kyfu cqtmono{m gh {ao~ oh{cyhf{oghfm tgmon ko~ngsy~c {g byflc {acoy f~toyf{ogh~

fhk fn{ogh~(




?2

Is{ {ao~ echcyf{ogh gb naomkych „ c~tcnofmm gshe Fbyonfh~ „ o~ {fjohe fkrfh{fec gb f eycf{cy mf{o{skc oh {ac ~{ysn{syc~ fhk hgyl~ egrcyhohe bflom khflon~ {g hsy{sycycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ ngh{foh ncy{foh vsfmo{oc~- bgy cqfltmc {ys~{- gtch ngllshonf{ogh-

ycnotygno{ fhk ls{sfm yc~tcn{( Ob eorch {ac gttgy{sho{- gshe tcgtmc fyc vsonj {gf~~cy{ {acoy kc~oyc bgy {ac~c( Fhk {ac~c vsfmo{oc~ {tob fh fttygfna {g bflom mobc {af{o~ kokfn{on yf{acy {afh nghbygh{f{oghfmfhk lgyc fjoh {g {ac tyohnotmc~ gb kclgnyfn {afh {g {ag~c cltmgck i {ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c( Ob uc bgmmgu gshe tcgtmc‟~ tyogyo{oc~-bflom ngacychnc ugsmk ic `skeck gh {ac if~o~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot vsfmo{ fhk ~afyck rfmsc~ yf{acy {afh o{~ iogmgeonfm oh{ceyo{( Naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~ {gufyk~ ~sna ngacychncoh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~seec~{ f yc,bgylohe gb {ac bflom fmghe~okc ~gnofmnafhec- uaona- {acgyc{onfmm f{ mcf~{- chfimc~ ch{o{mclch{ fhk aghgsy~ ks{(

[ac iyfjc~ ngsh{cyohe {ao~ tygnc~~ fyc ~{yghe oh fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~- is{ c~tcnofmm molo{ohe oh aglc~ uo{a rcy mgu ohnglc~( Cnghglon ~agnj~ lcfh {af{ tfych{~ nfh~skkchm bfom oh {acoy tygrokcy ygmc( Naomkych fyc s~sfmm tgucymc~~ {g igm~{cy {acoybflom bohfhnofmm- is{ {chfnogs~m stagmk {ac tfych{fm ygmc( [ac kg ~g {g {ac cq{ch{gb nycf{ohe f johk gb tfych{fm tyg{cn{ogh {af{ ifycm cqo~{~ fhk cqtg~ohe {acl~cmrc~{g hcemcn{ gy ~cyogs~ afyl( Rogmchnc fefoh~{ uglch fhk naomkych oh {ac aglc o~tcy~o~{ch{m nghkghck {aygsea tf{yofynafm rfmsc~ tmfohe gs{ oh fh ohnycf~ohem lf{yobgnfm ngh{cq{(

Naomkych ~{yseemc {g ngllshonf{c uo{a tfych{,boesyc~ oh uf~ {ac ngh~okcycbbcn{orc fhk bccm oltg{ch{ icnfs~c hco{acy tfy{ af~ {ac oh{cytcy~ghfm {ggm~ gy rgnfismfy {g cf~c {ao~ tygnc~~( Fhk uach gttgy{sho{oc~ {g kcif{c ~sna nafmmchec~

fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~ yclfoh ~g ~nfync- gshe tcgtmc fyc shfimc {g ycngeho~c{ac ngllgh gi~{fnmc~ {ac bfnc oh ‑kgohe bflom‟( Ngh~cvsch{m- {ac yc~gy{ {gcqtmfhf{ogh~ {af{ sm{olf{cm oltm f ‑bfomsyc gb l hcoeaigsyaggk‟ fhk gb ‑s~‟ f~ fyfnc eygst- {g fkkyc~~ uaf{ fyc gb{ch ngllgh ngh{cltgyfy tyckonflch{~(



?5

[ac bflomofy ugymk gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk

Oh acy kofy- 6;,cfy,gmk ^flfh{af ycngyk~ {af{ ~ac ~tchk~ lg~{ gb acy {olc uo{af eygst gb nmg~c bclfmc byochk~ uag- mojc acy- morc oh ghc tfy{onsmfy imgnj gb bmf{~ ohGncfh Rocu( ̂ ac uyo{c~ figs{ afheohe gs{ ‑fygshk {ac ngyhcy‟ bygl {acoy bmf{~- afrohef iyffo !ifyicnsc/ oh {ac lgsh{foh~- tmfohe {fimc bgg{ifmm f{ {ac eflc ~agt fnyg~~{ac ygfk gy `s~{ ufmjohe fygshk Gncfh Rocu {gec{acy( Icnfs~c {ac kg lg~{ {aohe~{gec{acy- {ac afrc eorch {acl~cmrc~ f ‑efhe‟ hflc- ‑[ac _gshe Mo{{mc If~{fyk~‟( [acoynflfyfkcyoc o~ ~sllck st i ^flfh{af0

[ac g{acy kf ghc eoym‟~ lgl ~ch{ acy {g {ac ~agt~ {g is cmcn{yono{ fhkcee~( ^g uc fmm uch{ fmghe( Uc ucyc ufmjohe {ac ygfk nmg~ck Zufmjohe oh fmohc {g imgnj {ac ygfk\( !^flfh{af- eoym- feck 6;- Gncfh Rocu/

@fjc- f 69,cfy,gmk- ~tchk~ lg~{ gb ao~ {olc f{ aglc oh f hfr ngltgshk `s~{ gs{~okcBo~a Agcj0

O tmf f mg{ gb nglts{cy eflc~- uf{na f mg{ gb [R fhk ycfk f{ {acuccjchk~ icnfs~c {acyc o~ hg{aohe cm~c {g kg( O fl hg{ fmmguck {g tmf gs{~okc {ac efykch ef{c- is{ O gb{ch eg {g l byochk hcq{ kggy( O kgh‟{ ~ccbyochk~ lsna ksyohe {ac uccj fhk O nfh‟{ eg gs{ i l~cmb( !@fjc- ig-feck 69- Bo~a Agcj/

Ftfy{acok jct{ ~g,nfmmck ‑yfnofm eygst~‟ ecgeyftaonfmm ~ctfyf{c „ cqnct{ uach nacftmfigsy uf~ ycvsoyck oh ‑uao{c‟ yc~okch{ofm gy ohks~{yofm fycf~ „ fhk ko~nyolohf{ckyfnofmm oh tsimon ~tchkohe( [ac~c tgmonoc~ yc~sm{ck oh {ac Rfmmc ngltyo~ohe ~{fyjm ngh{yf~{ohe hcoeaigsyaggk~- f~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy 6( [ac fm~g ychkcyck lgrclch{fhk oh{cyfn{ogh ic{ucch {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ rcy kobbonsm{( Bgy lg~{ naomkych fhkfkgmc~nch{~- lg~{ gb {ac {olc- {ac bflomofy ugymk oh uaona {ac morc {acoy crcykf morc~ o~ molo{ck {g {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ bgylcym fmmgnf{ck {g tfy{onsmfy ‑yfnc‟ eygst~fhk hgu nafyfn{cyo~ck i ~oehobonfh{ nmf~~ kobbcychnc~(

[ac mghe fhk tcyhonogs~ mcefn gb ftfy{acok o~ ycbmcn{ck oh kcct,ygg{ck kobbcychnc~

oh ta~onfm ohbyf~{ysn{syc- ~gnog,cnghglon tg~~oiomo{oc~ fhk bgyl~ gb ~gnofmo{ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc( Crokch{ oh {ac vsg{c~ figrc fhk ycbmcn{ckoh {ac hslcygs~ lft~ kyfuh i gshe tfy{onotfh{~ fyc {ac ~{yojohe kobbcychnc~ ucbgshk oh {ac uf naomkych s~c {ac ~tfnc~ {af{ ~syygshk {acoy aglc~ fhk cqtcyochnchcoeaigsym oh{cyfn{ogh( Fmghe~okc {ac~c kobbcychnc~ {acyc fyc ~glc ~olomfyo{oc~ ohgshe tcgtmc‟~ okcfm~ fhk tyogyo{oc~ ycefykohe {ac nafyfn{cy gb f hcoeaigsyaggkgy- lgyc oltgy{fh{m- f ngllsho{( Tfyfmmcm~ fm~g cqo~{ oh {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb ohkctchkch{ lgiomo{ fhk gb mgnfm ~gnofm yc~gsync~ frfomfimc {g {ac gshe oh tggyhcoeaigsyaggk~- uaona- oh {syh- ~aftc {ac lfhhcy oh uaona {ac shkcy~{fhk fhks~c ~tfnc oh fh cbbgy{ {g tyg{cn{ {acl~cmrc~ bygl ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm kfhecy( [as~

Lft 9- kyfuh i f eygst gb eyfkc,? ig~ oh Gncfh Rocu- omms~{yf{c~ tmfnc~ {ac

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?1

tcyncorc f~ kfhecygs~0 fh fycf gb ohbgylfm ags~ohe hflck Lgsh{foh Rocu- uacyc{ac ~f f mg{ gb efhe~{cy~ morc fhk uacyc gs loea{ ic ygiick gy ~{fiick: ^gc{uf{cy-uacyc tcgtmc eg kyfe yfnohe: {ac gtch fhk shmo{ ~tfnc s~ck bgy ksltohe ysiio~a:

{ac bmf{~- uacyc kyohjohe fhk kyse,{fjohe nfs~c boea{ohe fhk tcgtmc ~glc{olc~ ec{~{fiick: fhk f ~acicch- uaona cqtg~c~ {acl {g kyohjohe- kyse,{fjohe fhk rogmchnc (

[ao~ fhk {ac bgmmguohe naft{cy cqtmgyc agu naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ s~c fhkshkcy~{fhk ~tfnc( [ac bgns~ gb {ao~ naft{cy o~ {ac crcykf- bflomofy ugymk~ gb {acollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk( Oh Naft{cy ; uc cqflohc gshe tcgtmc‟~ lgyc molo{ckfnnc~~ {g- fhk tcynct{ogh~ gb- tmfnc~ icghk {ac mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk fhk tf tfy{onsmfy f{{ch{ogh {g {ac hf{syc gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ bgylck {acycoh( Ig{a fol {g cq{chkgsy cltoyonfm shkcy~{fhkohe gb naomkych‟~ ~gnofm ugymk~ oh {ac ~cnghk kcnfkc gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh kclgnyfn( Gh f nghnct{sfm mcrcm- {ac gbbcy oh~oea{ oh{g {ac tycno~cuf~ oh uaona {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ f~ ta~onfm- nsm{syfm fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc~ uo{a~tcnobon mgnfm ao~{gyoc~ cqcy{ ohbmschnc~ gh naomkych‟~ ucmm,icohe „ f ycmf{ogh~aot {af{o~ mo{{mc,ohrc~{oef{ck fhk tggym shkcy~{ggk !Ufyk 9445f/(

Cngmgeonfm lgkcm~ kcrcmgtck i ~gnofm t~nagmgeo~{~ {g bsy{acy shkcy~{fhkohe gb {ac ls{sfmm oh{cyfn{orc ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch naomkych fhk {acoy ~gnofm fhk ta~onfmugymk~ ycngeho~c {ac ygmc gb hcoeaigsyaggk oh ohbmschnohe ucmm,icohe f{ rfyogs~mcrcm~ !~cc- bgy cqfltmc- Iyghbchiychhcy 6?5?- 6?12/( Is{ lsna mc~~ ~nagmfym chvsoy af~ bgns~ck gh {ac hf{syc fhk oltfn{ gb naomkych‟~ mgnfm yc~okch{ofm fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc~oh ngltfyo~gh {g f{{ch{ogh tfok {g {ac bflom- ~naggm gy uokcy tgmon chroyghlch{!Ufyk 9445f/( Tgnjc{~ gb yc~cfyna oh {ac Sho{ck ^{f{c~ fhk Sho{ck Johekgl afrc

kclgh~{yf{ck {af{ hcoeaigsyaggk nafyfn{cyo~{on~ cqcy{ ohbmschnc~ ohkctchkch{m gb ohkoroksfm, fhk bflom,mcrcm rfyofimc~- fhk ohkoycn{m {aygsea {ac aglc ~c{{ohe!Iyggj~,Eshh c{ fm( 6??>: As~{gh 9449: Mcrch{afm " Iyggj~,Eshh 9444/( Bgycqfltmc- naomk gs{nglc~ fyc koycn{m fbbcn{ck i {ac vsfmo{- vsfh{o{- korcy~o{ fhkfnnc~~oiomo{ gb mgnfm oh~{o{s{oghfm yc~gsync~ {fyec{ck f{ naomkych‟~ mcfyhohe- ycnycf{ogh-cksnf{ogh- ~gnofm ~sttgy{- acfm{a fhk cltmglch{ !Mcrch{afm " Iyggj~,Eshh 944>/([ac molo{ck mcrcm gb chvsoy oh {ao~ fycf oh ^gs{a Fbyonf af~ nch{yck gh {ac mgnfm~gnofm khflon~ shkcymohe naomkych‟~ ycnyso{lch{ oh{g efhe~ !Johhc~ 6??3: Tohhgnj 6?19f- 6?19i: ^fmg 944;: ^nafyb 6??4: Ufyk 9445i: Uc~{cyh 6?16/ fhk {ac cbbcn{~ gb tgmo{onfmm lg{orf{ck- nyolohfm fhk kglc~{on rogmchnc gh naomkych fhk {acoy bflomoc~

!Achkcy~gh 6???: Yfltacmc 9449: ^{yfjcy 6??9/( ^sna ~{skoc~ kclgh~{yf{ck {acngyyg~orc oltfn{ gb bgynck yclgrfm~ fhk ~{f{c yctyc~~ogh ksyohe {ac mf{c ftfy{acokcyf gh {ac ~gnofm bfiyon gb ngllsho{oc~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac tyg{cn{orc cbbcn{~ gb ~sttgy{orcbflomofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk fh cf~ {cltcyflch{ ksyohe ohbfhn bgy naomkych cqtg~ck{g aoea mcrcm~ gb rogmchnc(

Folck shkcy~{fhkfim f{ cqtg~ohe {ac oltfn{~ gb {ac ~{f{c‟~ fn{ogh~- {ac ~{fy{ohetgoh{ gb {ac~c cfym ~{skoc~ uf~ s~sfmm ghc gb fh fksm{,kcbohck ~gnofm tf{agmge ycvsoyohe ohrc~{oef{ogh( Ghc ngh~cvschnc gb {ao~ rcoh gb chvsoy o~ {ac hg{ogh gb {achcoeaigsyaggk f~ f aglgechcgs~ ch{o{- o{~ mficmmohe f~ co{acy f aoea, gy mgu,yo~j fycf bgy naomkych fhk {ac shoh{chkck tcytc{sf{ogh gb tgtsmfy hcef{orc ~{cycg{tc~(



{ a c b f l o m o f y u g y m k g b { a c h c o e a i g s y a g g k

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Ugyj kghc ksyohe fhk fb{cy {ac {yfh~o{ogh o~ lgyc naomk,nch{yck oh o{~ f{{clt{~ {gshkcy~{fhk fhk kc~nyoic {ac ta~onfm ~tfnc fhk o{~ ngltmcq- gb{ch ngh{yfkon{gy- ~gnofmkhflon~ i gi~cyrohe uaf{ gshe tcgtmc kg uo{aoh {acoy ollckof{c chroyghlch{~

fhk agu {ac tcyncorc {acl( [ac Eyguohe St oh No{oc~ tyg`cn{ ~aguck agu ig{aycfm fhk tcyncorck kfhecy~ {g naomkych oh oltgrcyo~ack mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk~ gh@gafhhc~isye‟~ tcyotacy ngh{ohsc {g ~crcycm ngh~{yfoh {acoy morc~ crch fb{cy {ackclo~c gb ftfy{acok !ûfy{,Jysecy 9444- 9446: ûfy{,Jysecy " Nafumf 9449/( ^fmg!944;/ mggjck nfycbsmm f{ bflomofm fhk hcoeaigsym ohbmschnc~ gh eoym~‟ ~gnofmo~f{oghoh{g bclohoho{ oh Lfhchicye- f tggy hcoeaigsyaggk gb Nftc [guh pghck ‑ngmgsyck‟ksyohe ftfy{acok( [ac hcu fhk yfnofmm loqck hcoeaigsyaggk gb ^sllcy Eycch~ ohhgy{acyh Nftc [guh uf~ ~{skock i Iygfkiyokec !9449/- fm{agsea ~ac af~ mo{{mc {g~f figs{ gshe tcgtmc oh tfy{onsmfy( Lg~{ ycnch{m- ~crcyfm ~{skoc~ afrc gi~cyrcknaomkych fhk ~gsea{ {acoy rocu~ gh {acoy ~{yf{ceoc~ bgy lfhfeohe rogmchnc !Tfyjc~

9445/ fhk efhe ohrgmrclch{ !Ufyk " Ifjaso~ 944?/ oh ~sisyi~ gb Nftc [guh {af{-mojc Lfhchicye- ucyc nycf{ck bgy ngmgsyck tcgtmc bgsy kcnfkc~ feg fhk afrc yclfohckcnghglonfmm fhk ~gnofmm oltgrcyo~ack( Cfna gb {ac~c ~{skoc~ o~ fycf,~tcnobon fhkhco{acy chngsh{cy~- hgy cqtmgyc~- korcy~o{ i yfnc eygst gy nmf~~( Gsy fhfm~o~ gbbcy~f shovscm ngltfyf{orc tcy~tcn{orc oh {ac kobbcych{ fycf~ gb {ac Rfmmc gh {ac uf {af{ naomkych chefec uo{a {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~: agu {ac kcbohc fhk cqtcyochnc‑ngllsho{‟: fhk {acoy shkcy~{fhkohe gb agu ~gnogtgmo{onfm fhk ~tf{ofmm mgnfm ao~{gyoc~afrc ~aftck {acoy guh ugymkrocu~ fhk {ag~c gb {ac fksm{~ nmg~c {g {acl(

Uaom~{ {ac {cyl~ ‑hcoeaigsyaggk‟ fhk ‑ngllsho{‟ fyc gb{ch s~ck ~hghlgs~m gyoh{cynafhecfim oh ~gnofm yc~cfyna- uc ko~{oheso~a ic{ucch {ac {ug i {ycf{ohe {acbgylcy f~ tsycm f ~tf{ofm ycbcych{- hflcm {ac ecgeyftaonfmm kcbohck yc~okch{ofmfycf oh uaona naomkych morcfhk {ac ~tfnc~ fhk tmfnc~ {af{ {ac eg {g gh f ycesmfyif~o~( [as~- hcoeaigsyaggk~ afrc ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb ~oehobonfhnc{g naomkych‟~ morc~- uaona fycoh {syh- ~aftck i ao~{gyonfm- ecgeyftaonfm- tgmo{onfmfhk nsm{syfm ohbmschnc~( [ac {cyl ‑ngllsho{‟- gh {ac g{acy afhk- o~ s~ck {g ycbcy{g {ac ~gnofm hcqs~ uo{a uaona naomkych okch{ob fhk kcyorc f ~ch~c gb icmgheohe(Ngllsho{ loea{ ic shkcy~{ggk oh {cyl~ gb ta~onfm hcoeaigsyaggk- is{ oh gsyyc~cfyna uc kok hg{ f~~slc {af{ naomkych‟~ ngllsho{oc~ ugsmk hcnc~~fyom bfmm uo{aohf ecgeyftaonfmm- yfnofmm gy g{acyuo~c igshkck hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac lfttohefn{oro{oc~ fhk ~si~cvsch{ ko~ns~~ogh ucyc ~{ysn{syck oh ~sna f uf {af{ ohkoroksfm

naomkych {acl~cmrc~ ucyc fimc {g omms~{yf{c {ac igshkfyoc~ gb {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~fhk ngllsho{oc~(

Ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~

Naomkych gb fmm fec~ ycmo~ack {ac gttgy{sho{ {g nycf{c lft~ gb {acoy mgnfm ugymk~uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc fhk icghk {ac lgsh{foh~ {af{ igshk o{( [acoy ngmmfigyf{orcfhk ohkoroksfm kyfuohe~ ucyc {ac ~tyoheigfyk bgy ko~ns~~ogh figs{ lgiomo{-ngllcync- mco~syc- ~fbc{- mgnfm ~gnofiomo{ fhk {ac tcyncorck nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb g{acyhcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc(




644

[ac ollckof{c ~tfnc fygshk {ac aglc af~ tfy{onsmfy tyfn{onfm fhk ~gnofm ycmcrfhnc{g naomkych morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu( Mojc ^flfh{af- vsg{ck f{ {aciceohhohe gb {ac naft{cy- naomkych {tonfmm ~tchk mfyec tgy{ogh~ gb {olc uo{a byochk~

gb {acoy guh fec fhk {acoy bflomoc~ uag morc rcy nmg~c i( _gshe naomkych tmf nyonjc{-~gnncy fhk rfyogs~ g{acy eflc~ oh {ac ngllshfm fyk~ oh imgnj~ gb bmf{~ oh GncfhRocu fhk {ag~c ngh{fohohe f nms~{cy gb ~afnj~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( [ac ollckof{chcoeaigsyaggk ~tfnc o~- {acycbgyc- fh oltgy{fh{ chroyghlch{ oh {cyl~ gb tccy,eygst ycmf{ogh~aot~( Bgy cqfltmc- ~cc Lft >- f tfoh{ohe i 69,cfy,gmk Tyfo~c byglLf~otaslcmcmc- ~aguohe acy guh ~afnj- hcoeaigsyohe ~afnj~ uacyc acy byochk~ morc-fhk {ac ngllshfm {gomc{- ~agucy fhk {ft ~afyck uo{a g{acy bflomoc~( Lsna gb uaf{naomkych kg uo{a hcoeaigsyohe byochk~ fhk {ac fksm{ bflom lclicy~ gb {ac~c byochk~o~ kglc~{on fhk crcykf oh hf{syc0 {acoy fttmonf{ogh gb joh~aot {cyl~ {g hcoeaigsy~kclgh~{yf{c~ naomkych‟~ bflomofyo{ uo{a fhk clg{oghfm nghhcn{ckhc~~ {g {ac~c

tcgtmcfhk ycngeho~c~ {acoy bsmbomlch{ gb f{ mcf~{ ~glc gb {ac tygrokohe ygmc hgylfmm f~nyoick {g tfych{,boesyc~ !~cc Naft{cy 9/(

Kc~nyoiohe {acoy fyk tfoh{ohe~- mojc {ac ghc ~aguh oh Lft >- Tyfo~c fhk acy byochk~~tgjc gb hcoeaigsyohe ‑fsh{~‟ fhk ‑shnmc~‟ !uac{acy iogmgeonfmm ycmf{ck gy hg{/ f~icohe ‑mojc f lg{acy'bf{acy {g lc‟( ^crch{cch,cfy,gmk Rcyghovsc- uag~c nghbmon{sfmycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a acy tfych{~ fyc kc~nyoick oh Naft{cy 9- ycmoc~ acfrom gh acyhcoeaigsy morohe gttg~o{c fhk acy ic~{ byochk‟~ bflom- uag morc f bcu ags~c~ fuf oh Gncfh Rocu( âc ycesmfym naf{~ figs{ acy tcy~ghfm egfm~ uo{a ‑Fsh{ Fhhoc‟- {aclg{acy gb {ac bflom morohe gttg~o{c- fhk ~tchk~ {olc f{ {acoy ags~c uach ~ac kgc~ hg{ufh{ {g ic f{ aglc( [ao~ uglfh o~ hg{ ghm f ~gsync gb chngsyfeclch{ fhk nglbgy{-is{ fm~g tygrokc~ tyfn{onfm ~sttgy{- ~sna f~ eorohe acy ohbgylf{ogh figs{ agu {g ycfmo~cacy fol {g icnglc fh fs tfoy grcy~cf~ uach ~ac boho~ac~ ~naggm fhk acmtohe acy ec{agmokf ugyj( [ac hf{syc gb uaf{ {ac kg {gec{acy fhk uaf{ {ac ko~ns~~ lcfh~ {af{Rcyghovsc fhk g{acy~ fygshk acy cqtcyochnc {ao~ johk gb ycmf{ogh~aot f~ fjoh {g flg{acy„naomk ghc0

O eg gs{ uo{a Fsh{ Fhhoc {g {ac ~agt gy ob ~ac o~ egohe gs{ {ach O loea{f~j {g eg uo{a( O fm~g uch{ ‑nafyyohe‟ Zkgohe kglc~{on nmcfhohe ugyj\ uo{aacy oh {ac mf~{ agmokf~( Tcgtmc {aohj {af{ O fl Fsh{ Fhhoc‟~ kfsea{cy(

Yghfmkg- f 65,cfy,gmk uag ~afyc~ f ~afnj oh Gncfh Rocu uo{a ao~ lg{acy fhk

~oimohe~- egc~ {g ao~ lf{cyhfm fsh{ uag morc~ hcq{ kggy ob ac hcck~ {g {fmj figs{ ftygimcl- ob ac o~ ashey gy hcck~ acmt uo{a aglcugyj( F~ {ac~c nf~c~ kclgh~{yf{c-ags~cagmk~ tygrokohe tyfn{onfm- ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm ~sttgy{ {g naomkych fyc gb{chmgnf{ck oh {ac ollckof{c ronoho{ gb {acoy guh aglc~( Naomkych fhk fksm{~ oh ig{aLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu lgrc fygshk gh bgg{ icnfs~c lg~{ bflomoc~ kg hg{afrc nfy~( Lgycgrcy- tfy{onsmfym oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- ko~{fhnc~ {g byochk~‟ gy ycmf{orc~‟aglc~ gy {g {ac mgnfm ~agt gy flcho{ fyc ~agy{ icnfs~c {ac hcoeaigsyaggk ngrcy~fh fycf gb mc~~ {afh {ug ~vsfyc jomglc{yc~( Gncfh Rocu o~ mfyecy fhk uc gi~cyrck{af{ cq{chkck,bflom lclicy~ fhk byochk~ uag morc oh {ac ~flc ygfk gy imgnj gb bmf{~fyc lgyc ycesmfy fhk ~oehobonfh{ ~gsync~ gb ~sttgy{ {g naomkych {afh {ag~c uag morc

cm~cuacyc oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk(




646

[ac hsy{syohe ygmc tmfck i naomkych‟~ hcoeaigsy~- uac{acy {ac fyc ycmf{ck gy hg{-oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu omms~{yf{c~ {ac tcylcfimc hf{syc gb {ac igshkfy ic{ucch ‑aglc‟ fhk {ac iygfkcy ngllsho{ fmmskck {g oh {ac tycrogs~ naft{cy(

Achkcy~gh‟~ ~{sk gb naomkaggk oh Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~- f ngllsho{ hg{ ko~~olomfy{g Lf~otaslcmcmc oh {cyl~ gb c{ahon ngltg~o{ogh fhk tgrcy{ mcrcm~- tgoh{~ {g{ac imsyyohe gb igshkfyoc~ ic{ucch {ac aglc fhk g{acy tmfnc~ !Achkcy~gh 6???/(Oltgy{fh{m- {ao~ tgyg~o{ kcyorc~ hg{ ghm bygl nghhcn{ogh~ uo{a ko~{fh{ ysyfmaglc~- is{ bygl hcoeaigsym oh{cyfn{ogh( Crokchnc gb ngllshfm yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgynaomkych oh {ac~c fhk g{acy tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ gb{ch eorch f yglfh{onemg~~ i {ag~c morohe gs{~okc {acl( F{{ch{ogh o~ kyfuh {g {ac ~{yche{a gb {ac Fbyonfhngllsho{ ~toyo{- gy sish{s- {ac fi~chnc gb uaona oh {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ko~ns~~ck icmgu( ^sna yctyc~ch{f{ogh~ fyc s~sfmm if~ck gh ~nfh{ jhgumckec gb {acfn{sfm nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk gb naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~

gb {acl( [ac tg~~oiomo{ {af{ naomkych morohe oh ngllsho{oc~ uo{a kobbcych{ ~gnofmfhk nsm{syfm ao~{gyoc~- ~sna f~ Gncfh Rocu- lf fm~g cqtcyochnc oh{olf{c fhk~sttgy{orc hcoeaigsym ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ yfycm ngh~okcyck( Lgycgrcy- {ac tg~o{orcton{syc gb hcoeaigsymohc~~ oh Fbyonfh ngllsho{oc~ {chk~ {g grcymggj {ac bfn{ {af{ghc gb {ac bfn{gy~ shkcymohe {ao~ hcoeaigsyaggk tgyg~o{ o~ naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~gb ohfkcvsfn gy nghbmon{ uo{aoh {ac aglc( Sh~sytyo~ohem- uach bflomofm yc~gsync~fyc ~{yc{nack gy ycmf{ogh~aot~ {ch~c- naomkych mggj {g g{acy~ uagl {ac jhgu fhk{ys~{ {g tmse {ac eft~( Crokchnc {af{ oh lfh nf~c~ naomkych ycncorc bygl hcoeaigsy~f{ mcf~{ f tgy{ogh gb {ac ~sttgy{ {ac fyc ~ccjohe kgc~ hg{ lcfh {af{ {acoy ohts{o~ f ngltmc{c ~si~{o{s{c bgy oh~sbbonochnoc~ f{ aglc gy flcmogyf{c~ {ac oltfn{ gb

nghbmon{sfm ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac yglfh{on rocu gb sish{s fm~g ~o{~ shcf~om uo{a {acycfmo{ {af{ rogmchnc fhk `cfmgs~ fyc crokch{ oh fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ ko~chbyfhnao~cki ftfy{acok tgmonoc~( F~ uc ~afmm ~agy{m kclgh~{yf{c- {ac rfyof{ogh moc~ oh {ac ~gnofmfhk nsm{syfm lcnafho~l~ {aygsea uaona {ac~c fyc fy{onsmf{ck fhk lfhfeck- uaonaohnmskc yokonsmc- eg~~ot fhk uo{nanyfb{(

Oh ucfm{aocy Bo~a Agcj- uacyc fmlg~{ fmm bflomoc~ afrc f efykch gy ~lfmm fyk gs{~okc{acoy aglc- naomkych cqtcyochnc {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk oh f rcy kobbcych{ uf( Gsygi~cyrf{ogh~ fhk nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a naomkych ~sttm mo{{mc crokchnc gb bycvsch{ ngh{fn{uo{a- gy ycnotygnfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch- hcoeaigsy~- hgy {ac cqtcn{f{ogh {af{hcoeaigsy~ ngsmk gy ugsmk {fjc gh fh bgyl gb nfyc gb ghc‟~ naomkych( Bchnc~- ufmm~

fhk ef{c~- fm{agsea mgu- ~ctfyf{c ags~c~ bygl cfna g{acy fhk ngh~{yfoh hcoeaigsym ~gnofiomo{( ̂ sna ta~onfm ifyyocy~ fyc lsna aoeacy oh lokkmc, fhk sttcy,nmf~~ ~sisyi~hcfycy {ac nch{yc gb Nftc [guh- ychkcyohe oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a hcoeaigsy~ rcy yfyc(^crch{cch,cfy,gmk Mcfhhc morc~ oh ̂ omrcyemfkc~- f ~lfmm ~sisyi gb okch{onfm uao{cuf~ackags~c~ isom{ fygshk nsm,kc,~fn~( Fm{agsea ~cclohem f ~fbc chroyghlch{ bgy naomkych-{ao~ hcoeaigsyaggk ags~c~ f bfoym aoea tcynch{fec gb cmkcym tcgtmc( Mcfhhc kgc~ hg{bccm tfy{onsmfym f{ aglc {acyc fhk hg{onc~ fh fi~chnc gb ngh{fn{ ic{ucch hcoeaigsy~(âc ngllch{ck {af{ ~ac ugsmk hg{ crch eg hcq{ kggy ‑{g igyygu fh cee‟( [ac fectygbomc gb mgnfmo{oc~ uo{aoh Bo~a Agcj o~ ~oehobonfh{ oh naomkych‟~ hcoeaigsym oh{cyfn{ogh(Uaomc rcy bcu naomkych afk fh ngh{fn{ uo{a cmkcym hcoeaigsy~- ~glc yctgy{ck f nmg~c

byochk~aot fhk kfom ngh{fn{ uo{a f naomk gb {acoy guh fec hcq{ kggy0




649

O `s~{ `slt {ac ufmm( Oh uccjchk~ O ~glc{olc~ ~{f grcy {acyc( O ycfmm mojc egohe {acyc icnfs~c O ec{ kobbcych{ bggk- fhk O mojc icohe oh fhg{acyags~c( !Lcmo~~f- eoym- feck 69- Bo~a Agcj/

Hcoeaigsym ngh{fn{ o~ s~sfmm yc~{yon{ck {g {ag~c morohe hcq{ kggy fhk ghm yfycm cq{chk~ {g eygst~ gb naomkych bygl f ncy{foh hcoeaigsyaggk tmfohe oh {ac ~{ycc{~{gec{acy- gy yc~okch{~ gb f ~{ycc{ bccmohe yc~tgh~oimc bgy cfna g{acy‟~ naomkych( Naomkychoh {acoy mf{c {cch~ ycnfmmck tmfohe nyonjc{ fhk ~jf{cigfykohe oh {ac ~{ycc{~ uach {ac ucyc gshecy- ~glc{olc~ s~ohe {ao~ ycngmmcn{ogh {g kyfu f{{ch{ogh {g {ac ohnycf~cktgtsmfyo{ gb nglts{cy eflc~ fhk {ac ngh~cyrf{orc f{{o{skc~ gb fksm{~- tfy{onsmfym {acoy eyfhktfych{~‟ echcyf{ogh- uaona {gkf yc~{yon{ {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk oh{cyfn{ogh!~cc Tag{g 66/(

R ‟ [ac ~oea{ gb naomkych gb kobbcych{ fec~ tmfohe gh {ac ~{ycc{~ fhk oh tsimon tmfnc~oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu nycf{c~ fh oho{ofm oltyc~~ogh gb {acoy cq{ch~orcfnnc~~ {g- fhk s~c gb- {ac mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk( Stgh ohrc~{oef{ogh- fec uf~ bgshk {gic nyo{onfm oh ~aftohe naomkych‟~ lgiomo{ fhk {ac johk~ gb oh{cyfn{ogh {ac chefec ohgs{~okc {ac bflom gy aglc( ^g- {gg- o~ {ac hf{syc gb {ac isom{ chroyghlch{- ohnmskohe{ac ~opc gb {acoy aglc fhk uac{acy o{ o~ tfy{ gb f tyorf{c ~tfnc !~sna f~ f fyk/ gy hg{([ac ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk fygshk {ac aglc o~ c~tcnofmm oltgy{fh{ bgy naomkychshkcy 66 cfy~ gmk( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- uc gi~cyrck eygst~ gb naomkych feck ic{ucchbgsy fhk coea{ tmfohe oh {ac ~lfmm ~tfnc~ ic{ucch ~afnj~ {af{ ~afyck ghc tmg{ gy

fyk( Fksm{~ gy gmkcy ~oimohe~ nafyeck uo{a lgho{gyohe {acl ucyc cqtcn{ck {g ch~syc{af{ {ac kok hg{ mcfrc {ac fyk- tfy{onsmfym oh {ac koycn{ogh gb {ac ygfk !~cc Iyf "Iyfhk{ 9445/( Naomkych ygflck lgyc byccm fnyg~~ {ac ~fhk ~tfnc~ ic{ucch ~afnj~oh Lf~otaslcmcmc‟~ ohbgylfm ~c{{mclch{ oh {ac uc{mfhk~ icnfs~c {acyc fyc hg tmg{~gy fyk~ „ gy fh cvsorfmch{ ta~onfm gy ~gnofm igshkfy( Tggycy naomkych- {acycbgyc-tmf lgyc yclg{cm bygl {ag~c {f~jck uo{a uf{naohe {acl guohe {g {ac ta~onfmhf{syc gb {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac tfy{onsmfy yo~j~ {g gshecy naomkychf~~gnof{ck uo{a hcoeaigsyaggk tmf fyc ko~ns~~ck icmgu(

ôlomfym- tggycy naomkych morohe oh Gncfh Rocu‟~ bmf{~ ucyc fmmguck {g tmf oh {acngllshfm fyk- ~{ycc{ gy tmf,tfyj fycf~ {af{ fyc ro~oimc bygl {acoy aglc~( [acfi~chnc gb f tyorf{c fyk- agucrcy ~lfmm- lfjc~ o{ lgyc kobbonsm{ bgy fksm{~ {g yc~{yon{naomkych‟~ tmf {g ~fbcy fycf~ hcfycy {ac aglc( Naomkych tfy{onotf{ohe oh gsy ~{sk ~fu {ao~ f~ tg~ohe f {aycf{ {g rcy gshe naomkych0

Oh {ac bmf{~ gs ~cc ~lfmm ifioc~ ufmjohe fygshk i {acl~cmrc~ uaomc {aclg{acy~ fyc uf{naohe ‑Kf~‟ Zf ~gft gtcyf\ gy nggjohe gy ~glc{aoheicnfs~c {ac kgh‟{ afrc {acoy guh gs{~okc fycf~ mojc ags~c~( !Eyfkc,1eoym~‟ cqtmfhf{ogh f~ {g ua {ac kycu {ac bmf{~ oh yck „ {ac ngmgsy {ac nag~c {g kchg{c kfhecy „ gh {acoy lft gb Gncfh Rocu(/

Ksyohe eygst ko~ns~~ogh~- tyc,{cchfec naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu ohbgylck s~ {af{-

afrohe ycfnack {ac fec gb figs{ hohc- {ac ucyc fmmguck {g ufmj fmghc {g hcfyi




64>

tmfnc~- ~sna f~ byochk~‟ ags~c~ gy f tmf tfyj- {g lcc{ st uo{a byochk~( âgsmk {ac uo~a {g eg bsy{acy fbocmk- bgy cqfltmc {g f eflc ~agt- tfych{,boesyc~ oh~o~{ck {af{{ac eg uo{a gmkcy ~oimohe~ gy ngs~oh~( Kofy ugyj i {cchfecy~ ~sttgy{ck gsy

gi~cyrf{ogh {af{ ghnc naomkych ycfna {acoy cfym {cch~ {ac ~gnofmo~c ohkctchkch{m gb gmkcy tcgtmc- ~tchkohe {olc ‑afheohe gs{‟ oh tsimon ~tfnc~ oh {ac bmf{~- lgsh{foh~-eyfrcfyk- ~{ycc{~- mgnfm eflc fhk rokcg ~agt~- fhk {ac lsm{o,tsytg~c nch{ycfhk fk`fnch{ ~gnncy bocmk !~cc Tag{g~ 5 fhk 1/( F{ {ac ~flc {olc- {ac ollckof{chcoeaigsyaggk yclfoh~ oltgy{fh{ oh {af{ {cchfecy~ gb{ch ufmj fygshk GncfhRocu uo{a byochk~ fhk ngs~oh~ uag morc nmg~c i( Echkcy icnglc~ fh oltgy{fh{ngh~okcyf{ogh oh {cchfecy~‟ guh kcno~ogh~ figs{ lgiomo{ oh Gncfh Rocu !fhk {g fmc~~cy cq{ch{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc/- f~ ucmm f~ oh {ac uo~ac~ fhk fn{ogh~ gb tfych{,boesyc~uo~aohe {g yc~{yon{ {acoy lgrclch{- f~ crokch{ icmgu(

Lft~ kyfuh i 69,cfy,gmk~ morohe oh Bo~a Agcj ~aguck {af{- shmojc {acoy tccy~ ohGncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- {acoy lgrclch{~ fyc mfyecm kc{cylohck i {acygs{ohc~ fhk !gb{ch ~fbc{,ycmf{ck/ kcno~ogh~ gb tfych{~- fhk {ac s~c gb f nfy f~ {aclfoh lgkc gb {yfh~tgy{( ^cc Lft ;- kyfuh i f 6>,cfy,gmk eoym morohe oh Bo~a Agcj-~aguohe tmfnc~ ~ac egc~ {g bycvsch{m fhk acy ‑ngllsho{‟- uaona ~{yc{nac~ icghk{ac Rfmmc( Acy lft kcton{~ ~crcyfm byochk~‟ ags~c~- fmm ic{ucch f borc, fhk 94,lohs{ckyorc fuf- fhk Bo~a Agcj Icfna !f borc,lohs{c kyorc fuf bygl acy aglc/: f hcfyi ~agt ~ac ~glc{olc~ ufmj~ {g uo{a acy lg{acy: acy ~naggm !f {ch,lohs{c kyorc/:acy kfk‟~ ugyjtmfnc oh Ngh~{fh{of !f 94,lohs{c kyorc/: fhk {ac MgheicfnaLfmm- uacyc ~ac egc~ ~agttohe uo{a acy tfych{~ !f {ch,lohs{c kyorc/( F mfyectygtgy{ogh gb gshe Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{~ {fjc {ac ~naggm is~- is{ g{acy bgyl~ gb tsimon {yfh~tgy{ fyc echcyfmm ngh~okcyck sh~fbc fhk ‑hg{ nggm‟( Fefoh- fec o~ nyo{onfm{g tcyncorck rsmhcyfiomo{( Naomkych oh tyolfy ~naggm bcfy {g lfjc {ac ~agy{ ̀ gsyhc gh bgg{0

Kfk kyorc~ lc {g ~naggmfhk ~glc{olc~ O ufmj uo{a f byochk( O fl fmo{{mc fbyfok ~glcghc uomm ~hf{na lc•O acfyk {ao~ gh {ac hcu~ fhk o{‟~ f~lfmm bcfy oh~okc gb lc( !^fyfa- eoym- feck 69- uag morc~ f bcu ~{ycc{~ byglacy tyolfy ~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj/

O ufmj `s~{ {ug imgnj~- is{ O ~glc{olc~ bccm shnglbgy{fimc- c~tcnofmm uach O fl ufmjohe fmghc( !Lcmo~~f/

Lfttohe cqcyno~c~ uo{a {cchfecy~ ~seec~{ {af{ ghnc {ac fyc 6; gy 63 cfy~ gmk- lg~{bccm fimc {g ufmj {aygsea {acoy hcoeaigsyohe ~{ycc{~ fmghc( F{ {ac ~flc {olc- tfych{fmnfs{ogh tcy~o~{ck fhk tcylo~~ogh {g ufmj fygshk fmghc kctchkck stgh {ac ko~{fhnc-{ac tfych{~‟ tcynct{ogh~ gb yo~j uo{aoh f tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsyaggk fhk echkcy(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Afrc gs fmuf~ icch fmmguck {g eg gs{ i gsy~cmb7

O s~sfmm {cmm l tfych{~ uacyc O fl egohe ~g {ac jhgu uacyc O fl fhkO kgh‟{ s~sfmm nglc aglc mf{c( [ac ghm kyorc lc {g l eoymbyochk-{af{‟~ f io{ bsy{acy fuf( Is{ O kgh‟{ lohk {fjohe f ufmj( L tfych{~ ucycjohk gb ~{yon{ uach uc ucyc gshecy•l lg{acy uf~ fmuf~•agu kg

gs ~f o{- tyg{cn{orc( O‟l bohc- o{‟~ l ~o~{cy ~ac o~ lgyc ugyyock uo{a( O




64;

nfh afhkmc l~cmb fhk l iyg{acyfhk uc s~sfmm eg {gec{acy uacycrcyuc eg( !Jghyfk- ig- feck 6?- Bo~a Agcj/

O s~ck {g eg {g l eyfh fb{cy Ztyolfy\ ~naggm icnfs~c l lgl kokh‟{mojc lc {g eg aglc fmghc( O s~ck {g ufmj {g l eyfh‟~ ags~c- uaonauf~ vso{c nmg~c- fhk oh lokkmc ~naggm O ugsmk nf{na {ac is~( ZUach uclgrck {g Lfyohf kf Eflf\ ~ac s~ck {g iyohe lc {g ~naggm- is{ {acycucyc f bcu kf~ f uccj O ugsmk {fjc {ac {yfoh fhk ~ac ugsmk tonj lc stbygl {ac ~{f{ogh( âc ugsmkh‟{ ufh{ lc {g ufmj aglc fmghc bygl {acyc(!@s~{ohig- feck 61- Bo~a Agcj/

F~ f yc~sm{ gb ~sna lgiomo{ tf{{cyh~- naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj {chkck {g afrc mo{{mcgy hg ~ch~c gb ~gnofm nghhcn{ckhc~~ {g yc~okch{~ gb {ac ~{ycc{~ ~syygshkohe {acoyaglc~( Oh~{cfk- {ac ucyc mohjck oh{g f ngmmcn{ogh gb tmfnc~ uo{aoh fhk icghk {ac

Rfmmc ~ctfyf{ck i ko~{fhnc fhk ycvsoyohe nfy `gsyhc~( F bsy{acy ngh~cvschnc gb rcy molo{ck oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a hcoeaigsy~ gy oh {ac hcfyi ~{ycc{~ o~ {af{ lokkmc,nmf~~naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj afrc lsna bcucy gttgy{sho{oc~ {g nsm{orf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~uo{aohfhk kcyorc ~sttgy{ bygl- {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ucmrc,cfy,gmkFhhoc- uag morc~ oh f hcoeaigsyaggk uo{a rcy mo{{mc hcoeaigsym ngh{fn{- {yoc~ {gfrgok ~{fohe f{ aglc fmghc0 ‑O eg{ f io{ ~nfyck fb{cy O ~fu f [R ~agu gh jokhfttohe-~g O s~sfmm eg gs{ uo{a l tfych{~(‟ [ac bmot ~okc {g fksm{~‟ cbbgy{~ {g tygrokcfttygtyof{c fn{oro{oc~ bgy naomkych fhk tyg{cn{ {acl bygl afyl gs{~okc {ac aglc o~{af{ {ac ngh~{yfoh naomkych‟~ ~gnofm hc{ugyj~ fhk {acoy fiomo{ {g nsm{orf{c ~sttgy{hc{ugyj~( Bcu naomkych „ fhk crch bcucy tfych{~ „ lfkc {ao~ mohj icnfs~c ohrgmrohenaomkych oh ~tgy{ohe- ls~onfm fhk ~gnofm fn{oro{oc~- tms~ ch~syohe {acoy ~fbc {yfh~tgy{ic{ucch {acl- o~ nsm{syfmm hgylf{orc oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj !~cc Tag{g 69/(

Icghk {ac oh~{fhnc~ gb kcbofhnc fefoh~{ tfych{fm ysmc~ bgshk fnyg~~ {ac yc~cfyna~o{c fhk ngh~okcyck {g ic ‑hgylfm‟ {cchfec icafrogsy- uc bgshk {cchfecy~ oh Bo~aAgcj {g ic aoeam ngltmofh{ uo{a fksm{ esokcmohc~( [ac ngh~okcyck ~sna fkroncfttygtyof{c {g {ac chroyghlch{ fhk o{~ ohacych{ yo~j~ !~cc {ac mf{cy ~cn{ogh ghnaomkych‟~ cbbgy{~ {g frgok kfhecy oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~- ‑Ta~onfm kfhecy~ oh {acmgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk‟/( F ycbmcn{orc fhfm~o~ gb {ac~c icafrogsy~ uf~- agucrcy- rgoncki lclicy~ gb {ac gshe yc~cfyna {cfl- uag~c cqtcyochnc gb crcykf ~gnofiomo{ oh hcoeaigsyohe Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu eycu f~ {ac ~{sk tygeyc~~ck( [ac

~oehobonfhnc gb igkom jhgumckec „ gy {ac fufychc~~ efohck i icohe oh fhk lgrohefygshk oh tycrogs~m shbflomofy ~tfnc~ „ {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ shkcy~{fhkohe~ gb {acoyguh fhk g{acy ngllsho{oc~ o~ cqtmgyck oh {ac hcq{ naft{cy(

Nghrcy~f{ogh~ figs{ {ac lft~ kyfuh i gshe tcgtmc ycrcfmck {af{ {acoy kcno~ogh~figs{ uacyc {g eg fhk uach- fhk {acoy yc~tgh~c~ {g tfych{fm yc~{yon{ogh~- ycmf{ck{g {acoy tcynct{ogh~ gb kfhecy oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/ ~agu~ {af{ fkgmc~nch{~‟ ~ch~c gb tcy~ghfm ~fbc{ oh ig{a {ac hcoeaigsyaggkfhk {ac aglc rfyoc~ ohrcy~cm uo{a mcrcm~ gb ucfm{a oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Boesyc>(6 ~agu~ {af{ rcy tggy fhk tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc `skeck {g ic sh~fbcf{ hoea{ i grcy afmb gb fkgmc~nch{~- uaom~{ fttygqolf{cm ghc,{aoyk gb tggy fhk

lokkmc,ohnglc ngmgsyck gshe tcgtmc lfkc {ac ~flc `skeclch{ figs{ {acoy




643

guh fycf~( [ac~c kf{f ohkonf{c aoeacy mcrcm~ gb rogmchnc oh tggycy- fhk tfy{onsmfym Fbyonfh- hcoeaigsyaggk~( Oh oh{cytyc{ohe {ac~c bohkohe~ uc ~agsmk fm~g ycnfmm gsycfymocy crokchnc {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ morohe oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc lsna lgyc

ohkctchkch{m lgiomc {afh {acoy ucfm{aocy tccy~- fhk fyc- {acycbgyc- lgyc mojcm {g uo{hc~~ ~o{sf{ogh~ {af{ lfjc {acl bccm rsmhcyfimc( [acoy lgiomo{ kcno~ogh~ fyc{acycbgyc if~ck gh lgyc fnnsyf{c jhgumckec {afh {ag~c gb {acoy lokkmc,nmf~~ tccy~uag~c lgrclch{~ fyc yc~{yon{ck fhk ~stcyro~ck( Is{ rcy bcu afrc fnnc~~ {g nfy~ f~~fbc fm{cyhf{orc~ {g ufmjohe( _gshecy fkgmc~nch{~ fhk naomkych „ c~tcnofmm eoym~ „ oh{ac Rfmmc afrc lgyc hcef{orc tcynct{ogh~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk ~fbc{ fhk f eycf{cycqtg~syc {g yo~j {afh {ac gmkcy fkgmc~nch{~ ~syrcck oh NFT^(

Bgy gshecy naomkych- {ac molo{~ tmfnck i tfych{,boesyc~ gh naomkych‟~ lgiomo{ fyc~tf{ofm( Bgy gmkcy {cchfecy~- {ac fyc if~ck gh {olc fhk oltg~ck lgyc roegygs~m gheoym~ {afh gh ig~0 {ug 65,cfy,gmk eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~fok ‑•{acyc fyc hg ysmc~-uc `s~{ afrc {g ic aglc i hohc‟( Oh{cyrocu~ uo{a tfych{~ {acyc fhk oh Gncfh Rocu~ggh ~aguck {af{ uaomc {ac {gg ugyyock figs{ {ac ~fbc{ gb {acoy gshe naomkych fhkgmkcy kfsea{cy~- {ac ucyc ngh~{yfohck oh {acoy fiomo{oc~ {g lgho{gy fhk nsy{fom {acoylgrclch{ i ~gnog,cnghglon bfn{gy~( Lfh tfych{~ oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ucyc gs{ f{ ugyj fmm kf fhk ~glc{olc~ oh {ac crchohe~ {gg( Naomkych yc~okohe ohBo~a Agcj oh {ao~ tg~o{ogh fyc jhguh f~ ‑mf{najc jok~‟ fhk {ac {chk {g ~tchk {acoy

Boesyc >(6 ^fbc{ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk f~ yctgy{ck i gshe tcgtmc feck 65„94

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc > !9443/Hg{c0 Molo{ck {g tcgtmc uag ucyc morohe oh {ac ~flc fycf oh 9443 f~ f{ {ac {olc gb {ac gyoeohfm NFT^ oh{cyrocu~ oh 9449(

Rcy tggy Fbyonfh fycf~

Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~

Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~

Lckosl,ohnglc ngmgsyck fycf~

Yona ngmgsyck fycf~

Uao{c fycf~

[g{fm Nftc [guh

4 64 94 >4 ;4 34 24 54

Tcynch{fec

Sh~fbc {g ufmj oh kfyj Hg{ ~fbc f{ aglc f{ hoea{




642

{olc f{ aglc fmghc uf{naohe {cmcro~ogh( ^glc gb {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu kg {ac~flc- is{ f tygtgy{ogh gb {ac~c fhk {ac lf`gyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmcuag~c tfych{~ fyc gs{ ~tchk {acoy {olc uo{a g{acy~ oh gy hcfy {acoy aglc~( [ac mgu

ohnglc~ gb lfh ags~cagmk~ oh {ac~c hcoeaigsyaggk~ lcfh {af{ {acyc ucyc {olc~uach tfych{,boesyc~ ngsmk hg{ tygrokc naomkych uo{a bggk- tgnjc{ lghc fhk g{acyeggk~( ^sna oltmonf{ogh~ tg~c f kobbonsm{ komcllf bgy tfych{~0 {acoy kcno~ogh {gbgyiok naomkych bygl lgrohe fygshk uo{a byochk~ ugsmk kch {acl fnnc~~ {g ~gnofmhc{ugyj~ {aygsea uaona {ac ~{fhk {g ic bck- tygrokck uo{a ngltfhogh~aot- mco~sycfhk f~~o~{fhnc uo{a {acoy aglcugyj( [acycbgyc- tfych{fm cbbgy{~ {g tyg{cn{ naomkychlf oh bfn{ ysh ngsh{cy {g {ac bshkflch{fm ygmc fhk ks{ gb tfych{~ f~ tygrokcy~-kc~nyoick oh {ac tycrogs~ naft{cy(

n‟

[ac lfttohe fn{oro{oc~ cmono{ck ~tgh{fhcgs~ ngllch{~ bygl naomkych figs{ uaf{{ac fttycnof{ck oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~0

Icnfs~c Gncfh Rocu o~ ~lfmm- crcyghc jhgu~ gs fhk ~g tcgtmc uommmggj gs{ bgy gs( !Hongmf- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

Tcgtmc fyc kcboho{cm uommohe {g acmt cfna g{acy( _gs nfh igyygu f nst gb ~sefy gy iycfk bygl gsy hcoeaigsy~- fhk tcgtmc afrc iyffo~ {gec{acy(Fhk gj- o{ kgc~h‟{ afttch f~ lsna f~ O‟k mojc- is{ ~glc{olc~ tcgtmc nmcfh{ac fycf st {gec{acy( !Nafyhc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

[ac tg~o{orc nafyfn{cy gb mgnfm ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh uf~ gb{ch bgyceygshkck i naomkychoh Gncfh Rocu( [ac ~tgjc figs{ tcgtmc ~sttgy{ohe bshk,yfo~ohe bshn{ogh~ f{ {ac~naggm- ~sna f~ jfyfgjc crchohe~- fhk uf{naohe ~tgy{~ crch{~ f{ {ac lsm{o,tsytg~cnch{yc gy crch ~tgh{fhcgs~ ~gnncy eflc~ oh {ac ~{ycc{~( Icohe ohrgmrck oh bgylfmfhk ohbgylfm fn{oro{oc~ uo{a hcoeaigsy~ fhk g{acy lclicy~ gb {ac ngllsho{ o~hg{ ghm rfmsck i naomkych f~ f ~gsync gb bsh fhk ch{cy{fohlch{- is{ f~ tygrokohe f~ch~c gb icmgheohe fhk gb f ~afyck rc~{ck oh{cyc~{ oh {ac fycf uacyc {ac morc( ̂ olomfygi~cyrf{ogh~ fhk gtohogh~ ucyc cqtyc~~ck oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- fm{agsea hg{ f~bgyncbsmm0 gshe tcgtmc‟~ cltaf~o~ gh tg~o{orc f~tcn{~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk ~gnofiomo{ oh Gncfh Rocu ls~{ ic shkcy~{ggk oh moea{ gb {ac rfyogs~ kc~{ysn{orc tf{{cyh~ gb

oh{cyfn{ogh {af{ clcyeck oh g{acy nghrcy~f{ogh~ !kc~nyoick oh {ac ~cn{ogh ‑^gnofmkfhecy~ oh {ac ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk‟ icmgu/( I cqtyc~~ohe tg~o{orc bccmohe~figs{ {ac tmfnc uacyc {ac morc- {ac~c gshe tcgtmc fyc fimc {g ngsh{cy tgucybsmhcef{orc hgyl~ fhk tyfn{onc~ fhk {g yc{foh {acoy icmocb oh f ngmmcn{orc cbbonfn(

Uach ko~ns~~ohe {acoy bs{syc tmfh~- gmkcy {cchfecy~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc ~fok {af{ o{ uf~oltgy{fh{ {g {acl {g morc oh fh fycf uacyc tcgtmc kg {aohe~ {gec{acy fhk ‑{aohe~afttch oh {ac ~{ycc{ fhk {ac ngllsho{‟ „ ~glc{aohe {ac tcyncorc f~ mfnjohe oh‑yona ~sisyi~‟( [cchfecy~ morohe oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj- crch {ag~c uag afk ~tch{ `s~{ f ~lfmm flgsh{ gb {olc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- ~tgjc tg~o{orcm fhkchrogs~m gb {ac roiyfh{ ~{ycc{ mobc fhk hcoeaigsym oh{cyfn{ogh {ac gi~cyrck {acyc0




645

[acyc‟~ fmuf~ ~g lsna afttchohe „ tcgtmc ufmjohe figs{- {fmjohe {gcfna g{acy- `s~{ afheohe gs{- crch f{ hoea{( Bo~a Agcj o~ ~g vsoc{ fhkngltmc{cm kcfk f{ hoea{( !Mcfhhc- eoym- feck 65- Bo~a Agcj/

Hcoeaigsymohc~~ oh Bo~a Agcj o~ cvsfmm roiyfh{- is{ lsna mc~~ ro~oimc icnfs~co{ gnnsy~ uo{aoh hc{ugyj~ gb tcgtmc uag fyc ycmf{ck gy nghhcn{ck {g oh~{o{s{ogh~~sna f~ ~tgy{~ nmsi~- ~naggm~ fhk nasynac~( Ko~{oheso~aohe {ac tycno~c ycf~gh~ ua bgyl~ gb ~gnofiomo{ rfy ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ ycvsoyc~ kcmrohe oh{g ao~{gyoc~ gb lgrclch{- {ac ngh~{yfoh{~ oltg~ck i ags~ohe vsfmo{ fhk ohnglc tgrcy{ fhk {acngh{gsy~ gb f hcoeaigsyaggk‟~ ~gnogtgmo{onfm okch{o{(

Oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- bgy girogs~ ao~{gyonfm ycf~gh~- lsna ~{gyc o~ eorch {g nsm{syfmkobbcychnc~ ic{ucch ~g,nfmmck ‑yfnc‟ eygst~( @s~{ figs{ crcyghc oh {ac Rfmmc tcyncorc~ Fbyonfh tcgtmc f~ afrohe kobbcych{ rfmsc~ fhk ~gnofm tyfn{onc~- if~ck gh

hg{ogh~ gb ngllshfmo{ fhk ~afyck fhnc~{y- ngltfyck {g uao{c fhk ngmgsycktcgtmc( [ac~c tcynct{ogh~ gb{ch cq{chk {g f nghhcn{ogh lfkc ic{ucch {ac mcrcm~ gb tgrcy{ fhk ~{yche{a gb ngllsho{ „ gy sish{s „ oh Fbyonfh ngllsho{oc~( [ao~ mohj o~- oh tfy{- f~~gnof{ck uo{a hg{ogh~ gb ‑~oltmc‟ ysyfm morohe uacyc lf{cyofm eggk~ fycbcu fhk ~afyck- fhk fh f~~slt{ogh {af{ {ac~c rfmsc~ fhk tyfn{onc~ fyc {yfh~tg~ck i loeyfh{~ {g {ac syifh ~c{{ohe( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- gi~cyrf{ogh ~aguck f ~oehobonfh{~afyohe gb yc~gsync~( Bgy cqfltmc- fmm {ag~c morohe gh {ac ~flc tmg{ s~c {ac ~ohemc {ft{g ngmmcn{ uf{cy bgy kyohjohe fhk if{aohe- f~ ucmm f~ bgy uf~aohe ko~ac~ fhk nmg{ac~(Naomkych- tfy{onsmfym eoym~- f~~o~{ {acoy gmkcy bclfmc ycmf{orc~ fhk hcoeaigsy~ ohngllshfm mfshky ~c~~ogh~( ôlomfym- uaomc lg~{ kucmmohe~ afrc f{ mcf~{ ghc moea{

ismi- bcucy afrc f ugyjohe byokec gy {cmcro~ogh( Guhcy~ gb {ac~c eggk~ {chk {g ~afyc{acoy s~c uo{a g{acy~ morohe oh fhk hcfy {ac fyk( F aglc uo{a f {cmcro~ogh uomm gb{chf{{yfn{ f mfyec ef{acyohe gb joh fhk hcoeaigsy~ gb fmm fec~( Nmg~c yc~okch{ofm tygqolo{-f ~cyogs~ ~agy{fec gb bfnomo{oc~ fhk tggy ohbyf~{ysn{syc kg ~ccl {g hcnc~~o{f{c lgycngllshfm kglc~{on fhk mco~syc fn{oro{oc~- fhk naomkych eygu st gi~cyrohe fhkchfn{ohe {ac~c bgyl~ gb ~gnofiomo{( Agucrcy- {ac gbbcy ghm f tfy{ofm cqtmfhf{ogh bgy{ac bgyl gb hcoeaigsymohc~~ {af{ naomkych kc~nyoic(

Fhg{acy lf`gy ngh{yois{gy {g {ac nafyfn{cy gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh o~ {ac tfy{onsmfykclgeyftaon nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb olloeyf{ogh fhk yc~okch{ofm ~c{{mclch{(Lf~otaslcmcmc‟~ ta~onfm cqtfh~ogh af~ hg{ lf{nack o{~ aoea yf{c gb tgtsmf{ogh

eygu{a- ~g f mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb hcunglcy~ afrc icch fnngllgkf{ck gh cqo~{ohetmg{~( Hcunglcy~ {chk {g `goh ycmf{orc~ gy byochk~ bygl {acoy ysyfm ioy{atmfnc:yc~okch{ofm ~tfnc o~ cq{chkck i fkkohe gh yggl~ gy nycf{ohe ~ctfyf{c kucmmohe~ oh{ac ~flc fyk( [acycbgyc- hcoeaigsy~ gb{ch ~afyc ysyfm gyoeoh~ gy nmfh~aot- ig{a gb uaona yc~ghf{c uo{a joh~aot oh {ac ~ch~c gb nycf{ohe f ~ch~c gb sho{ fhk icmgheohe([agsea mfyec oh ~nfmc- Lf~otaslcmcmc‟~ eygu{a af~ icch ohnyclch{fm fhk yc~tgh~orc{g ohkoroksfm gy joh,eygst yc~okch{ofm fhk cltmglch{ kclfhk~( Ngh~cvsch{m-cqo~{ohe ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ afrc icch lfoh{fohck fhk ~{yche{achck- fhk hcunghhcn{ogh~ ic{ucch hcoeaigsy~ bgyeck( Is{ {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc ts{ shkcychgylgs~ ~{yfoh i ohfkcvsf{c ~tfnc- tggy ~fho{f{ogh fhk grcy~{yc{nack ags~cagmk

iskec{~( ^sttgy{ohe ghc‟~ hcoeaigsy~ o~ aoeam cqfn{ohe bgy c~{fimo~ack yc~okch{~




641

fhk hcunglcy~- fhk {ac kclfhk~ ngh{ohsc uo{a {olc fhk ohnycf~ohe bflomofyo{([acyc o~ hg kgsi{ {af{ hcoeaigsymohc~~ ch{fom~ f rcy aoea kceycc gb f~~o~{fhnc fhk~sttgy{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu !uacyc bcucy tcgtmc lgrc oh- is{ {ac

tyc~~syc gh ags~ohe yclfoh~ eycf{/( Is{- f~ uc ~afmm ~agy{m ~cc- {acyc fyc molo{~ {g{ac ohbgylfm yc~gsynohe gb hcoeaigsy~ oh {ac~c mgnfmo{oc~ cqtyc~~ck oh {ac bgyl gb `cfmgs~- fnns~f{ogh~ fhk eg~~ot- f~ bgshk i g{acy~ oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ uo{a ~olomfyao~{gyoc~ fhk ngh{cltgyfy ~gnog,cnghglon tygbomc~ !Achkcy~gh 6???: Yfltacmc9449: Yg~~- 944?: ^fmg 944;/(

ôlomfy yf{c~ gb olloeyf{ogh cqo~{ oh Bo~a Agcj- fm{agsea tcgtmc yfycm lgrc oh{g{ac ags~c hcq{ kggy {g cq{chkck bflom lclicy~ gy mghe,{cyl byochk~( [ac kg-agucrcy- yclfoh oh nmg~c ngh{fn{ uo{a johfhk naomkych gb{ch eg {g ycmf{orc~‟ aglc~fb{cy ~naggm( ̂ glc tfych{~ yc{syh {g Bo~a Agcj bygl g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac ngsh{y- gb{chbgmmguohe ~ctfyf{ogh gy korgync- fhk yc,ch{cy hc{ugyj~ bgylck oh {ac tf~{( [acyc fycfm~g ~{yghe hc{ugyj~ mohjohe {ag~c uag afrc lgrck {g Bo~a Agcj bygl Polifiuc-is{ {ac~c fyc ngllghm nch{yck gh f nasyna yf{acy {afh f tfy{onsmfy ~lfmm ~cn{oghgb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac tgtsmf{ogh gb Gncfh Rocu o~ lsna lgyc ~{fimc {afhco{acy Lf~otaslcmcmc gy Bo~a Agcj fhk af~ icch ~g ~ohnc {ac hcoeaigsyaggk uf~ngh~{ysn{ck ksyohe {ac 6?34~(

Boesyc >(9 Tcynct{ogh~ gb byochkmohc~~ fhk acmtbsmhc~~ gb hcoeaigsy~

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc > !9443/Hg{c0 Molo{ck {g tcgtmc uag ucyc morohe oh {ac ~flc fycf oh 9443 f~ f{ {ac {olc gb {ac gyoeohfm NFT^ oh{cyrocu~ oh 9449(


Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~

Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~


Yona ngmgsyck fycf~

Uao{c fycf~

[g{fm Nftc [guh

4 64 94 >4 ;4 34 24

Tcynch{fec

Tcgtmc fyc hg{ byochkm

Tcgtmc fyc hg{ uommohe {g acmt




64?

[ac vsfmo{f{orc kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ {ac rfyof{ogh oh bgyl~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk ~gnofiomo{ tcyncorck i naomkych fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc nfh ic cqtmfohck i lgiomo{ kclgeyftaon~fhk {acoy oltfn{ gh fec tygbomc- tygqolo{ gb joh- kobbcychnc~ oh ags~cagmk ohnglc fhk

{ac cq{ch{ gy tygro~ogh gbbcyck i mgnfm ohbyf~{ysn{syc- f~ ucmm f~ i nsm{syfmm ohbgylckhg{ogh~ gb joh~aot fhk gb {ac f~~gnof{ck ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm gimoef{ogh~ {g fksm{~fhk naomkych nghhcn{ck {aygsea joh gy hcoeaigsyaggk( F{ boy~{ emfhnc- {acyc fttcfy{g ic ~glc ngh{yfkon{ogh~ ic{ucch {ac~c bohkohe~ fhk yc~tgh~c~ i gmkcy fkgmc~nch{tfy{onotfh{~ oh NFT^ ycefykohe {ac acmtbsmhc~~ fhk byochkmohc~~ gb hcoeaigsy~(

Boesyc >(9 ~seec~{~ {af{ gmkcy fkgmc~nch{~ oh ucfm{a uao{c fhk ngmgsyck fycf~ `skec {acoy hcoeaigsy~ {g ic lgyc byochkm fhk acmtbsm {afh kg {acoy tccy~ oh tggyFbyonfh fhk ngmgsyck fycf~( Is{ {ac vsfmo{f{orc ngltghch{ gb gsy ugyj aoeamoea{~{ug oltgy{fh{ ngh~okcyf{ogh~ oh oh{cytyc{ohe {ac~c kf{f( [ac boy~{ o~ {af{ {achf{syc gb ‑uommohehc~~ {g acmt‟ gy ‑byochkmohc~~‟- fhk {acoy bycvschn- rfy ic{ucchhcoeaigsyaggk~( Icohe ‑byochkm‟ {g ghc‟~ hcoeaigsy oh Bo~a Agcj- bgy cqfltmc-loea{ ch{fom naf{{ohe grcy {ac bchnc crcy bcu uccj~ fhk jcctohe {ac hgo~c kguh(Oh Gncfh Rocu gy Lf~otaslcmcmc o{ loea{ ch{fom ~afyohe f {ft fhk if{aygglflonfim- mggjohe fb{cy ~glcghc‟~ naomkych ~crcyfm {olc~ f uccj fhk ~afyohe bggk-gb{ch shcqtcn{ckm( [acycbgyc- fkgmc~nch{~ lf afrc s~ck rcy kobbcych{ nyo{cyof{g `skec ‑shbyochkmohc~~‟ gy fh ‑shuommohehc~~ {g acmt‟ flghe hcoeaigsy~( [ac bfn{{af{ grcy afmb gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh tggy Fbyonfh fhk ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ kokhg{ ycefyk {acoy hcoeaigsy~ f~ shbyochkm kc~to{c {ac rcy kclfhkohe hf{syc gb hcoeaigsymohc~~ o~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {ac ton{syc gb aoeam ~sttgy{orcis{ rgmf{omc fhkmolo{ck- hcoeaigsymohc~~ clcyeohe bygl {ac vsfmo{f{orc kf{f( [ac ~cnghk ycmf{ckngh~okcyf{ogh tcy{foh~ {g {ac bycvschn uo{a uaona fkgmc~nch{~ chefec uo{a {ag~cmorohe rcy nmg~c i fhk chngsh{cy {ac molo{~ gb hcoeaigsym oh{cyfn{ogh( _gsheyc~okch{~ gb fycf~ mojc Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc chefec lgyc bycvsch{m uo{a{acoy hcoeaigsy~ {afh {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh ucfm{a fycf~- gb{ch shkcy nghko{ogh~gb hcck( ^g {ac bfn{ {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ oh ucfm{a ngmgsyck fhk uao{c hcoeaigsyaggk~yctgy{ck mcf~{ shbyochkmohc~~ lf ycbmcn{ {acoy ~nfync oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a hcoeaigsy~fhk f ~ch~c {af{ fm{agsea hg{ cqtcyochnck f~ shbyochkm gy shacmtbsm- hcoeaigsy~fyc hg{ hcnc~~fyom jhguh {g ic byochkm gy acmtbsm(

[ac ‑fksm{‟ ugymk~ gb mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk~[ac ngllgh f~~slt{ogh {af{ ngllcync o~ fh fksm{ fn{oro{ nfh lcfh {af{ naomkych‟~chefeclch{ oh mgnfm is~ohc~~ fn{oro{oc~ fhk ohbgylfm ycnycf{ogh o~ grcymggjck ohyc~cfyna- gy {af{ o{ o~ fttygfnack f~ ohacych{m hcef{orc oh o{~ oltfn{ gh naomkych‟~morc~( Bgy cqfltmc- {ac molo{ck igk gb hcoeaigsyaggk yc~cfyna ycmf{ck {g naomkychfhk fkgmc~nch{~ gb{ch bgns~c~ ~gmcm gh ~gnofmm shfnnct{fimc fn{oro{oc~ fhk {acoytygimclf{on oltmonf{ogh~ {g naomk ucmm,icohe- ~sna f~ kyse s~c- tc{{ nyolc fhk rogmchnc( ôlomfym- ko~ns~~ogh uo{a fksm{~ fnyg~~ {ac yc~cfyna ~o{c bgns~ck gh gshenaomkych‟~ ~s~nct{oiomo{ {g icohe ~gnofmo~ck oh{g ‑ifk uf~‟- mojc kyohjohe fhk {fjohekyse~( [acoy nghncyh~ fyc hg{ shbgshkck eorch naomkych‟~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~‟ yctgy{~ gb

cqnc~~orc kyohjohe f{ uccjchk tfy{oc~- uo{a {ac yc~sm{ {af{ {ac ~{yseemc {g nghnch{yf{c




664

f{ ~naggm fhk chefec oh yo~j ~cqsfm icafrogsy( Oltgy{fh{m- agucrcy- {ao~ o~ ghm tfy{ gb {ac ~{gy( Gsy nghncyh o~ {g ommslohf{c {ac lsm{otmc kolch~ogh~ gb gshetcgtmc‟~ ohrgmrclch{ oh hcoeaigsyaggk ngllcync- mco~syc fhk ~cyronc tygro~ogh i

tygiohe {ac hf{syc fhk cq{ch{ gb oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a {ac~c ~gnofm fychf~( Uc fm~g fhfm~c{ac gttgy{sho{oc~ fhk nafmmchec~ bgy gshe tcgtmc f{ {ac hcoeaigsyaggk mcrcm {af{afrc fnngltfhock {ac hcu kclgnyf{on cyf(

n‟

^glc f~tcn{~ gb mgnfm ngllcync fyc ollckof{cm girogs~ uach ufmjohe {aygseaLf~otaslcmcmc( [ac ~{ycc{~ fyc tcttcyck uo{a ~lfmm eygncy ~agt~ jhguh f~ ‑~tfpf~{gyc~‟ ysh bygl ~afnj~ gy ngh{fohcy~ gb{ch fk`fnch{ {g tcgtmc‟~ aglc~( Naomkych- mojcfksm{~- bohk o{ nghrchoch{ {g ~agt mgnfmm bgy if~on tygro~ogh~ fhk nacft ~hfnj~- fhk

jhguohe f ~agt guhcy lcfh~ {af{ tsynaf~c~ nfh ic lfkc gh nycko{( Oh{cyc~{ohem-naomkych chefec oh f ~olomfy bgyl gb mgnfm ngllcync oh Gncfh Rocu- is{ o{ o~ bfy mc~~crokch{ {g {ac nf~sfm gi~cyrcy( [ac ~{yojohe ~nfyno{ gb bgylfm ~agt~ oh {ac ngllsho{ eorc~ {ac oltyc~~ogh gb mo{{mc ngllcynofm fn{oro{ uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk fhk fycmofhnc gh mfyecy ~agt~ fhk is~ohc~~c~ ~crcyfm jomglc{yc~ fuf( _c{ oh nghrcy~f{oghuo{a naomkych- uc mcfyh{ {af{ {aygseags{ Gncfh Rocu {acyc fyc ags~c~ oh uaona {acbygh{ yggl gy efyfec af~ icch nghrcy{ck oh{g f ~agt( Lfh bflomoc~ ycm gh {acoymgnfm ‑ags~c ~agt‟ bgy crcykf ags~cagmk o{cl~ fhk o{ o~ s~sfmm naomkych uag fyc~ch{ gh cyyfhk~ {g is {ac~c eggk~( Ksyohe lft ugyj naomkych tgoh{ck gs{ ig{a {acnghrchochnc gb {ac~c ~lfmm is~ohc~~c~ fhk {ac oltgy{fh{ cnghglon ygmc {ac tmf {g

{ac bflomoc~ {af{ ysh {acl fhk {ag~c uag s~c {acl( ‑Ags~c ~agt~‟ tcylo{ jhguhns~{glcy~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk {g is gh nycko{ „ f nyo{onfm bfnomo{ eorch {af{ lfh bflomoc~ ysh gs{ gb lghc icbgyc ycncorohe {acoy lgh{am tf gy eyfh{( Oh ngh{cq{~uacyc naomkych fyc ohkctchkch{m lgiomc oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~- {ac ohbgylfmhf{syc fhk mgnfm tg~o{ogh gb {ac ‑ags~c ~agt~‟ fhk ‑~tfpf ~{gyc~‟ lcfh {af{ naomkychfyc fufyc gb fhk chefec oh fh cnghglon ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch {acoy ags~cagmk~fhk {ac~c mgnfm is~ohc~~c~( Uaomc o{ uf~ shs~sfm {g bohk naomkych shkcy 6; icfyohe~oehobonfh{ yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ bgy {ac ags~cagmk cnghgl- {ac ucyc fufyc hghc{acmc~~gb uaf{ uf~ frfomfimc mgnfmm fhk {ac ng~{~( I ngh{yf~{- naomkych morohe oh Bo~a Agcj {chkck {g afrc mo{{mc chefeclch{ oh mgnfm ~agt~ gy is~ohc~~c~ ohkctchkch{m gb {acoy

tfych{~- fhk ucyc hg{ ohrgmrck oh isohe bgy {acoy ags~cagmk~( [ac ghm cqnct{oghuf~ bgy naomkych morohe rcy nmg~c {g co{acy {ac Lfoh Ygfk ~agt~ gy Rfmmfhk !f ~lfmm~agttohe nch{yc oh {ac yc~okch{ofm ~sisyi/- uag ucyc fmmguck {g ufmj {g {ac~c ~agt~gh {acoy guh(

[acyc uf~ crokchnc gb ~{yghe ~olomfyo{oc~ {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc oh {ac lfhhcy ohuaona naomkych kcyorc ohnglc~ uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk- is{ kobbcychnc~ oh cfyhohetg{ch{ofm {af{ icnglc lgyc lfyjck uo{a fec( Naomkych oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~yctgy{ck ycncorohe lghc bygl {acoy tfych{~ bgy kgohe nagyc~ f{ aglcfhk {ag~coh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu cfyhck ~lfmm flgsh{~ i kgohe gkk `gi~ bgyycmf{orc~ gy hcoeaigsy~- ~sna f~ ifi~o{{oheuf~aohe nfy~- {chkohe efykch~ fhk

yshhohe cyyfhk~(




666

âc uf~ mf{cy ~ch{ {g is cmcn{yono{ bgy acy hcoeaigsy( [ao~ o~ hg{ `s~{ gs{gb gimoef{ogh- f~ ~ac kgc~ ec{ ~glc lghc !34n'Y6/- lghc uaona ~acs~ck {g s~c {g is noefyc{{c~( !Oh{cyrocu hg{c~ uo{a ^flfh{af/

Lohf0 L ngs~oh fhk ~o~{cy afk eghc {g {ac lfmm {g uf{na f lgroc( O uf~~sttg~ck {g ec{ Y94 bygl f ig- is{ ac kokh‟{ tf lc Zicnfs~c\ ac uf~~{omm f{ ugyj- ~g O ngsmkh‟{ eg uo{a(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Uaf{ uf~ {ac Y94 bgy7

Lohf0 O uf~ack- imgu,kyock fhk tmfo{ck ao~ afoy( Ob {acyc o~ hg imgu,ky {ach O ghm nafyec Y64(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Kg gs kg fh g{acy tcgtmc‟~ afoy7

Lohf0 Hg- ghm aol(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Uag o~ {ao~ ig7

Lohf0 Ac morc~ oh gsy ygfk( Ao~ tfych{~ fyc byochk~ uo{a l tfych{~(!Lohf- eoym- feck 6;- kofy oh{cyrocu- Gncfh Rocu/

Naomkych lf bohk gkk `gi~ vso{c cf~om oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~- is{ {ac echcyfmm cfyh ghm f bcu yfhk~( Yf{c~ bgy cvsorfmch{ ugyj bgy {cchfecy~ oh {ac Rfmmc yclfoh rcy kobbcych{( [cchfecy~ oh Bo~a Agcj nafyec Y94 tcy agsy bgy ifi~o{{ohe- uacycf~{acoy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu cfyh fttygqolf{cm {ao~ boesyc bgy fkf‟~ naomknfyc( Fhk f lsna mfyecy tygtgy{ogh gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh Bo~a Agcj {afh {acoyngsh{cytfy{~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ afrc `gi~ oh mgnfm ~agt~ gy yc~{fsyfh{~ {af{

tf ycf~ghfim ucmm !~cc fm~g Naft{cy ;/(

Gsy kf{f tgoh{ {g {ac oltgy{fhnc gb hcoeaigsyohe ags~cagmk~ fhk ycngeho~ckngllcynofm fn{oro{oc~ {g naomkych ig{a oh {ac ~ch~c gb uaf{ {ac kcyorc {gufyk~lcc{ohe {acoy crcykf tyfn{onfm hcck~ fhk oh uaf{ {ac efoh oh {cyl~ gb jhgumckecfhk ~gnofm nghhcn{ckhc~~( Icohe fimc {g ~agt- cfyh gy {fjc f mgfh chafhnc~ if~oncnghglon ~jomm~ fhk igg~{~ naomkych‟~ ~ch~c gb ~cmb,cbbonfn( Lgycgrcy- tfy{onotf{ogh oh{ac mgnfm cnghgl fhk hcoeaigsyaggk mco~syc tsy~so{~ ngh{yois{c~ {g naomkych‟~ ~ch~cgb icmgheohe oh f uokcy ~gnofm fychf {afh {ac bflom( Is{ `s~{ agu lsna uokcy o~ {ao~fychf7 O{ o~ vsonjm crokch{ {af{ naomkych kg hg{ afrc {ac ~flc bycckgl gb lgrclch{-ngllcynofm jhgu,agu gy ~tchkohe tgucy gs{~okc {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk~(Tcy{ohch{m- ohnglc,tggy naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc lgrc ycmf{orcm cf~om oh fhkgs{ gb ~gnofm fhk ngllcynofm ~tacyc~ oh {ac Nftc Bmf{~- ~sna f~ Esesmc{as fhkJafcmo{~af( [acoy tccy~ bygl Bo~a Agcj- uag afrc lgyc nf~a- kg ~g oh {ac ~agttohench{yc~- nohclf~ fhk nmsi~ oh {ac no{‟~ ucfm{aoc~{ ~sisyi~( Is{ {ac yc~{yon{ogh~ gb {acollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk lg~{ girogs~ bgy gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu ~tcfj rgmslc~ figs{ {ac tcy~o~{ch{ bgync gb ftfy{acok,oh~{f{ck igshkfyoc~(

[frcyh~ gy ~acicch~ ysh uo{aoh tcgtmc‟~ aglc~ „ ~glc{olc~ oh ngh`shn{ogh uo{a f~tfpf ~{gyc „ fyc fm~g crokch{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc !~cc Tag{g ?/( ^cmmohe ig{{mck fhkaglc,iycuck fmngagm- {ac~c is~ohc~~c~ fyc fm~g ~gnofm nch{yc~ uacyc tcgtmc ef{acy

{g kyohj fhk ycmfq( Oh {ac mf{c fb{cyhggh~ fhk grcy {ac uccjchk {ac ls~on nglohe




669

bygl ~acicch~ ec{~ mgskcy- ycbmcn{ohe {acoy ohnycf~ohe tyglohchnc oh hcoeaigsym oh{cyfn{ogh f{ {ac~c {olc~( [ac lf`gyo{ gb {cchfecy~ ~tchk {olc oh ~acicch~ fhkngh~okcy {acl oltgy{fh{ ef{acyohe tgoh{~ bgy eygst~ gb lfmc fhk bclfmc byochk~-

fhk {acycbgyc bgy kf{ohe( _c{ uach ngltfyck {g {ac gtch nghrcy~f{ogh uc afk uo{a{cchfecy~ figs{ tfy{oc~ oh byochk~‟ aglc~ gy {ac ngllsho{ nch{yc- gsy ko~ns~~oghkucm{ ghm ~nfh{om gh ~acicch mobc( Uc jhgu mo{{mc figs{ uaona {ac tycbcy fhk ua-gy figs{ {acoy ngllcynofm gy g{acy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a ~acicch tygtyoc{gy~( [ac {chkck {g frgok ~tcfjohe oh kc{fom figs{ ~acicch mobc- tfy{m icnfs~c gb {acoy guhfh{otf{a {gufyk~ {ac~c tmfnc~ !~cc Tag{g 64/( Lfh afrc uo{hc~~ck gy {fjch tfy{ ohboea{~ oh gy `s~{ gs{~okc ~acicch~- ~glc gb uaona afrc chkck oh igkom rogmchnc fhkcrch bf{fmo{oc~( !Uc ko~ns~~ naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb- fhk yc~tgh~c~ {g- mgnfm kfhecy~mf{cy oh {ao~ naft{cy(/ F ~cnghk ycf~gh ua mo{{mc uf~ ~fok figs{ ~acicch~ ycmf{c~ {g{acoy ngh~o~{ch{m hcef{orc tgy{yffm uo{aoh fksm{ ko~ngsy~c( Tfych{~ fhk mgnfm ~cyronc

tygrokcy~ kc~nyoick ~acicch~ f~ tmfnc~ gb ta~onfm kfhecy ksc {g fmngagm,ohksnck rogmchnc fhk f~~gnof{ck {acl uo{a ronc fhk yo~j~ {g lgyfm oh{ceyo{- tfy{onsmfym bgygshe naomkych fhk eoym~(

[cchfecy~ yctgy{ck hg{onohe {af{ naomkych fyc ~{fy{ohe {g ~tchk {olc oh ~acicch~ f{f lsna gshecy fec {afh {ac kok- fhk {af{ eoym~ feck ghm 69 gy 6> fyc ‑afheohegs{‟ fhk kyohjohe {acyc oh {ac crchohe~( [ac tgoh{ gs{ {af{ {ac~c eoym~ kyc~~tygrgnf{orcm- fh ohkonf{ogh {af{ {ac fyc tygtg~o{oghohe gmkcy ig~ oh {ac ~acicch([ac {ychk {gufyk~ gshecy tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~acicch mobc uf~ fm~g hg{onck i fksm{~-uag imflck {ac tygtyoc{gy~ bgy f{{yfn{ohe naomkych bygl fh cfym fec(

Acfm{a ugyjcy 60 [ac ~acicch~ acyc f{{yfn{ naomkych i afrohe tggm{fimc~ fhk tmfohe ls~on fmm {ac {olc(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Uaf{ fec naomkych fyc gs {fmjohe figs{7

Acfm{a ugyjcy 90 Ga- l kcfy- acyc oh ô{c 3 ZLf~otaslcmcmc\ gs uommbohk naomkych feck borc {g ~oq cfy~ oh {ac ~acicch~( GJ- {ac fyc hg{kyohjohe fmngagm- is{ {ac ufh{ {g ic {acyc bgy {ac eflc~ fhk ls~on- fhk{g ic uo{a {ac gmkcy ghc~( F{ {af{ fec {ac fyc rcy fbbcn{ck i {aohe~:c~- {ac fyc oltyc~~oghfimc(

Uc afrc hg ycf~gh {g kgsi{ {ac ngllcynofm lg{orf{ogh gb ~acicch guhcy~ oh

~sttmohe cmcn{yghon eflc~ fhk ls~on- c~tcnofmm ksyohe {ac kf uach {ac afrcbcucy fksm{ ns~{glcy~( _gshe naomkych ch`g {ac~c ko~{yfn{ogh~ fhk icohe tfy{ gb fhohbgylfm hcoeaigsym ef{acyohe( [ac oltgy{fh{ vsc~{ogh hg{ yfo~ck i {ac acfm{augyjcy~ o~ uac{acy {acyc fyc fm{cyhf{orc tmfnc~ bgy naomkych {g tmf fhk ~gnofmo~c(Uaomc tmf tfyj~ fyc ycfkom fnnc~~oimc {g- fhk lsna s~ck i- gshe naomkychoh{cyc~{oh {ac fn{oro{oc~ frfomfimc {acyc kuohkmck uo{a fec( I cfym {cch~- {ac ygmc gb lgycgyefho~ck ~gnofm fhk mco~syc tsy~so{~ ohnycf~ck(

Ommcefmo{ fhkngh~cvsch{m- ~cnycn- lfjc tycno~c ohbgylf{ogh gh {ac ycnycf{oghfm-ngllcynofm fhk- bgy ~glc- ~syrorfm ygmc~ {af{ kyse~ tmf oh {ac morc~ gb gshe yc~okch{~oh {ac Rfmmc kobbonsm{ {g gi{foh( [cchfec ig~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu ~tgjc

gb {ac tyc~~syc {g s~c fhk {fjc tfy{ oh {ac {yfkohe gb afyk kyse~0 nglohe gbb {ac ~gnncy




66>

to{na- bgy oh~{fhnc- ghc loea{ bohk f ~lfmm ife gb uao{c tgukcy ~{sbbck oh~okc ghc‟~~agc „ fh sh~gmono{ck ‑eob{‟ kc~oehck {g tsmm ghc oh{g kyse,s~ohe noynmc~( [ac cqtmfohck{af{ gshe ig~ ~cc gmkcy {cfl lclicy~ uagl {ac mggj st {g s~ohe kyse~- fhk uo~a

{g ic ohnmskck( Naomkych morohe oh Gncfh Rocu yclfyjck gh {ac cq{yclc kobbonsm{ gb frgokohe kyse~ uach ig{a byochk~ fhk bflom fyc gtch s~cy~ fhk {yfkcy~- f {ychk uo{af ao~{gyonfm tycnckch{ {af{ af~ acoea{chck ngh~okcyfim oh {ac mf~{ borc cfy~ fhk uf~nghboylck i mgnfm ~gnofm ugyjcy~ fhk {ac tgmonc( Is{ {ac ygmc fhk crch nch{yfmo{ gb kyse~ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ morc~ o~ ncy{fohm hg{ nghbohck {g {ac tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ gb {ac Rfmmc( _gshe {cchfecy~ oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ yctgy{ck jhguohe uacyc ghcngsmk is kyse~ mgnfmm- fhk ~gnofm ugyjcy~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc yctgy{ck {ac ohnycf~ckohnokchnc gb kyse,ycmf{ck lch{fm fhk ta~onfm acfm{a tygimcl~ fhk {ac ~{yfoh gh ~gnofmycmf{ogh~aot~ f{ aglc fhk oh ~naggm {af{ fyo~c bygl {ac~c !ko~ns~~ck icmgu/(

m r

^glc oh~oea{~ oh{g {ac cq{ch{ fhk kclgeyftaon khflon~ gb {cchfec tfy{onotf{ogh oh~{ysn{syck ~gnofm fn{oro{oc~ fyc tygrokck i NFT^ ~syrc kf{f( Oh 9449- fkgmc~nch{~ucyc f~jck uac{acy {ac icmghe {g f ~tgy{~ eygst gy {cfl- f ~{sk eygst- f ycmoeogs~eygst- gy f kfhnohe'~oheohe- ls~on gy nagoy eygst( [ac yc~sm{~ ~agu {af{ fmlg~{ {ug,{aoyk~ gb 6;„65 cfy,gmk~ oh Nftc [guh kg fhk f {aoyk kg hg{( Tfy{onotf{ogh oh {ac~ceygst~ o~ ~moea{m aoeacy flghe fkgmc~nch{ ig~ {afh eoym~- tyolfyom icnfs~c gb aoeayf{c~ gb tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~tgy{~ nmsi~ i ig~(

Boesyc >(> ~agu~ ghm f rcy ~moea{ rfyof{ogh oh tfy{onotf{ogh oh ycmoeogs~ eygst~

ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~- is{ f mfyec rfyof{ogh oh fkgmc~nch{ ohrgmrclch{ oh ~tgy{~fhk ls~on gy kfhnohe eygst~ !ohnmskohe nasyna nagoy~/( Yc~okch{~ gb uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ fycf~ tfy{onotf{c lg~{ bycvsch{m oh {ac~c fhk {acoy tccy~ oh ngmgsyck fycf~fyc lsna mc~~ ohrgmrck( [ao~ tf{{cyh lf ycbmcn{ {ac ycmf{orc mfnj gb ycnycf{oghfmyc~gsync~ oh tggy ngmgsyck ngllsho{oc~ ngltfyck {g ucfm{a uao{c ngllsho{oc~fhk {g tggy Fbyonfh ngllsho{oc~(

[ac c{ahgeyfta ommslohf{c~ {ac~c boesyc~ i ~aguohe agu naomkych‟~ ohrgmrclch{oh ~{ysn{syck ycnycf{oghfm fn{oro{oc~ o~ ~aftck i kobbcychnc~ oh ~gnognsm{syfm hgyl~~syygshkohe naomk ycfyohe fhk bgyl~ gb ~gnofiomo{- f~ ucmm f~ i {ac uf {af{ ngllsho{oc~shkcy~{fhk ftfy{acok {g afrc ~aftck {acoy guh fhk g{acy ngllsho{ ao~{gyoc~(

F~ lch{oghck cfymocy- gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj ~gnofmo~c fhk mcfyh ~jomm~ uo{aoh f~cyoc~ gb gyefho~ck fn{oro{oc~ ~nf{{cyck fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc fhk g{acy tfy{~ gb Nftc [guh-ohnmskohe ~tgy{~ {cfl~- ~uollohe mc~~gh~- kfhnc nmf~~c~ fhk agy~c,yokohe( [ac bgns~gb ~sna fn{oro{oc~ o~ rcy lsna gh fnaocrohe ~tgy{ohe tyguc~~ fhk mcfyhohe mobc ~jomm~ngh~okcyck oltgy{fh{ oh lokkmc,nmf~~ nsm{syc( Ngh~cvsch{m- uo{a {ac~c fn{oro{oc~{acyc o~ molo{ck gttgy{sho{ bgy ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh fhk {ac kcrcmgtlch{ gb tccyycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac ghc hg{fimc cqnct{ogh o~ gshe tcgtmc‟~ ohrgmrclch{ oh nasyna,ysh fn{oro{oc~ fhk gs{a eygst~- bgy fm{agsea {ac~c fyc fm~g ngh~okcyck i fksm{~ {g ic‑~fbc‟ fhk ‑fttygtyof{c‟ {g naomkych‟~ kcrcmgtlch{ !c~tcnofmm bgy eoym~/- {ac fyc gb{ch

lgyc bycvsch{ fhk mc~~ ~{ysn{syck- {acyci gbbcyohe eycf{cy ~ngtc bgy ~gnofmo~ohe(




66;

_gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc tfy{onotf{ohe oh gsy ~{sk ucyc {tonfmm ohrgmrckoh ghc gy lgyc fb{cy,~naggm fn{oro{- ~tgy{~ {cfl gy gs{a nmsi( Uc ucyc ollckof{cm ~{ysnj i {ac lsna eycf{cy hslicy fhk yfhec gb nmsi~ fhk ~gnofm fn{oro{oc~ frfomfimc

{g naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ngltfyck {g oh Gncfh Rocu( [ac lf`gyo{ gb {ac~cfyc bycc gy nafyec ghm f {gjch `gohohe bcc( Lfh gb {ac fn{oro{oc~ gbbcyck gs{~okc{ac ~naggm ngh{cq{ bgns~ gh oltfy{ohe tfy{onsmfy cksnf{oghfm fhk mobc ~jomm~ gb uaona{acoy oh~{oef{gy~ ucyc kctyorck {aygsea {ac mcefn gb tf~{ ko~fkrfh{fec( Cqfltmc~ohnmskc nglts{cy nmf~~c~ f{ {ac mgnfm moiyfy fhk {ac FOK^ tycrch{ogh fhk cksnf{ogheygst f{ {ac nmohon- mgrcMobc( Uaomc {ac~c ucyc nmcfym gb rfmsc {g naomkych- {ac ~gnofmf~tcn{ gb icmgheohe {g f eygst fhk afrohe f ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc oh uaona {goh{cyfn{ uo{a tccy~ fhk kcrcmgt byochk~aot~ gy kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ ~cclck {g ngsh{bgy lgyc „ tfy{onsmfym flghe {cchfecy~(

Yf{c~ gb fmngagm ngh~slt{ogh fyc rcy aoea oh {ac tsimon ~acicch~ fhk tyorf{c aglc

~tfnc~ uo{aoh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu( Naomkych bycvsch{m kycu ~acicch~

Boesyc >(> Tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~tgy{~ gy ycmoeogs~ gy ls~on'kfhnohe eygst~ flghe fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65



Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~

Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~


Yona ngmgsyck fycf~

Uao{c fycf~

[g{fm Nftc [guh

4 64 94 >4 ;4 34 24 54 14

Tcynch{fec

^tgy{~

Ycmoeogs~ eygst~Ls~on'kfhnohe eygst~

Fh gb {ac~c




663

gh {acoy lft~ oh yck {g kchg{c kfhecy- fhk {ac crchohe tfy{oc~ {af{ crgmrc oh {aclfhk ~tomm gs{ gh{g {ac ~{ycc{~ kyfu ~ngyc~ gb {cchfecy~ fhk fksm{~ gb fmm fec~( [acoyf{{yfn{ogh o~ sh~sytyo~ohe eorch {ac mfnj gb fm{cyhf{orc~( Ob gshe tcgtmc uo~a {g

~tchk {olc uo{a byochk~ icghk {ac efpc gb bflom lclicy~- {ac afrc bcu gt{ogh~g{acy {afh ~acicch~- sh~stcyro~ck byochk~‟ aglc~- gs{kggy~ gh {ac ~gnncy to{nac~ gyoh {ac ‑is~a‟ gh {ac gs{~joy{~ gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( F~ uc ~afmm ~agy{m ~agu- {acycfyc kfhecy~ oh {ac~c tmfnc~- tfy{onsmfym bgy eoym~( Is{ uaf{ uf~ fm~g fishkfh{m nmcfyuf~ {af{ naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu fyc lgyc mojcm {g cqtcyochnc kyshjchhc~~ fhkfmngagm, gy kyse,ohksnck rogmchnc oh {acoy guh aglc~ „ fhk afk bcucy gt{ogh~ bgymco~syc- ~gnofm gy ~tgy{~ tsy~so{~ „ {afh {acoy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ uag fyc ohrgmrck oh ~tgy{~- {ac lf`gyo{ gb uagl fyc ig~- ~cc {acoy ~tgy{ohe fn{oro{oc~ f~ rcy oltgy{fh{ f~tcn{~ gb {acoyygs{ohc- okch{o{ fhk tcy~ghfm yc~gsync if~c( ^tgy{ tygrokc~ f ~tfnc bgy oh{cyfn{oheuo{a tccy~ fhk fksm{~( Oh f ko~ns~~ogh uo{a eyfkc,66 mcfyhcy~ oh Gncfh Rocu-~tgy{ uf~ okch{obock f~ f ~gsync gb ~cmb,c~{ccl icnfs~c o{ tygrokc~ naomkych uo{achngsyfeclch{ fhk ycufyk~ bgy kgohe ucmm( Chngsyfeclch{ nfh nglc hg{ ghm bygl f ngfna- is{ fm~g bygl {cfllf{c~( Tmfohe ~gnncy !crch {agsea ohbgylfmm/o~ kcboho{cm f igg~{ {g ^flfh{af‟~ ~cmb,c~{ccl- f~ {ac ig~ ~ac tmf~ uo{a oh f mgnfmGncfh Rocu {cfl chngsyfec acy fhk {cmm acy {af{ ~ac o~ {fmch{ck fhk uomm ‑lfjco{‟( Tf{yonj- uag f{{chk~ ~naggm oh Gncfh Rocu fhk morc~ oh Aomm~okc Bfyl hcfyLf~otaslcmcmc- uf~ tcy~sfkck hg{ {g mcfrc ao~ Bo~a Agcj ~gnncy {cfl fhk af~ icchycnyso{ck bgy f {cfl oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Ac cqtmfoh~ {af{ icohe oh kclfhk lfjc~aol bccm eggk figs{ aol~cmb fhk ao~ {fmch{- fhk afrohe gshecy ig~ mggj st {gaol fhk ufh{ohe {g ic mojc aol chngsyfec~ aol {g kg ucmm( I iyoheohe gmkcy fhkgshecy ig~ {gec{acy- ~tgy{~ nmsi~ bfnomo{f{c {ac nycf{ogh gb ygmc lgkcm~- ichcbo{oheig{a gshecy fhk gmkcy ig~- uag afrc {ac yc~tgh~oiomo{ gb ~c{{ohe f eggk cqfltmc(^tgy{ fm~g tygrokc~ ygmc lgkcm~ fhk acygc~ gh f hf{oghfm mcrcm- fhk okch{obohe f~f ~tgy{~lfh fmmgu~ ig~ {g kcrcmgt egfm~ {g ic mojc {acoy acygc~- fhk- {acycbgyc- {gafrc f bs{syc gyoch{f{ogh( Lfh gb {ac ‑fy{ nmsi‟ ig~ oh ig{a tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~okch{obock {acl~cmrc~ f~ nyonjc{ fhk ~gnncy tmfcy~ fhk ~tgjc gb ufh{ohe {g ic mojchf{oghfm fhk oh{cyhf{oghfm ~{fy~( Naomkych ycngeho~c {af{ afrohe ~sna egfm~ acmt~~s~{foh {acoy tcy~ghfm lg{orf{ogh {g ~snncck oh {ac tfy{onsmfy fn{oro{- ~sna f~~gnncy- f~ ucmm f~ oh g{acy fycf~ gb {acoy morc~( Ig~ oh Gncfh Rocu ~tgjc gb {ac uf

{acoy ohrgmrclch{ oh ~tgy{~ igm~{cy~ {acoy tcy~ghfm ngtohe lcnafho~l~ icnfs~c {acta~onfm fn{oro{ acmt~ {acl kcfm uo{a {ac crcykf ~{yc~~ chngsh{cyck f{ aglc fhkf{ ~naggm( ^tgy{ fm~g tygrokc~ tg{ch{ofm ~sttgy{ ~{ysn{syc~( Ngfnac~ fhk lclicy~ gb {ac {cfl ucyc kc~nyoick f~ tcgtmc ghc nfh {syh {g figs{ tygimcl~ f{ ~naggm- aglcgy uo{a byochk~( Ighfho- afrohe cqtmfohck {af{ ao~ tfych{~ hg mghecy morc uo{a aol gy~sttgy{ aol bohfhnofmm- kc~nyoic~ agu ao~ ~gnncy {cfl bsmbom~ ao~ hcck~ oh uf~ {af{g{acy mgnfm ~cyronc~ bfom {g0

Oh{cyrocucy0 Fyc {acyc tcgtmc gy ~cyronc~ uag {fjc nfyc gb rsmhcyfimc{cchfecy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc7 Ob ~g- uaf{ kg {ac kg bgy {acl7 Kg {ac

lcc{ fmm {acoy hcck~7




662

Ighfho0 O uomm ~f hg ngp {acyc fyc hg tcgtmc uag ~sttgy{~ lc cqnct{{ac {cfl uaona O tmf bgy: {ac fmm eorc lc {af{ agtc fhk {ac fmuf~chngsyfec lc {g kg {aohe~ {af{ O nfh ec{ ~glc{aohe bygl o{ f{ {ac chk gb

{ac kf( L {cfl o~ {ac ic~{ tmfnc bgy lc( O fmuf~ bccm nglbgy{fimc uach{cfl lclicy~ fyc fygshk( Nftc [guh Ro~o{gy~ fyc l aglc( !Ighfho-ig- feck 61- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Fkgmc~nch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu ucyc f~ fufyc gb {ac rcy molo{ck gyefho~ck ycnycf{oghfmbfnomo{oc~ frfomfimc {g {acl f~ uc ucyc- fhk ~tgjc fm~g gb {acoy mfnj gb oh{cyc~{ oh rfyogs~ f{{clt{~ i gyefho~f{ogh~ {g tygrokc ‑~glc{aohe bgy {ac gs{a {g kg‟( [acghc hg{fimc cqnct{ogh {g {acoy ngltmfoh{~ uf~ Fy{ Roiyf{ogh~- f nmsi ysh i f mgnfm rgmsh{ccy- uaona o~ gtch crcy crchohe fhk gbbcy~ {yfohohe oh f yfhec gb tcybgylohefy{~- ohnmskohe iycfj,kfhnohe- ~oheohe fhk kyflf( [ac ycf~gh~ ua {ao~ gyefho~f{ogho~ ~g tgtsmfy fhk lcc{~ f yfhec gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ hcck~ fyc- ~f {cchfecy~- vso{c

~oltmc( Boy~{- Fy{ Roiyf{ogh~ gbbcy~ f yfhec gb kobbcych{ fn{oro{oc~- ~g naomkych fyc mojcm {g bohk ghc fy{ bgyl {af{ {ac ch`g fhk mcfyh {af{ {acyc fyc f hslicy gb fm{cyhf{orcnfyccy ygs{c~ oh mobc( ^cnghk- {ac ts{ gh ~agu~ fhk ch{cy ngltc{o{ogh~- uaonatygrokc~ fkgmc~nch{~ uo{a ~gnofm ycufyk~ bgy {acoy cbbgy{~ fhk tsimon ycngeho{ogh gb {fmch{~- ig{a gb uaona gshe tcgtmc ngh~okcy {g ngh{yois{c {g {ac tg~o{orc ~cmb,c~{cclhcnc~~fy bgy ngtohe uo{a {ac kchoeyf{ohe f{{o{skc~ gb {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh fhktcy~sf~ogh i {acoy byochk~ {g s~c kyse~ gy kyohj acfrom gh f ycesmfy if~o~( [aoyk-{ac fksm{ rgmsh{ccy~ uag ysh Fy{ Roiyf{ogh~ ~agu fh oh{cyc~{ oh naomkych‟~ morc~ fhktygimcl~- fhk icmocrc oh {ac rfmsc gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ ngh{yois{ogh~0

Egohe {g Fy{ Roiyf{ogh~ acmt~ isomk ~cmb,c~{ccl icnfs~c o{ ~sttgy{~ gsy{fmch{~ oh ls~on- fy{- tgc{y- kfhnohe gy uaf{crcy {ac lf ic( JcrohZ{ac fksm{ bgshkcy gb {ac gyefho~f{ogh\ tygrokc~ {ac gs{a uo{a ko~notmohcfhk chngsyfeclch{( Hg{ ghm bgy fy{- is{ bgy ~naggm f~ ucmm( Mojc- ob gsfyc hg{ ngtohe f{ ~naggm ac uomm chngsyfec gs {g tyogyo{o~c ~naggm grcyfy{~( Ac fm~g eorc~ fkronc fhk chngsyfeclch{ hg{ {g s~c kyse~( !Hg{c~bygl eyfkc,66 ko~ns~~ogh gh ~cmb,c~{ccl/

Bohfmm- {ac ~{ysn{syc gb {ac gyefho~f{ogh fmmgu~ fksm{~ fhk naomkych fmojc {g tmf ls{sfmm ~sttgy{orc ygmc~( Fksm{~ fyc frfomfimc bgy tyorf{c naf{~ fhk bfnomo{f{c ‑gtchlcc{ohe~‟ oh uaona naomkych fyc chngsyfeck {g {fmj figs{ uaf{crcy o~ gh {acoy lohk~

fhk ~sttgy{ cfna g{acy( [ac rfmsc tmfnck gh naomkych‟~ ngh{yois{ogh~ o~ loyygyck oh{acoy cqtmono{m tfy{onotf{gy fttygfna0 naomkych fyc eorch f kcno~ogh,lfjohe ygmcoh {ac nmsi‟~ fn{oro{oc~- uaona ~{yche{ach~ {acoy ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm grcy ~cmb fhk {acoyngh{yois{ogh~ {g tg~o{orc ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh {ac eygst(

Jcroh o~ ioe gh naomkych‟~ tfy{onotf{ogh oh {ac tygeyfllc fhk fttgoh{~jok~ uag afrc icch fygshk f uaomc fhk afrc ngllo{lch{ f~ `shogyng,gykohf{gy~ bgy {ac rfyogs~ koro~ogh~( Uc bohk {af{ {ac jok~ ~{ct st{g {ac yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ uach {ac fyc eorch {acl( [ac jok~ fm~g lfjcst {acoy guh ~cvschnc~ fhk fyc chngsyfeck {g s~c {acoy guh nycf{oro{-fhk Jcroh lfohm grcy~cf~ uaf{ {ac kg•[ac jok~ {acl~cmrc~ afrc f

aoea ~{fhkfyk gb tygbc~~oghfmo~l fhk fyc tygsk gb {acoy ugyj fhk ~g




665

uomm hg{ {gmcyf{c mfnj gb ko~notmohc gy kckonf{ogh bygl cfna g{acy( !Fksm{ng,gykohf{gy- ohbgylfm oh{cyrocu/

Oh ~agy{- {ao~ tfy{onsmfy ohkctchkch{ fhk ch{oycm rgmsh{fy nmsi oh Gncfh Rocuugyj~ bgy naomkych ~g lsna ic{{cy {afh fh g{acy~ uc nflc fnyg~~ oh gsy ~{sk icnfs~c o{ o~ ~{ysn{syck oh f uf {af{ chfimc~ fksm{~ {g ic frfomfimc fhk yc~tgh~orc-icnfs~c fksm{ ~{fbb rfmsc naomkych‟~ ngh{yois{ogh~ fhk ngmmcn{orcm {ac~c tygrokc fhfttygtyof{c ngh{cq{ bgy isomkohe aoea,vsfmo{- yc~tcn{bsm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fnyg~~ {acechcyf{ogh~ fhk uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst(

n‟ r

Joh fhk hcoeaigsy~ fyc {ac boy~{ tgy{ gb nfmm oh {olc~ gb nyo~o~ bgy lg~{ naomkychoh {ac Rfmmc( Hcrcy{acmc~~- {ac ~{yfoh gh ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ cqcy{ck i tgrcy{-

omm acfm{a gy shcltmglch{ lcfh~ {af{ bflomofy fksm{~ fyc hg{ fmuf~ frfomfimc gycbbcn{orc oh uaf{ {ac gbbcy( ^glc fyc yc{onch{ figs{ ko~ns~~ohe ommhc~~- ~cqsfmo{ fhkg{acy f~tcn{~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ ucmm,icohe( [acyc fyc nsm{syfm tyg~nyot{ogh~ fefoh~{~afyohe jhgumckec figs{ {ac~c {gton~ uo{a naomkych fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- igm~{cyck ohLf~otaslcmcmc i ~g,nfmmck {yfko{oghfm okcf~ fhk oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ i ngh~cyrf{orc Nayo~{ofh okcfm~ gb ohhgnchnc fhk naf~{o{ oh naomkaggk( Fhk oh ig{aGncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- f mcefn gb tggy cksnf{ogh fhk ko~nyctfhnoc~ ohgttgy{sho{oc~ ic{ucch {ac echcyf{ogh~ lcfh {af{ ~glc fksm{~ ~oltm kg hg{ afrc{ac ohbgylf{ogh {af{ {ac gshe fyc ~cfynaohe bgy gy f ifhj gb ycmcrfh{ tcy~ghfmcqtcyochnc bygl uaona {g kyfu(

[ac ohcvsfmo{ gb ~cyronc tygro~ogh nafyfn{cyo~{on gb ftfy{acok {olc~ tcy~o~{~oh {ac Rfmmc( Naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj bycvsch{m ~ccj f~~o~{fhnc gy ohbgylf{oghbygl ~naggm esokfhnc {cfnacy~ gy ngsh~cmmgy~- fhk ~tcfj aoeam gb {acoy ~sttgy{(^naggm~ cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc nfhhg{ fbbgyk {g aoyc ~sna ~{fbb- fhk {ac ~ohemc ~{f{c~gnofm ugyjcy fmmgnf{ck {g {ac ch{oyc fycf uf~ agtcmc~~m grcyisykchck( Rgmsh{fy gyefho~f{ogh~ gbbcyohe ~gnofm ~cyronc~ {g naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocufyc yc~tcn{ck fhk {ys~{ck- is{ ~{yseemc uo{a mfyec nf~cmgfk~- aoea ~{fbb {syhgrcyfhk ~mgu isycfsnyf{on tygnc~~c~( Gsy fhfm~o~ gb ~gnofm ugyjcy nf~c hg{c~ oh ig{aLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu ~aguck {af{ bgylfm oh{cyrch{ogh bgy lfh naomkychf{ yo~j afk icch ohfkcvsf{c fhk ohcbbcn{orc- f tygimcl ucmm kgnslch{ck flghe~gnofm ~cyronc~ koycn{ck f{ naomkych oh ^gs{a Fbyonf !Lcoh{`c~ c{ fm( 9445/(

Yclfyjfim- agucrcy- crch rf~{m grcy~{yc{nack ~cyronc~ tygrck aoeam cbbcn{orc ohtyg{cn{ohe rcy rsmhcyfimc naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( [acoy ~snnc~~kcyorc~ bygl agu {ac bgylfm ohts{ gb f rgmsh{fy gyefho~f{ogh fhk {ac ohbgylfm~~{cl~ gb nfyc gtcyf{ohe oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk ngltmclch{ ghc fhg{acy „ tmfhhckgy g{acyuo~c( Bgy cqfltmc- f bcckohe ~naclc bgy naomkych ngh~okcyck f{ tfy{onsmfyyo~j oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uf~ kc~oehck {g lcc{ f hs{yo{oghfm hcck- is{ oh ycfmo{ ~cyrckf iygfk ~tcn{ysl gb ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm hcck~( [ao~ o~ icnfs~c f ~{yghe ycmf{ogh~aotkcrcmgtck ic{ucch {ac naomkych fhk {aycc mgnfm uglch cltmgck {g nggj fhk ~cyrc

{ac bggk( [ac~c uglch jcct fh cc gh {ac grcyfmm ucmm,icohe gb {ac ;4 gy ~g naomkych




661

fhk yctgy{ fi~ch{cco~l gy g{acy nghncyh~ {g {ac ~gnofm ugyjcy- uag oh{cyfn{~ uo{abflom lclicy~ fnngykohem( Oh {syh- {ac naomkych nagg~c {g tmf hcfy {ac jo{nachicbgyc fhk fb{cy {acoy lcfm~- fhk afrc isom{ st f mcrcm gb {ys~{ uo{a {ac nggj~ {af{

chfimc~ {acl {g ~{f grcyhoea{ uo{a {acl uach nghbmon{~ cyst{ gy nfyc o~ fi~ch{ oh{acoy guh aglc~( F aoeam cbbcn{orc ohbgylfm bg~{cyohe ~~{cl af~ clcyeck {af{ o~fimc {g ~fbcesfyk naomkych sh{om fm{cyhf{orc fyyfheclch{~ nfh ic lfkc(

Ghc gb {ac tyglo~c~ gb {ac hcu egrcyhlch{ uf~ {g oltygrc {ac ko~{yois{ogh fhkvsfmo{ gb ngyc ~cyronc~( Ncy{foh ~cyronc~ ngh~okcyck nyo{onfm i naomkych fycoh {acoy rocu- {gg bfy fuf( [ac fi~chnc gb f tgmonc ~{f{ogh gy boyc ~cyronc oh Lf~otaslcmcmcugyyoc~ lfh gshe tcgtmc icnfs~c nyolc yf{c~ fyc aoea fhk yshfuf boyc~ rcy bycvsch{- gb{ch yc~sm{ohe oh bf{fmo{oc~( Ksyohe 9442 {ac boyc ~cyronc yc~tghkck {g >3mfyec,~nfmc boyc~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc oh uaona {ug tcgtmc ucyc jommck fhk hg bcucy{afh 6 216 lfkc aglcmc~~ !KN Gjjcy~- No{ gb Nftc [guh Boyc fhk Yc~nsc ^cyronc-Kcnclicy 9445/( Lfh gb {ag~c uag~c ~afnj~ isyh{ kguh mg~{ hg{ ghm {acoy aglc~-is{ fmm {acoy tg~~c~~ogh~- ohnmskohe okch{o{ kgnslch{~- ~naggm shobgyl~ fhk ~naggmiggj~( F~ f yc~sm{- bflomoc~ ~{fhk {g mg~c fnnc~~ {g ~{f{c eyfh{~- uaona lf afrc icch{acoy ghm ~gsync gb ohnglc- fhk naomkych fyc f{ yo~j gb lo~~ohe tcyogk~ gb ~naggm( O{o~- {acycbgyc- hg ~sytyo~c {af{ naomkych tcyncorc boyc {g ic {ac eycf{c~{ {aycf{ {g mobc fhkucmm,icohe oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk(

Gb eycf{cy nghncyh {g fkgmc~nch{~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ {ac ohfnnc~~oiomo{ gb acfm{a fhk ~gnofm ~cyronc~ {g {acoy fec ngagy{- fhk {ac yc~sm{ohe gtohogh uo{aoh {actccy eygst {af{ {ac~c ~cyronc~ nfhhg{ lcc{ {acoy hcck~( Nmohon ~{fbb oh Lf~otaslcmcmc

fnjhgumckec {af{- bgy rfyogs~ ao~{gyonfm fhk gyefho~f{oghfm ycf~gh~- {acoy ~cyronc~ fyc~{ysn{syck oh uf~ {af{ gi~{ysn{ fkgmc~nch{~‟ fnnc~~( Eoym~ kg s~c {ac nmohon {g gi{fohagylghfm ngh{yfnct{orc~- is{ ~{fbb yctgy{ {af{ {ac {acl~cmrc~ fyc clifyyf~~ck {gko~ns~~ nghkgl s~c- ohkonf{ohe fh ohfiomo{ gh {ac tfy{ gb {ac nmohon {g ~sttgy{ eoym~ ohtyg{cn{ohe {acl~cmrc~ fefoh~{ ~cqsfmm {yfh~lo{{ck ko~cf~c( [ac bcu {cchfec ig~ uagf{{chk {ac nmohon fyc cq{yclcm ~onj- fhk rcy yfycm kg ig~ ~ccj co{acy {ycf{lch{ bgy~cqsfmm {yfh~lo{{ck ohbcn{ogh~ gy rgmsh{fy AOR {c~{ohe( ^{fbb fyc fufyc {af{ ~glcgshe yc~okch{~ ycefyk f{{chkohe {ac nmohon f~ nfyyohe f ~gnofm yo~j fhk f~~slc {ac eg cm~cuacyc bgy {ycf{lch{( Ohkcck- fkgmc~nch{~ yctgy{ck {af{ icohe gi~cyrck oh {acvscsc nfh mcfk {g yslgsy~ gb tg~o{orc AOR ~{f{s~( Oh Gncfh Rocu {ac~c ~gnofm yo~j~

fyc tcyncorck {g ic crch eycf{cy0 {ac gshe tcgtmc uo{a uagl uc ugyjck ~fok {af{{ac ~{fck fuf bygl {ac nmohon bgy bcfy {af{ yslgsy~ gb tycehfhn fhk FOK^ ugsmkic ~tycfk( Ycngyk~ jct{ i f rgmsh{fy gyefho~f{ogh tygrokohe ngsh~cmmohe ~cyronc~~seec~{ {af{ f bcu {cchfecy~ ngh~sm{ nmohon~ gs{~okc {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac lf`gyo{-agucrcy- fttcfy {g mc{ {aohe~ moc fhk kg hg{ ec{ fnnc~~ {g {ac ~cyronc~ {ac ycvsoyc(

Bo~a Agcj- i ngh{yf~{- af~ f tmc{agyf gb kobbcych{ ~gnofm- t~nagmgeonfm fhk acfm{atygbc~~oghfm~( Lg~{ gb {ac~c fyc tyorf{c fhk fnnc~~oimc {g {ag~c bflomoc~ uag nfhfbbgyk {ac ngh~sm{f{ogh bcc~ gy lckonfm fok( ^sna ng~{~ tygaoio{ lg~{ gshe yc~okch{~bygl afrohe koycn{ fnnc~~ {g {ac~c ~cyronc~( [cfnacy~ fhk gs{a ugyjcy~ oh nasynac~fhk hgh,egrcyhlch{fm gyefho~f{ogh~ !HEG~/ fyc aoeam rfmsck icnfs~c tfych{fm

tcylo~~ogh gy jhgumckec o~ hg{ hcckck( Fkgmc~nch{~ uag afrc- gy uo~a {g isomk-




66?

nmg~c- {ys~{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {ac~c ohkoroksfm~ ch`g koycn{- nghbokch{ofm fnnc~~{g fkronc fhk chngsyfeclch{( Agucrcy- ~sna boesyc~ fyc f{{ch{orc {g {ac yoea{~ gb tfych{~ {g jhgu uaf{ o~ afttchohe oh {acoy naomkych‟~ morc~( Oh ~cyogs~ nf~c~- tfych{~

fyc ohbgylck fhk ohrgmrck- lcfhohe {af{ f~~o~{fhnc o~ mojcm( [ao~ tygnc~~ lcfh~ {af{-ngltfyck {g {acoy tccy~ oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~- gshe tcgtmc fyc mc~~ fimc {gngh{ygm ohkctchkch{m agu {acoy tygimcl~ fyc kcbohck fhk yc~tghkck {g(

Mojc {ac ycnycf{oghfm bfnomo{oc~ ko~ns~~ck figrc- lsna gb {ac ~snnc~~ gy bfomsyc gb ~cyronc~ bgy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ nfh ic ts{ kguh {g {ac cq{ch{ {g uaona {acgyefho~f{oghfm ~{ysn{syc fhk c{aon chfimc~ f {ys~{ohe yfttgy{ ic{ucch ~{fbb fhk gshetcgtmc- uac{acy {ac ~{fbb fyc f{{shck {g fhk afrc {ac yc~gsync~ {g yc~tghk {g gshetcgtmc‟~ nghncyh~- fhk uac{acy {acoy fttygfna {g {acoy lfhkf{c o~ ghc gb tygimcl~gmrohe bgy gshe tcgtmc gy uo{a {acl( Lg~{ ~{f{c ~cyronc~ fhk HEG~ gtcyf{oheoh {ac Rfmmc ugyj uo{aoh f {yfko{oghfm ucmbfyc fttygfna oh uaona fksm{~- s~sfmm morohe gs{~okc {ac hcoeaigsyaggk- kc~oeh fhk oltmclch{ ~cyronc~ {g lcc{ naomkych‟~hcck~( GOM- fh HEG folohe {g cvsot fkgmc~nch{~ uo{a {ac jhgumckec fhk ~jomm~ {gfn{ f~ yc~gsync~ {g {acoy tccy~- o~ yfyc oh {af{ o{ tyclo~c~ o{~ ugyj gh gshe tcgtmc‟~yoea{~ fhk nftfiomo{oc~( GOM gbbcy~ gshe tfy{onotfh{~ gttgy{sho{oc~ {g isomk ~jomm~- kgngllsho{ ~cyronc fhk ~afyc mco~syc {olc uo{a tccy~ bygl hcfyi hcoeaigsyaggk~([ac oltfn{ gb {ao~ bgy ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh oh {ac Rfmmc o~ ko~ns~~ck oh Naft{cy ;(

Ta~onfm kfhecy~ oh {ac mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk

Tcgtmc ec{ yftck fhk ~{fiick f{ {ac~c ko~ng~( Crch ob gs fyc uo{a feygst gb eoym~ gy uo{a ig~ tcgtmc uomm ~{omm nfs~c {ygsimc uo{a gs( [ac lf {fjc f esh gy jhobc fhk {cmm gs {g {fjc crcy{aohe gbb( Tcgtmc kyohj oh~okc fhk uach {ac nglc gs{ {ac ufmj oh noynmc~( ![cchfec eoym~ ohGncfh Rocu cqtmfoh ua {ac mficmmck {ac ko~ng f{ {ac lsm{o,tsytg~cnch{yc ‑kfhecygs~‟ gh {acoy lft(/

Uc {y {g frgok ufmjohe tf~{ {ac ~acicch~ f{ hoea{ uach tcgtmc fyc kyshj fhk ~{fy{ boea{ohe- ~glc{olc~ uo{a jhorc~( Is{ o{‟~ afyk icnfs~c {acyc fyc ~glfh ~acicch~ crcyuacyc( ![afhko- eoym- feck 6;- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

O s~sfmm ufmj aglc bygl l eyfh‟~ ags~c- uaona o~ {ug imgnj~ fuf( O{‟~

GJ- is{ ~glc{olc~ O kg ec{ ~nfyck( !Lcmo~~f- eoym- feck 69- Bo~a Agcj/âfyt kobbcychnc~ ~{omm cqo~{ oh uaf{ gshe tcgtmc morohe oh kobbcych{ fycf~ oh {acRfmmc chngsh{cy oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~0 ucftgh~ fyc ro~oimc oh {ac crchohe~oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- is{ yfycm oh Bo~a Agcj( Is{ {acyc fyc fm~goltgy{fh{ ngllghfmo{oc~0 gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ {ac igfyk ~cc {ac tg~{,ftfy{acokhcoeaigsyaggk~ oh uaona {ac morc f~ ngh{fohohe ~glc mcrcm gb ta~onfm kfhecy-fm{agsea {ac lfeho{skc gb {ao~ kfhecy rfyoc~ i nmf~~ fhk yfnc eygst( Lgyc {afh fbob{a gb fmm gshe lch fhk uglch !feck 65„94/ tcyncorc {acl~cmrc~ {g ic sh~fbcf{ hoea{- {ao~ tygtgy{ogh yo~ohe {g ic{ucch f {aoyk fhk f afmb oh tggy fhk rcy tggyFbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ !~cc Boesyc >(6/( G{acy ~olomfyo{oc~ moc oh {ac f~~gnof{ogh

ic{ucch f naomk‟~ echkcy gy {ac ycmf{orc cnghglon fhk ~gnofm byfeomo{ gb ao~ gy acy




694

ags~cagmk fhk {acoy mcrcm gb yo~j fhk {ac gt{ogh~ {ac afrc bgy frgokohe gy ycksnohetcy~ghfm yo~j f~~gnof{ck uo{a {ac~c kfhecy~(

Tgmonc kf{f gh {ac hf{syc fhk ohnokchnc gb nyolc oh {ac Rfmmc nghnsy oh ~aguohe{af{ gshe tcgtmc afrc ycf~gh {g bcfy bgy {acoy ~fbc{- fhk {af{ mcrcm~ gb yo~j rfy ig{a uo{aoh fhk fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~( Ohnokch{~ gb f~~fsm{ uo{a fhk uo{ags{ucftgh~ ycngykck i Gncfh Rocu tgmonc ~{f{ogh !fm~g ~cyrohe Lf~otaslcmcmc/ ~{fhkf{ ic{ucch >44 fhk ;34 tcy cfy ic{ucch 9446 fhk 9442( [ac boesyc~ fyc {aycc {olc~aoeacy {afh {ag~c ycngykck cfna cfy i Bo~a Agcj tgmonc ~{f{ogh grcy {ao~ tcyogk(Gbboncy~ ugyjohe oh Gncfh Rocu yctgy{ {af{ figs{ 54 tcy nch{ gb fmm {ac f~~fsm{ nf~c~{ac afhkmc gnnsy oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk >4 tcy nch{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Boesyc~ ghf~~fsm{ fyc hg{ ko~feeycef{ck i echkcy gy fec- is{ yctgy{ck yftc boesyc~ ~seec~{lsna eycf{cy rsmhcyfiomo{ gb eoym~ fhk uglch oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc(Uaomc yf{c~ gb yctgy{ck yftc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf fyc uokcm shkcy~{ggk {g ic lsna mgucy{afh fn{sfm ohnokchnc !~cc Naft{cy 9/- kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ ohkonf{c rfyohe kceycc~ gb rsmhcyfiomo{ oh {ac Rfmmc( [acyc ucyc >3 nf~c~ gb yftc yctgy{ckoh 944;'43 f{ Gncfh Rocu tgmonc ~{f{ogh fhk ghm {aycc f{ Bo~a Agcj tgmonc ~{f{ogh(Lsykcy yf{c~ fyc rcy aoea oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc !ic{ucch 65 fhk 96tcy cfy oh cfna bygl 9446 {g 9442- ngltfyck {g ic{ucch {ug fhk bgsy tcy cfy ohBo~a Agcj/- fhk lsykcy~ tyckglohf{cm fbbcn{ lch( [acycbgyc- uaomc uc afrc ~cch{af{ tfych{~ fhk naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj nsy{fom {acoy lgrclch{~ ~oehobonfh{m guohe{g ugyyoc~ figs{ ~fbc{- {ac ycfmo{ o~ {af{ {ac fyc oh bfn{ lsna mc~~ mojcm {g ic ron{ol~gb rogmch{ nyolc {afh {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc(6

Ngyyc~tghkohem- lg~{ gshe tfy{onotfh{~ yc~okohe oh Gncfh Rocu cqtcyochnc{acoy hcoeaigsyaggk f~ sh~fbc fhk ~tgjc gb bycvsch{ boea{ohe- lseeohe~- yftc fhk~{fiiohe~( [acoy fnngsh{~ nghrc {acoy ~ch~c {af{ gshe tcgtmc fyc gb{ch koycn{m ohrgmrck oh rogmch{ fn{~- fhk {af{ kfhecy msyj~ hcfyi f{ fmm {olc~( Naomkych imflc{ac uokc~tycfk grcynygukohe oh aglc~- f~ ucmm f~ shmo{ gtch ~tfnc~ fhk ygfk~-uaona lfjc o{ cf~ bgy f{{fnj~ fhk lseeohe~ {g {fjc tmfnc( Fhk uach kyorohe{aygsea Lf~otaslcmcmc uo{a {ac yc~cfyna {cfl- {ug gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocuvsonjm yclfyjck stgh ‑{ac lfh kfyj fmmcuf~ ic{ucch ~afnj~ uacyc tcgtmc lf f{{fnj gs‟( [acoy ohfnnsyf{c f~~slt{ogh {af{ gshe yc~okch{~ ngh~okcy {ac~c fmmc~kfhecygs~ o~ f nmsc {g {ac kobbcych{- fhk lgyc cq{yclc- ~gnofm tyc~~syc~ {af{ shkcymoc

aoea yf{c~ gb oh{cytcy~ghfm rogmchnc oh Gncfh Rocu !ko~ns~~ck icmgu/(ôlomfym- lg~{ gshe tfy{onotfh{~ morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc afrc uo{hc~~ck rogmchncgb rfyogs~ johk~- ohnmskohe lseeohe~ fhk kyshjch f{{fnj~( [ac yctgy{ bccmohelg~{ {aycf{chck uach tf~~ohe kyshjch nyguk~ gs{~okc ~acicch~( Agucrcy- {gufyk~{ac chk gb gsy yc~cfyna- yc~okch{~ gb fmm fec~ ucyc yctgy{ohe fh ohnycf~c oh {fyec{ck rogmch{ nyolc- ohnmskohe {acb{ fhk yftc- fhk f~~cy{ohe {af{ {cchfecy~ fhk gshefksm{~ fyc {ac tyolfy tcytc{yf{gy~( [acoy gi~cyrf{ogh~ fyc ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a bohkohe~gb {ac 9443 Hf{oghfm _gs{a Ron{olo~f{ogh ^syrc- uaona ~agu~ {af{ lfmc gs{a fhkgshe fksm{~ fyc {ac tyolfy tcytc{yf{gy~ gb rogmchnc oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhktgoh{~ gs{ {ac mfyec tygtgy{ogh~ gb {ao~ ngagy{ uag afrc uo{hc~~ckgy icch ron{ol~

gb- tcy~ghfm f~~fsm{ !Mcg~nas{ " Isy{gh 9442/(




696

Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {acyc fyc nmcfy fec fhk echkcy kobbcychnc~ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~~ch~c gb rsmhcyfiomo{ {g ta~onfm kfhecy oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( _gshecy naomkychfhk eoym~ gb fmm fec~ ~tgjc gb {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb chngsh{cyohe kyshjch rogmchnc gy

gb icohe lseeck uach ufmjohe fygshk f{ hoea{- tgoh{ohe gs{ {af{ ghm ycnch{m afk yf{c~ gb lseeohe~ gb naomkych ohnycf~ck- uaona- {acycbgyc- lfkc {acl ugyyock(Nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a ~gnofm ugyjcy~- naomkych fhk fksm{~ ~seec~{ {af{- fm{agsea bcu ohhslicy- fn{~ gb cq{yclc rogmchnc {g gshe naomkych !~sna f~ yftc/ fyc gb nghncyh {gtfych{~ fhk naomkych fmojc( [ac ton{syc tyc~ch{ck o~ {af{ {ac fyc tcyncorck {g gnnsy{gg bycvsch{m oh g{acy tggy ~sisyi~ gb {ac no{ uo{a uaona yc~okch{~ afrc joh~aotnghhcn{ogh~- fhk {af{ {ac ohnokchnc gb ~sna fn{~ o~ ohnycf~ohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( OhNaft{cy ;- uc ko~ns~~ naomkych‟~ shkcy~{fhkohe~ gb agu ~olomfy gy ko~~olomfy {acoyguh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc {g g{acy~ oh {ac Nftc [guh chroygh~(

I ngh{yf~{- hghc gb gsy tfy{onotfh{~ morohe oh Bo~a Agcj afk koycn{ cqtcyochnc~ gb rogmchnc oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk gy gb uo{hc~~ohe ~sna fn{~( [ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb nyolc ngllo{{ck oh Bo~a Agcj ngh~o~{~ gb ags~c isyemfy- {acb{ gb gy bygl rcaonmc~fhk lfmonogs~ kflfec {g tygtcy{( _c{- f~ tgoh{ck gs{ figrc- {ac crcykf morc~ gb naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj fyc ~{ysn{syck fygshk fn{oro{oc~ fhk {yfh~tgy{ fyyfheclch{~kc~oehck {g tyg{cn{ {acl bygl tg~~oimc kfhecy~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Tfych{~yctgy{ck {af{ {acyc fyc bcu tsimon ~tfnc~ {af{ fyc ~so{fimc fhk ~fbc bgy {acoy naomkych{g tmf- fhk ycbcy {g {ac kfhecy gb mc{{ohe {acoy naomkych gs{~okc fmghc bgy bcfy gb ygfkfnnokch{~- jokhfttohe fhk g{acy nyolc~( Naomkych ~tgjc figs{ icohe fbyfok fhk {acoybcfy~ ucyc ycfm kc~to{c {acoy hg{ afrohe fh koycn{ cqtcyochnc {g if~c {acl gh( [ac mfyecm fkacyck {g tfych{fm nfs{ogh~- yfycm rch{syohe gs{ i {acl~cmrc~ uo{ags{tfych{fm tcylo~~ogh( Ycf~gh~ ua naomkych fyc ngltmono{ oh {ac~c tcynct{ogh~ fhkycmf{ck fn{ogh~ fyc cqtmgyck oh Naft{cy ;(

Fnngykohe {g f tgmonc gbboncy uag af~ ugyjck oh {ac Gncfh Rocu ~{f{ogh ~ohnc 6??5-figs{ 14 tcy nch{ gb isyemfy- {acb{ fhk kflfec {g tygtcy{ oh {ac Rfmmc gnnsy~oh Gncfh Rocu fhk {ac yclfohkcy oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(9 Lsna gb {ao~ o~ fmmceckm lg{orf{ck i {ac hcck {g yfo~c lghc {g bshk kyse fkkon{ogh(

_gshe tcgtmc ngh~okcy {ac ~fmc fhk ngh~slt{ogh gb fmngagm fhk kyse~ {g ohnycf~c{acoy cqtg~syc {g kfhecy( Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~fok {af{ {ac fyc bflomofy uo{a {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb chngsh{cyohe fmngagm,ohksnck rogmchnc gs{~okc

~acicch~- fhk {y {g frgok {ac~c ob {ac gi~cyrc {ygsimc( Tgmonc gbboncy~ ohbgylcks~ {af{ lg~{ nf~c~ gb f~~fsm{- ygiicy fhk yftc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc !{af{ {ac ucycfufyc gb/ gnnsy oh ~acicch~( [acoy ycnch{ tf{ygm~ {g nmg~c kguh ~acicch~ f{ 64 t(l(ucyc oh{chkck {g fkkyc~~ {ao~ tygimcl- f~ ucmm f~ {af{ gb shmonch~ck fmngagm gs{mc{~([ac eycf{c~{ yo~j {af{ naomkych f~~gnof{ck uo{a fmngagm ngh~slt{ogh- co{acy uo{aohgy gs{~okc f ~acicch- uf~ boyc( ^glc hflck tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsy~ uag {ac jhcu{g ic bycvsch{m oh{gqonf{ck- bcfyohe {af{ {ac ugsmk ~{fy{ f mfyec,~nfmc boyc i hg{f{{chkohe {g {acoy ~{grc( Fhk bgy {ac bcu naomkych uc ugyjck uo{a uag morc uo{afksm{~ fkkon{ck {g fmngagm- ~acicch~ fyc f~~gnof{ck uo{a oh{ch~c fhqoc{ fbbcn{ohe{acoy ucmm,icohe fhk {ch~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh {ac aglc(




699

Aoeac~{ gh naomkych‟~ mo~{~ gb sh~fbc fycf~ uo{aoh Gncfh Rocu fyc {ag~c nghhcn{ck {gta~onfm ~tfnc~ s~ck bgy ~cmmohe fhk ngh~slohe fmngagm fhk kyse~( [ac~c ohnmskc f rfyoc{ gb tmfnc~ lcfh{ {g ic ycnycf{oghfm ~tfnc~ bgy naomkych- ohnmskohe {ac ~gnncy

bocmk- {ac tmf tfyj fhk {ac shkcyfec ko~ng acmk f{ {ac lsm{o,tsytg~c nch{yc( G{acytmfnc~ aoeamoea{ck ucyc ~acicch~- ncy{foh bmf{~- fhk gtch fhk shmo{ ~tfnc~- ~sna f~{ac rfyogs~ gtch bocmk~- {ac eyfrcfyk fhk {ac is~a ~syygshkohe Gncfh Rocu- uaona{chk {g ic shtgtsmf{ck fhk- {acycbgyc- okcfm bgy ommono{ fn{oro{oc~(

O bccm shaftt oh {ac is~a icnfs~c O hcrcy jhgu uag o~ {acyc( !Bf{olf-eoym- feck 69- Gncfh Rocu- cqtmfohohe acy kyfuohe gb tmfnc~ uacyc ~acbccm~ shnglbgy{fimc/

Naomkych fm~g ~cc rfhkfmo~ck fhk komftokf{ck isomkohe~- ~sna f~ {ag~c hcq{ {g {aclsm{o,tsytg~c nch{yc- f~ sh~fbc ~tfnc~ icnfs~c {ac f{{yfn{ tcgtmc uag chefec oh

{ac~c icafrogsy~(F{ hoea{ tcgtmc ~o{ oh {ac isomkohe fhk {ac nfh asy{ gs( !Nmfyo~f- eoym-feck 64- Gncfh Rocu/

^si~{fhnc fis~c feeyfrf{c~ {ac cbbcn{ gb ~crcyc grcynygukohe oh {ac ngshnom imgnj~gb bmf{~- ohnycf~ohe nghbmon{ fhk rogmchnc- c~tcnofmm f{ hoea{ fhk f{ uccjchk~( Oh{ao~ uf- ta~onfm fhk cnghglon bfn{gy~ oh {ac chroyghlch{ oh{cyfn{ {g acoea{chnaomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb cq{yclc ~gnofm kobbonsm{oc~ uo{a koycn{ hcef{orc oltmonf{ogh~gh {acoy guh ucmm,icohe(

_gs ugh‟{ shkcy~{fhk: gs ls~{ morc {acyc Zoh {ac bmf{~\( [ac‟yc ycfmm

koy{ fhk {acyc o~ f mg{ gb kyohjohe( !Eyfkc,? eoym~‟ cqtmfhf{ogh bgykyfuohe bmf{~ f~ kfhecygs~ gh {acoy lft/

[ac Z{ac bmf{~\ fyc kfhecygs~( Tcgtmc kyohj fhk ec{ kyshj fhk {ach boea{fhk nfh ~{fi gs( Ghnc o{ o~ kfyj gs ls~{ ~{f oh( ^glc{olc~ efhe~{cy~nglc fhk ~o{ gh {ac ~{gct Ztgyna\ fhk ~lgjc kfeef Zlfyo`sfhf\ fhklfjc f hgo~c( [ach {ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g mcfrc( ^glc{olc~ fksm{~ nglc fhknaf~c {acl fuf- g{acyuo~c uc ~agg{ {acl uo{a ~{ghc~ fhk lfyimc~ gy{aygu ag{ uf{cy gh {acl( !Eyfkc,? ig~‟ cqtmfhf{ogh bgy kyfuohe {acbmf{~ f~ kfhecygs~ gh {acoy lft „ ~cc Lft 9/

Kyohjohe fhk kyse,{fjohe fbbcn{ ig{a {ac fnnc~~oiomo{ fhk vsfmo{ gb tsimon ~tfnc~ bgynaomkych( Icohe kyshj gy aoea mcfk~ {g boea{ohe grcy uaf{ gb{ch ~ccl {g ic vso{c {yorofm{aohe~- ~sna f~ ~glcghc ~ucfyohe f{ f tcy~gh( [ao~ rogmchnc cyst{~ flghe naomkychuag {acl~cmrc~ fyc ngh~slohe kyse~ fhk fmngagm fhk o~ fm~g tcytc{yf{ck fefoh~{naomkych uag nglc fnyg~~ fksm{~ kgohe {ac~c {aohe~( Ko~ns~~ogh~ uo{a naomkych fhkfksm{~ tgoh{ck {g {ac cf~ fnnc~~oiomo{ gb kyse~ fhk fmngagm oh Gncfh Rocu- icnfs~c gb {ac nghnch{yf{ogh gb ~acicch~ fhk kyse lcynafh{~‟ bycvsch{ s~c gb tsimon ~tfnc(

[ac tygimcl acyc Zoh Gncfh Rocu\ o~ naomkych icohe yskc fhk tcgtmc~o{{ohe gh {ac ngyhcy~ ~lgjohe ~mgu igf{~ Zlfhkyfq ~lgjck uo{alfyo`sfhf oh ig{{mchcnj~\- {oj Zny~{fm lc{afltac{flohc\ fhk {ach {ac

fyc yskc {g tcgtmc( Fhk ob o{‟~ f tch~ogh kf {ac ufo{ bgy {ac gmk mfkoc~




69>

{g nglc tf~{ fhk {ach {ac eyfi {acoy ife~ fhk ysh fuf( !^syfof- eoym-feck 69- Gncfh Rocu/

Naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu fyc fufyc {af{ lfh gb {acoy tccy~ f{ ~naggm fhk fksm{~oh {ac ngllsho{ ~cmm kyse~ oh gykcy {g cfyh f morohe fhk {af{ {ao~ bfn{gy lfjc~ o{ rcy kobbonsm{ bgy {ac fs{agyo{oc~ {g cmolohf{c kyse~ bygl noynsmf{ogh( [ac fyc fm~gfufyc gb {ac ao~{gy gb ohcvsfmo{oc~- ko~nyolohf{ogh fhk cnghglon afyk~aot {af{ af~ngh{yois{ck {g ohkoroksfm~ {fjohe ~gmfnc oh kyse~( ^sna fufychc~~ gbbcy~ naomkychmo{{mc tyg{cn{ogh fefoh~{ kglc~{on rogmchnc tyglt{ck i kyse gy fmngagm fis~c- gybygl {ac cnghglon afyk~aot~ {af{ bgmmgu uach ags~cagmk lclicy~ ~otagh gbb mfyec~sl~ gb {ac kglc~{on iskec{ {g ~sttgy{ {acoy afio{( Agucrcy- jhgumckec gb {ao~hf{syc nfh chfimc naomkych {g ~s~{foh f tg~o{orc f{{o{skc {gufyk~ fhk ycmf{ogh~aotuo{a fksm{~ uag kyohj acfrom gy s~c kyse~( F{ {ac ~flc {olc- gshe tcgtmc uag~ccrcykf kglc~{on ~tacyc ohnmskc~ {ac ngh~slt{ogh gb kyse~ gy fmngagm lf icf{{yfn{ck {g ngh~slc gy {g ~cmm {ac~c tygksn{~( ^crcyfm {cchfecy~ oh Gncfh Rocufmmskck {g {ac tyckon{fiomo{ gb {acoy byochk~ fnvsoyohe {acoy guh kyse afio{~ gh {acif~o~ {af{ {acoy tfych{~ ucyc s~ohe {acl gtchm oh {ac aglc(

Afrohe ngh~okcyfimc ngh{ygm grcy {acoy guh lgiomo{ chfimc~ tggy naomkych {g frgok~glc gb {ac kyse, gy fmngagm,ohksnck rogmchnc fhk tyc~~syc~ {g nghbgyl {af{ fyo~c oh{ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Lft ugyj ycrcfmck naomkych‟~ kc{fomck jhgumckec gb kfhecygs~~tfnc~ oh {ac mgnfmo{- tfy{onsmfym fygshk {acoy guh aglc~ „ jhgumckec {af{ {ac s~ck {g kcnokc uacyc {g tmf gy ufmj- fhk uac{acy {ac ~agsmk ~ccj fh fksm{ {gfnngltfh {acl bgy f tfy{onsmfy `gsyhc( Bgsy{cch,cfy,gmk ^flfh{af fhk acy

bclfmc byochk~ lfjc ~syc {ac ~{f nmg~c {g {ac ygfk uach {ac iyffo oh {ac is~agttg~o{c {acoy imgnj gb bmf{~- icnfs~c {ac jhgu {af{ tcgtmc eg kcctcy oh {ac is~a{g ~lgjc kyse~ fhk kyohj fmngagm( Oh f ~{sk nghksn{ck oh bgsy tggy syifh fycf~ gb @gafhhc~isye- naomkych ucyc bgshk {g ic ~olomfym yc~gsyncbsm oh nycf{ohe ~fbc ~gnofm~tfnc~ bgy {acl~cmrc~ !ûfy{,Jysecy " Nafumf 9449/( Acyc {gg- ycfm fhk tcyncorckkfhecy gh {ac ~{ycc{~- mohjck {g tsimon kyohjohe fhk kyshjchhc~~- uaona mcfk~ {gboea{~- uf~ bgshk {g mcfk {g {ac yc~{yon{ogh gb naomkych‟~ lgiomo{ !ûfy{,Jysecy "Nafumf 9449/( Yc~cfyna i Tfyjc~ !9445/ oh f Nftc [guh ~sisyi uo{a f ~olomfykclgeyfta {g Gncfh Rocu fm~g ~aguck naomkych ycmohe gh frgokfhnc gb kfhecygs~fycf~ fhk gh tccy ~sttgy{ f~ lcfh~ gb ~{fohe ~fbc flok ngllsho{ rogmchnc( Fksm{

tyg{cn{ogh fhk yc{fmof{ogh ucyc g{acy ~{yf{ceoc~ s~ck i naomkych oh {ao~ ngh{cq{([acyc fyc molo{~ {g {ac cbbonfn gb naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~ {g tyg{cn{ {acl~cmrc~ i yc~{yon{ohe{acoy lgiomo{( ^glc gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu morc nmg~c{g f ~acicch gy jhguh kyse lcynafh{~ fhk crch tmfohe nmg~c {g aglc ts{~ {acloh uaf{ {ac ycefyk f~ f kfhecygs~ ~tfnc( Lgycgrcy- fksm{ cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb naomkych‟~tfy{onotf{ogh oh {ac kglc~{on cnghgl nfh shkcylohc {ac~c ~fbc{ ~{yf{ceoc~0

@slf{0 O kg hg{ mojc ify~ icnfs~c {acyc fyc tcgtmc uag ao{ gs uach gsufmj tf~{(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Kg gs crcy afrc {g ufmj tf~{ f ify7




69;

@slf{0 Uach O ec{ ~ch{ {g ec{ iycfk fhk {ac ghc ~agt kgc~h‟{ afrc {ach Oafrc {g ufmj {g {ac g{acy ~agt( [ach O afrc {g ufmj tf~{ f ify(

Fkgmc~nch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu ngllch{ck uo{a oygh {af{ {ac ghm uf {g jcct ~fbco~ {g ‑`s~{ ~{f oh gsy ags~c 9; agsy~‟- uaona- gb ngsy~c- {ac kg hg{( ^cmb,oltg~ckyc~{yon{ogh~ gh lgiomo{ afrc ~gnofm ngh~cvschnc~ bgy gshe tcgtmc icnfs~c{ac ch{fom frgokohe ncy{foh tmfnc~- ~sna f~ {ac ngllsho{ lsm{o,tsytg~c nch{ycuacyc rfyogs~ mco~syc fhk ~tgy{~ fn{oro{oc~ fyc acmk( [ac ko~ng~ acmk oh {ao~ nch{yc!ko~{syiohem honjhflck ‑lc~~{ccj `gm~‟ - gy ~{fiiohe tfy{oc~/ fhk ohbgylfm ~acicch~fyc ycts{ck {g ic tfy{onsmfym kfhecygs~- tfy{m icnfs~c {ac fyc mfyecm crchohefn{oro{oc~( Yc~{yon{ohe lgiomo{ o~ hg{ ngh~okcyck f tyfn{onfm gt{ogh i fkgmc~nch{~ ohGncfh Rocu bgy frgokohe ngh{fn{ uo{a kyse~ icnfs~c {ac fyc ~g tcyrf~orc( Oh~{cfk-{ac~c {cchfecy~ cltaf~o~ck ohkoroksfm ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh fhk uo~kgl oh {acnsm{orf{ogh gb byochk~aot~0

[ac lcynafh{~ fyc crcyuacyc „ gs nfhhg{ frgok {acl( Fmm gs nfh kgo~ ~f ‑hg‟•_gs nfh‟{ ysh fuf bygl gsy tygimcl~( _gs ls~{ uf{na uaggs f~~gnof{c uo{a fhk afrc byochk~ uag uomm ngrcy bgy gs ob gs fyc oh{ygsimc( !Eoym~ oh eyfkc ?- Gncfh Rocu/

^gnofm kfhecy~ oh {ac ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk

Tcyaft~ ~sytyo~ohem- gshe tcgtmc ngh~okcy {af{ tfy{onsmfy tf{{cyh~ fhk bcf{syc~ gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk tg~c f eycf{cy nafmmchec {g {acoy hsy{syohe

gb aoea,vsfmo{ ycmf{ogh~aot~ „ fhk- {acycbgyc- {acoy mghe,{cyl ucmm,icohe „ {afh {acta~onfm {aycf{~ kc~nyoick oh {ac ~cn{ogh~ figrc( ^gnofmo~f{ogh tmf~ f tgucybsm ygmcacyc0 f{ {olc~- naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ yc~o~{ck {ac hcef{orc tf{{cyh~ gb icafrogsyfyo~ohe bygl {ac~c khflon~: f{ g{acy~- {ac tcytc{sf{ck {acl(

{ r

[ac tycrfmchnc fhk cf~ frfomfiomo{ gb fmngagm fhk kyse~ fyc ~cch i gsheyc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu {g cqfncyif{c tccy tyc~~syc {g kyohj- ~lgjc fhk ohafmc(Ngh~cvsch{m- {ac {f~j gb lfhfeohe fhk yc~o~{ohe {ao~ tccy tyc~~syc o~ f ngh~{fh{fhk kclfhkohe nafmmchec( Ngh~slohe kyse~ fhk fmngagm uf~ ~cch {g ohnsy hcef{orccbbcn{~ gh ~naggm tcybgylfhnc fhkohkcck- {g kc{cylohc uac{acy gy hg{ ghclfhfeck {g ~{f oh ~naggm f{ fmm( Naomkych fm~g lfjc mohj~ ic{ucch {ac s~c gb fmngagmfhk kyse~ fhk gshe tcgtmc‟~ chefeclch{ oh ~cqsfm fn{oro{- oltmonf{ohe ~si~{fhncfis~c f~ ghc gb {ac ycf~gh~ bgy {ac aoea yf{c gb {cchfec tycehfhn oh Gncfh Rocu!~cc fm~g Naft{cy 5/( Lfh afk {cchfec ~o~{cy~ gy ngs~oh~ uag afk ifioc~ gy uagucyc tycehfh{( Fksm{~ tgoh{ gs{ {af{ {ao~ o~ hg{ f hcu tachglchgh oh Gncfh Rocu-is{ {af{ o{ o~ icnglohe lgyc ngllgh( [cchfec eoym~ imflck o{ gh kyse fhk fmngagms~c: {ac kc~oyc gb tyc,{cch~ {g cqtcyochnc uaf{ {ac ~cc gh {cmcro~ogh: tccy tyc~~syc:fhk f mfnj gb ohbgylf{ogh figs{- fhk ohfkcvsf{c crokchnc gb- {ac ngh~cvschnc~ gb tycehfhn( ^glc tgoh{ck gs{ {af{ {cchfec lg{acy~ s~sfmm eorc {acoy ifi {g {acoy

lg{acy {g mggj fb{cy- fhk frgok {ac crcykf {f~j~ gb tfych{ohe( Naomkych oh gsy




693

~{sk fm~g lfkc f nmcfy nghhcn{ogh ic{ucch {ac ngh~slt{ogh gb kyse~ fhk fmngagmfhk {ac hcemcn{ gy fis~c gb gshe naomkych(

Kyse s~c o~ ngh~okcyck ghc „ ob hg{ {ac lfoh „ ‑tygimcl‟ bfnohe gs{a oh {acRfmmc fhk ghc {af{ fttcfy~ {g {yfh~nchk nmf~~ fhk hcoeaigsyaggk( Ksyohe gsybocmkugyj tcyogk- {ac mgnfm tftcy~ ycesmfym bcf{syck kyse~ fhk {acoy kc~{ysn{orccbbcn{~ gh gshe tcgtmc fhk fm{agsea echcyfmm ~ch~f{oghfmo~{ gh fh {gton- {ac~cyctgy{~ ko~tmf tfy{onsmfy lgyfm gs{yfec fhk tgucymc~~hc~~ fefoh~{ f {ychk( Ghcbygh{,tfec acfkmohc- ‑Kyse~0 {ac koy{ ichcf{a {ac icfs{‟- uf~ ~c{ shkcyhcf{a fhfcyofm tag{geyfta gb Bo~a Agcj icfna uo{a f yfohigu {gsnaohe {ac ~agycmohc( [acfy{onmc icefh0

[ac kyse tygimcl {af{ af~ icch ~ollcyohe oh {ac Bo~a Agcj rfmmc grcy {ac tf~{ bcu cfy~ af~ hgu cqtmgkck oh{g fh gs{yoea{ tfhkclon-

uo{a naomkych f~ gshe f~ coea{ fhk hohc s~ohe aoeam fkkon{orc- aoeam kc~{ysn{orc kyse~( [ao~ o~ fnngykohe {g @gah ^{cufy{ gb {ac Bo~a Agcj Kyse Nyo~o~ Nch{yc- uag ~f~ {af{ {ac kyse tygimcl oh {ac rfmmc o~ hg{lcycm ghc gb Yopmf,ygmmck kfeef `goh{~ grcy uccjchk~ „ ‑^gs{a Fbyonf‟~hf{oghfm tf~{olc‟ „ is{ gb ~cyogs~m koy{ naclonfm~( Fhk crch lgycugyyohe o~ {af{ {ac fec eygst gb s~cy~ o~ kygttohe( ‑ôq lgh{a~ feg- Ouf~ ec{{ohe gmkcy s~cy~( Oh {ac tf~{ {ug lgh{a~ {acyc af~h‟{ icch fhghcgrcy {ac fec gb 96( Fhk O‟rc icch ngh~sm{ck i naomkych f~ gshe f~ 6>-fhk crch 1 fhk ?( Kyse s~c af~ ycfmm imguh {ac ifhj~ oh {ac mf~{ ~oqlgh{a~•‟ Gb {ac 934 ohkoroksfm f~~c~~lch{~ ac af~ nghksn{ck oh {actf~{ {ug cfy~- ;2 tcy nch{ ucyc bgy tcgtmc shkcy {ac fec gb 96( !Tcgtmc‟~

Tg~{ - 69 Gn{gicy 944;/

F~ lch{oghck figrc- lg~{ naomkych oh {acoy tyc, fhk cfym {cch~ morohe ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu „ fhk f mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb {ag~c oh Bo~a Agcj „fyc fufyc gb uacyc kyse~ fyc icohe ~gmk mgnfmm( Lg~{ jhgu gb ohkoroksfm~ {acoyguh fec gy gmkcy uag s~c kyse~ ycesmfym fhk gb {ag~c ~{yseemohe uo{a fkkon{ogh([ac tcynct{ogh gb Rfmmc yc~okch{~ „ ig{a gshe fhk gmk „ {af{ yf{c~ gb kyse s~cfhk ycmf{ck oh{cytcy~ghfm rogmchnc afrc ohnycf~ck ~afytm uo{aoh {ac mf~{ kcnfkco~ loyygyck oh cltoyonfm kf{f fhk tgtsmfy gtohogh fnyg~~ {ac no{( Oh 9442- {acTygrohnofm Cksnf{ogh Kctfy{lch{‟~ bycc nfmm nch{yc ycncorck kgsimc {ac hslicy gb

nfmm~ bygl mcfyhcy~ yctgy{ohe fis~c „ kyse fis~c- f~ ucmm f~ ta~onfm gy ~cqsfm fis~c „{afh o{ afk oh 9449 !Kfuc~- Mghe c{ fm( 94420 >9/( [ac hgrcm{ gb {ac nfmm nch{yc ~~{clo~ f mojcm ngh{yois{gy {g {ao~ {ychk- is{ {ac boesyc~ ohkonf{c f kyflf{on ohnycf~c oh{ac tyc~chnc gb kyse~ fhk gb fis~c f~ igshkfyoc~ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ afrcicnglc lgyc tcylcfimc( Shbgy{shf{cm- {ac ycmf{orc tygtgy{ogh~ gb kyse fis~c fhkta~onfm gy ~cqsfm fis~c fyc shjhguh icnfs~c {ac nfmm nch{yc nft{syc~ fmm {ac~c ohghc nf{cegy gb ‑fis~c‟(

[ac~c echcyfm {ychk~ ycvsoyc oh{cyygef{ogh f{ f mgnfm mcrcm( Gsy kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ kyse~fyc tfy{ fhk tfyncm gb crcykf mobc bgy f lsna ~lfmmcy tgy{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Bo~a Agcj {afh oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk {af{ ngh~slt{ogh oh {ac~c

{ug hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ tyckglohf{cm gb kfeef !lfyo`sfhf/ yf{acy {afh {oj !ny~{fm




692

lc{afltac{flohc/ gy acygoh( Oh 9443- {ac fn{ohe acfk gb Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm yctgy{ck {g {ac Nftc [olc~ {af{ figs{ 24 tcy nch{ gb tstom~- hflcm lgyc {afh544 gshe tcgtmcucyc {oj fkkon{~- ~fohe {af{ ‑{ac kyse o~ crcyuacyc•o{‟~ ~nfy

fhk gs{ gb ngh{ygm( [cfnacy~ ngltmfoh kfom( Tstom~ fyc gb{ch fi~ch{( [ac kyse lfjc~{acl feeyc~~orc- ~g uc afrc bgsy gy borc boea{~ iycfjohe gs{ crcy kf- ~glc oh nmf~~(‟ >

Uaomc {cchfecy~ fhk fksm{~ fmojc cqtyc~~ck ugyyoc~ figs{ fh gi~cyrck ohnycf~c oh kyses~c flghe gshecy naomkych- {acoy f~~c~~lch{~ gb {ac f~~gnof{ck kfhecy~ fhk lgyfmngh~cvschnc~ ycbmcn{ ~{yghem echkcyck hgyl~( [cchfec ig~ cqtmfoh {af{ ~lgjohekfeef gy s~ohe {oj cfyh~ {acl f kceycc gb yc~tcn{ flghe g{acy lch gb fmm fec~- uacycf~eoym~ uag kg {ac ~flc fyc lfmoehck fhk ~ashhck( Is{ {ac khflon~ gb kyse s~c fhkkctchkchnc fyc {ac ~flc bgy ig{a ig~ fhk eoym~( Byochk~ ngllghm gbbcy f bycc ao{ {ghcunglcy~( Ghnc fnns~{glck gy fkkon{ck- gshe tcgtmc fyc cf~om kyfuh oh{g nyolohfmfn{oro{oc~ gyefho~ck i gmkcy gs{a icnfs~c {ac hcck lghc {g bshk {acoy afio{(

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O {aohj Z‑ngllsho{‟ o~\ figs{ tcgtmc ~{fhkohe {gec{acy( [ac ls~{h‟{ ts{cfna g{acy kguh( Acyc oh Gncfh Rocu tcgtmc {fmj gb cfna g{acy( !Iygh-ig- eyfkc 66- Gncfh Rocu/

Lfh gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu ~{yseemc {g bgyl f tg~o{orc hg{ogh gb ngllsho{ icnfs~c {ac tcyncorc {ac ~gnofm khflon~ oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk {g ic {ac fh{o{ac~o~gb {ac ~gnofm bfn{gy~ ycvsoyck {g nycf{c f ‑ngllsho{‟( [ac bccm nghbokch{ oh {acoyfiomo{ {g hfroef{c tg{ch{ofm ta~onfm kfhecy~ icnfs~c {ac jhgu {acoy chroyghlch{

~g ucmm( Is{ frgokohe eg~~ot fhk {ac `skeclch{ gb {ag~c fygshk {acl o~ ~cch f~ lsnalgyc kobbonsm{( Fkgmc~nch{ eoym~- fhk ohkcck ~glc ig~- ~tgjc gb ~{fohe ohkggy~ fhk‑kgohe hg{aohe‟ oh gykcy {g loholo~c ~sna yo~j~( [acoy yf{oghfmc acmt~ {g cqtmfoh ua bgylfm gs{a fn{oro{oc~ fyc tggym f{{chkck fhk vsonjm mg~c lglch{sl(

Rcy aoea mcrcm~ gb eg~~otohe fyc ngh~okcyck i naomkych {g ic {ac bmot ~okc gb {ac kch~c „fhk gb{ch ~sttgy{orc „ ~gnofm {oc~ uo{aoh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac f{{yois{c ~cyogs~ko~yst{ogh {g tcy~ghfm fhk bflomofm oh{ceyo{ {g {ac cf~c uo{a uaona bfm~c yslgsy~fyc ~tycfk fhk {ac oltg~~oiomo{ gb vscmmohe {ac~c( ^crch{cch,cfy,gmk Hongmf fhkacy lg{acy ucyc morohe uo{a f uglfh bygl {acoy nasyna uag icnflc shaftt uo{a{ac~c morohe fyyfheclch{~( Oh~{cfk gb ~tcfjohe koycn{m {g Hongmf‟~ lg{acy- ~ac ~tycfkyslgsy~ f{ {acoy nasyna- ~fohe {af{ {ac {agsea{ {ac ucyc {gg eggk bgy acy aglc(Fb{cy kchohe {af{ fh{aohe uf~ uyghe uach nghbygh{ck i Hongmf‟~ lg{acy- {ao~uglfh f~jck {acl {g lgrc gs{ gb acy bmf{( Hongmf fhk acy lg{acy fm~g afk {g mcfrc{acoy nasyna f~ {ac bcm{ {af{ {ac eg~~ot afk lfkc tcgtmc ~cc {acl oh f kobbcych{ moea{-lfjohe {acl shnglbgy{fimc oh {af{ ~tfnc( Yc~gy{ohe {g eg~~ot yf{acy {afh nghbygh{ohe{ac tygimcl koycn{m nfs~ck Hongmf {g mg~c acy aglc !fmico{ fh gtch,chkck- {cltgyfy fyyfheclch{/ fhk acy nasyna( âc rfmsck nasyna f~ f ~c{{ohe oh uaona {g cqtyc~~ acybfo{a fhk bgy o{~ ~gnofm hc{ugyj~( Ig~ fhk eoym~ fmojc gb fmm fec~ cqtcyochnc eg~~otohef~ f lf`gy nfs~c gb nghbmon{ flghe byochk~( [ac bcfy gb icohe {ac ~si`cn{ gb yslgsyfhk o{~ ohacych{ hcef{oro{ ~aftc~ gshe tcgtmc‟~ s~c gb ~tfnc !~cc fm~g Yg~~- 944?/(




695

Cfymocy uc hg{ck agu {ac~c fhqoc{oc~ {yfh~mf{c oh{g eycf{ ycmsn{fhnc i naomkych fhkfkgmc~nch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu {g s~c {ac mgnfm nmohon- fhk f mc~~cy is{ ~{omm ~oehobonfh{ac~o{f{ogh i {acoy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {g kg ~g( ^sna bcfy~ fm~g nsy{fom {ac cq{ch{

{g uaona gshe tcgtmc kfyc kyfu gh crcykf ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a hcoeaigsy~-byochk~- {cfnacy~ fhk crch cq{chkck bflom bgy fkronc gy ~sttgy{- tfy{onsmfym uach o{nglc~ {g tcy~ghfm lf{{cy~( [ac yo~j~ gb f af~{ fhk hcef{orc `skeclch{ gb nafyfn{cyicohe vsonjm noynsmf{ck fyc rcy aoea(

Hongmf0 O {aohj {af{‟~ ua ~glc{olc~ tcgtmc kgh‟{ ufh{ g{acy tcgtmc‟~ acmticnfs~c {ac ~f- ‑hg- `s~{ hgu {ac {fmj figs{ o{‟ gy uaf{crcy(

Nafyhc0 O{‟~ hg{ ~g lsna {af{ tcgtmc kgh‟{ ufh{ {acl {g jhgu {acoyis~ohc~~: {ac‟yc `s~{ ~nfyck {af{ o{ loea{ mcfj gs{( !Eyfkc 66- eygstko~ns~~ogh gh ‑ngllsho{‟/

Naomkych- c~tcnofmm {ag~c uag ~cc {acl~cmrc~ f~- fhk fyc ~cch i g{acy~ f~- ‑aoeafnaocrcy~‟- ~{yseemc uo{a {ac bfn{ {af{ tcgtmc oh Gncfh Rocu {chk {g kchoeyf{c yf{acy{afh chngsyfec( ^glc kc~nyoick Gncfh Rocu f~ f ngllsho{ gb ‑ro~ogh jommcy~‟ uagyc~tghk {g f gshe tcy~gh‟~ fnaocrclch{~ fhk kycfl~ uo{a `cfmgs~ fhk f{{clt{~ {gshkcylohc {acl(

Nacym- ~ac‟~ fm~g bygl Gncfh Rocu fhk tcgtmc- ‟nfs~c ~ac uf~ ghc kf gh c,[R- fhk ~glcigk fn{sfmm ~fok {af{ ‑ `f- hgs {af{ ~ac‟~ gt koc [R-hgs kohj ~- ~‟~ fmm {af{ ‟ Z‑c~- hgu {af{ ~ac‟~ gh [R- hgu ~ac {aohj~ ~ac‟~fmm {af{‟\- fhk {af{‟~ hg{ bfoy icnfs~c ob gs afrc {ac es{~ {g eg ~glcuacyc

oh mobc {ach g{acy tcgtmc fmuf~ ufh{ {g ts{ gs kguh( !Hongmf- eyfkc 66-eygst ko~ns~~ogh gh ‑ngllsho{‟/

[ac rcy ycfm tg~~oiomo{ {af{ byochk~ ngsmk shkcylohc ghc‟~ tcy~ghfm cbbgy{~ fhkfnaocrclch{~ bcf{syc~ mfyec oh {ac lohk~ gb gshe tcgtmc oh {acoy ~cmcn{ogh gb nmg~cbyochk~ fhk oh {ac nsm{orf{ogh gb oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~0

Hcrcy {y {g oltyc~~ f hcq{ tcy~gh ‟nfs~c {ac hcq{ tcy~gh ugh‟{ chngsyfecgs {g kg {af{ „ {ac uomm tyc~~ gs kguh sh{om gs kguh oh {ac es{{cy~fhk {ac‟mm mfsea gs gs{ fhk {af{‟~ hg{ f ycfm byochk( !^cfh- ig- feck 65-Gncfh Rocu/

[ac s~c gb eg~~ot fhk hcef{orc mficmmohe fyc hg{ cqtcyochnc~ {af{ fyc cqnms~orc {ggshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu- is{ {ac fyc lg~{ tygimclf{on bgy naomkych oh {af{hcoeaigsyaggk( Ghc gy {ug naomkych morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~tgjc gb hcoeaigsy~uag ~ngmk {acl uach {acoy tfych{~ fyc gs{- uag kg hg{ nfyc bgy {ag~c morohe hcfy{acl- gy uag mojc {g ~tycfk ifk yslgsy~ figs{ hcfyi bflomoc~( [ac lfhhcy ohuaona {ac~c bcu ohnokch{~ ucyc yctgy{ck ~seec~{~ {af{ naomkych echcyfmm ycncorc~sttgy{ bygl hcoeaigsy~- is{ fyc fufyc gb {ac tg{ch{ofm bgy ycmf{ogh~aot~ {g ohrgmrc `cfmgs~ gy nghbmon{ fhk bgy {ac cqtyc~~ogh gb {ac~c ~ch{olch{~ {aygsea uo{nanyfb{([aoy{cch,cfy,gmk Ififmuf- f lclicy gb {ac fy{ nmsi- ~tgjc gb acy oh{ch{ogh {g~{sk afyk oh {ac bohfm cfy~ gb aoea ~naggm uo{a acy fol gb icnglohe f kgn{gy- fhk

okch{obock {ac lfoh {aycf{ {g acy nfyccy ~snnc~~ f~ bgmmgu~0




691

Ififmuf0 F uo{na uomm ic `cfmgs~: {ac uomm jomm lc(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Nfh gs cqtmfoh f io{ lgyc figs{ {ao~- uaf{ ngsmk afttch7

Ififmuf0 O lcfh {af{ O ngsmk ic nsy~ck i f byochk fhk {acoy bflom uagfyc `cfmgs~ icnfs~c O fl kgohe ic{{cy {afh {acoy naomk(

Icmocb~ fhk tyfn{onc~ {af{ fyc gb{ch mficmmck ‑{yfko{oghfm‟ gy f~ icmgheohe {g {ac gmkcyechcyf{ogh~ nmcfym yc{foh ~glc nsyychn uo{a {ac gshe( Uo{nanyfb{ o~ shkcy~{ggk{g ugyj fefoh~{ {ac ~snnc~~ gb ghc ohkoroksfm grcy fhg{acy( Mojc {ac kchoeyf{oghgb tcy~ghfm cbbgy{~ cqtyc~~ck oh Gncfh Rocu- o{ nfh ic ~cch f~ fh cqtyc~~ogh gb ftgucybsm ~gnofm ~fhn{ogh- {ac tfy{onsmfyo{oc~ gb uaona fyc ~aftck i hcoeaigsyaggk~gnogtgmo{onfm fhk nsm{syfm ao~{gyoc~ !~cc fm~g F~abgy{a 9443: Yfltacmc 9449/( [ackobbcychnc o~ {af{ gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc kg hg{ ycefyk uo{nanyfb{ fn{ogh~fhk fnns~f{ogh~ f~ fmuf~ koycn{ck f{ {acl- uacycf~ {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu bccm{fyec{ck i {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh‟~ ‑ro~ogh,jommohe‟ ko~ngsy~c(

Naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj gb{ch bohk f{{o{skc~ fhk hgyl~ oh {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggkgttyc~~orc fhk grcym tyc~nyot{orc oh {cyl~ gb uaf{ gshe tcgtmc ~agsmk kg- gycrch mggj mojc( ^crch{cch,cfy,gmk Mfyf yctgy{ck icohe iyfhkck f ~f{fho~{ i mgnfmhcoeaigsy~ icnfs~c gb {ac nmg{ac~ ~ac ugyc fhk {ac ngmgsy gb acy afoy( Royeohof-uag~c bf{acy o~ f tyoc~{- f{{yois{ck mficmmohe mojc {ao~ fhk {ac cq{yclc tyc~~syc ~acuf~ shkcy bygl bflom {g icafrc ucmm- {g {ac tcyrf~orc ngh~cyrf{orc Nayo~{ofhc{ag~ uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Eg~~ot nfh tyglt{ lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych {gnafhec nasyna gy {g ~{gt ~gnofmo~ohe uo{a {ag~c uag fyc ko~fttygrck gb !ohnmskohe

byochk~ bygl Gncfh Rocu gy Lf~otaslcmcmc/- fhk ngh~cvsch{m af~ f ~oehobonfh{oltfn{ gh {acoy ~gnofm hc{ugyj~ fhk okch{o{oc~( Bgy lg~{ naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj-‑hcoeaigsyaggk‟ fhk ‑ngllsho{‟ grcymft is{ kg hg{ ngltyo~c ch{oycm {ac ~flc~c{ gb ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~( Ngh~cvsch{m- {ac fyc fimc {g tyg{cn{ {acl~cmrc~ byglhcoeaigsyaggk,~tcnobon ~gnofm ~fhn{ogh~ uaomc f{ {ac ~flc {olc ~s~{fohohe ~gnofmycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh fhk gs{~okc {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac lf`gyo{ gb naomkych ohGncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc shfimc {g kg ~g icnfs~c ‑hcoeaigsyaggk‟ fhk‑ngllsho{‟ fyc cqtcyochnck f~ ghc fhk {ac ~flc( Ghm {ag~c uag fyc fimc {g {yfrcm{g g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac no{ gy ngsh{y gh f ycesmfy if~o~ fyc fimc {g isomk f iygfkcy~c{ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk f ~gnofm okch{o{ {af{ o~ hg{ hcoeaigsyaggk,~tcnobon( F~ uc

~afmm ~cc oh {ac hcq{ naft{cy- ~gnofm kchoeyf{ogh af~ f tfy{onsmfym ~crcyc oltfn{gh {ac gshe oh Gncfh Rocu( Ycf~gh~ ohnmskc {acoy molo{ck lgiomo{ oh fhk gs{gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk fhk {acoy fnngltfhohe ~ch~c gb yc~{yon{ck gttgy{sho{ ohngh{cltgyfy ~gnoc{( [ac mf{{cy fyo~c~ bygl nayghon ~gnofm fhk ohnglc tgrcy{-ecgeyftaonfm o~gmf{ogh fhk f tcyncorck lfyeohfm ~gnogtgmo{onfm tg~o{ogh(

o

Naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu o~ rcy ghic~jgb Zyskc\ „ {ac kgh‟{ ~f ‑fsh{‟fhk ‑shnmc‟ fhk {ac `s~{ ~ags{ ‑k‟`‟ Z‑gs‟\( !^flfh{af/




69?

_gshe tcgtmc f{{yois{c f hslicy gb {acoy lg~{ ~oehobonfh{ ~gnofm nafmmchec~ {g fmfnj gb yc~tcn{ ic{ucch {ac echcyf{ogh~( [ac~c ohnmskc {acoy guh ~ch~c gb icohehcef{orcm `skeck fhk mficmmck i fksm{~: fksm{~ ~c{{ohe f ifk cqfltmc i boea{ohe-

kyohjohe fhk {fjohe kyse~ oh bygh{ gb naomkych: ohcbbcn{orc ngllshonf{ogh fnyg~~{ac echcyf{ogh~: fhk {ac {chkchn gb fksm{~ {g ko~ngsh{ gshe tcgtmc‟~ chefeclch{oh ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk ngh{yois{ogh~ {g kcno~ogh,lfjohe(

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- naomkych ngltmfohck {af{ fksm{~ {chk {g ~tcnsmf{c fhk `slt {gnghnms~ogh~ figs{ {acoy icafrogsy oh~{cfk gb ~tcfjohe byfhjm uo{a {acl( [ac cqtyc~~ck bys~{yf{ogh fhk asy{ f{ fksm{~‟ uommohehc~~ {g icmocrc {ac ~{gyoc~ noynsmf{oheoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Oh Gncfh Rocu- ~glc yctgy{ck yc~tghkohe i isohe oh{g{ac~c ‑kcrofh{ okch{o{oc~‟ oh gykcy {g ~to{c fnns~ohe fksm{~( [ao~ bgyl gb hceg{of{ohefhk yc~o~{ohe cq{cyhfmm oltg~ck okch{o{oc~ nmcfym ohnsy~ tg{ch{ofmm ~cyogs~ ng~{~{g fh ohkoroksfm‟~ ta~onfm fhk lch{fm acfm{a- f~ ucmm f~ {acoy nfyccy- fhk- oyghonfmm-~cyrc~ {g ycohbgync fksm{ tcynct{ogh~ gb kcrofhnc oh {ac gshe(

Lfhk0 Hg- ob gs mg~c ucoea{- {ac ~f gs afrc FOK^(

Iygh0 L lg{acy fmuf~ {cmm~ l eyfhklg{acyfhk O s~ck {g ic fnasii es- fhk O‟l eyguohe fhk O‟l {fmm fhk O‟l {aohfhk l lgll f~j~ lc ‑Iygh- uf{ egck kgch `7 Mj l ` kysj {oj(‟ Ch cj ~à- ‑@f- mj cj~g lfcy- cj kgch {oj(‟ Z‑Iygh- uaf{ ~{sbb fyc gs kgohe7 Mggj~ {g lc mojcgs fyc ~lgjohe {oj(‟ Fhk O ~f- ‑_c~- O mggj ~g {aoh- O‟l kgohe {oj(‟\ O kgh‟{mojc l lgl fnns~c lc gb ~{sbb- icnfs~c {ach O‟l ycfmm egohe {g kg o{( Okgh‟{ mojc o{: {ach O‟mm ~agu acy O‟l ycfmm egohe {g kg o{(

Rcyghovsc0 O~ `f ZO{ o~- c~\(

Hongmf0 [ach gs‟mm ic mojc l ngs~oh~ f~ ucmm( [ac fmuf~ {y fhk tygrc{acoy tfych{~ {ac ucyc yoea{ figs{ {acl- `f(

Iygh0 Hg- O ycfmm kgh‟{ mojc {af{(

Lfhk0 Fhk ob gs ec{ bf{- gs‟yc tycehfh{( !Eyfkc 66 ~{skch{~-Gncfh Rocu/

Naomkych ufyh {af{ fksm{~ uag bfom {g ycngeho~c naomkych‟~ ngltc{chnc yo~j fmochf{ohe{acl fhk acoea{chohe {ac nghbmon{ ic{ucch {ac echcyf{ogh~(

Fhk crch ob gs 61 Zcfy~ gmk\ tcgtmc ~{omm {ycf{ gs mojc f naomk fhk {af{‟~hg{ bfoy gh gs f~ f tcy~gh- O lcfh gs‟rc nglc f mghe uf•~glc{olc~tcgtmc kgh‟{ ycngeho~c gs fhk {ac {aohj ‑ Fe - gs gshecy {afh lcua ~agsmk O mo~{ch {g gs7‟ fhk ~glc{olc~ gs loea{ crch ic yoea{•~glc{olc~ uach gs fyc- uach gs cqncm oh ~glc{aohe- ~glc{olc~ {acgmkcy tcgtmc kgh‟{ ycngeho~c o{ fhk ~f- ‑ Fe - gs gshe- uaf{ afrc gs eg{{g gbbcy gy uaf{ kg gs jhgu7‟ !Hongmf- ‑ngllsho{‟ bgns~ eygst/

O{ o~ gb{ch {ac atgnyo~ gb fksm{ `skeclch{~ {af{ lg~{ ohbsyof{c~ gshe tcgtmc-fmochf{ohe {acl bygl fksm{ hgyl~ fhk ysmc~- fhk tyglt{ohe f ko~yc~tcn{bsm yc~tgh~c0




6>4

Iygh0 Gj- ob O‟l kgohe ~glc{aohe uyghe- O‟mm fklo{ O kok o{ uyghe- is{kgh‟{ fnns~c lc fhk kgh‟{ imflc lc fhk kgh‟{ {cmm lc {g kg ~{sbb fhk Ojhgu gs kgohe {ac ~flc {aohe(

Nafyhc0 _gs jhgu uaf{ ise~ lc {ac lg~{- ac- ob tcgtmc ~cc gs kgohe~glc{aohe uyghe is{ {ac kgh‟{ ~cc {acoy guh naomkych kgohe ~glc{aoheuyghe• !Eyfkc 66 ~{skch{~- Gncfh Rocu/

Cmclch{~ gb {ao~ {ch~ogh ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~ fyc bflomofy lfhobc~{f{ogh~ gb tfych{fm fhqoc{ ycefykohe fkgmc~nchnc fhk f eycf{cy kc{fnalch{ bygl cmkcy~ oh{ao~ echcyf{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc- ig{a gb uaona fyc bgshk fnyg~~ {ac lgkcyh ugymk(Ugyjohe fmghe~okc {ac~c {ychk~ fyc afio{~ ~tcnobon {g ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ ao~{gy- ohnmskohe{ac {chkchn {g nf{cegyo~c tcgtmc oh{g eygst~ uo{a ncy{foh f{{yois{c~- yfhj {ac~c fhkicafrc tc`gyf{orcm {gufyk~ {acl ycefykmc~~ gb {ac tfy{onsmfy ‑yoea{~‟ fhk ‑uyghe~‟

oh fh eorch oh{cyfn{ogh( [acoy ygmc oh ~aftohe ngh{cltgyfy oh{cyechcyf{oghfmycmf{ogh~aot~ nfhhg{ ic lcf~syck- is{ o{ o~ aoeam tmfs~oimc {af{ {ac ycfk hcef{orc gy~s~tonogs~ mficmmohe gb {ac gshe i {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh~ o~ fh f~tcn{ gb ftfy{acok‟~mcefn {af{ yclfoh~ shycngeho~ck(

h

Gncfh Rocu o~ hg{ {ac aglgechcgs~ ngllsho{ o{ o~ gb{ch tgy{yfck {g ic(Nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a naomkych ycrcfmck {af{ ngmgsy- nmf~~ fhk mfhesfec fmm gtcyf{ckoro~orcm uo{aoh {ac fycf( [acoy guh cqtcyochnc gb ko~nyolohf{ogh gb{ch nch{yck

gh {ac moea{hc~~ fhk kfyjhc~~ gb {acoy ~joh- ohkonf{ohe f ngltmcqo{ oh agu {ac shkcy~{fhk icohe ‑ngmgsyck‟( Nafyhc f{{yois{c~ {ac bfn{ {af{ acy eyfhklg{acy efrcacy Y;44 mc~~ {afh ~ac efrc acy g{acy eyfhknaomkych {g acy ‑hg{ icohe kfyj chgsea‟(Hongmf yctgy{ck {af{ acy bf{acy s~ck {g bfrgsy acy gshecy ~o~{cy icnfs~c ~ac uf~ bfoyfhk Hongmf uf~ hg{( Ngmgsy ~{omm lf{{cy~ uo{aoh Gncfh Rocu- is{ o{ o~ hg{ f ~oltmclf{{cy gb icohe ‑uao{c‟- ‑ngmgsyck‟ gy ‑imfnj‟( Flghe ‑ngmgsyck‟ naomkych oh GncfhRocu- hg{ogh~ gb ‑uao{chc~~‟ fhk ‑imfnjhc~~‟ gtcyf{c koro~orcm(

Oh f ~olomfy lfhhcy- mfhesfec o~ ~{omm s~ck {g nycf{c koro~ogh~ {af{ kyfu gh ftfy{acokhg{ogh~ gb aocyfyna( Fm{agsea {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb naomkych fyc ngltc{ch{ ohig{a mfhesfec~- {ac yctgy{ ghegohe yorfmy ic{ucch lclicy~ gb {ac Chemo~a fhk

Fbyojffh~ nmf~~c~ f{ {ac ~cnghkfy ~naggm( Tfych{~ f~~syck s~ {af{ mo{{mc afk nafheckoh {ao~ ycefyk ~ohnc {ac ucyc f{ ~naggm 93 cfy~ feg( Oh Gncfh Rocu- mfhesfec~oehoboc~ nmfol~ {g- fhk yc`cn{ogh gb- fh f~nyoick ~gnofm ~{f{s~ icnfs~c gb {ac ao~{gyonfmtg~o{oghohe gb Chemo~a ~tcfjcy~ figrc Fbyojffh~ ~tcfjcy~ oh {ac aocyfyna gb ftfy{acok ~gnoc{( Oh {ac tf~{- Chemo~a,~tcfjohe ~naggm tstom~ ucyc fbbgykck ncy{fohtyoromcec~- ~sna f~ icohe fmmguck {g igfyk {ac ~naggm is~c~ boy~{( ^sna tyfn{onc~ fychg mghecy gbbonofmm ~fhn{oghck- is{ Chemo~a ~tcfjcy~ {chk {g afrc f aoeacy ohnglc{afh lfh Fbyojffh~ ~tcfjcy~(

Lft,lfjohe cqcyno~c~ oh Gncfh Rocu ycrcfmck naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb nmf~~,if~ckg{acyohe fhk cqnms~ogh( Yc~okch{ofm fycf~ uo{aoh Gncfh Rocu fhk {tc~ gb ags~ohe




6>6

fyc ig{a ngh~okcyck ohkonf{gy~ gb tgrcy{ gy ucfm{a( Naomkych morohe oh ngshnom imgnj~gb bmf{~ nfmm {ag~c morohe oh ags~c~ ‑~{syroc~‟ !~{snj st/- fhk bccm {af{ {ac~c naomkych{aohj {ac fyc ic{{cy {afh {acl icnfs~c {ac afrc ‑juffo Znggm\ nmg{ac~‟ fhk g{acy

lf{cyofm eggk~( Naomkych uag morc oh ags~c~ gb{ch lfjc kcygef{gy ngllch{~ figs{naomkych bygl {ac bmf{~- mficmmohe {acl f~ yskc( F~ Eokkch~ !6?1;- oh Achkcy~gh6???/ tgoh{ck gs{- ecgeyftaonfm mgnfmc~ fyc ohrc~{ck uo{a ngh{c~{ck fhk nghbmon{ohe rfmsc~- lcfhohe~ fhk fn{oro{oc~- uaona lfjc {acl ~o{c~ gb ~aob{ohe tgucy ycmf{ogh~(Yc~okchnc oh f tfy{onsmfy mgnfmc uo{aoh Gncfh Rocu lf{{cy~ {g naomkych icnfs~c o{fbbcn{~ {acoy ohnms~ogh fhk tg~o{ogh uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst(

Ghc uf {af{ fksm{~ nfh ngh{c~{ mficm~ gb ycmf{orc tgrcy{ o~ {g is {ac mf{c~{ {cmcro~ogh~gy KRK tmfcy~ bgy {ac ags~cagmk fhk iyfhk,mficm nmg{aohe gy hcu lgkcm~ gb ncmmsmfytaghc~ bgy {acoy naomkych( Eoym~ oh {ac Gncfh Rocu fy{ nmsi ngllch{ck {af{ ‑~glctcgtmc uf~{c lghc fhk {ach icnglc tggy‟- okch{obohe {ao~ f~ f ngllgh yc~tgh~c{af{ lf lcfh {af{ {acyc o~ mo{{mc lghc mcb{ {g lcc{ naomkych‟~ if~on hcck~( OhLf~otaslcmcmc- ghc‟~ yc~okch{ofm fycf fhk {tc gb ags~ohe fyc ~cch i naomkych f~ohkonf{gy~ gb bohfhnofm ~{f{s~- is{ fyc hg{ s~ck f~ ycbcychnc tgoh{~ bgy nmf~~,if~ckg{acyohe( Morohe oh f ~afnj gy oh {ac ohbgylfm ‑Uc{mfhk~‟ fycf kgc~ hg{ nsyych{m f{{yfn{ hcef{orc ngllch{ oh {ac uf {af{ mfnjohe f ~naggm shobgyl kgc~- tygifim icnfs~c {ac bgylcy fyc {ac cqtcyochnc~ gb ~sna mfyec tygtgy{ogh~ gb {ac ngllsho{([cchfecy~ ko~ns~~ohe {ac fh{onotf{ck ohnycf~c oh iyonj ags~c~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggkyfo~ck {ac tg~~oiomo{ {af{ {tc~ gb ags~ohe ngsmk icnglc f ycbcychnc tgoh{ bgy ~gnofmohnms~ogh fhk cqnms~ogh(

_gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj cqtcyochnc ~si{mc is{ tgucybsm g{acyohe uach {ac fycmc~~ ucfm{a {afh {acoy tccy~( ^glc gb {ao~ o~ lf~jck uo{aoh oh~{o{s{oghfm tyfn{onc~ „bgy cqfltmc- {ac ~naggm‟~ tygro~ogh gb ~fhkuonac~ bgy ncy{foh shko~nmg~ck naomkych(Fhk ~glc o~ grcy{ {aygsea ko~ngsy~c fhk fn{ogh uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst( ^fl ~tgjcgb {ac ~sytyo~ck fhk ko~tfyfeohe ngllch{~ ~ac ycncorck uach ~ac iygsea{ byochk~ {gacy ~tfy~cm bsyho~ack- ych{ck aglc( ̂ crcyfm tstom~ tyc{chkck {g afrc f ncmmsmfy taghcoh gykcy {g frgok yokonsmc fhk cqnms~ogh( @fjc- uag~c tfych{~ nglc bygl f ‑ngmgsyck‟fycf hcfy {ac no{ nch{ycko~{oheso~ac~ aol~cmb bygl g{acy ngmgsyck tstom~ uag morcoh Gncfh Rocu i ycbcyyohe {g {ac mf{{cy f~ ‑mgucy,nmf~~‟ naomkych( Fhk mojc {acoy tccy~cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc- gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj s~sfmm ycefykck ucfyohe iyfhk

nmg{aohe f~ {ac lg~{ ncy{foh uf gb ch~syohe ohnms~ogh fhk tgtsmfyo{(Lg~{ gshe tfy{onotfh{~ yc~okohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc jhgu- fhk ch`g oh{cyfn{oheuo{a- naomkych gb kobbcych{ ifnjeygshk~ uag morc rcy nmg~c i( Fm{agsea o~oQag~f~tcfjcy~ fyc {ac lf`gyo{- Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ f lgyc korcy~c ngllsho{ {afhlg~{ Rfmmc yc~okch{~ f~~slc fhk o~ ~{omm eyguohe bf~{( Naomkych fhk fksm{~fyc bgylohe hcu hcoeaigsym ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a ohnglcy~- uag ~tcfj o~oPsms-Fbyojffh~- ^c~g{ag- ^c{~ufhf- âghf- o~oHkcicmc fhk Tgy{sesc~c fhk uag afrcygg{~ cm~cuacyc oh {ac ngsh{y gy oh Lgpfliovsc- Polifiuc- Lfmfuo gy ^glfmof(Naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb hcoeaigsym ycmf{ogh~ ohrgmrohe kobbcych{ mfhesfec~ fhknsm{syc~ rfy0 ~glc ~fok {af{ ~sna korcy~o{ lfkc hg kobbcychnc- uacycf~ g{acy~

~{f{ck {af{ o{ nfh nfs~c {ch~ogh( Oh Lf 9441- f ~tf{c gb rogmchnc fefoh~{ olloeyfh{~




6>9

{af{ uf~ mficmmck f~ qchgtagion cyst{ck oh tggy syifh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fnyg~~ {acngsh{y( ^si~cvsch{ oh{cytyc{f{ogh~ gb {ac lg{orf{ogh~ shkcymohe {ao~ cq{yclcg{acyohe tgoh{ {g {ac lgsh{ohe bys~{yf{ogh~ gb oltgrcyo~ack ^gs{a Fbyonfh~

f{{clt{ohe {g bohk ugyj fhk bcck {acoy bflomoc~- fhk {acoy ngh~cvsch{ yc~ch{lch{fefoh~{ bgycoehcy~ flghe {acl uag afrc ~c{ st is~ohc~~c~ fhk fttcfy {g ic ic{{cygbb !Nggtcy 944?/(

[ac gtch cnghgl fhk lckof gb kclgnyf{on ^gs{a Fbyonf tmfnc~ oh{cyhfm fhkcq{cyhfm nmf~~ kobbcychnc~ boylm uo{aoh f emgifm ngh~slcy nsm{syc( [ac tyc~~syc{g gi{foh {ac ~ligm~ fhk lfyjcy~ gb ucfm{a o~ bcm{ ~{yghem i tggy naomkych- fhko~ shkcy~{ggk {g afrc oltgy{fh{ cksnf{oghfm- ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm ngh~cvschnc~(Grcy~tchkohe gh ngh~slcy o{cl~ nfh lcfh {af{ ags~cagmk~ fyc shfimc {g bohfhnc~naggm {yfh~tgy{ gy shobgyl~( Oh f kyflf ugyj~agt oh Gncfh Rocu- eyfkc,1 eoym~fn{ck gs{ f ~nchc uacyc f eoym uf~ ksltck i acy igbyochk icnfs~c ~ac uch{ {g~agt f{ Tct oh~{cfk gb Ckefy~( Tct- uag~c ~mgefh o~ ‑mgu tyonc~ bgy crcyghc‟- o~ ghcgb {ac nacftc~{ aoea,~{ycc{ nmg{ac~ yc{fomcy~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Ckefy~ o~ f kctfy{lch{~{gyc {af{ ~{gnj~ iyfhk,hflc nmg{aohe fhk o~ ~oehobonfh{m lgyc cqtch~orc( Iyofh {gmks~ figs{ f byochk ac uf~ rcy nmg~c {g uag ~skkchm nafheck fhk icnflc ‑stto{‟uach ~ac icnflc yona( Ac ~f~ {ac fyc hg{ byochk~ fh lgyc icnfs~c ~ac hgu {aohj~~ac o~ ‑{gg tgtsmfy‟ bgy aol(

_gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu ngh~o~{ch{m yclfyjck gh {acoygh gb {acoy ~tchkohe rcy aoea tygtgy{ogh~ gb {acoy ~nfync nf~a gh nmg{ac~ {af{ fyccqtch~orc tsycm icnfs~c {ac afrc iyfhk mficm~- fhk gb {acoy yc~sm{fh{ ohfiomo{ {g

ohrc~{ lghc oh cksnf{ogh- eggk~ gy ~cyronc~ bgy {acoy bs{syc gy {acoy naomkych‟~( [acoynfto{smf{ogh {g {ao~ ronogs~ noynmc o~ hg{ mg~{ gh {ac gshe( Is{ afrohe {ac yoea{ nmg{ac~o~ fm~g f lcfh~ gb yc~o~{ohe {ac isykch gb icohe ugyjohe nmf~~ fhk tggy( Ucfyohekc~oehcy nmg{aohe o~ f uf gb f~~cy{ohe ohnms~ogh flghe ig{a mgnfm fhk emgifm tccy~(Ghc nfh- vso{c mo{cyfmm- mficm ghc~cmb f~ fh cvsfm oh f ~gnoc{ {af{- oh lg~{ g{acyyc~tcn{~- o~ ohnycf~ohem korokck fhk koro~orc(

Nghnms~ogh

[ac tsytg~c gb {ao~ naft{cy uf~ {g okch{ob uaf{ lf{{cy~ lg~{ figs{ hcoeaigsyaggk

~tfnc~ f~ bfy f~ gshe yc~okch{~ gb Nftc [guh fyc nghncyhck( [ac isom{ chroyghlch{o~ oltgy{fh{ oh ~g bfy f~ tggy ags~ohe fhk molo{ck ~tfnc ngh{yois{c {g aoea mcrcm~ gb ohkctchkch{ lgiomo{ oh mf{c naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc( Ngh~okcyfimc bycckgl {glgrc fygshk o~ ch`gck i {ac gshe oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~- gb{ch icnfs~c {ac afrc ~glc nagonc oh uagl {ac {syh {g bgy lf{cyofm gy clg{oghfm ~sttgy{ uach {ac~cfyc shfrfomfimc f{ aglc( Is{ kch~cm ~o{sf{ck- grcynygukck aglc~ fhk sh~stcyro~ck~gnofm ~tfnc~ fyc fm~g ycefykck f~ ta~onfmm {aycf{chohe0 naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmcbcfy yfltfh{ ~afnj boyc~ fhk ~tcfj gb {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb fis~c gy crch fiksn{ogh([ac ~gnofm kfhecy~ gb lgrohe fygshk tg~c f eycf{cy {aycf{ {afh ta~onfm kfhecy~ {gfkgmc~nch{~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~( Uacyc yslgsy fhk eg~~ot fyc uokc~tycfk- fhk

{ac yc~sm{ohe hcef{orc mficmmohe fhk cqnms~ogh {fjc f ~{yghe agmk- gshe tcgtmc ls~{




6>>

bfnc {ac~c kfhecy~ gy eycf{m yc~{yon{ {acoy lgrclch{~ !crch yclfohohe ohkggy~/ fhkyo~j o~gmf{ogh bygl {ac tccy eygst- joh fhk hcoeaigsym hc{ugyj~(

I ngltfyo~gh- fkcvsf{c ags~ohe fhk c~{fimo~ack ycnycf{oghfm bfnomo{oc~ lcfh {af{naomkych oh lokkmc,nmf~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~tchk {acoy {olc f{ aglc gy oh gyefho~ckmco~syc tsy~so{~ fhk afrc rcy mo{{mc ngh{ygm grcy {acoy guh lgiomo{ gy oh{cyfn{oghuo{a {ag~c uag morc nmg~c i( Naomkych morohe oh Bo~a Agcj ycm lgyc acfrom ghoh~{o{s{oghfm hc{ugyj~ fhk ~sttgy{~- ~sna f~ {ag~c tygrokck {aygsea ~naggm~ fhknasynac~- {afh kg {acoy tccy~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~( ^{f{c tgmonoc~ {g ycko~{yois{cyc~gsync~ fhk {ac cbbgy{~ gb rgmsh{fy gyefho~f{ogh~ {g ngsh{cy tycrogs~ oh~{o{s{oghfmko~fkrfh{fec oh ‑ngmgsyck‟ fhk ‑Fbyonfh‟ fycf~ fyc tygrohe ~mgu oh icfyohe byso{(Fnnc~~oimc fhk fttygtyof{c ~sttgy{ {g gshe tcgtmc o~ ~{omm lgyc ycfkom frfomfimcoh Bo~a Agcj {afh oh Lf~otaslcmcmc gy Gncfh Rocu( [af{ ~fok- o{ gb{ch nglc~f{ {ac ng~{ gb kctchkchnc gh tfych{~ gy {cfnacy~ fhk o~ cqtcyochnck i fkgmc~nch{~f~ ko~cltgucyohe(

Mojc fksm{~- naomkych fnyg~~ {ac ucfm{a fhk nsm{syfm ~tcn{ysl gb {ac Rfmmc ~c{molo{~ gh {acoy lgiomo{ fhk nfycbsmm tmfh {acoy `gsyhc~ fhk uacyc {ac tmf ohfh f{{clt{ {g tyg{cn{ {acl~cmrc~( Bgy {ag~c oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj- ~snnc~~ oh{ao~ ycefyk ~{cl~ bygl {ac bfn{ {af{ fksm{~ yfycm tcylo{ {acl {g lfjc {acoy guhlgiomo{,ycmf{ck kcno~ogh~( _gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocunagg~c {acoy ygs{c~- {olohe~ fhk ngltfhogh~ nfycbsmm( [ac ycngeho~c {af{ {acoyfnnsyf{c jhgumckec fhk cbbgy{~ oh {ao~ ycefyk fbbgyk {acl f kceycc gb ~cmb,tyg{cn{ogh(F{ {ac ~flc {olc- {ac fnjhgumckec {af{ f~tcn{~ gb hcoeaigsyiggk ngllcync

fhk ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh !~sna f~ {ac siovso{gs~ s~c gb kyse~ gy fmngagm oh aglc~fhk tsimon ~tfnc~/ tg~c shtyckon{fimc fhk gb{ch shfrgokfimc kfhecy~ icnfs~c rogmchnc ~tomm~ gs{ gh{g {ac ~{ycc{~ fhk oh{g aglc~( Gi~cyrf{ogh uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc ngyygigyf{c~ kf{f bygl Eycf{cy Nftc [guh- uaona ~agu {af{ kyse~ gb rfyogs~ {tc~afrc icnglc ohnycf~ohem frfomfimc fnyg~~ fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac mf~{ kcnfkc( [aclgrclch{ gb kyse~ fttcfy~ {g afrc icch bfnomo{f{ck i {ac cq{ch~ogh gb ~gnofm fhkcnghglon hc{ugyj~ {af{ ucyc tycrogs~m ngh~{yfohck i ftfy{acok‟~ mcefmm chbgynckhcoeaigsyaggk igshkfyoc~(

[ac hf{syc gb hcoeaigsyaggk oh{cyfn{ogh fhk ~gnofiomo{ lf{{cy~ eycf{m {g gshetcgtmc- is{ o~ ~cmkgl f {gton bgy yc~cfyna gy tgmon ko~ns~~ogh( Lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych

~{yseemc uo{a f ~ch~c gb icohe ngh{fohck fhk ngh{ygmmck i f ngh~cyrf{orc ycmoeogs~c{aon fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~( Naomkych oh tggy fycf~- uag ch`g eycf{cy tfy{onotf{ogh oh {ac tsimon mobc gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk {afh {acoy lokkmc,nmf~~ ngsh{cytfy{~- fyc lgyc cqtg~ck {g tsimon ~nys{oh fhk lgyc rsmhcyfimc {gyslgsy fhk eg~~ot( Hg{ ghm fyc bfm~c yslgsy~ ~tycfk vsonjm uaona nfh tycnoto{f{cbyfn{syc~ oh tcy~ghfm fhk bflom oh{ceyo{- is{ fksm{ cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb naomkych fyc fm~gf tyglohch{ tfy{ gb hcoeaigsyaggk ko~ngsy~c( Oh Gncfh Rocu- bgy cqfltmc- tsimonko~ngsy~c gb{ch shkcylohc~ tcy~ghfm fnaocrclch{ fhk o~ kglohf{ck i {ac hg{ogh{af{ ghm f afhkbsm gb gshe tcgtmc uomm ~snncck- uaomc {ac lf`gyo{ ~snnsli {g~gnofm tyc~~syc~- bfom {g ngltmc{c {acoy cksnf{ogh fhk ~{fhk mo{{mc nafhnc gb bohkohe

f eggk `gi( _gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc cqtyc~~ {ac {aycf{chohe kolch~ogh {g




6>;

hcoeaigsymohc~~ oh {cyl~ gb `cfmgs~ fhk lfmcrgmch{ uo~ac~ gy fn{ogh~ !{aygseauo{nanyfb{- bgy cqfltmc/(

_gshe tcgtmc bohk {ac fbboylohe fhk ~sttgy{orc bfnc{~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk ~gnofiomo{ oh {ac ohbgylfmo{ gb ‑mggjohe gs{ bgy cfna g{acy‟- fhk i lcfh~ gb ncy{foh ~cyronc~fhk ycnycf{oghfm fn{oro{oc~ ysh i rgmsh{fy gyefho~f{ogh~( [acoy s~c fhk ch`glch{gb- fhk ohrc~{lch{ oh- {ac~c oh~{o{s{ogh~ ohnycf~c~ kyflf{onfmm uach {ac fttygfna{g tygro~ogh chfimc~ {ac bgylf{ogh gb {ys~{ohe- yc~tcn{bsm ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a fksm{~-fhk chngsyfec~ naomkych‟~ ohts{ oh {ac kc~oeh gb fn{oro{oc~( Is{ cqo~{ohe ycnycf{oghfmbfnomo{oc~ fhk ~cyronc~ fyc bgshk {g lcc{ ghm f ~lfmm tgy{ogh gb {ac hcck~ gb fbyfn{ogh gb {ac Rfmmc‟~ gshe tgtsmf{ogh( Lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj o~ ngltfyf{orcm ucmm yc~gsynck oh {ao~ ycefyk( Fhk eycf{cy bohfhnofm fhk aslfh ohrc~{lch{ o~ icohelfkc i ~{f{c fhk rgmsh{fy gyefho~f{ogh~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {afh oh Gncfh Rocu „ f{ychk {af{ o{~ gshe yc~okch{~ fyc fns{cm fufyc gb( Is{ oh ig{a tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~-{acyc fyc {gg bcu mgnfm yc~gsync~- fhk crch bcucy {af{ tygrokc fnnc~~oimc- aoea,vsfmo{ ~cyronc~ bgy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~(

Clcyeohe oh {ao~ naft{cy o~ f ton{syc gb gshe Nftc{ghofh~‟ oh{ch~c kfom oh{cyfn{oghuo{a {ac lf{cyofm fhk ~gnofm nafyfn{cy~ gb {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~( O{ af~ kclgh~{yf{ck{af{ {ac mgnfm ohbyf~{ysn{syc- ngllcync- oh~{o{s{oghfm yc~gsync~ fhk {ac nafyfn{cygb ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ afrc f koycn{ ohbmschnc gh naomkychoh fkko{ogh {g ~aftoheuaf{ o~ tg~~oimc bgy {acoy bflomoc~( [aycf{~ {g naomkych‟~ ta~onfm ~fbc{ {af{~{cl bygl fmngagm fhk kyse s~c i gmkcy gs{a~ gy fksm{~ afrc {acoy ygg{~ ohftfy{acok‟~ ko~chbyfhnao~clch{ gb Fbyonfh fhk ngmgsyck tcgtmcfhk {ac f~~gnof{ck

ko~cltgucylch{ gb lch( [ac ngyyg~orc hf{syc gb hcoeaigsym ~gnofiomo{ fm~g af~o{~ fh{cnckch{~ oh {ac okcf~ fhk lcnafho~l~ s~ck i {ac ~{f{c {g gyefho~c ~gnoc{(Is{ ohbmschnc~ nfhhg{ ic ycksnck {g ao~{gyonfm ‑afhegrcy~‟0 yf{c~ gb fmngagm fhk kysengh~slt{ogh fttcfy {g ic yo~ohe- f~ fyc {ac bys~{yf{ogh~ nfs~ck i shcltmglch{fhk mfnj gb if~on ~cyronc~- c~tcnofmm {ac egrcyhlch{‟~ bfomsyc {g kcmorcy mghe,tyglo~ck ags~ohe( [ac ohfiomo{ gb fksm{~ fhk naomkych {g ngllshonf{c oh uf~{af{ nfh okch{ob fhk yc~tghk {g {ac hcck~ gb {ac gshe o~ tfy{m ~lt{glf{on gb {ac tg~{,ftfy{acok oh{cyechcyf{oghfm nghshkysl( Fksm{~ yshhohe ~cyronc~ {chk{g shkcyc~{olf{c {ac jhgumckec fhk ngltc{chnc gb naomkychfhk tfych{~ afrclo~fmoehck cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb uaf{ o~ tg~~oimc bgy {acoy gbb~tyohe( Oh Gncfh Rocu- {ac

ngh{ohsc {g shkcylohc {acoy naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~ {g afrc f yc~tcn{fimc nfyccy icnfs~cgb {acoy ~ch~c {af{ ‑ngmgsyck‟ tcgtmc fyc ~{omm cqnmskck bygl gttgy{sho{( [ac ycfmo{oc~gb tg~{,ftfy{acok Nftc [guh fyc {af{ lg~{ gshe tcgtmc ~tchk lg~{ gb {acoy {olcoh {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk {af{ fksm{~ f{ aglc fyc ~{yseemohe hg{ ghm uo{a {acoy guh eag~{~ gb ftfy{acok- is{ uo{a agu {g shkcy~{fhk fhk chefec uo{a {acycfmo{oc~ gb ngh{cltgyfy ~gnoc{( Oh ~sna f ngh{cq{- ycnycf{oghfm- ~gnofm fhk acfm{a~cyronc~ kc~oehck bgy fhk uo{a gshe tcgtmc ~{fhk {g lfjc f ~oehobonfh{ kobbcychnc {g{acoy ~fbc{- ~cmb,c~{ccl- fnnc~~ {g kctchkfimc ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk tyg`cn{ogh~ gb uaf{o~ tg~~oimc oh {ac bs{syc(



6>3

^ceycef{ck fhk oh{ceyf{ck ~tfnc~0 Lgiomo{fhk okch{o{ icghk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk

Lonafcm- f imghk- imsc,cck- 63,cfy,gmk ig- {fjc~ {ac is~ {g ~naggmcrcy kf( [ac is~ kyorc~ bygl Jgllc{òc !‑uao{c‟/ {aygsea Gncfh Rocu!‑ngmgsyck‟/- tf~{ Lf~otaslcmcmc !‑imfnj‟/ {g Bo~a Agcj !‑uao{c‟/- tonjohe st~naggmnaomkych( Ac {gmk lc ac afk hcrcy ycfmm icch {g Gncfh Rocu crch{agsea ac {yfrcm~ {aygsea o{ crcy kf( ‑[ac fyc yfno~{ {gufyk~ uao{c~-crch {ac ~lfmm naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu fmycfk fn{ mojc mo{{mc efhe~{cy~-s~ohe efhe ~ligm~ fhk yskc ec~{syc~- fhk ~ags{ohe f{ lc- ”ac uao{c“(‟

Ac {ach ~fok uo{a f uokc eyoh0 ‑O eg{ gs{ gb {ac is~ ghm ghnc- `s~{ {g icfimc {g ~f {af{ O afrc icch {g Gncfh Rocu(‟ [ao~ tygrgjck ~glc mfsea{cybygl {ac yc~{ gb {ac ko~ns~~ogh eygst- uag ~aguck fh flioesgs~ ycfn{ogh{g {ac kcton{ogh gb {ac kfhecy~ gb Gncfh Rocu fhk o{~ tcgtmc( Hghc gb {actfy{onotfh{~ oh {ao~ ko~ns~~ogh eygst morc oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk ghm ghc gb {ac ig~ !uag o~ uao{c/ fn{sfmm egc~ {acyc ycesmfym0 ‑O eg {g nasyna gs{alcc{ohe~- fhk O ro~o{ l byochk~ {acyc‟- ac ~fok- ~ayseeohe ao~ ~agsmkcy~icbgyc ngh{ohsohe- ‑fhk o{‟~ hg{ kfhecygs~ f{ fmm&‟ !Hg{c~ bygl eyfkc,?ko~ns~~ogh eygst- Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm- Hgrclicy 944;/

[ao~ nghrcy~f{ogh chnft~smf{c~ nyo{onfm bcf{syc~ gb gshe Rfmmc yc~okch{~‟ jhgumckec

fhk shkcy~{fhkohe gb {ac ugymk icghk {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~0ohcqtcyochnc- tyc`skonc fhk ~sytyo~ohe ko~ngrcyoc~ figs{ {ag~c morohe f bcu jomglc{yc~kguh {ac ygfk figshk( Mojc {ac grcyuacmlohe lf`gyo{ gb {acoy tccy~ fnyg~~ {acngsh{y- {ac tfy{onotfh{~ oh gsy yc~cfyna afrc eyguh st oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ {af{afrc nafheck mo{{mc oh {acoy kclgeyfta ~ohnc {ac bgylfm chk gb ftfy{acok( Nch{yfm{g ^gs{a Fbyonfh~‟ cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb {ac hcu kclgnyf{on cyf o~ eycf{cy oh{ceyf{ogh-{ac olfeohck rcaonmc~ bgy uaona ohnmskc tycrogs~m tygaoio{ck ta~onfm fhk ~gnofmlgiomo{- fhk kc~ceycef{ck ~naggmohe( [g uaf{ cq{ch{- uc f~j- kgc~ {ao~ echcyf{ogh gb naomkych morc oh f lgyc oh{ceyf{ck ~gnoc{ {afh {af{ gb {acoy tfych{~‟ naomkaggk7

Oh {ao~ naft{cy uc cqflohc {ac lgrclch{~ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ morohe oh {ac

Rfmmc- {acoy ~ch~c gb ngllsho{ fhk o{~ igshkckhc~~ fhk {acoy shkcy~{fhkohe~ gb ~gnofm korcy~o{( [ac bgylf{ogh gb okch{o{ fhk {ac hf{syc gb g{acyohe fyc ngh~o~{ch{{aycfk~ oh gsy fhfm~o~- tfy{onsmfym eorch {acoy ~fmochnc oh fkgmc~nch{ kcrcmgtlch{(Uc mggj nfycbsmm f{ {ac nafyfn{cy gb oh{cyfn{ogh {af{ gnnsy~ oh {ac bcu ta~onfm ~tfnc~uacyc gshe tcgtmc bygl f rfyoc{ gb hcoeaigsyaggk~- nmf~~ fhk ‑yfnc‟ ifnjeygshk~fyc fimc {g lcc{ fhk ~gnofmo~c( Uc bohk {af{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ lfjc hcu fhknycf{orc s~c gb yfnofm {cylohgmge- fhk ~snncck oh isomkohe ~{yghe byochk~aot~ fnyg~~gmk hcoeaigsyaggk igshkfyoc~( Agucrcy- {ac fyc yc~{yon{ck oh ~sna chkcfrgsy~ i {ac fi~chnc gb f rgnfismfy bgy eyfttmohe uo{a nmf~~ fhk g{acy mohc~ gb kobbcychnc gy~olomfyo{ {af{ cqo~{ oh {acoy tccy eygst fhk oh ngh{cltgyfy ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{

lgyc iygfkm(

;




6>2

Lfttohe {ac Rfmmc

Lft~ kyfuh i naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {acl~cmrc~ tygrokc fh ohrfmsfimc ~{fy{ohe

tgoh{ bgy gsy fhfm~o~(F eygst gb 69,cfy,gmk eoym~ f{ Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy ^naggm icefh {acoylft !~cc Lft 3/ uo{a f ygsea gs{mohc gb {ac fycf {ac uo~ack {g kcton{-kcmohcf{ohe {ao~ i {ac tg~o{ogh gb cfna gb {acoy aglc~ fhk f bcu tmfnc~oh {ac Rfmmc {ac ro~o{ ycesmfym bgy ~sybohe- agy~c,yokohe mc~~gh~-~agttohe fhk ~naggm( O hg{onck {af{ {ac afk hg{ lfyjck Gncfh Rocugy Lf~otaslcmcmc- crch {agsea ig{a hcoeaigsyaggk~ bcmm uo{aoh {acigshkfyoc~ gb {acoy lft( L vscy f~ {g {acoy mgnf{ogh gh {acoy lft uf~lc{ uo{a ~omchnc fhk {ach fh cqtmfhf{ogh0 ‑Uc afrc hcrcy icch {g {ag~ctmfnc~- ~g uc kgh‟{ ycfmm jhgu(‟ !Cq{yfn{ bygl bocmk hg{c~- Bo~a Agcj/

Grcy acyc o~ Jgllc{òc uacyc l fsh{ fhk acy lg{acy ugyj f~kglc~{on~ !~cc Lft 2/( Uc‟rc icch ghnc gy {uonc {g ro~o{ fhk {ac ags~c~fyc honc( [ach f io{ nmg~cy o~ Gncfh Rocu( O{‟~ lfyjck oh yck icnfs~c o{‟~f ~nfy tmfnc uacyc {acyc fyc efhe~ fhk mg{~ gb kyse~( [ac ngmgsyck~nfh ~glc{olc~ ygi gs ~g uc kgh‟{ eg( Gh {af{ ~okc o~ Bo~a Agcj( Uceg {acyc ghnc oh f uaomc {g ~agt gy {g ro~o{ {ac icfna uo{a gsy bflomoc~(!Lclicy~ gb {ac Lf~otaslcmcmc fy{ nmsi- feck 66„6;- cqtmfohohe {acoylft gb {ac Jgllc{òc Ygfk fhk ~syygshkohe fycf~/

[ac oh{cyfn{orc ngh~{ysn{ogh gb lft~ gb {ac ~gs{acyh Nftc Tchoh~smf- Eycf{cy Nftc[guh fhk icghk tygrck {g ic f bf~nohf{ohe tygnc~~( Naomkych vsonjm fhk rorokm

kcton{ck uaf{ uf~ lg~{ bflomofy oh {acoy crcykf `gsyhcohe( [ac shjhguh ~tfnc~oh ic{ucch ucyc ~glc{olc~ vsonjm mficmmck gh {ac if~o~ gb {acoy ycts{f{oghfhk~glc{olc~ grcymggjck( [ac mfhesfec gshe tcgtmc s~ck {g cqtmfoh {ac~c tmfnc~ uf~ rcy ycrcfmohe gb {acoy ~ch~c gb {ac iygfkcy mgnfmo{ fhk {ac igshkfyoc~ {af{ {ac co{acy cqtcyochnc gy tcyncorc( [ac lft~ fhk fnngltfhohe cqtmfhf{ogh~ ycrcfm hg{ghm ua gshe tcgtmc kg eg gs{~okc gb {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~- is{ fm~gua {ac kgh‟{ kg ~g lgyc gb{ch(

Lft ugyj vsonjm nghrcck {ac uokc rfyoc{ gb kc~{ohf{ogh~ uo{aoh fhk icghk{ac ~gs{acyh tchoh~smf ro~o{ck i lg~{ lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych ~crcyfm {olc~ f uccj(

[acoy bflomoc~ afrc nfy~ fhk chgsea lghc {g tf bgy ycesmfy mco~syc tsy~so{~- ~snaf~ ~uollohe mc~~gh~ fhk kfhnc nmf~~c~ {af{ fyc rcy lsna tfy{ gb f lokkmc,nmf~~stiyoheohe( Oh{cyc~{ohem- agucrcy- {acoy ycmofhnc gh nfy~ kyorch i tfych{~ lcfh~ {af{{ac lfjc rcy bcu ~tgh{fhcgs~ `gsyhc~ oho{of{ck i {acl~cmrc~ gy {acoy tccy~- fhk{acoy gt{ogh~ fyc {oea{m noynsl~nyoick i fksm{ tcynct{ogh~ gb hcnc~~fy- fttygtyof{cfhk ~fbc kc~{ohf{ogh~( F~ o~ crokch{ oh {ac ugyk~ gb {ac Bo~a Agcj eoym~ vsg{ck f{ {aciceohhohe gb {ao~ ~cn{ogh- lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ yfycm- ob crcy- {yfrcm{g Lf~otaslcmcmc gy Gncfh Rocu( [ag~c uag kg fnngltfh f tfych{ {g kygt gbb fkglc~{on ugyjcy fhk kg hg{ ec{ gs{ gb {ac nfy( [ac fi~chnc gb fh morck cqtcyochncoh {ac~c hcoeaigsyaggk~ lcfh~ {af{ naomkych jhgu rcy mo{{mc figs{ {acl( [ac~c

hcoeaigsyaggk~ ucyc s~sfmm kcton{ck gh lft~ f~ yck imgi~ {g ~oehob kfhecy( Fhk



~ c e y c e f { c k f h k o h { c e y f { c k ~ t f n c ~

6>5

~glc{olc~- uach naomkych ucyc fkkohe kc{fom- {ac~c fycf~ ‑bcmm gbb ‟ fhk ucyc yctmfncki mfyec- ngmgsybsm kyfuohe~ gb {ac hcfyi Mgheicfna Lfmm uacyc {ac ch`g ~agttohefhk ‑afheohe gs{‟( [ac lfmm o~ nmcfym f ~gnofm fychf {af{ tfych{~ bycvsch{ fhk naomkych-

{acycbgyc- afrc fnnc~~ {g o{( [ac fyc mc~~ fimc {g fnnc~~ {ac ~gsea{,fb{cy ~agt~- nmsi~fhk tfy{ rchsc~ ‑grcy {ac lgsh{foh‟ gy ‑st {ac Zyfomuf\ mohc‟ !o(c( oh ~sisyi~ nmg~cy{g {ac nch{yc gb Nftc [guh/ icnfs~c tfych{~ fyc hg{ fmuf~ fimc gy uommohe {g lfjcf ~tcnofm {yot( [cchfecy~ fn{orcm ~gsea{ g{acy lcfh~ gb {yfrcmmohe {g {ac~c rchsc~ ohgykcy {g ic tfy{ gb f mfyecy fhk lgyc roiyfh{ ~gnofm ngllsho{0

_gs hcck {g bohk ~glcghc gmkcy uo{a f nfy {g lfjc byochk~ uo{a fhk{ach gs nfh s~c {acl {g eg gs{•Grcy {ac lgsh{foh o{‟~ mojc f uagmckobbcych{ ugymk& Uc eg nmsiiohe oh Nmfyclgh{ fhk lcc{ mg{~ gb tcgtmc(!Ig~ oh eyfkc ? f{ Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm/

Tstom~ oh Bo~a Agcj ~fok {af{ {ac tycbcyyck hg{ {g eg {g mgnfm fycf~ {ac fycshbflomofy uo{a- {as~ fttfych{m chkgy~ohe fksm{ ngkc~ ycmf{ohe {g ~fbc{ fhk kfhecy!ko~ns~~ck oh {ac tycrogs~ naft{cy/ yf{acy {afh nafmmcheohe {acl( Bgy cqfltmc-bgsy eoymbyochk~ kycu {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~- ~afkck crcy{aohe oh yck fhk uyg{c0‑Crcyuacyc s eg o~ kfhecygs~- is{ lg~{ gb {ac {olcoh gsy fycf~- o{ o~ ~fbc(‟ [acbfn{ {af{ {ug gb {ac~c eoym~ morc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ fh omms~{yf{ogh gb {ac bfn{ {af{eoym~ fnyg~~ {ac yc~cfyna ~o{c ugyy figs{ {acoy ~fbc{ uach lgrohe fygshk- fhk {af{shjhguh tmfnc~ fyc bcfyck fhk frgokck( [cchfec ig~ yctgy{ ufmjohe aglc fmghcbygl ~gnofm crch{~ uo{aoh mgnfm lokkmc,nmf~~ ~sisyi~- is{ eoym~ fyc lgyc nfs{ogs~figs{ icohe fmghc fhuacyc- tfy{onsmfym oh shjhguh tmfnc~( [ao~ o~ ghc cqfltmc

gb tfyfmmcm echkcy,ycmf{ck cqtcyochnc {af{ clcyec~ bygl gsy fhfm~o~- is{ o~ hg{okch{obock gy cqtcyochnck i gshe tcgtmc {acl~cmrc~( Bgy f hslicy gb ycf~gh~{g ic cqtmgyck mf{cy oh {ac naft{cy- ghm rcy yfycm kg gshe tcgtmc ~ccl fimc {glfjc nghhcn{ogh~ f~ gshe uglch gy gshe lch {aygsea nasyna gy ~naggm {af{eg icghk {acoy ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm igshkfyoc~(

_gshe Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{~ kc~nyoic hc{ugyj~ gb byochk~ fhk ~sttgy{ if~ck oh {acoytccy eygst~ f{ ~naggm- ~tgy{~ {cfl~ fhk nasyna gs{a nmsi~( [ac uf oh uaona~sna hc{ugyj~ fyc igshkck i nmf~~ fhk ta~onfm ~tfnc o~ sh~sytyo~ohe eorch {acngh~{yfoh{~ gh lgiomo{ kc~nyoick figrc( [ac~c hc{ugyj~ tygrokck f ~ch~c gb ohnms~ogh fhk f ~gsync gb ~cmb,c~{ccl- is{ „ uo{a {ac cqnct{ogh gb ~glc nasynac~ „

kok hg{ fbbgyk {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb cq{chkohe gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh icghk{ac ~{ysn{syfm igshkfyoc~ gb {ac~c oh~{o{s{ogh~( Crokch{ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ hfyyf{orc~ o~f ~ch~c gb nmfs~{ygtagiof fhk bys~{yf{ogh f~~gnof{ck uo{a bycvsch{ ycbcychnc~ {g Bo~aAgcj f~ igyohe- ~{fok fhk ‑gmk,bf~aoghck‟0

Bo~a Agcj o~ mojc ‑Eyfhhrommc‟- f igyohe tmfnc uacyc gs afrc {g ic vsoc{fhk icafrc( Bo~a Agcj eyfhhoc~ ec{ st~c{ figs{ crcy{aohe& O{‟~ icnfs~c{ac eycu st oh f kobbcych{ {olc( Uc ycfk ngltmfoh{~ oh {ac Cnag fmm {ac{olc: tcgtmc uyo{c oh fhk ~{cycg{tc lokkmc,~naggm ~{skch{~- cqfeecyf{cfigs{ eyfbbo{o- rfhkfmo~l- fhk ~f ‑{ac fmm kg kyse~‟( !Hg{c~ bygl eyfkc,?ko~ns~~ogh eygst- Hgrclicy 944;/




6>1

Naomkych- fhk lgyc tfy{onsmfym fkgmc~nch{~- tcyncorc fhk ycfn{ fefoh~{ f ngh~cyrf{orcc{aon oh {ac ngllsho{ {af{ yc~{yon{~ {acoy ~gnofm fn{oro{oc~ fhklgyc ~cyogs~m- `skec~ {acl hcef{orcm( Oh mc{{cy~ {g {ac cko{gy gb [ac Tcgtmc‟~ Tg~{ - f mgnfm hcu~tftcy-

cmkcym uyo{cy~ ycesmfym ngltmfoh gb ‑aggmoefh~‟ ~jf{cigfykohe gh {ac ~{ycc{~ fhktfrclch{~- fhk agu ‑{ac gs{a gb {gkf‟ afrc hg yc~tcn{ fhk lo~icafrc oh tsimon([ao~ cqtcyochnc gb icohe nf{cegyo~ck fhk mficmmck i {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh kglohf{c~{ac uf gshe tcgtmc yctyc~ch{ Bo~a Agcj fhk ~ccl~ {g shkcylohc {acoy ~ch~cgb icmgheohe {g f hcoeaigsyaggk ngllsho{( Uaomc lfh ngh~okcy Bo~a Agcj f ~f{o~bfn{gy tmfnc {g morc- hg{ ghnc kok uc acfy gshe tcgtmc cqtyc~~ tg~o{orcokch{obonf{ogh uo{a {ac tmfnc o{~cmb gy o{~ yc~okch{~( Hgy kok uc acfy figs{ f kc~oyc{g morc {acyc oh {ac bs{syc( Oh~{cfk- {acoy gyoch{f{ogh oh {cyl~ gb ~gnofm fn{oro{oc~ uf~{gufyk~ lokkmc, fhk sttcy,lokkmc,nmf~~ !mfyecm uao{c/ ngllsho{oc~ hcfycy {acnch{yc gb Nftc [guhfhk bgy ~glc {gufyk~ ycmf{orc~ fhk byochk~ morohe grcy~cf~0

[acyc‟~ hg hoea{mobc oh Bo~a Agcj- mojc oh Nmfyclgh{ {acyc‟~ {ac lfmm fhk mg{~gb tmfnc~ fygshk {g afhe gs{- ~g gs kgh‟{ hcck fmngagm {g afrc bsh( Acyctcgtmc kg kyse~ icnfs~c o{‟~ igyohe( ^g gs eg gs{ gb Bo~a Agcj uachcrcytg~~oimc& !Hg{c~ bygl eyfkc,? ko~ns~~ogh eygst- Hgrclicy 944;/

Ycnfmmohe {af{ f mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb gshe yc~okch{~ gb Bo~a Agcj afrc lgrck fygshk{ac ngsh{y gy crch oh{cyhf{oghfmm- o{ o~ sh~sytyo~ohe {af{ {ac~c tmfnc~ bcf{syc ohnghrcy~f{ogh~ figs{ {acoy hc{ugyj~ fhk bs{syc f~toyf{ogh~( Uaf{ icnglc~ nmcfy o~{af{ {ac bccm lgyc nghhcn{ck {g {ac ngagy{ gb gshe tcgtmc uo{a f ~olomfy ~gnog,cnghglon tg~o{ogh oh g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac no{- ngsh{y gy crch emgic- {afh {ac kg

{g {acoy tccy~ uag morc f bcu jomglc{yc~ fmghe {ac ygfk( _gshe Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{~uag~c tfych{~ eycu st oh tggycy fycf~ pghck ngmgsyck gy Fbyonfh ksyohe ftfy{acokacmk ~olomfy f~toyf{ogh~ fhk f{{o{skc~ {g {ag~c bygl mghe,c~{fimo~ack bflomoc~( Nmf~~-o{ ugsmk fttcfy- tmf~ fh cvsfm ob hg{ eycf{cy ygmc oh ~aftohe gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~ch~c gb fbbomof{ogh {afh f ~afyck cnghglon fhk yfnofmo~ck ao~{gy(

Lft~ nycf{ck i gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu ~agu {af{ bculfjc kfom `gsyhc~ icghk {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~ bgy ~gnofm fhk mco~syc ycf~gh~-tyolfyom icnfs~c gb {ac ko~{fhnc~ ohrgmrck fhk {ac tygaoio{orc ng~{ gb tsimon{yfh~tgy{ fhk mco~syc fn{oro{oc~ lgyc ycfkom frfomfimc {g lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych( F rcy ~lfmm hslicy gb naomkych bygl ig{a tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ {yfrcm {g ~naggm

oh Bo~a Agcj( Kc~to{c {ac~c yc~{yon{ogh~ gh ycesmfy lgiomo{- gshe yc~okch{~ kycucmfigyf{c ton{syc~ gb ~crcyfm ~o{c~ gs{~okc {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk- ohnmskohe MgheicfnaLfmm !{ac mfyec~{ mgnfm ~agttohe ngltmcq/- {ac ~agt~ gh Bo~a Agcj Lfoh Ygfk- Bfm~cIf Ag~to{fm !oh Bo~a Agcj/ fhk Bo~a Agcj icfna( Fm{agsea ~glc afrc ro~o{ck {ac~ctmfnc~ ghm f ngstmc gb {olc~- {ac fmm afrc tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc gb `gsyhcohe {g{acl fhk ~tchkohe {olc {acyc( Gb{ch kyfuh oh iyoea{ ngmgsy~- {ac~c fyc {ac bcu fycf~oh {ac ~gs{acyh tchoh~smf {af{ naomkych bccm bflomofy uo{a fhk nglbgy{fimc oh !~ccLft 2/( [ac tfy{onsmfy hf{syc gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh oh {ac~c fycf~ fhk {acoy f~~gnof{cktg{ch{ofm bgy ohnycf~ck oh{ceyf{ogh ic{ucch {ac {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ ko~ns~~ckmf{cy oh {ac naft{cy(




6>?

Oh ngh{yf~{ {g {ac kc{fomck fhk lsm{ongmgsyck kyfuohe~ gb {ac mgnfm lfmm- tggyhcoeaigsyaggk~ `s~{ f bcu jomglc{yc~ fuf ucyc kcton{ck uo{a mo{{mc kc{fom fhkfmlg~{ fmuf~ ngmgsyck yck {g ~oehob kfhecy( Ghc ig oh {ac Gncfh Rocu fy{ nmsi

ngllch{ck {af{ ‑{acyc fyc ghm ~acicch~ oh Lf~o‟- uaomc fhg{acy s~ck f yck nyfgh {gkyfu f ify fhk eflc~ ~agt~ {af{ ‑ec{ rogmch{‟- f~ ucmm f~ aglc~ oh uaona ‑tcgtmc jcctesh~ fhk {acyc o~ ~agg{ohe‟( [acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~tgjc gb GncfhRocu f~ ‑f tmfnc bsmm gb efhe~{cy~ fhk kyse~‟( O{ ~ggh {yfh~toyck {af{ {ac~c tcynct{ogh~ucyc if~ck gh mgnfm yslgsy fhk ~{gyoc~ {ac ycfk oh hcu~tftcy~- fhk {af{ tggynaomkych morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu fyc fmlg~{ f~ shbflomofy uo{a cfnag{acy‟~ hcoeaigsyaggk~ f~ lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych fyc gb ig{a fycf~( F ~lfmm tygtgy{oghgb gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc f{{chk ~naggm oh Gncfh Rocu gy ro~o{ ycmf{orc~ gybyochk~ morohe {acyc( Fhk uo{a {ac cqnct{ogh gb {ac bcu !Fbyonfh/ o~oQag~f ~tcfjcy~- o{o~ rcy yfyc ohkcck bgy gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu {g ro~o{ Lf~otaslcmcmc(

^glcuaf{ ~sytyo~ohem oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb aoeacy ags~cagmk ohnglc~ oh Gncfh Rocu-uc bgshk {af{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {yfrcm bsy{acy fhklgyc bycvsch{m {g tmfnc~ gs{~okc {ac Rfmmc {afh {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Gncfh Rocu(F rorok lft gb Eycf{cy Nftc [guh kyfuh i Lf~otaslcmcmc fy{ nmsi lclicy~ohnmskc~ tmfnc~ uacyc {ac ~agt oh ko~{fh{ ~sisyi~ fhk {ac no{ nch{yc: ~crcyfmmfyec ‑{guh~aot~‟ gh {ac ckec gb {ac no{ {af{ {ac ro~o{ ycesmfym: is~ ~{f{ogh~ oh{ac~c fycf~ uacyc ghc nf{nac~ f is~ {g {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc: fhk {ac Aseschg{ [shhcm694 jomglc{yc~ gs{~okc {ac no{ gh {ac ygfk {g {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc !~cc Lft 1/( Gsynghrcy~f{ogh~ ycrcfmck {af{ naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc lfjc lgyc bycvsch{ ro~o{~ {gMgheicfna Lfmm fhk Bo~a Agcj {afh lfh gb {acoy !~moea{m ucfm{aocy/ tccy~ oh GncfhRocu( Lgycgrcy- {ac {yfrcm {g ~cc bflom fhk byochk~ oh g{acy tfy{~ gb Nftc [guhfhk oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc- ~glc{olc~ gh {acoy guh oh {acoy {cchfec cfy~( Fkgmc~nch{~‟kofyoc~ fhk mobc,~{gyoc~ ycngsh{ `gsyhc~ {g tfy{oc~ oh g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac no{ fhk {acycnotygnfm ag~{ohe gb byochk~ morohe cm~cuacyc {aygsea tfy{oc~ acmk oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(Ngllgh kc~{ohf{ogh~ bgy uccjchk~ gy crchohe tfy{oc~ fyc Uc~{mfjc !1 jl fuf/-Esesmc{as- Mfhef fhk Jafcmo{~af !ic{ucch ;4 jl fhk 23 jl fuf/( [ao~ mcrcm gb lgiomo{ fhk {ac fiomo{ {g ~gnofmo~c cm~cuacyc ucyc hg{ crokch{ oh Gncfh Rocu uacyc rcy bcu gshe tcgtmc {yfrcm gs{~okc {ac hcoeaigsyaggk gh f ycesmfy if~o~(

Cqtmfhf{ogh~ bgy {ac~c kobbcychnc~ moc tfy{m oh {ac ngliohck cbbcn{ gb ~tf{ofm mgnf{ogh-

yc~sm{ohe tcynct{ogh~ gb ko~{fhnc fhk ~ch~c gb ~gnofm o~gmf{ogh( Mgheicfna Lfmm o~> jomglc{yc~ i fnnc~~oimc ygfk bygl Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk- {acycbgyc- uo{aoh ufmjoheko~{fhnc- fm{agsea lg~{ yc~okch{~ tycbcy {g eg i {fqo( [ac fkko{oghfm ; jomglc{yc~ {gGncfh Rocu lfjc~ tfohe bgy f {fqo gy is~ hcnc~~fy( Agucrcy- kc~to{c {ac eycf{cyko~{fhnc~ ohrgmrck- {ac ng~{~ gb tsimon {yfh~tgy{ bygl Gncfh Rocu {g MgheicfnaLfmm- Bo~a Agcj fhk {achnc {g {ac yc~{ gb Nftc [guh fyc hg aoeacy {afh byglLf~otaslcmcmc( !Ycbcy {g Lft 5- uaona ~agu~ tsimon,{yfh~tgy{ ygs{c~ fhk ng~{~(/

Eorch {af{ ags~cagmk ohnglc~ fyc ~si~{fh{ofmm aoeacy oh Gncfh Rocu {afh ohLf~otaslcmcmc !~cc Boesyc 6(6 oh Naft{cy 6/- {acyc ls~{ ic g{acy ycf~gh~ ic~okc~ng~{ ua naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu kg hg{ lgrc fygshk {ac Rfmmc f~ lsna f~ {acoy

tccy~ morohe kguh {ac ygfk( Naomkych yctgy{ck {af{ {yfh~tgy{ ng~{~ yc~{yon{ck ro~o{~




6;4

{g bflom lclicy~ morohe gs{~okc Gncfh Rocu {g ~tcnofm gnnf~ogh~- ~sna f~ ioy{a~-uckkohe~ fhk bshcyfm~( [ac~c yclfyj~ ~seec~{ {af{ fksm{~ kg hg{ ycefyk tfohebgy naomkych {g {yfrcm mgnfmm bgy ~gnofm- ~tgy{~ gy ~jomm,kcrcmgtlch{ tsytg~c~ f~

c~~ch{ofm gy crch f tyogyo{ oh ycmf{ogh {g g{acy ags~cagmk cqtch~c~( I ngh{yf~{-{ac ng~{~ gb lgrohe fygshk fyc aoeacy oh ycmf{orc {cyl~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- is{ fyclc{ lgyc ycfkom i naomkych fhk fksm{~ fmojc( [ao~ kobbcychnc yfo~c~ {ac vsc~{oghgb afio{ oh ycmf{ogh {g lgrohe fygshk bgy ~gnofm fhk cnghglon ycf~gh~- fhk {acygmc gb ao~{gy oh kcbohohe {ac ko~{ohn{ nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb {ac~c ngllsho{oc~ fhk~aftohe ~sna afio{~( Gncfh Rocu uf~ nycf{ck i {ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c {g ags~ctcgtmc uag ucyc shuommohem yclgrck bygl {ac hcfyi ngf~{fm ngllsho{oc~{af{ tygrokck f morcmoaggk fhk fhnc~{yfm aglc( Lf~otaslcmcmc uf~ boy~{ ~c{{mcki mfigsycy~ fhk {acoy bflomoc~ lgrck gbb mgnfm bfyl~- fhk uf~ {ach bgylfmm c~{fimo~ack i f tg~{,ftfy{acok egrcyhlch{ oh yc~tgh~c {g {ao~ ags~ohe hcck

fhk {g {ac kc~oyc gb olloeyfh{~ {g ~c{{mc oh {ac ~gs{acyh tchoh~smf fhk f{ {ac~flc {olc lfoh{foh fhnc~{yfm aglc~ oh {ac ko~{fh{ Cf~{cyh Nftc( Kobbcychnc~ ohafio{~ fhk cqtcn{f{ogh~ ~syygshkohe lgiomo{ fyc is{ ghc ngh~cvschnc gb {acngh{yf~{ohe ~gnofm fhk t~nagmgeonfm tygnc~~c~ shkcymohe {ac bgylf{ogh gb {ac~cngllsho{oc~( F~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy 9- lfh gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmcafrc co{acy {acl~cmrc~ lgrck fygshk ~ohnc ohbfhn gy afrc uo{hc~~ck {ag~cfygshk {acl kgohe ~g( @gsyhcohe grcy ~agy{ fhk mghe ko~{fhnc~ o~ bflomofy {g {acgshe- fhk fmm echcyf{ogh~ fyc fnns~{glck {g yfmmohe {ac ycvsoyck yc~gsync~ fhkchcye- f~ Mgo~g rcyoboc~0

[ao~ o~ f ton{syc gb l ic~{ byochk- uag morc~ oh ôlgh‟~ [guh( O lc{ aoluach O morck {acyc {gg- fhk O ~cc aol uach uc eg fhk ro~o{ l ngs~oh‟~bflom- uag morc oh {ac hfr bmf{~( Ac kgc~h‟{ nglc acyc- is{ gh uccjchk~uach O‟l hg{ tmfohe ~gnncy O nnmc {g ôlgh‟~ [guh( O{ {fjc~ ghc agsyis{ O ch`g {ac `gsyhc•O mgrc nnmohe fhk O fl f lclicy gb f nmsi acycoh Lf~o( Uc ucfy rc~{~ ~fohe ‑Tonj h Tf‟ Zf ~stcylfyjc{ nafoh\- fhkgmkcy es~ bygl Bo~a Agcj Nnmohe Nmsi ~glc{olc~ {fjc s~ gh {yfohoheyokc~( !Mgo~g- ig- feck 62- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Lft ugyj ycrcfmck {ac lyofk nghhcn{ogh~ gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc afrcuo{a g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac no{- fhk oh nghrcy~f{ogh f hslicy ~fok {af{ {ac ngh~okcyNftc [guh f~ f uagmc {g ic {acoy ngllsho{( Mojc gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj-{acoy nghhcn{ogh~ fyc {g fycf~ gb ~olomfy ~gnog,cnghglon fhk mfhesfec tygbomc~uacyc ycmf{orc~ fhk byochk~ bygl tycrogs~ aglc~ morc( [acycbgyc- {ac lfoh{fohycesmfy nghhcn{ogh~ fhk cqtcyochnc ncy{foh fbboho{oc~ uo{a mfyec {guh~aot~ gh {acgs{~joy{~ gb {ac no{ !ohnmskohe Mfhef- Esesmc{as fhk Jafcmo{~af/- uaomc f{ {ac~flc {olc f~~cy{ohe {ac ko~{ohn{orchc~~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc( Crch oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb yo~ohe nyolc- fksm{ fhk naomk yc~okch{~ fmojc f~~cy{ {af{ Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ lsnavsoc{cy fhk ~fbcy {afh {ac mfyecy {guh~aot~ uacyc egohe gs{ fb{cy kfyj o~ {g yo~j icohe f ron{ol {g rogmchnc( [ac~c kobbcychnc~ eorc yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc {acycts{f{ogh gb ‑bfylcy~‟ fhk ‑~oltmc tcgtmc‟( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {ac fkrfh{fec~ gb ta~onfm fhk clg{oghfm ucmm,icohe fyc to{{ck fefoh~{ f ~ch~c gb lfyeohfmo~f{ogh fhk




6;6

crch ~gnofm ohbcyogyo{( _gshe yc~okch{~- fhk tfy{onsmfym eoym~- ~fok {af{ {ac bccm~fbc ufmjohe fygshk uo{a byochk~ oh {ac crchohe- is{ ugsmk hg{ kg {ac ~flc oh {acg{acy ~sisyi~( [ac bmot ~okc {g {ao~ o~ {af{ {ac tcyncorc {acl~cmrc~ f~ morohe oh f

~clo,ysyfm ifnjuf{cyyf{acy yclgrck bygl {ac ‑nggm fhk afttchohe‟ gshe tcgtmc‟~~nchc cm~cuacyc oh {ac no{(

F~ uf~ crokch{ oh {ac lft ugyj kc~nyoick figrc- naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fycfm~g fn{orcm nghhcn{ck {g tmfnc~ ngh~okcyfimc ko~{fhnc~ bygl Nftc [guh- ohnmskohe rommfec~ fhk {guh~aot~ oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc fhk tggy ~sisyi~ gb @gafhhc~isye( [acoy~ch~c gb ‑ngllsho{‟ chngltf~~c~- {acycbgyc- uokc ecgeyftaonfm agyopgh~- rcy kobbcych{ {g {ag~c gb {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk lgyc fjoh {g {ag~c gb gshe tcgtmcoh Bo~a Agcj( _c{- fm{agsea aoea mcrcm~ gb tcgtmc lgrohe aglc fhk kfom lgiomo{ echcyf{c f ~ch~c gb icmgheohe {g f iygfkcy ecgeyftaonfm fhk ~gnofm ngllsho{- {ac echcyfmm kg hg{ ohrgmrc oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a tcgtmc fhk ~gnofm oh~{o{s{ogh~ oh ~{yghecycnghglon fhk tgmo{onfm tg~o{ogh~( F~ hg{ck oh Naft{cy 9- naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmcycbcy {g ycmf{orc~ oh ko~{fh{ no{oc~ gy crch gs{~okc ^gs{a Fbyonf f~ tg{ch{ofm ~gsync~ gb stufyk lgiomo{- is{ {acyc uf~ mo{{mc crokchnc gb {ac~c okcf~ {yfh~mf{ohe oh{g ycfmo{(Lokkmc,nmf~~ gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj- gh {ac g{acy afhk- gb{ch afk ycfk fnnc~~{g f ycmf{orc cm~cuacyc oh {ac ngsh{y gy fiygfk uag ngsmk fnngllgkf{c {aclksyohe tcyogk~ gb ~{sk- {yfrcm gy ugyj cqtcyochnc- {acyci bfnomo{f{ohe {acoy fnnc~~{g uokcy ~gnofm fhk cnghglon hc{ugyj~(

Oh ~sllfy- uach uc f~~c~~ {ac ngliohck cbbcn{~ gb lgiomo{ {ychk~ uc ~cc {af{ {acmolo{ck crcykf lgrclch{ gb gshe yc~okch{~ gb Nftc [guh‟~ ~gs{acyh tchoh~smf

co{acy gnnsy~ uo{aoh hc{ugyj~ {af{ ~afyc f ngllgh ~gnog,cnghglon- moheso~{on fhkao~{gyonfm tygbomc- gy oh ghc nmf~~ koycn{ogh ghm- hflcm bygl tggy {g lokkmc,nmf~~hcoeaigsyaggk~( ̂ naggm f{{chkfhnc- ko~ns~~ck oh {ac hcq{ {ug naft{cy~- fm~g bgmmgu~{ao~ tf{{cyh( F ~lfmm hslicy gb Lf~otaslcmcmc yc~okch{~ ro~o{ Gncfh Rocu- is{ {acyco~ hg lgrclch{ oh {ac g{acy koycn{ogh( Lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych uag ch{cy {ac~c tggyhcoeaigsyaggk~ s~sfmm kg ~g oh {ac nghbohc~ gb f nfy- fhk ghm f bcu afrc koycn{cqtcyochnc oh {ac bgyl gb f ~naggm ~tgy{~ gy nafyo{ gs{ohe- gy {aygsea ycnotygnfmnasyna ~cyronc~( Oh {ac fi~chnc gb tyfn{onfm jhgumckec gb crcykf mobc icghk{acoy guh mgnfm fycf~- naomkych afrc mo{{mc if~o~ gh uaona {g isomk ~gnofm okch{o{oc~ gyhg{ogh~ gb ngllsho{ {af{ ~{yc{na icghk {ac ta~onfm igshkfyoc~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk

~tfnc~ {af{ fycoh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh- mohjck {g {ac ~gnofmm ngh~{ysn{ck fhktgmo{onfmm oltg~ck ‑yfnofm‟ igshkfyoc~ gb {ac ftfy{acok tf~{( Oh {ao~ ngh{cq{- fhktfy{onsmfym bgy {ac mc~~ lgiomc gshe tcgtmc oh Gncfh Rocu- mohc~ gb ohnms~ogh fhkcqnms~ogh f{ ugyj uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk- {ac nafyfn{cy gb ngllsho{ ~toyo{- fhk{ac lfhhcy oh uaona g{acy~ tcyncorc {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk icnglc rcy oltgy{fh{oh {ac bgylf{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~gnofm okch{o{oc~( Oh ~agy{- {acoy tmfnc gb yc~okchncgnnstoc~ f kglohfh{ tg~o{ogh oh {ac aocyfyna gb bfn{gy~ bygl uaona gshe tcgtmckyfu {g lfjc fhk ~aftc {acoy ~gnofm okch{o{oc~(




6;9

Ua eg icghk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk7

Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ gnnf~oghfmm tf~~ {aygsea gy ro~o{ g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh

{ac Rfmmc( Is{ uach {ac kg ~g- {acoy oh{cyfn{ogh o~ molo{ck fhk gb{ch tcyncorck {g ickobbonsm{( F ~lfmm lohgyo{ ycesmfym ~tchk mfyec nashj~ gb {olc oh f hcoeaigsyaggknmg~c i icnfs~c {ac f{{chk ~naggm {acyc !ycf~gh~ bgy uaona fyc ko~ns~~ck f{ mche{a ohNaft{cy 2/( Ghm yfycm kok uc acfy figs{ {ac~c tstom~‟ ycesmfy ro~o{~ {g byochk~‟ aglc~oh {ac ronoho{( [ac lohgyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc uo{a bflom oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~{chk {g {yfrcm koycn{m {g fhk bygl {acoy aglc i nfy gy {fqo- gb{ch ~fohe {ac ucycfbyfok {g ufmj cm~cuacyc oh {ac fycf( F rcy ~lfmm tygtgy{ogh gb fkgmc~nch{~ afrctfok ugyj gs{~okc {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~( Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ̂ {sk !NFT^/kf{f ~agu {af{ ufeck mfigsy flghe fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh o~ {ac tyc~cyrc gb {ac lokkmc nmf~~c~( Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh mgu,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk~ loea{

mggj fb{cy gshe ~oimohe~ gy acmt uo{a ags~cagmk nagyc~- is{ yfycm bgy lghc( Ohfycf~ mojc Bo~a Agcj- agucrcy- fkgmc~nch{~ cfyh lghc bygl ifi~o{{ohe- kcmorcyohehcu~tftcy~ fhk ~cyrohe oh yc~{fsyfh{~( Lokkmc,nmf~~ fkgmc~nch{~ ec{ `gi~ oh lokkmc,nmf~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~- tygifim i s~ohe {acoy lokkmc,nmf~~ hc{ugyj~( Fkgmc~nch{~oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ mfnj ig{a cltmglch{ gttgy{sho{oc~ oh {acoy guhhcoeaigsyaggk fhk ngh{fn{~ uo{a cltmgcy~ oh lokkmc,nmf~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~(Ngh~cvsch{m- cltmglch{ kgc~ hg{ tygrokc f lcnafho~l bgy fkgmc~nch{~ {gcqtcyochnc g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc(

âgttohe fhk ~tgy{ fyc {ug lf`gy lg{orf{gy~ bgy gshe tcgtmc {g {yfrcm gs{~okc {achcoeaigsyaggk~ oh uaona {ac morc( âgt~ oh {ac ollckof{c ronoho{ fyc echcyfmm

lgyc cqtch~orc fhk lsna ~lfmmcy {afh {ag~c oh {ac Mgheicfna Lfmm- gh Bo~a Agcj Lfoh Ygfk gy ‑grcy {ac lgsh{foh‟ hcfy Nftc [guh‟~ nch{yc( Naomkych bygl fnyg~~{ac Rfmmc „ tfy{onsmfym eoym~ „ fnngltfh {acoy lg{acy~ gh ~agttohe {yot~ {g {ac~ckc~{ohf{ogh~ fhk {cchfecy~ ch`g uohkgu,~agttohe {acyc uo{a byochk~( ^gnncy o~ rcy tgtsmfy oh Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk ig~ bygl {ac fec gb 64 ycesmfym {yfrcm {g to{nac~icaohk Mgheicfna Lfmm gy oh Hggykagcj !3 jl hgy{a/( Lclicy~ gb {ac nnmc nmsi~!kc~nyoick figrc i Mgo~g/ {gsy {ac tchoh~smf ksyohe {yfohohe( Bfy bcucy gshetcgtmc morohe oh Gncfh Rocu lgrc gs{~okc {ac hcoeaigsyaggk bgy mco~syc gy ~tgy{0 f~olomfy nnmc nmsi uf~ ~c{ st oh Gncfh Rocu- is{ uach o{~ mcfkcy~ lgrck gh lclicy~ucyc f~jck {g is {ac iojc~ !yf{acy {afh icohe kghf{ck {g {acl- f~ uf~ {ac nf~c oh

Lf~otaslcmcmc/( [ac lf`gyo{ gb gshe lclicy~ ngsmk hg{ fbbgyk {g fhk {ac nmsibgmkck( [ao~ ~cyoc~ gb crch{~ bsy{acy omms~{yf{c~ {ac kobbcyohe tcynct{ogh~ gb hcck ohGncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc i {ag~c morohe gs{~okc {ac~c hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhkuo~aohe {g yc~gsync {acl oh ~glc uf- fhk kclgh~{yf{c~ {ac hcef{orc ngh~cvschnc~gb {ac~c tcynct{ogh~(

Lfh „ is{- oltgy{fh{m- hg{ fmm „ gshe tcgtmc tcyncorc fhk cqtcyochnc {acoy mgnfmhcoeaigsyaggk f~ {acoy ~gsync gb bfnomo{oc~ fhk ~cyronc~( Uaf{ o~ tyc~ch{ gy fi~ch{{acycoh !f~ kc~nyoick oh Naft{cy~ 6 fhk >/ gb{ch shkcymoc~ {acoy ~ch~c gb uaf{ o~frfomfimc {g {acl( [acoy oehgyfhnc gb fm{cyhf{orc~ oh tfy{ fyo~c~ bygl {ac cnghglonfhk tfych{fm yc~{yon{ogh~ tmfnck gh {acoy {yfrcm uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc fhk icghk( [af{




6;>

~fok- uc lc{ f hslicy gb gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc uagf{{chk nasynac~ cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc- crch {agsea {acyc fyc lfh nasynac~ gb kobbcych{ kchglohf{ogh~ fhk ~{mc~ lsna hcfycy aglc( ^glc gb {ac~c yctgy{ck

nsm{orf{ohe byochk~aot~ gs{~okc {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~ i ro~o{ohe ghc fhg{acy‟~aglc~ !~cc icmgu/(

Shkcy ftfy{acok- {ac ~{f{c ko~nyolohf{ck yfnofmm oh o{~ tygro~ogh gb bfnomo{oc~- fhk {ac~cohacyo{ck ohcvsfmo{oc~ afk hg{ icch figmo~ack i {ac {olc uc kok gsy bocmkugyj( Is{{ac lft ugyj ko~ns~~ck figrc uf~ f ~{fy{ohe tgoh{ bgy gsy eyguohe fufychc~~ gb agulfh naomkych oh {ac mcf~{ fkrfh{feck hcoeaigsyaggk „ Lf~otaslcmcmc „ ~snncckckoh fnnc~~ohe ~tgy{~- mco~syc fhk mobc,~jomm~ fn{oro{oc~ gs{~okc gb {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk(Mgo~g- vsg{ck figrc- af~ mcfyh{ {g nnmc uo{a f mgnfm- cq{cyhfmm yc~gsynck nmsi fhkao~ fiomo{ {g igyygu f ionnmc bygl {ac nmsi chfimc~ aol {g ro~o{ ao~ byochk morohe 63jomglc{yc~ fuf oh ̂ olgh‟~ [guh( Ao~ tccy~ oh {ac fy{ nmsi fm~g f{{chk uccjm nglts{cynmf~~c~- f mgnfm gs{a nmsi- mgrcMobc fn{oro{oc~ fhk ~tgy{~ tyfn{onc( Fkgmc~nch{~ ~ohe ohnasyna nagoy~- f{{chk nasyna gs{a nmsi~- mcfyh ifmmyggl kfhnohe fhk eg {g ycesmfylcc{ohe~ fhk nflt~ ysh i {ac GOM tccy cksnf{ogh hc{ugyj !kc~nyoick oh Naft{cy >/(Uaomc ~glc fyc mgnfm oho{of{orc~ ysh gh f ~agc~{yohe- f mfyec tygtgy{ogh fyc bshkck i nafyo{oc~ gy nasynac~ mgnf{ck oh tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc bgylcym pghck ‑uao{c‟ fhk ohnmskcbycc gy ~si~oko~ck {yfh~tgy{ uacyc hcnc~~fy(

Oh ~{fyj ngh{yf~{- gshe tcgtmc oh Gncfh Rocu ngh~o~{ch{m ngltmfohck gb icoheigyck fhk afrohe hg{aohe {g kg icnfs~c gb {ac rcy molo{ck yfhec gb ~tgy{~- mco~sycfhk kcrcmgtlch{,gyoch{f{ck fn{oro{oc~ gh gbbcy0

Iygh0 [ac ghm {aohe {af{ O {aohj uomm iyohe Gncfh Rocu yoea{- {af{ uommiyohe fh ngllsho{ yoea{- o~ ~tgy{~(

Nafyhc0 @f- {ac mggjohe oh{g kgohe {af{ f~ ucmm(

Iygh0 @s~{ {g jcct mojc gshe~{cy~ fn{orc( O‟rc eg{ hg{aohe {g kgf{ aglc•

Rcyghovsc0 O‟rc fm~g eg{ hg{aohe {g kg f{ aglc(

Hongmf0 Ob gs hg{ oh{cyc~{ck oh ~gnncy•

Iygh0 Ua kgh‟{ {ac lfjc f ~gnncy nmsi- f ysei {cfl- {fimc {chho~•7

Rcyghovsc0 O~ `f( Cq{yflsyfm fn{oro{oc~ i {ac lsm{o,tsytg~c gy f{{ac Noron(

Nafyhc0 [af{‟~ uaf{ {ac ucyc ~sttg~ck {g kg uo{a {ac lsm{o,tsytg~cnch{yc- is{ {af{ af~h‟{ afttchck(

Rcy yfycm kg gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu nnmc gs{~okc {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk{g {fjc tfy{ oh fn{oro{oc~ ysh cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc(6 [ac ~fok {af{ {ac bcfyck{acoy ionnmc~ ugsmk ic ~{gmch ch ygs{c fmghe {ac Jgllc{òc Ygfk !uaona tf~~c~ i Lf~otaslcmcmc/( F~ uc gi~cyrck {ac hslicy~ gb ~agy{, fhk mghe,{cyl ‑kcrcmgtlch{‟fn{oro{oc~ lsm{otmohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {ac kcfy{a gb {ac~c oh Gncfh Rocu icnflc

lgyc girogs~( [cfnacy~ ycesmfym ycbcyyck {g {ao~ ko~tfyo{ oh bfnomo{oc~- f~ kok {ac




6;;

lohgyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc uag afk tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc gb {ac fn{oro{oc~ frfomfimc ohLf~otaslcmcmc( [ac tcyncorck f mfnj gb oh{cyc~{ oh {acoy ngllsho{ fhk {ac hfyygufhk ngh{yf~{ohe uf~ oh uaona Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc tgy{yfck i

{ac tyc~~( ^sna kcton{ogh~ ucyc okch{obock i gshe tcgtmc f~ tygimclf{on mficm~ gb ‑ngllsho{‟ fhk- {acycbgyc- ~oehobonfh{ oh ~aftohe {acoy ~gnofm okch{o{oc~ fhk ~{f{s~ ohycmf{ogh {g {ag~c morohe gs{~okc Gncfh Rocu(

Okch{o{- g{acyohe fhk {ac ohaoio{ogh gb lgiomo{

[ac lgiomo{ gb gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc o~ nsy{fomck i f uokc~tycfk g{acyohe „~{cycg{tohe gb g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ag~c morohe gs{~okc {acl afrc tcynct{ogh~gb tfy{onsmfy ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm nafyfn{cyo~{on~ figs{ fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~( Is{gshe tcgtmc‟~ oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a fhk tfy{onotf{ogh oh hcoeaigsym g{acyohe „ fhk-

{acycbgyc- {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb {ac~c tygnc~~c~ {g {acoy ~ch~c gb okch{o{ fhk ucmm,icohe „kobbcy lfyjckm ic{ucch {ac fycf~ ~{skock(

_gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu tgoh{ck {g f {chkchn bgy {ac mgnfm lckof {gtcytc{sf{c ~{cycg{tck fhk hcef{orc olfec~ gb {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk- gb{ch uo{a{ac ngltmono{ gb mgnfm fksm{~( [acoy gi~cyrf{ogh~ ucyc ~si~{fh{of{ck i gsy guhngh{ch{ fhfm~o~ gb {ac mgnfm tyc~~( Efhe~{cyo~l- kyse~ fhk ~cqsfm tyglo~nso{ fyc{ac nafyfn{cyo~{on~ lg~{ bycvsch{m f{{fnack {g {ac tmfnc fhk tcgtmc gb Gncfh Rocuoh {ac Nftc [guh tyc~~(9 Naomkych cqtmfohck agu {ac~c hcef{orc fhk ghc,~okcktcynct{ogh~ ko~ngsyfec ro~o{gy~ fhk acoea{ch {ac ~ch~c gb o~gmf{ogh flghe yc~okch{~-uag fmycfk ~{yseemc uo{a Gncfh Rocu‟~ tcyotacyfm mgnf{ogh f{ {ac bfy chk gb {acJgllc{òc Ygfk(

O{ nycf{c~ f hcef{orc oltfn{ gh {ac ngllsho{ icnfs~c {ac‟yc hg{mggjohe f{ uaf{ {ac ngllsho{ o~ eggk f{- {ac `s~{ mggjohe f{ uaf{ {acngllsho{ o~ ifk f{- fmm {ac ifk tgoh{~( Fhk O lcfh gs nfhhg{ `skecf ngllsho{ i uaf{ o{ kgc~ ifkm( O lcfh {acyc o~ f ifmfhnc ic{ucch{ac {ug•Is{ {ac `s~{ ngh{ohsc gh yshhohe ifk tyc~~ ycmcf~c~ grcy fhkgrcy fhk grcy fefoh( Fhk o{‟~ ~sna f hcef{orc roic icnfs~c hg ghc ufh{~{g nglc oh{g {ac ngllsho{- fhk {ach {acyc‟~ hg oh{cyfn{ogh- o{‟~ mojc gso~gmf{ckgs fh o~mfhk- hgigk ufh{~ {g eg {acyc( !Nafyhc- eoym- feck 65-

eyfkc,66 ko~ns~~ogh eygst gh ‑ngllsho{‟/[acoy tyckon{ogh~ ucyc ~si~{fh{of{ck i {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac bgsy gshe yc~cfynacy~morohe oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc ~fok {af{ tyogy {g {acoy ohrgmrclch{ oh {ao~yc~cfyna tyg`cn{ {ac afk icch {gg ~nfyck {g ch{cy {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Nghrcy~f{ogh~figs{ ycf~gh~ bgy {acoy bcfy ycrcfmck mfyecm ~{cycg{tck tcynct{ogh~ gb Gncfh Rocu{af{ ghm icefh {g ~aob{ uach uc acmk lcc{ohe~ oh {ac aglc~ gb {acoy ngmmcfesc~ uagmorck {acyc(

_gshe tcgtmc oh Gncfh Rocu fyc bys~{yf{ck i {ac tycrfmch{ hcef{orc olfec~ gb {acoyngllsho{- hg{ ghm icnfs~c {ac ycbmcn{ f ~jcuck ton{syc gb ycfmo{- is{ icnfs~c {ac

afrc ~cyogs~ ngh~cvschnc~ bgy ohkoroksfm icafrogsy( Ghc {cchfecy cqtmfohck agu




6;3

olfec~ {af{ bgns~ gh tygimclf{on f~tcn{~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk mobc mcfk {g ngllsho{ ftf{a oh {ac bfnc gb tygimcl~0

Fhk ghc gb {ac {aohe~- O nfh ngltfyc {ac ngllsho{ {g f tcy~gh: ob gsfmuf~ nghnch{yf{c gh {ac hcef{orc gb {ac tcy~gh {ach {ac uomm fn{sfmm iycfj kguh icnfs~c hgigk‟~ fn{sfmm ycngeho~ohe {acoy tg{ch{ofm gyaoeamoea{ohe {acoy eggk tgoh{~( Fhk {ac ~flc {aohe uo{a {ac ngllsho{-ob gs crcy {olc gs acfy ifk hcu~ gs egohe {g ~f- ‑ Fe - O loea{ f~ ucmm `s~{ mcfrc fhk ~{gt {yohe {g kg eggk‟ gy uaf{crcy- fhk {ac tcgtmc loea{ `s~{ ~{fy{ ngmmft~ohe fhk {af{‟~ ua O {aohj {ac lf`gyo{ gb {ac tcgtmc mg~cagtc oh fn{sfmm {yohe {g icnglc f ngllsho{ {gec{acy icnfs~c gb uaf{{ac ycfk oh {ac hcu~tftcy( !Hongmf- eoym- feck 65- eyfkc,66 ko~ns~~ogheygst gh ‑ngllsho{‟/

Oh{cyc~{ohem- agucrcy- ohfnnsyf{c fhk ~gmcm hcef{orc yctyc~ch{f{ogh~ gb {ac ngllsho{ nfh tygrgjc {ac gttg~o{c ycfn{ogh oh gshe tcgtmc- hflcm {g yc~o~{ {ac okch{o{ i ngh{c~{ohe o{ bocyncm fhkoh ~glc nf~c~- ugyjohe afyk {g tygrc o{ uyghe0

O kgh‟{ ufh{ tcgtmc {aohjohe O fl f ‑{oj lgh~{cy‟ `s~{ icnfs~c O eg {g {ao~~naggm( !Nafyhc- ohkoroksfm oh{cyrocu/

Icohe f{ Gncfh Rocu o{‟~ rcy afyk icnfs~c {acyc o~ {af{ ~{oelf {af{ ~f~{af{ Gncfh Rocu naomkych fyc egohe hguacyc fhk {af{ fn{sfmm lg{orf{c~lc lgyc icnfs~c ob hg ghc icmocrc~ oh gs- gs icnglc ~{yghecy i ~aguohe {acl {af{ gs nfh kg o{- O nfh tygrc gs uyghe( [af{ lg{orf{c~

lc f mg{( !Mchgyc- eoym- feck 62- ‑[yo‟ oh{cyrocu/F~ uomm ic ~cch oh naft{cy~ {g bgmmgu- rcyifm tyg{c~{~ fefoh~{ oltg~ck okch{o{oc~ kghg{ fmuf~ {yfh~mf{c oh{g tg~o{orc kcno~ogh,lfjohe fhk {ac fiomo{ {g fnaocrc kobbcych{ycfmo{oc~( Uc hg{ck oh {ac tycrogs~ naft{cy {af{ ~glc gshe tcgtmc is oh{g kcrofh{okch{o{oc~ {g ~to{c fksm{~ uag {aohj ifkm gb {acl( Naomkych‟~ nagonc~ fhk fn{ogh~ oh {acbfnc gb kobbonsm{oc~ fyc ohbmschnck i f yfhec gb bfn{gy~- ohnmskohe ohkoroksfm tcy~ghfmo{ fhk {ac ~tcnobon nafmmchec~- gttgy{sho{oc~ fhk ~sttgy{~ gtcyf{ohe oh {acoy morc~ f{ fh eorch {olc( Uc kcrcmgt gsy fhfm~o~ gb {ac ycmf{orc ygmc~ gb {ac~c oh{cyhfm bfn{gy~ fhkcq{cyhfm ngh{ohechnoc~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac cbbonfn gb naomkych‟~ nagonc~- oh Naft{cy 1(

F~ bocmkugyj tygeyc~~ck o{ icnflc ohnycf~ohem crokch{ {af{- mojc Hongmf !vsg{ckfigrc/- gshe tcgtmc oh Gncfh Rocu bccm tfy{onsmfym bys~{yf{ck fhk ko~cltgucyckoh {cyl~ gb {acoy ngllsho{ okch{o{ ngltfyck {g {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh g{acyhcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac fm~g kycu eycf{cy f{{ch{ogh {g koro~ogh~ uo{aoh {ac ngllsho{ gh {ac if~o~ gb ngmgsy- mfhesfec fhk nmf~~- gb{ch ycngsh{ohe tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc~gb ko~nyolohf{ogh( Uc ~seec~{ {af{ {ac~c oh{cyhfm mohc~ gb ohnms~ogh fhk cqnms~oghngh{yois{c ~oehobonfh{m {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ fliorfmchnc fhk hcef{oro{ oh {acoycqtcyochnc~ gb ‑ngllsho{‟ fhk {acoy guh okch{o{oc~ oh ycmf{ogh {g {ac~c( F~ uc uommhgu kclgh~{yf{c- {ac~c oh{cyhfm khflon~ fyc aoeam ohbmsch{ofm tycno~cm icnfs~c{ac yc~ghf{c uo{a ig{a gmk yfnofmo~ck aocyfynaoc~ fhk ngh{cltgyfy lfyjcy~ gb okch{o{- fhk icnfs~c {ac gtcyf{c fmghe~okc hcef{orc mficmmohe i gs{~okcy~(




6;2

[ac ycfkcy uomm ycnfmm bygl Naft{cy 6 kobbcychnc~ oh ags~c ~opc~- ohnglc~ fhk {tc~gb cltmglch{ {af{ tgoh{ {g f eycf{cy korcy~o{ gb ucfm{a uo{aoh Gncfh Rocu {afho~ tgtsmfym f~~slck- fhk eycf{cy {afh {af{ bgshk oh g{acy tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc(

Naomkych‟~ lft~ gb Gncfh Rocu ~agu {af{ {acoy cqtcyochnc~ gb nmf~~ kobbcychnc~ fhk~ligm~ gb ucfm{a fyc s~ck {g ko~nyolohf{c fefoh~{ {acoy tccy~ !~cc Naft{cy >/(

F ngltfyo~gh gb {ac lckof ngrcyfec gb Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc vsonjm ycrcfm~ {ug kobbcych{ ~c{~ gb ko~ngsy~c~( Lg~{ yctgy{ohe gh Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ fngh~o~{ch{ fnngsh{ gb {ac tygimcl~ cqtcyochnck {acyc !~sna f~ nyolc/ fhk cbbgy{~ {gfkkyc~~ {ac~c !hgylfmm ohrgmrohe lokkmc,nmf~~ uao{c~ morohe oh g{acy tfy{~ gb {acRfmmc/- uaomc f lohgyo{ gb ngrcyfec o~ f ngh~nogs~ cbbgy{ {g ycngeho~c {ac roiyfhn gb ngllsho{ mobc fhk mgnfm ch{cytyo~c oh {ac bfnc gb tgrcy{( [as~- shmojc GncfhRocu- Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ tyc~ch{ck f~ f hcck fhk kc~cyrohe ngllsho{ guohe {g o{~tgmo{onfm fhk cnghglon ko~fkrfh{fec oh ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ ao~{gy fhk ghegohe tgrcy{(Bcu naomkych uc ugyjck uo{a nghbygh{ck {ao~ yctyc~ch{f{oghfhk {ag~c uag kok ~gycohbgynck hg{ogh~ gb {ac ngllsho{ f~ hcck fhk kc~cyrohe- uaomc yc`cn{ohe mficm~gb fh{o~gnofm icafrogsy fhk nyolohfmo{ f~ icohe ~tcnobon {g {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk(Bgy cqfltmc- ghc 6>,cfy,gmk eoym morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk f{{chkohe ~naggm ohBo~a Agcj uyg{c {ac bgmmguohe tocnc oh {ac ~{mc gb f hcu~ fy{onmc figs{ f {gton gb oltgy{fhnc {g gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc0

ô{c 3 !Lf~otaslcmcmc/0 o~ o{ ycfmm {af{ ifk7

Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ ~fok i lg~{ {g ic {ac nyscmmc~{ tmfnc oh {ac Nftc- is{O morc {acyc fhk O jhgu lsna lgyc {afh ~glc tcgtmc( Fhuf- ô{c 3 !gy

Lf~otaslcmcmc/ o~ hg{ {af{ ifk f tmfnc icnfs~c o{ o~ tggy fhk koy{ fhkaf~ afk f bcu yftc~( O‟rc icch morohe {acyc bgy 69 cfy~ ~ohnc O uf~ ghccfy gmk( _c~- tcgtmc ec{ gs{ gb ngh{ygm gh uccjchk~- is{ {af{ afttch~ ohBo~a Agcj fhk fhuacyc cm~c- `s~{ o{ ~glc{olc~ kgc~h‟{ ~agu( Oh {ac mf~{bcu cfy~- tcgtmc bygl Bo~a Agcj fhk ôlgh‟~ [guh afrc ~{fy{ck egohe {gLf~o {g is kyse~ fhk fmngagm( Fhuf- ô{c 3- gy Lf~otaslcmcmc- hcck~{g ic ycngeho~ck fhk hcck~ f{{ch{ogh `s~{ mojc fh g{acy tmfnc( Uc ec{ acmtbygl Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm- is{ o{ o~ hg{ chgsea(

[acyc fyc tmch{ gb eggk {aohe~ egohe gh oh Lf~otaslcmcmc0 uc hgu

afrc f moiyfy- f nmohon fhk Agjo~f ZAglc~ bgy Jok~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf\ „ fhgyefho~f{ogh bgy naomkych fhk bflomoc~ fbbcn{ck i FOK^(

[afhj gs( Tmp acmt fhk ~sttgy{ s~ „ uc hcck gsy acmt(

_gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc ycbcy mc~~ bycvsch{m {g mficm~ eorch {g {acoyhcoeaigsyaggk {afh {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu( Oh nghrcy~f{ogh~ ohrgmrohe tcgtmcmorohe oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~- uc gb{ch acfyk {ac ugyk~ ‑oh gsy nsm{syc•‟ gy‑oh Qag~f nsm{syc- uc•‟( F lfyjck ngh~nogs~hc~~ gb nsm{syfm ko~{ohn{orchc~~ af~icch hg{ck flghe fksm{ Fbyonfh tcgtmc !F~abgy{a 9443/- ycmf{ck {g {ac ngh{ohsf{oghgb icmocb~ oh fhnc~{gy~ fhk uo{nanyfb{- ko~{ohn{ mfhesfec~ fhk tfy{onsmfy nasynafbbomof{ogh( Rfyof{ogh~ gb {ac~c lfyjcy~ gb ~gnofm okch{o{ fyc tcy{ohch{ {g gshe




6;5

tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc0 kyfuohe~ i {cchfec fy{ nmsi lclicy~ ycrcfmck f ~{yghe~ch~c gb okch{obonf{ogh uo{a ysyfm gyoeoh~ fhk {acoy f~~gnof{ck tcgtmc- mobc~{mctyfn{onc~ fhk mfhesfec( [ac~c kyfuohe~ {tonfmm ohnmskck {af{nack yghkfrcm~-

{aycc,mceeck nggjohe tg{~ ngh{fohohe {f~{ ‑rommfec bggk‟ fhk eyfhktfych{~( [acoycqtcyochnc gb f ~afyck nsm{syc o~ boylm ygg{ck oh {ac ~ch~c gb f ngllgh ao~{gy fhkfhnc~{y fhk gb {ac tcy~o~{ch{ ygmc gb f ~c{ gb {yfko{ogh~ fhk tyfn{onc~ {af{ gyoeohf{cbygl gs{~okc Lf~otaslcmcmc( [ac ~oehobonfhnc gb f ~ch~c gb ~afyck gyoeoh~ o~ crokch{oh {ac uf ghc fkgmc~nch{ kc~nyoick ao~ bccmohe~ bgmmguohe ao~ lgrc bygl GncfhRocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm {g Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm0

O kokh‟{ tmf fh ~tgy{ oh Gncfh Rocu ‟nfs~c O uf~ fbyfok {g kg ~g•Is{ ohLf~o O bcm{ mojc O uf~ f{ aglc oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc icnfs~c lfh ~{skch{~ucyc nglohe bygl l tfy{ gb {ac ugymk•O afk tcgtmc uag jhcu lc- LyL Zf {cfnacy\ o~ bygl {ac ~flc tmfnc Zoh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc\ fhk ac ~fok-‑_gs ls~{ ysh‟- f~ ac jhcu O kok o{ oh tyolfy ~naggm {acyc( Uach O ~fok-‑Hg O kgh‟{ kg o{ fh lgyc‟ fhk ac `s~{ ~fok- ‑_gs nfh- O jhgu gs nfh(‟!Eob{- ig- feck 65- morohe oh Gncfh Rocu fhk f{ ~naggm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Hg{ogh~ gb f ngllgh nsm{syfm okch{o{ fyc gb{ch fy{onsmf{ck uo{a ycbcychnc {g {acgmkcy echcyf{ogh~ fhk- {acycbgyc- ~cyrc {g fkacyc gshe tcgtmc {g {acoy cmkcy~(_c{ f{ {ac ~flc {olc- gshe tcgtmc f~~cy{ f ~gnofm okch{o{ ngh~{ysn{ck fygshk fhshbflomofyo{ uo{a {yfko{oghfm uf~ fhk ysyfm morohe- fhk oh~{cfk fttcfm {g okcf~ gb lgkcyho{ fhk gs{a(

Eob{0 O{ Zechkcy kobbcychnc\ o~ crch lgyc ~g oh Cf~{cyh Nftc- ngp mojc oh

gsy nsm{syc- ig~ ls~{ ic gs{~okc egohe {g is~ac~ {g mggj bgy ngu~•[ac {aohj {af{ ghm eoym~ nfh ugyj oh~okc f~ {ac {aohj {af{ ig~ fyc ~{yghecy{afh eoym~- f~ {ac kgh‟{ {aohj eoym~ nfh kg gs{~okc ugyj(

Namgc0 O{ egc~ ifnj {g uaf{ uc ~fok oh {ac nfy {af{ tfych{~ fycgrcytyg{cn{orc gb eoym~- ~g ig~ nfh eg gs{~okc- is{ eoym~ ls~{ ~{f oh~okc(

Oh{cyrocucy0 O~ {ao~ ~{omm {ac ~flc hgu oh {ac lgkcyh syifh ~c{{ohe7

Eob{0 Hg- o{‟~ hg{ mojc {ao~ hgu( [ac kgh‟{ gic o{ mojc {ac kok icbgyc(

Oh{cyrocucy0 ^g fyc ig~ ~glc{olc~ ugyjohe oh {ac aglc7

Eob{0 _c~- mojc lc ob O eg {g {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc O kgh‟{ eg gs{ uo{a {ac nf{{mc-f~ O‟l {gg ~nfyck( O kgh‟{ jhgu uaf{‟~ oh {ac is~a „ o{‟~ hg{ bflomofy {g lc(!65,cfy,gmk yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc oh f ko~ns~~ogh gb echkcy ygmc~uo{a tccy~ bygl fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc/

Acyc uc hg{c Eob{‟~ f~~cy{ogh gb shbflomofyo{ uo{a {ac ysyfm tyfn{onc~ gb {ac gmkcyechcyf{ogh~ {af{ kyfu~ f{{ch{ogh {g f kobbcychnc oh gs{mggj ic{ucch {ac echcyf{ogh~(Uaomc {cchfecy~ f~~cy{ {acoy ko~{fhnc bygl {yfko{oghfm uf~- {ac fm~g tyc~ch{ {acgmkcy echcyf{ogh~ f~ icohe yclgrck bygl {ac ugymk gb bf~aogh- ls~on fhk ~{mc~ gb ncmmsmfy taghc~( [ac~c oltgy{fh{ ~aftcy~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ okch{o{oc~ cqo~{ oh f ~tfnc

f~~gnof{ck uo{a lgkcyho{ fhk gs{a f~ kcbohck oh hf{oghfm fhk emgifm ngh~slcy




6;1

nsm{syc( Oh{cyc~{ohem- gshe tcgtmc lfkc rcy bcu koycn{ ycbcychnc~ {g icohe gsheFbyonfh~ gy f{{clt{~ {g ~ctfyf{c {acl~cmrc~ bygl gmkcy echcyf{ogh~ gh {ac if~o~ gb icohe oh {shc uo{a f mfyecy fhk lgyc cnghglonfmm fhk tgmo{onfmm tgucybsm gshecy

echcyf{ogh( Oh~{cfk- {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb bf~aoghfimc nmg{aohe- afoy~{mc~ fhk ncmmtaghc~ mf oh {ac ~gnofm ~{f{s~ nghbcyyck flghe {acoy tccy~(

Mojc {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Bo~a Agcj- naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmccltmg fhk cqtcyochnc nmf~~,ycmf{ck ohnms~ogh fhk cqnms~ogh( Uaomc ags~ohe ~opc gyvsfmo{ o~ hg{ s~ck oh {ao~ uf- nmg{aohe o~ ~{yghem ~ligmon gb ucfm{a oh {ac ~ch~cgb afrohe lghc- gy ngtohe fkcvsf{cm uo{a o{~ ~agy{fec( _gshe naomkych ~tgjc gb {acoy bcfy gb icohe uo{ags{ f ~naggm shobgyl icnfs~c gb {ac oh~sm{~ {ao~ ugsmk f{{yfn{(Icohe uo{ags{ f shobgyl- {ac cqtmfohck- o~ ~ligmon gb nglohe bygl f aglc uacyctcgtmc fyc ~{yseemohe {g tygrokc crch {ac if~on~( Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ tmfnckeycf{ oltgy{fhnc gh afrohe hcu gs{bo{~- c~tcnofmm f{ Nayo~{lf~- fhk tycbcyfim {ag~c bygl {ac ‑yoea{‟ !bf~aoghfimc/ ~agt~( Uaomc {ac~c lfyjcy~ gb okch{o{ fycshkgsi{ckm figs{ ucfm{a fhk ycvsoyc fnnc~~ {g f{ mcf~{ ~glc nf~a- {ac fttcfy {gic lgyc cf~om fnvsoyck !guohe {g mc~~ cltaf~o~ gh kc~oehcy mficm~/ gy noynslrch{ck!{aygsea igyyguohe gy fnvsoyohe ~cnghk,afhk shobgyl~/ {afh {ag~c {af{ fyc kcyoescsy oh Gncfh Rocu(

ôlomfym- uaomc mfhesfec kobbcychnc~ cqo~{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {ac kg hg{ nghbcy ~gnofm~{f{s~ gy ~aftc okch{o{oc~ uo{a hcfym {ac oh{ch~o{ {af{ {ac kg oh Gncfh Rocu( Uaomcfmm gsy tfy{onotfh{~ ~tgjc o~oQag~f fhk ~glc Chemo~a- f hslicy afrc f kobbcych{ boy~{mfhesfec fhk ycnfmm f ~{cct mcfyhohe nsyrc {g mcfyh o~oQag~f uach {ac fyyorck oh

Lf~otaslcmcmc( F~ uf~ cqtmfohck oh {ac tycrogs~ naft{cyfmm jhgu mgnfm naomkychgy bflomoc~ bygl g{acy ngsh{yoc~ oh ~gs{acyh Fbyonf uag nfhhg{ ~tcfj o~oQag~f fhk{ac ngllshonf{c oh Chemo~a( Bcu ~tgjc gb {acoy guh gy g{acy~‟ fh{otf{a {gufyk~bgycoehcy~- lfh gb uagl afk `gohck- fhk ucyc bgylohe bflomoc~ uo{a- ^gs{a Fbyonfho~oQag~f ~tcfjcy~( [ac rogmch{- ~g,nfmmck qchgtagion f{{fnj~ kc~nyoick oh {ac tycrogs~naft{cy omms~{yf{c {ac {chkchn gb ~glc yc~okch{~ !gy ohnglcy~ bygl mfyecy {guh~aot~-f~ lfh tcgtmc bygl Lf~otaslcmcmc icmocrc „ fhk lfh gb {acl {cchfecy~ fhkgshe fksm{~/ {g rch{ {acoy bys~{yf{ogh~ gh f eygst gb bgycoeh ‑g{acy~‟(

Olfeohohe ngllsho{

Oh fh fycf uacyc ao~{gyonfmm ~{ysn{syck hcoeaigsyaggk~ yclfoh ta~onfmm fhk- {gf mfyec cq{ch{- ~gnofmm ~ctfyf{ck- {ac vsc~{ogh fyo~c~ f~ {g uaf{ naomkych ngh~okcy {gic {acoy ngllsho{( Gsy bohkohe~ ycrcfm ~glc oh{cyc~{ohe kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch {ac{aycc yc~cfyna ~o{c~ {af{ ycmf{c koycn{m {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ lgiomo{ tf{{cyh~ fhk {g{ac tcy~o~{chnc gb hcef{orc f~~slt{ogh~ figs{ ‑g{acy‟ ngllsho{oc~( Oh {syh- uc ~cc{ac cbbcn{~ gb {ao~ rfmmc‟~ tgmo{onfm fhk cnghglon ao~{gy oh ~aftohe ig{a naomkych‟~fhk fksm{~‟ kcno~ogh~ ycefykohe lgiomo{ fhk {ac f{{o{skc~ {af{ shkcymoc {acl( [ac~cohnmskc {ac lfhhcy oh uaona hcoeaigsyaggk~ ucyc bgylck- {acoy ecgeyftaonfmtg~o{ogh- {ac mcefn gb rcy shcvsfm yc~gsync fmmgnf{ogh fhk nsyych{ cbbgy{~ {g yckyc~~

{ac ifmfhnc oh yc~gsync~(




6;?

Lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych morohe oh Bo~a Agcj kg hg{ cqtyc~~ f ~{yghe fbbomof{ogh uo{a{acoy hcoeaigsyaggk f~ f ~tfnc oh uaona {ac icmghe( I ngh{yf~{- icohe bygl GncfhRocu o~ rcy oltgy{fh{ oh gshe yc~okch{~‟ ~gnofm okch{o{oc~ fhk ghc {af{ o~ mfyecm

tygimclf{on guohe {g hcef{orc ~{cycg{tohe oh tgtsmfy gtohogh fhk {ac lckof( [ao~mficm icnglc~ lgyc ~oehobonfh{ icnfs~c naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu yfycm {yfrcm gs{~okc{ac hcoeaigsyaggk- kg hg{ f~~cy{ f tg~o{orc okch{obonf{ogh uo{a ngllsho{oc~ cm~cuacycoh Nftc [guh gy icghk- fhk tcyncorc {acl~cmrc~ {g ic o~gmf{ck oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb mgnfmmco~syc gttgy{sho{oc~ fhk kcrcmgtlch{ cbbgy{~( I ngltfyo~ghnaomkych oh tggycyLf~otaslcmcmc cqtyc~~ f tg~o{orc fbbomof{ogh uo{a {acoy mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk fhk~{yghe {oc~ uo{a {guh~aot~ gh {ac g{acy ~okc gb {ac no{ f~ ucmm f~ rommfec~ gb fhnc~{yfmgyoeoh oh {ac ko~{fh{ Cf~{cyh Nftc( [ac~c nghhcn{ogh~ bg~{cy f ~ch~c gb icmgheohe{g f ngllgh Qag~f nsm{syc {af{ ko~{oheso~ac~ {acl bygl g{acy~ oh {ac Rfmmc( Fhkfm{agsea gshe tcgtmc f~~gnof{ck ncy{foh nsm{syfm tyfn{onc~ fhk f{{o{skc~ uo{a {ac

{yfko{ogh~ gb {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh- {ac kok hg{ yc`cn{ {ac~c f~ ohrfmok- is{ acmk {acl ohifmfhnc uo{a ~glc{olc~ ngh{yfkon{gy okcf~ figs{ gs{a fhk lgkcyho{ kcyorck bygliygfkcy- gb{ch emgifm- nsm{syfm ohbmschnc~( [ac lgyc hslcygs~ fhk tg~o{orc f~~cy{ogh~gb okch{o{ if~ck gh lclicy~aot gb f ~tgy{~ {cfl- gs{a nmsi gy nasyna nagoy flghenaomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc mohjck {g {ac uokcy yfhec gb fn{oro{oc~ frfomfimc {acyc{afh oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk {g {acoy loholfm is{ ~{omm eycf{cy ohnms~ogh oh gyefho~f{ogh~if~ck oh Bo~a Agcj( [ac~c {ychk~ hg{uo{a~{fhkohe- f tygtgy{ogh gb naomkych fhk{cchfecy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc kg hg{ tfy{onotf{c oh ~sna fn{oro{oc~ gy eygst~ icnfs~c gb-bgy cqfltmc- cq{yclc ags~cagmk tgrcy{ gy cfym naomkicfyohe(

^si~slck uo{aoh gshe tcgtmc‟~ f~~cy{ogh~ gb ngllsho{ okch{o{ {af{ ~ccl{g ycfbboyl hcoeaigsyaggk igshkfyoc~ fyc ~glc oltgy{fh{ ngllgh bcf{syc~([ac~c lf ic cf~om grcymggjck guohe {g {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac fyc yfycm okch{obockfhk- {acycbgyc- fy{onsmf{ck i naomkych( Ghc gb {ac~c o~ {ac ~oltmc bflomofyo{ {af{kcrcmgt~ oh f ngh{cq{ gb ~afyck acyo{fec- mfhesfec- hgylf{orc nsm{syfm tyfn{onc fhk{ac crcykf tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ „ f ~ch~c gb bccmohe ‑f{ aglc‟ {af{yclfoh~ {ock {g mgnfm ecgeyfta- eorch {ac ollgiomo{ gb ig{a naomkych fhk fksm{~oh {ac Rfmmc( F ~cnghk ngllgh bcf{syc o~ {ac cqtcyochnc gb icohe mficmmck oh f uf {af{ kyfu~ fh f~~gnof{ogh ic{ucch ngmgsy- tmfnc fhk icafrogsyfm nafyfn{cyo~{on~ „{agsea {ac mficm o~ lgyc hcef{orc fhk af~ eycf{cy tg{ch{ofm {g shkcylohc ~cmb,c~{ccl bgy naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc {afh bgy {ag~c morohe oh Bo~a

Agcj( Naomkych morohe oh Gncfh Rocu cqtcyochnc koro~ogh fhk cqnms~ogh fy{onsmf{ckfygshk ngmgsy- mfhesfec fhk nmf~~ tfy{onsmfym fns{cm: oh tfy{ icnfs~c {ac~c mficm~fyc fttmock oh {ac ngsy~c gb crcykf mobc uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk f~ ucmm f~oh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ gs{~okc o{( Uc aoeamoea{ {ao~ nf~c icnfs~c cqnms~ogh gb {ao~hf{syc shkcylohc~ naomkych‟~ ~cmb,c~{ccl- fhk {acyci ycksnc~ {acoy nghbokchnc {gkcrcmgt fm{cyhf{orc okch{o{oc~ i `gohohe nmsi~ fhk gyefho~f{ogh~( F {aoyk ngllghngltghch{ {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~gnofm okch{o{oc~ o~ {acoy bfo{a fhk lclicy~aot gb f nasyna( Nayo~{ofh icmocb~ fhk {acoy f~~gnof{ck lgyfm ngkc~ fyc oltgy{fh{ ohnghhcn{ohe naomkych uo{aoh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk gshe tcgtmc bccm f ~ch~c gb fbbomof{ogh uo{a Nayo~{ofh~ cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc( Uc ko~ns~~ {ac ygmc gb nasynac~

oh oh{cy,hcoeaigsyaggk oh{ceyf{ogh mf{cy oh {ac naft{cy(




634

Oltgy{fh{m- uc kyfu f{{ch{ogh {g {ac bfn{ {af{ naomkych tfy{onotf{c oh fhk ycohbgync{ao~ mficmmohe tygnc~~ i roy{sc gb {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac afrc mo{{mc gy hg koycn{ cqtcyochncgb crcykf mobc oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac bfn{gy~ {af{ ngh{yois{c {g {ao~ ton{syc

ohnmskc yc~okch{ofm o~gmf{ogh: ngh~{yfoh{~ gh ohkctchkch{ {yfh~tgy{: `gsyhcoheafio{~: nmf~~,fbbomof{ck mobc~{mc fhk mco~syc nagonc~: fhk mfhesfec kobbcychnc~( Uachygs{c~ fyc gtchck st bgy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {g ~gnofmo~c oh g{acy ngllsho{oc~{ach {ac fyc cfecy {g kg ~g- fhk {chk {g isomk f rcy kobbcych{ ton{syc gb {acngllsho{ {ac uo{hc~~( Gsy kf{f tgoh{ boylm {g {ac oltgy{fhnc gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ta~onfm tyc~chnc fhk nghksn{ohe ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh f eorch hcoeaigsyaggk~tfnc( Gnnstohe fhk cqtmgyohe tycrogs~m shbflomofy tmfnc~ oh {ao~ uf o~ nyo{onfm{g fm{cyohe naomkych‟~ tcynct{ogh~ gb kobbcychnc(

Gsy c{ahgeyftaon chvsoy ycrcfm~ f hslicy gb ngh~{yfoh{~ gh naomkych‟~ fiomo{ {gcq{chk {acoy ~ch~c gb icmgheohe {g fycf~ icghk {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk~- uaonafyc ngllgh fnyg~~ {ac {aycc yc~cfyna ~o{c~( Oltgy{fh{m- {ac~c icnflc crokch{oh gsy fhfm~o~- is{ fyc hg{ fy{onsmf{ck f~ ~sna i naomkych( F~ c{- {acyc o~ mo{{mccrokchnc {af{ {ac~c ~afyck cqtcyochnc~ ngh{yois{c {g hcu mohc~ gb nghhcn{ckhc~~fnyg~~ {ac gmk igshkfyoc~- tygifim icnfs~c ghm f ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb naomkych afrcafk {ac gttgy{sho{ gb oh,kct{a ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh oh yc~okch{ofmm loqck ~c{{ohe~(Ghc ngllgh ngh~{yfoh{ o~ {ac tcynct{ogh {af{ fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ g{acy {afh{acoy guh fyc ‑kfhecygs~‟ „ fhk {ac ngh~{yfoh{~ {ao~ oltg~c~ gh lgrclch{ bgyeoym~ oh tfy{onsmfy( [ac ~cnghk o~ f ~ch~c gb icohe ns{ gbb bygl lfoh~{ycfl ~gnofmoh{cyfn{ogh uo{a Nftc [guh‟~ gs{a- uaona fyo~c~ bygl {acoy ecgeyftaonfm ko~{fhncbygl {ac no{ nch{yc fhk g{acy yc~okch{ofm ~sisyi~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac ~gnofm ko~{fhncnycf{ck i {ac bfn{gy~ tycrch{ohe {acl bygl {yfrcmmohe ‑st {ac mohc‟ lgyc ycesmfym([ao~ ~ch~c gb o~gmf{ogh fhk ifnjufykhc~~ echcyf{c~ f yfhec gb yc~tgh~c~ oh gshetcgtmc- ohnmskohe fh fttcfm {g uokcy ~gnofm hc{ugyj~ f~ f lcfh~ {g lgrc gs{ gb {acoyhcoeaigsyaggk( [aoykm- gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc okch{ob {acl~cmrc~ f~ {aohjohe fhk fn{ohe oh yf{acy kobbcych{ uf~ bygl {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh{ac morc flghe( [ao~ `sq{ftg~o{ogh uf~ mc~~ crokch{ oh Gncfh Rocu- tcyaft~ guohe{g f ycksnck ~ch~c gb {ac tg~~oiomo{ bgy stufyk fhk gs{ufyk lgiomo{ ngltfyck{g {acoy tccy~- uag~c hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc ao~{gyonfmm lgyc fkrfh{feck fhk lgycko~fkrfh{feck oh {syh( F~ uomm icnglc crokch{ oh {ac naft{cy~ {g bgmmgu- {ac ~ch~cgb ~gnofm fhk tgmo{onfm nch{yfmo{ ycmf{ck {g icohe ~cch f~ f imfnj Fbyonfh !yf{acy {afh

icohe ‑imfnj‟ fhk bygl fh g{acy tycrogs~m ko~fkrfh{feck eygst/ o~ f~~gnof{ck uo{agt{olo~l- is{ fn{~ f~ f {aoh rchccy grcy ngltmcq fhk afy~a noynsl~{fhnc~ {af{ yfycm chfimc {ac {yfh~mf{ogh gb f~toyf{ogh~ oh{g ycfmo{(

Emgifm nsm{syc~- ~afyck ~tfnc~ fhk nyg~~ohe igshkfyoc~

^gnofm ~noch{o~{~ afrc mghe icmocrck {af{ ngh{fn{ fnyg~~ eygst igshkfyoc~ o~nghksnorc {g {ac cyg~ogh gb tyc`skonc( F~ @chjoh~ !6??20 661/ uyo{c~- ‑{ac lgyctcgtmc afrc {g kg uo{a cfna g{acy oh crcykf mobc- {ac lgyc mojcm {ac uomm ic {gokch{ob cfna g{acy f~ bcmmgu ohkoroksfm~‟( [acyc fyc fm~g lfh ~{skoc~- agucrcy- {af{

~seec~{ {af{ {ac ngh{fn{ atg{ac~o~ o~ hfçrc( F nfycbsm ycrocu gb {ac crokchnc bygl




636

^gs{a Fbyonf ~seec~{~ {af{ ngh{fn{ oh aocyfynaonfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ kgc~ hg{ ~ccl {gafrc ichoeh cbbcn{~ !Bohnaomc~ns " [yckgsq 9445/( Shkcy ftfy{acok- lfh uao{ctcgtmc cltmgck Fbyonfh kglc~{on ugyjcy~ fhk efykchcy~ uo{ags{ fh girogs~m

tg~o{orc- ko~yst{orc cbbcn{ gh {acoy yfno~{ f{{o{skc~( Ngh{fn{ gs{~okc gb aocyfynaonfmycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ echcyfmm lgyc nghksnorc {g ycksnck tyc`skonc( [ac tygimcl o~ {af{{acyc o~ mo{{mc ~sna ngh{fn{ oh f ~gnoc{ uacyc hcoeaigsyaggk~ mfyecm nghbgyl {g gmkyfnofm nf{cegyoc~ „ f~ kg {ac Rfmmc- Nftc [guhfhk lsna gb ^gs{a Fbyonf(

Oh moea{ gb {ac rcy molo{ck lgiomo{ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ ch`gck i naomkychoh gsy ~{sk- {ac bcu ~o{c~ uacyc {ac kg lcc{ fhk oh{cyfn{ icnglc tfy{onsmfym ~oehobonfh{ {g {ac tygnc~~ gb okch{o{ bgylf{ogh( Oh {ac tfyfeyfta~ {af{ bgmmgu ucmggj f{ uaf{ afttch~ oh {ac~c ~tfnc~ fhk {ac hf{syc gb {ac ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh flghenaomkych( Uc mggj f{ gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb nyg~~ohe ~g,nfmmck ‑yfnc‟ igshkfyoc~fhk {ac bfn{gy~ {af{ chfimc {acl {g kg ~g( Uc fm~g ngllch{ gh {ac tg{ch{ofm gb ngllshfm ~tfnc~ oh {cyl~ gb chfimohe gshe tcgtmc {g ngh~{ysn{ shkcy~{fhkohe~ gb ‑g{acy~‟ if~ck gh cqtcyochnc yf{acy {afh acfy~f fhk {g lfhotsmf{c c~{fimo~ack ~gnofmigshkfyoc~ {g fnaocrc ngacychnc uo{a {acoy guh crcykf cqtcyochnc~(

{ -

[ac rorok ngmgsyohe fhk f{{ch{ogh {g kc{fom eorch {g naomkych‟~ ton{syc~ gb MgheicfnaLfmm gh {acoy lft~ gb {ac ~gs{acyh tchoh~smf ~tcfj gb {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb {ao~ ~tfnc{g naomkych fnyg~~ {ac yc~cfyna ~o{c( [ac ~agt~ ucyc gb{ch hflck fhk tfoh{ck ohngmgsy~ fttygtyof{c {g {acoy iyfhkohe( F mfyec naonjch isyecy mficmmck ‑JBN‟ uf~

kyfuh oh {ac lokkmc gb {ac lft lfkc i Lf~otaslcmcmc fy{ nmsi lclicy~- uagf~~gnof{c {ao~ bf~{,bggk gs{mc{ uo{a fh gnnf~oghfm- gy bgy ~glc fh ohfnnc~~oimc- {ycf{!~cc Lft 2/( Nghrcy~f{ogh~ figs{ {ac~c kyfuohe~ ~seec~{ck f ~afyck ch`glch{ gb ~tchkohe {olc f{ {ac lfmm- uac{acy ~agttohe- uohkgu,~agttohe gy `s~{ ‑afheohegs{‟ uo{a byochk~( ^si~{fh{of{ck i gsy guh gi~cyrf{ogh- {ac~c nghrcy~f{ogh~ fm~gycrcfmck ko~{ohn{ tf{{cyh~ oh {ac uf gshe tcgtmc s~c {ac ~tfnc~ {af{ fn{ f~ ifyyocy~{g ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh(

Naomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu ro~o{ {ac lfmm fhk Bo~a Agcj LfohYgfk uo{a ycmf{orc~- s~sfmm fksm{ uglch- {g is eygncyoc~( [yot~ {g {ac lfmm uo{a{acoy tccy~ fyc gb{ch lfkc uo{a {ac cqtyc~~ck oh{ch{ogh gb f bohfhnofm cyyfhk bgy fycmf{orc- ~sna f~ nacnjohe {acoy ifhj fnngsh{- yctfohe f mgfh oh f kctfy{lch{ ~{gycgy isohe f Mg{{g {onjc{( ^glc {cchfecy~ ro~o{ {g lgho{gy fhk uo{akyfu nf~a bygl{acoy guh ifhj fnngsh{~( [ac lfoh f{{yfn{ogh gb {ac~c {yot~ o~ {ac gttgy{sho{ {gufhkcy fygshk uo{a byochk~( Hg{fim- gshe tcgtmc {yfrcm {g {ac lfmm uo{a bflom gy byochk~ bygl {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk fhk gh hg gnnf~ogh kok uc gi~cyrc f loqck,yfnc ef{acyohe gb gshe tcgtmc- crch flghe eygst~ gb ~naggm byochk~ ucfyohe {ac~flc shobgyl( [af{ ~fok- {c~{olgh bygl gsy tfy{onotfh{~ gb {yot~ {g {ac lfmm uo{abyochk~ bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~agu~ {af{ loqck oh{cyfn{ogh kgc~ gnnsy- fmico{ rcy loholfmm( Lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych fyc echcyfmm hg{ tcylo{{ck i {acoy tfych{~{g ‑afhe gs{‟ oh tsimon ~tfnc~ uo{ags{ fksm{ ngltfh- f ngh~{yfoh{ {af{ aohkcy~ fh kc~oyck cbbgy{~ {g isomk byochk~aot~ uo{a g{acy gshe tcgtmc( _c{ {ac lfmm ~ccl~ {g ic




639

fh cqnct{ogh {g {ao~ echcyfm ysmc0 lfh lokkmc,nmf~~ {cchfecy~ eg {acyc uo{a byochk~fhk ~glc ugyj {acyc {gg(

[cchfecy~ fnyg~~ {ac yc~cfyna ~o{c~ afk nmcfy okcf~ figs{ uaona nmg{ac~ ~agt~ ucyc{g ic frgokck icnfs~c {ac nfyy f ncy{foh nmf~~ ~{oelf- fhk oh uaona ghc~ {ac f~toyck {g ~agt( [acyc ucyc ~{yghe ~olomfyo{oc~ oh {ac iyfhk~ fhk ~agt~ bfrgsyck i fmm gshe tcgtmc- ~seec~{ohe f ~afyck mohj uo{a {ac iygfkcy ugymk icghk gb lgkcyhsyifh gs{a( _c{ {ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot uo{a f uokcy ngh~slcy nsm{syc o~ mfyecm tmfckgs{ uo{aoh cqo~{ohe tccy hc{ugyj~ bygl cfna ngllsho{- fhk ohkctchkch{m gb {acoytccy~ bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ !fm{agsea {acyc fyc ~glc cqnct{ogh~ ycefykohe{f~{c~ oh bf~aogh gy ls~on {af{ fyo~c oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb f loqck ~naggm chroyghlch{:~cc icmgu/( _gshe tcgtmc‟~ fiomo{oc~ {g bsmbom f~toyf{ogh~ {g is fhk ucfy {ac~c eggk~fyc- gb ngsy~c- {ock {g cnghglon lcfh~( Sh~sytyo~ohem- lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych~agttck lsna lgyc bycvsch{m fhk cq{ch~orcm uo{a {acoy tfych{~ fhk gh {acoy guh([ac bfn{ {af{ f hslicy gb rcy tggy naomkych fmmskck {g {acoy ko~nglbgy{ f{ icoheflghe f{{yfn{orc eggk~ {af{ {ac ngsmk hg{ fbbgyk ~seec~{~ {af{ ngh~slt{ogh afio{~~cyrck {g ycohbgync igshkfyoc~ ic{ucch naomkych bygl kobbcych{ hcoeaigsyaggk~(Gh Bo~a Agcj Lfoh Ygfk- tf{{cyh~ gb ngh~slt{ogh ~ctfyf{c {ac ~tfnc~ {af{ gshetcgtmc s~c( _gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu {chk {g bycvsch{ {ac~stcylfyjc{ fhk eflc~ ~agt~ f{ ghc chk gb {ac aoea ~{ycc{- uacycf~ lokkmc,nmf~~naomkych fyc {g ic bgshk oh {ac ifhj~- igs{ovsc~ fhk nfbc~ f{ {ac g{acy chk( Oh ~afytngh{yf~{- lokkmc,nmf~~ gs{a~ oh lfmm~ oh @gafhhc~isye cqaoio{ f ngh~slcyo~{ fhk rcy cqtmono{m hgh,yfnofm nsm{syc !Hjshf 9442/( [ao~ ko~nyctfhn o~ fh ohkonf{gygb kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch Nftc [guh fhk @gafhhc~isye oh {ac kceycc gb oh{ceyf{oghic{ucch bgylcy yfnc eygst~- fhk gb {ac eyguohe ~oehobonfhnc gb nmf~~ f~ f ~gnofmlfyjcy {af{ {yfh~nchk~ ‑yfnc‟ oh {ac mf{{cy no{(

[ac icfna o~ f tgtsmfy kc~{ohf{ogh bgy naomkych fnyg~~ {ac yc~cfyna ~o{c- fhk {acbycvschn uo{a uaona {ac ro~o{ck ycmf{ck lgyc {g {ac ng~{ fhk frfomfiomo{ gb {yfh~tgy{ {afh {g kobbcychnc~ oh {acoy kc~oyc {g ~tchk {olc {acyc( _gshe yc~okch{~gb Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc ro~o{ Bo~a Agcj icfna f{ uccjchk~- co{acy uo{abflom gy byochk~( Naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj uag morc lsna nmg~cy lf ro~o{ lgycbycvsch{m- s~sfmm oh {ac ngltfh gb bflom sh{om {ac ycfna {acoy {cch~( Gi~cyrohe~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh gh {ac ~fhkoh {ac tmf tfyj fhk oh {ac mgnfm nfbc- o{ o~ vsonjm

crokch{ {af{ {ac lf`gyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc ~gnofmo~ck uo{a {ag~c {ac nflc uo{a gyg{acy~ bygl {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk~(

Naomkych bygl Gncfh Rocu gy Lf~otaslcmcmc uag f{{chk ~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj s~sfmm lcc{ {acoy byochk~ bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac lfmm gy gh {ac icfna([acyc fyc bcu g{acy gt{ogh~( [ug eoym~ uag morc oh Gncfh Rocu ~fok {af{ {acoyBo~a Agcj byochk~ hcrcy nglc {g ro~o{ {acl f{ aglc- is{ {ac iys~ack {ao~ gbb f~shtygimclf{on icnfs~c {ac ch`g ~tchkohe {olc cm~cuacyc- fhk ‑{acyc o~ hg{aohe {gkg oh Gncfh Rocu‟(

Oh ~sllfy- fmm naomkych ~tgjc tg~o{orcm figs{ icohe fimc {g ~tchk {olc oh fhk s~c

{ac~c ~tfnc~- oh tfy{ icnfs~c {ac gbbcy oh{cyc~{ohe ~agttohe fhk mco~syc tg{ch{ofm-




63>

is{ fm~g icnfs~c {ac gbbcy f kobbcych{ fhk lgyc korcy~c ~gnofm chroyghlch{ {afh{acoy yc~tcn{orc hcoeaigsyaggk~( Bgy {ac ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb naomkych uag afrcc~{fimo~ack byochk~aot~ uo{a {ag~c morohe oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ {aygsea ~naggm

gy nasyna !~cc icmgu/- {ac~c tmfnc~ tygrokc f rchsc bgy lcc{ohe fhk ~{yche{achoheycmf{ogh~aot~( Agucrcy- {ac lf`gyo{ gb naomkych oh {ac Rfmmc ufmj- ~agt- tmf fhk‑afhe gs{‟ fmghe~okc {acoy tccy~ bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~- is{ cqtcyochnc mo{{mc-ob fh- nghrcy~f{ogh gy oh{cyfn{ogh gb f vsfmo{ hcnc~~fy {g bgyl ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhkfm{cy ~{cycg{tc~( [acyc o~ ~glc crokchnc {af{ {ao~ nafhec~ bgy fkgmc~nch{~ uagbohk ugyj oh ~agt~ f{ {ac lfmm( Uc {syh hgu {g ngh~okcy oh~{o{s{ogh~ {af{ gbbcy {actg{ch{ofm bgy f kcctcy mcrcm gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh ksc {g {acoy tfy{onsmfy hf{syc fhkgi`cn{orc~(

n r

Nasynac~ tmf fh oltgy{fh{ tfy{ oh {ac morc~ gb lfh gshe tcgtmc oh crcy hcoeaigsyaggk fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc „ f~ o~ {ac nf~c fnyg~~ ^gs{a Fbyonf f~ f uagmc(Hf{oghfmm- ghc ~syrc nghksn{ck oh 944> bgshk {af{ `s~{ shkcy afmb gb gshe fksm{~feck 61„>3 yctgy{ck f{{chkohe f ycmoeogs~ ncyclgh f{ mcf~{ ghnc f uccj: ghc,{aoykkg ~g gnnf~oghfmm: fhk ghc,bob{a hcrcy kg ~g !Cllc{{ c{ fm( 944>0 949/( Ghc kcnfkccfymocy- lgyc {afh afmb gb uglch feck 62„>4 yctgy{ck f{{chkohe nasyna f{ mcf~{ ghncf uccj- ngltfyck {g `s~{ grcy ghc,{aoyk gb lch gb {ac ~flc fec !Crcyf{{ " Gyjoh6??>0 1/( [ach- ghm f {oh tygtgy{ogh ~fok {af{ {ac hcrcy f{{chkck nasyna( [ac~cbohkohe~ ohkonf{c {af{ nasyna fhk g{acy ycmoeogs~ oh~{o{s{ogh~ yclfoh f jc bcf{syc

gb {ac lf`gyo{ gb gshe fksm{~‟ morc~- is{ fyc icnglohe mc~~ nch{yfm grcy {olc bgy flohgyo{ !fhk tcyaft~ c~tcnofmm ~g bgy {ag~c oh {acoy cfym >4~/( Gsy fhfm~o~ gb {ac9443 Nftc Fycf ^{sk ~aguck {af{ fttygqolf{cm f vsfy{cy gb fksm{~ oh Nftc [guh~fok {af{- gb fmm {ac eygst~ fhk gyefho~f{ogh~ oh uaona {ac tfy{onotf{ck- {acoy nasynauf~ {ac lg~{ oltgy{fh{ {g {acl( Gb {ao~ vsfy{cy- lg~{ ~fok {af{ {acoy nasyna iygsea{{gec{acy tcgtmc hg{ ghm bygl kobbcych{ hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk mcrcm~ gb ohnglc gycksnf{ogh- is{ fm~g bygl kobbcych{ yfnofm eygst~( ^syrc~ nfh ~ack moea{ gh yctgy{ckf{{chkfhnc- is{ c{ahgeyfta ommslohf{c~ {ac hf{syc gb oh{cyfn{ogh {af{ gnnsy~ ohnasynac~ uo{a f loqck lclicy~aot(

F mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb gsy tfy{onotfh{~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc f{{chk nasyna gh f ycesmfy

if~o~ bgy ^shkf ~cyronc~ fhk gs{a fn{oro{oc~ oh {ac crchohe~( [ac gb{ch ycbcyyck {g{ac oltgy{fhnc gb Egk- {ac nasyna- fhk {acoy bfo{a oh {acoy crcykf morc~( Uaomc lg~{fyc lclicy~ gb f rcy mgnfm nasyna- ~glc naomkych bygl fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~{yfrcm {g g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ uccjm gy ~tgyfkonfmm bgy ~tcnofm crch{~( [acyc{ac tfy{onotf{c oh ~cyronc~ fhk gs{a fn{oro{oc~ uo{a tcgtmc bygl f yfhec gb nmf~~fhk ‑yfnc‟ ifnjeygshk~( Tgy{of- f 69,cfy,gmk yc~okch{ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc- f{{chk~ fhohkctchkch{ nasyna gh Bo~a Agcj Lfoh Ygfk uachcrcy ~ac af~ lghc bgy {ac {fqofhk ch`g~ {ac ls~on fhk fn{oro{oc~ mfok gh bgy gshe tcgtmc( Gh ^f{sykf~ ~ac gb{chegc~ {g ^sh Rfmmc {g ~cc acy !uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~/ byochk- uagl ~ac lc{ f{ nasyna(Mohkouc- f 6;,cfy,gmk- s~c~ {ac bycc {fqo tygrokck {g yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc i

f nasyna oh Bo~a Agcj fhk ksyohe {ac yc~cfyna tcyogk uf~ f{{chkohe {aycc {olc~ f




63;

uccj( âc ~tgjc figs{ bccmohe ngh{ch{ fhk ‑ioe‟ f{ nasyna- is{ lfkc hg lch{ogh gb tfy{onsmfy byochk~aot~ kcrcmgtck {acyc( I ngh{yf~{- rcy bcu gb {ac gshe tcgtmcmorohe oh Bo~a Agcj fhk o{~ chroygh~ f{{chk nasynac~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc gy Gncfh

Rocu( F hslicy gb nasynac~ oh {ac Bo~a Agcj hcoeaigsyaggk fn{orcm ~ccj {gohrgmrc gshe tcgtmc bygl {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc- ~sna f~ Tgy{of fhk Mohkouc-iyoheohe {acl {gec{acy bgy crch{~ fhk gs{ohe~( ^sna cbbgy{~ fyc eycc{ck tg~o{orcm i lokkmc,nmf~~ {cchfecy~ icnfs~c {ac fttycnof{c {ac yfyc gttgy{sho{ {g lcc{ tccy~bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~0

O eg {g {ac Hcu Ftg~{gmon Nasyna oh ^sh Rfmmc- fhk uc gb{ch afrccrch{~ fhk gs{ohe~ uo{a gs{a eygst~ bygl nasynac~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc- f~ ucmm f~ nasynac~ bygl g{acy fycf~ oh Nftc [guh( Oycfmm ch`g {ao~- icnfs~c O ycfmm mojc lcc{ohe hcu tcgtmc bygl kobbcych{tmfnc~( !Royeohof- eoym- feck 65- Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{/

Uc tgoh{ gs{ {af{ {ac~c cbbgy{~ {gufyk~ oh{ceyf{ogh ohrgmrc {ac lgrclch{ gb tggyyc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu oh{g {ac lokkmc,nmf~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc~( Lsna mc~~ bycvsch{m kok uc chngsh{cy lgrclch{ oh {ac gttg~o{ckoycn{ogh( Crch nflt~ fhk gs{ohe~ cm~cuacyc fyc acmk oh fycf~ lsna mc~~ bflomofy{g tggy naomkych {afh {acoy lokkmc,nmf~~ tccy~ fhk fyc- {acycbgyc- hg{ {ac hcs{yfm~tfnc~ {af{ {ac fksm{ gyefho~cy~ lf f~~slc {acl {g ic( Uaomc nasynac~ fyc nmcfym fimc {g igm~{cy {ac kct{a fhk vsfmo{ gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh flghe gshe tcgtmc byglkobbcych{ hcoeaigsyaggk~- {ac fyc yctcf{ohe {ac cqo~{ohe ghc,uf {ychk oh naomkych‟~lgrclch{~ bygl tggy {g lokkmc,nmf~~ fycf~ fhk ycohbgynohe tcynct{ogh~ gb ~{f{s~

fhk okch{o{ {af{ fnngltfh {ac~c(G{acy nasynac~ afrc f{{clt{ck {g tmf f ygmc oh oh{ceyf{ogh- is{ ucyc ko~ngsyfecki tygimcl~ {ac f{{yois{ck {g ~g,nfmmck nsm{syfm kobbcychnc~( Ghc gs{a ugyjcycqtmfohck {ac kobbonsm{oc~ oh gyefho~ohe crch{~ {af{ ugsmk fttcfm {g gshe tcgtmcfnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc0

[ac {aohe~ {af{ {ac gs{a kg {acyc ZGncfh Rocu\ fyc rcy kobbcych{( O{‟~ f{g{fm nsm{syfm {aohe( ^glc gb {acoy jok~ nflc fmghe {g ghc gb gsy ugy~aotcrchohe~ fhk {ac af{ck o{: {ac kgh‟{ mojc {ac ls~on „ o{‟~ hg{ {acoy ~{mc•{ach {ac ufh{ gsy jok~ {g nglc {g f bf~aogh ~agu oh Gncfh Rocu fhk

gsy jok~ fyc mojc- ‑bf~aogh ~agu7‟ [ac kgh‟{ ch`g {ac ~flc {aohe~(O{‟~ f nsm{syfm {aohe0 ob gs kgh‟{ ch`g {ac ~flc ls~on o{ kgc~h‟{ ugyj(!Oh{cyrocu uo{a {ug nasyna gs{a ugyjcy~ oh Bo~a Agcj/

Ko~ns~~ck oh lgyc kc{fom icmgu- gshe tcgtmc fm~g kyfu f{{ch{ogh {g {ac rfyof{oghoh ls~on {f~{c~ fhk ~{mc~ gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk {acuf {ac~c nfh nycf{c gi~{fnmc~ {g bccmohe nglbgy{fimc oh cfna g{acy‟~ ~gnofm ~tfnc~(Oh fkko{ogh- ncy{foh afio{~ fhk tcynct{ogh~ {af{ kcyorc bygl yfnofmm fhk ~tf{ofmm ~ceycef{ck {aohjohe molo{ tg~~oiomo{oc~ bgy ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh oh nasynac~( Mf{cy ghoh {ac nghrcy~f{ogh vsg{ck figrc- ghc gs{a ugyjcy fmmskck {g {ac~c i hg{ohe {af{cfna hcoeaigsyaggk afk o{~ ‑guh‟ nasyna fhk tgoh{ohe {g {ac ifyyocy~ {g {yfrcm „

cnghglon oh {ac nf~c gb tggy ngllsho{oc~- fhk hgylf{orc bgy fmm fhk tcyaft~




633

c~tcnofmm lokkmc,nmf~~ ghc~ !f~ crokch{ bygl {ac gs{a ugyjcy‟~ cqtyc~~ogh ‑{ycj gs{{acyc‟ oh {ac bgmmguohe oh{cyrocu/0

Oh{cyrocucy0 Fhk oh gsy nasyna- kg gs afrc tcgtmc bygl g{acy fycf~7Rcy bcu- O lcfh uc fyc {ac Ift{o~{ Nasyna gb Bo~a Agcj fhk {ac afrc{acoy guh Ift{o~{ Nasyna oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~o( Uc fyc fbbomof{ck~moea{m- is{ kgh‟{ ycfmm ec{ {gec{acy( [ac afrc {acoy guh nasynac~ oh {acfycf {ac nfh ufmj {g ~g {ac kgh‟{ ig{acy nglohe acyc fhk uc fyc hg{egohe {g {ycj gs{ {acyc• !Oh{cyrocu uo{a {ug nasyna gs{a ugyjcy~ ohBo~a Agcj/

Mojc lfh nasynac~- ghc gb {ac lf`gy egfm~ gb {ac mgnfm gs{a,gyoch{ck gyefho~f{oghGOM !lch{oghck oh {ac tycnckohe naft{cy~/ o~ {g tyglg{c nghhcn{ogh~ fnyg~~hcoeaigsyaggk~( O{ o~ oh{cyc~{ohe {g mggj nfycbsmm f{ uaf{ {ao~ gyefho~f{ogh af~ {yock{g fnaocrc tycno~cm icnfs~c {acyc o~ hg cvsorfmch{ oh~{o{s{ogh bgy fksm{~( Lgycgrcy- {acgyefho~f{ogh o~ cqtmono{ oh o{~ fol {g cltgucy gshe tcgtmc uo{a {ac fiomo{ {g lfjctg~o{orc nagonc~- uaona ugsmk tyc~slfim ohnmskc {ac fiomo{ {g ngh~{ysn{ fm{cyhf{orc~gnofm okch{o{oc~( GOM‟~ ngyc fn{oro{ o~ {g {yfoh {cchfecy~ f{{chkohe bgsy aoea ~naggm~ oh{ac ~gs{acyh tchoh~smf {g ic ‑tccy cksnf{gy~‟ fhk ec{ ohrgmrck oh mgnfm kcrcmgtlch{-fkrgnfn bgy gshe tcgtmc fhk ~cyronc bfnomo{f{ogh( Crcy {aycc lgh{a~- GOM gyefho~c~‑MsicMgshec‟- fh crchohe gb ugyj~agt~ fhk ncmciyo{ tyc~ch{f{ogh~ gh gs{a o~~sc~ohrgmrohe fmm {yfohcc~( Acmk oh {ac ôlgh‟~ [guh hfr if~c fhk uo{a bycc {yfh~tgy{ bgyfmm f{{chkohe- {ao~ crch{ o~ ufylm ycncorck i {cchfecy~ bgy o{~ shs~sfm vsfmo{oc~0

O{ o~ ~g honc {g ic oh f tmfnc uacyc uc kgh‟{ crch {aohj gb {ac ngmgsy gb gsy~joh fhk ase gsy byochk~ bygl kobbcych{ ngllsho{oc~( !Iyofh- ig- feck 65-Gncfh Rocu/

[ac ycmf{orc ~snnc~~ gb GOM‟~ fn{oro{oc~ oh chfimohe gshe tcgtmc {g isomk byochk~aot~fhk nycf{c ~gnofm hc{ugyj~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc fttcfy~ {g ~{cl bygl ycesmfy ohnms~orccrch{~- mojc MsicMgshec- fhk {ac ~s~{fohck ohrgmrclch{ gb gshe tcgtmc grcy{olc( [af{ ~fok- ksyohe {ac tcyogk uc nghksn{ck bocmkugyj- crch{~ ohrgmrohenaomkych bygl korcy~c hcoeaigsyaaggk~ ucyc fmuf~ acmk oh tyckglohfh{m lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj !gy oh ôlgh‟~ [guh- uacyc GOM fm~g ugyjck/- fhk hcrcyoh Lf~otaslcmcmc gy Gncfh Rocu( [ac bfn{ {af{ {acyc fyc mfyec ngllsho{ afmm~

oh ig{a {ac~c hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~seec~{~ f tcy~o~{ch{ aocyfyna oh tcgtmc‟~ lohk~figs{ {ac fnnc~~oiomo{ gy fttygtyof{chc~~ gb ncy{foh tmfnc~ bgy ngllsho{ crch{~(Fhg{acy molo{ohe bfn{gy oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ cc~ uf~ {ac {chkchn bgy GOM fhk g{acyHEG~ {g ~{ysn{syc fn{oro{oc~ fmghe cksnf{oghfm gy ngllsho{,kcrcmgtlch{ mohc~(^sna fh fttygfna tygrokck oh{cyc~{ohe {gton~ bgy kcif{c- is{ fmmguck mo{{mc {olc bgy‑afheohe gs{‟ uo{a {ag~c bygl cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc- gy bgy {ac gyefhon- fkgmc~nch{,oho{of{ck eygu{a gb fn{oro{oc~ crokch{ oh Fy{ Roiyf{ogh~ oh Gncfh Rocu !kc~nyoick ohNaft{cy >/( O{ lf fm~g afrc ohfkrcy{ch{m ycohbgynck uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ hg{ogh~ gb agu gshe tcgtmc ~agsmk ~tchk {acoy {olc- {acyci kcrfmsohe bgyl~ gb ~gnofmo~ohengllgh oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu( Oh {ac~c uf~- crch {ac lg~{ ucmm,

oh{ch{oghck oho{of{orc~ ohfkrcy{ch{m ycohbgync ~gnofm igshkfyoc~ uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc(






635

uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc- hflcm {ac bfn{ {af{ gshe tcgtmc jhgu gy f{ mcf~{ ycngeho~c{ag~c bygl {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac bfn{ {af{ cfna hcoeaigsyaggk o~ bfoym ~lfmm fhk af~ ghc aoea ~naggm lcfh~ {af{ tcy~ghfm ycngeho{ogh o~ f tyolfy esokc

{g oho{of{ohe oh{cyfn{ogh yf{acy {afh f hg{ogh gb ~afyck ‑yfnc‟( Yghfmkg f{{yois{c~ ao~nglbgy{ flghe yc~okch{~ gb fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ {g ao~ cfym naomkaggk cqtcyochnc~gb f{{chkohe tyc,~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj uacyc {ac lf`gyo{ gb naomkych ucyc uao{c fhklokkmc nmf~~- fhk {g {ac mghe,~{fhkohe- nmg~c byochk~aot ic{ucch ao~ lg{acy fhk acyuao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ cltmgcy( Namgc- i ngh{yf~{- afk hcef{orc cfym cqtcyochnc~ gb {ag~c ~ac eycu {g shkcy~{fhk f~ ‑uao{c‟ fhk ‑ngmgsyck‟ „ crch {agsea ~ac morck ohf mfyecm ‑uao{c‟ hcoeaigsyaggk bgy ~glc cfy~( Namgc yctgy{ck acy hcyrgs~hc~~figs{ `gohohe GOM fhk gsy ‑loqck‟ yc~cfyna {cfl- fhk uch{ gh {g cqtmfoh ua oh {acbgmmguohe oh{cyrocu(

Namgc0 Yclclicy {af{ l shnmc uf~ boea{ohe uo{a Sljagh{g uc ôpuc> fhk ac‟k ohkgn{yohf{ck s~ uo{a fmm {ao~ ‑uao{c~ fyc crom‟ ~{sbb- ~g {af{‟~ {acuf O {agsea{( Fm~g- uach uc ucyc morohe oh Jgllc{òc {ac uao{c jok~s~ck {g ic ycfmm hf~{ {g s~- nfmmohe s~ agyyoimc hflc~- ~fohe figs{ l mo{{mc iyg{acy ‑mggj f{ {af{ mo{{mc lghjc‟( Fhk {ac uao{c mfk uag l eyfhh ugyjck bgy- fhk uo{a uagl uc morck•~ac s~ck {g {ycf{ s~ tyc{{ ifk- ec{{ohe s~ {g kg fmm acy koy{ ugyj mojc {fjohe fmm {ac ise~ gs{ gb {acags~c( Is{ uc kokh‟{ lohk acy icnfs~c ~ac uf~ gmk- fhk fm~g ec{{ohe ~onj(âc afk f iyfoh {slgsy(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Fhk uaf{ figs{ ngmgsyck tcgtmc7

Namgc0 Ucmm O uf~ ~nfyck gb {acl- f~ O `s~{ jhcu {af{ {ac fyc ngyyst{ fhkhf~{( [ac mo{{mc naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu s~ck {g naf~c s~ gh gsy ionnmc~uach uc ucyc ufmjohe bygl Lf~o {g Jgllc{òc(

Namgc‟~ nghbokchnc eycu f~ f yc~sm{ gb f{{chkohe GOM nflt~ fhk afrohe {acgttgy{sho{ {g mcfyh ngsh~cmmohe uo{a {ug GOM bclfmc ~{fbb uag chngsyfeck acy {gic gtch figs{ acy guh bccmohe~( âc ycnfmm~ acy oho{ofm ycmsn{fhnc {g {fmj {g {ac ‑uao{cmfk‟ fhk {ac ~aob{ {af{ gnnsyyck ghnc ~ac afk rgonck {ac figrc cqtcyochnc~ fhktcynct{ogh~ {g {ao~ uglfh‟~ ngmmcfesc- uag uf~ Fbyonfh( [ac cqtcyochnc~ gb {ac~c{ug {cchfecy~ ohkonf{c~ {af{ gshe tcgtmc fyc ic{{cy cvsottck {g nyg~~ igshkfyoc~

gb rfyogs~ {tc~ uach {ac afrc afk ohbgylfm gy bgylfm gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy oh,kct{a~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh gb {ac johk {aygsea uaona byochk~aot fhk {ys~{ nfh ic c~{fimo~ack-fhk uaona ohrgmrc~ ig{a fksm{~ fhk naomkych(

^naggmohe fhk ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh

^naggm~ fyc uokcm ycts{ck {g ic tg{ch{ofm bygh{ocy~ bgy ~gnofm nafhec oh ^gs{aFbyonf icnfs~c {ac gbbcy {ac gttgy{sho{ bgy ycesmfy fhk ~s~{fohck oh{cyfn{oghic{ucch naomkych bygl kobbcych{ hcoeaigsyaggk~ „ fhk- {acycbgyc- ‑yfnc‟ fhknmf~~ eygst~( ^sna f ycts{f{ogh af~ tyglt{ck yc~cfyna oh{g {ao~ tg{ch{ofm( Nyfoh

^gskoch !9446- 944;- 9445/ shkcy{ggj ~syrc~- gi~cyrf{ogh~ fhk oh{cyrocu~ flghe




631

aoea,~naggm naomkych f{{chkohe ‑loqck‟ ~naggm~ oh Nftc [guhfhk ugyjck oh ~naggm~oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc fhk JufPsms,Hf{fm grcy f 64,cfy tcyogk( Hfkohc Kgmi !9446/ nghksn{ck fh c{ahgeyftaon ~{sk gb ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ bgmmguohe yfnofm

kc~ceycef{ogh gb f Ksyifh aoea ~naggm oh 6??2( ^si~cvsch{m- Lfyncmmc Kfu~gh!944>/ mggjck f{ gs{a okch{o{oc~ oh f ~naggm oh Tyc{gyof fhk Nfygmh LnJohhc !9445/ cqtmgyck {ac ygmc gb mfhesfec „ ~tcnobonfmm kobbcych{ johk~ gb Chemo~a „ ohokch{o{ bgylf{ogh oh kc~ceycef{ck aoea ~naggm~ oh @gafhhc~isye( [ao~ igk gb ugyj ~aguck yfnc uf~ ~{omm f tyolfy lfyjcy gb ~gnofm okch{o{oc~ oh {ac~c ~naggm~- fhk {af{gshe tcgtmc s~c fhk ycohbgync {ac~c nf{cegyoc~ uaomc f{ {ac ~flc {olc yc~o~{ohefhk hceg{of{ohe yfnofm okch{o{oc~( ^gskoch !94460 >6;/ bohk~ {af{ ‑{ac okch{o{oc~ gshetcgtmc kcrcmgt fyc oh{cyhfmm korokck•[acoy okch{o{oc~ fyc•gb {acoy ftfy{acok tf~{-is{ ~olsm{fhcgs~m fefoh~{ o{‟( Ac nghnmskc~ {af{ kc~to{c {ac gbbonofm egrcyhlch{okcgmge gb hgh,yfnofmo~l- yfnofm {ch~ogh~ afrc hg{ ko~fttcfyck- fhk {af{ ~{skch{~

~{yseemc {g crfkc {ac yfnofmo~ohe ~{ysn{syc~ oh uaona {ac bohk {acl~cmrc~(

F hg{fimc molo{f{ogh gb ^gskoch‟~ cfym ugyj o~ {af{ ac tfok mo{{mc f{{ch{ogh {g g{acyf~tcn{~ gb okch{o{ {afh yfnc fhk ngh~okcy~ ghm {ac yfnofm nf{cegyoc~ s~ck i {acftfy{acok ~{f{c( [ac tg~~oimc ygmc~ gb nmf~~- mfhesfec- ycmoeogh fhk rfmsc~ ycmf{ohe {gugyj gy cksnf{ogh oh okch{o{ bgylf{ogh ucyc {acyci gi~nsyck- lfjohe o{ kobbonsm{ {gshkcy~{fhk uac{acy ‑yfnc‟ uf~ fn{ohe f~ f {ygtc {g lfyj g{acy ~gnofm kobbcychnc~( Oh fycnch{ ~h{ac~o~ gb ao~ guh fhk g{acy~‟ bohkohe~- ^gskoch !9445/ mggj~ f{ {ac ygmc~ gb nmf~~- hf{oghfm okch{o{- echkcy- ~naggmohe fhk yfnc oh ~aftohe gs{a okch{o{oc~(

Kgmi‟~ yc~cfyna oh{cyygef{ck {ac lcfhohe gb ‑yfnc‟ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~gnofm

oh{cyfn{ogh f{ f kcctcy mcrcm( Ugyjohe bgy ghc cfy oh f bgylcym ‑uao{c‟ ~naggmoh uaona {ug,{aoyk~ gb {ac ~{skch{~ ucyc Fbyonfh gy ngmgsyck fhk {ac lf`gyo{ gb {cfnacy~ uao{c- ~ac cqflohck gshe tcgtmc‟~ ngh~{ysn{ogh gb yfnofm okch{o{oc~ fhk{ac ~gnofm khflon~ flghe tstom~ fhk oh tstom„{cfnacy oh{cyfn{ogh( âc bgshk {af{f ko~ngsy~c gb yfnc yclfoh~ tyglohch{ oh {ac f~~cy{ogh gb okch{o{- is{ {af{ gshetcgtmc kyfu gh f kobbcych{ ~c{ gb ycbcychnc~ {afh {ag~c gb iogmge- ‑nsm{syc‟ fhk ao~{gy s~ck i {ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c fhk flghe {ac fksm{ echcyf{ogh( [ac ycbcychnc~ s~ck oh{ao~ chroyghlch{ fyc {ag~c gb ~{mc fhk {f~{c- bgy cqfltmc ls~on- nmg{aohe fhk nmsi~(Fbyonfh !gy ‑imfnj‟/ tstom~ kcbohc ‑imfnjhc~~‟ hg{ oh {cyl~ gb Psms {yfko{ogh !‑[ao~o~ {ac Z6?\?4~-‟ ghc eoym tyg{c~{~ {g f uao{c {cfnacy- uag fhfnaygho~{onfmm olfeohc~

{af{ o~oPsms,~tcfjohe eoym~ f{{chk {ac ‑{yfko{oghfm‟ Psms ycck kfhnc/- is{ oh {cyl~gb emgifm Fbyonfh,Flcyonfh nsm{syc !fhk ongh~ ~sna f~ Lonafcm @fnj~gh- Lonafcm@gykfh- Uao{hc Ags~{gh fhk {gt yft fy{o~{~/( [ac s~c gb ~{mc fhk ~ligm~ gb tgtsmfy nsm{syc lcfh~ {af{ f ‑yfnofm‟ okch{o{ kgc~ hg{ hcnc~~fyom ngyycmf{c uo{a ~johngmgsy0 f eoym nfh ic ~cch {g ic ‑imfnj‟ icnfs~c gb acy nmg{aohe ~{mc- crch {agseaacy ~joh o~ ‑uao{c‟( [ao~ fmmgu~ ohkoroksfm~ {g lfhotsmf{c {ac okch{o{ {ac uo~a{g tyc~ch{ fhk ~agu~ f ncy{foh {yfh~ochnc {g f ‑yfnofm‟ okch{o{( F{ {ac ~flc {olc-{ac bfn{ {af{ {ag~c uag kg ~g yo~j icohe ~ngyhck fhk g~{yfno~ck tgoh{~ {g gshetcgtmc‟~ ngh{ohsck s~c gb ‑yfnc‟- f~ kcbohck i {acoy guh nsm{syfm lfyjcy~ gb ~{mc- {gtgmonc ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh oh {ac tccy eygst( [ac fm~g tcy~o~{ch{m f~~gnof{c ncy{foh

ls~on echyc~ uo{a cfna ‑yfnc‟ eygst !Kfu~gh 944>: Kgmi 9446/( Ngh~cvsch{m-




63?

fyesc Kgmi fhk Kfu~gh- {ac~c ~{skch{~ fyc {acl~cmrc~ fn{orcm yctygksnohe yfnofmkobbcychnc fhk koro~ogh(

F ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb tstom~ f{{chkohe ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Bo~a Agcj morcgs{~okc {ac hcoeaigsyaggk fhk'gy fyc bygl kobbcych{ ‑yfnc‟ eygst~( ^naggm~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc fyc ~olomfym gbbonofmm yfnofmm kc~ceycef{ck- is{ {ac tstom igk ngltyo~c~ ghm mgnfm yc~okch{~ fhk f bcu o~oQag~f,~tcfjohe naomkych morohe oh GncfhRocu gy Yck Aomm !fh ohbgylfm ~c{{mclch{ hcfy ôlgh‟~ [guh/( Oh Gncfh Rocu- {aclf`gyo{ gb {cfnacy~ fyc ‑ngmgsyck‟ fhk ~tcfj co{acy Fbyojffh~- Chemo~a gy ig{a( F{~cnghkfy,~naggm mcrcm- ~{skch{~ fyc korokck oh{g {ug nmf~~c~ fhk fyc {fsea{ oh ghc gb {ac~c mfhesfec~- lcfhohe {af{ boy~{,mfhesfec o~oQag~f ~tcfjcy~ bygl Lf~otaslcmcmcfyc ts{ oh {ac Chemo~a,lckosl nmf~~( Oh Bo~a Agcj- {ac lf`gyo{ gb {cfnacy~ fyc uao{cChemo~a fhk Fbyojffh~ ~tcfjcy~ fhk fm{agsea {acyc fyc f bcu ‑ngmgsyck‟ fhk Fbyonfhlclicy~ gb {ac ~{fbb igk- {ac ~gmc mfhesfec s~ck bgy oh~{ysn{ogh fhk fkloho~{yf{ogho~ Chemo~a( Mojc {ac Ksyifh ~naggm {af{ Kgmi ~{skock- ~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj ~{yorc{g lfoh{foh f~tcn{~ gb {acoy bgylcy ‑uao{c‟ gy ‑lgkcm N‟ okch{o{oc~ {aygsea {ac ~tgy{~{ac gbbcy fhk {ac hc{ugyj gb ~naggm~ uo{a uaona {ac gyefho~c ~tgy{~ lf{nac~ fhkg{acy ngltc{o{ogh~(

^naggm~ f{ f ko~{fhnc gb ;4 jomglc{yc~ bygl Bo~a Agcj fyc tfy{ gb {ao~ hc{ugyj- c{ {achcfyi Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc ~naggm~ fyc hg{( [ac~c ao~{gyonfmm oho{of{ck-is{ fn{orcm ~s~{fohck- f~~gnof{ogh~ ~tcfj rgmslc~ figs{ {ac gbbonofm okch{o{oc~~naggm~ uo~a {g tyc~cyrc( Gncfh Rocu ~naggm~ ngltc{c fefoh~{ g{acy ‑ngmgsyck‟~naggm~ fnyg~~ Nftc [guh- uacycf~ Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm gyefho~c~ boq{syc~

uo{a ngsh{cytfy{~ oh {ac mfyec {guh~aot~ gb Jafcmo{~af- Esesmc{as fhk Mfhef([ac uf {af{ ~naggm~ fyc ysh ycohbgync~ okcf~ gb kobbcychnc if~ck gh ‑yfnc‟( Oh ig{aGncfh Rocu fhk Bo~a Agcj- tstom~ uag~c boy~{ mfhesfec uf~ hg{ {ac ghc s~ck i {ac~naggm fkloho~{yf{ogh ucyc {gmk {af{ {ac ~agsmk hg{ ~tcfj {g cfna g{acy s~ohe {acoylg{acy {ghesc( Ycf~gh~ gb ~naggm tgmon ucyc gb{ch eorch- is{ {ac~c naomkych bcm{ {af{{cfnacy~ fhk bcmmgu tstom~ ucyc shnglbgy{fimc icnfs~c {ac ngsmk hg{ shkcy~{fhkfhk- {acycbgyc- bcfyck {af{ {ac ucyc icohe {fmjck figs{(

Fhghc ch{cyohe {ac eygshk~ gb Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc fhk ^chogy Aoea ~naggm~ gyGncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm ugsmk ~ggh gi~cyrc {af{ naomkych oh {ac tmfeygshk

{chk {g ic uo{a g{acy~ gb {ac ~flc ‑yfnc‟( [ac oho{ofm oltyc~~ogh- {acycbgyc- o~ {af{‑yfnc‟ o~ nyo{onfm {g {ac~c mcfyhcy~‟ okch{o{oc~ fhk kcmohcf{c~ ncy{foh igshkfyoc~ oh{acoy bgylf{ogh gb ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~( Acyc {ac rfmsc gb fh c{ahgeyftaon fttygfnao~ fbboylck- bgy o{ o~ ghm ghnc ghc efoh~ oh~oea{ oh{g ohkoroksfm morc~ fhk {ac hf{sycgb byochk~aot~ flghe {ac~c gshe tcgtmc {af{ f lgyc fnnsyf{c shkcy~{fhkohe gb {actmfnc gb ‑yfnc‟ oh ~naggm fhk oh gs{a oh{cyfn{ogh lgyc iygfkm clcyec~(

Oh ec{{ohe {g jhgu {cchfecy~ f{{chkohe ~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj uag~c ~joh ngmgsy ugsmkafrc tmfnck {acl oh kobbcych{ yfnofm nf{cegyoc~- o{ ~ggh icnflc nmcfy {af{ oh {cyl~ gb {acoy ~ch~c gb ~cmb fhk {acoy crcykf ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a tccy~- yfnc o~ hg{ {acghm- gy crch {ac ~{yghec~{- kc{cylohfh{ gb okch{o{( Byfhno~- feck 6? fhk f{ ~naggm oh

Bo~a Agcj- ngh~okcy~ acy~cmb ‑Fbyonfh‟ „ hg{ oh {ac ~ch~c gb f ngmgsy gy yfnofm nf{cegy-




624

is{ guohe {g acy [fhpfhofh fhk ^gs{a Fbyonfh acyo{fec( Bgy Byfhno~- mfhesfec af~icch f ~gsync gb ohnms~ogh fhk cqnms~ogh( âc ~tcfj~ bmsch{ Chemo~a f{ ~naggm fhkuo{a acy byochk~ gs{~okc ~naggm- is{ ~tcfj~ ig{a ûfaomo fhk o~oQag~f f{ aglc !acy

lg{acy‟~ fhk bf{acy‟~ mfhesfec~/( Byfhno~ ngllch{ck0

O kg hg{ ycfmm okch{ob uo{a icohe Qag~f( Lg~{ tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc-uacyc l bf{acy hgu morc~- ngh~okcy lc fh gs{~okcy icnfs~c gb l Chemo~a fnnch{( !Byfhno~- eoym- feck 6?- Bo~a Agcj/

Oh {ac ~flc uf- ~joh ngmgsy fhk fh hg{ogh~ gb ‑yfnc‟ fyc tgy{yfck f~ sholtgy{fh{oh {ac bgylf{ogh gb byochk~aot~ ic{ucch ohkoroksfm~( _gshe tcgtmc f~~cy{ {af{tcy~ghfmo{- {ys~{ugy{aohc~~ fhk ~afyohe {ac ~flc oh{cyc~{~ fhk lgyfm~ fyc nyo{onfm{g byochk~aot bgylf{ogh( Oh {ac bgmmguohe roehc{{c~ tcy{fohohe {g {aycc {cchfecy~f{{chkohe Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea ^naggm- uc ~cc {af{ bflom acyo{fec !ycefykmc~~ gb

‑ngmgsy‟/- ycmoeogs~ bfo{a- ~afyck rfmsc~ fhk mghe,c~{fimo~ack byochk~aot~ fyc lsna~{yghecy ~aftcy~ gb okch{o{ fhk gb oltgy{fh{ ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ {afh ‑yfnc‟0

Jghyfk frgokck nmf~~obohe aol~cmb gy g{acy~ oh f yfnofm ~ch~c fhk hcrcys~ck fh yfnofm nf{cegyoc~ rgmsh{fyom( Crch uach koycn{m f~jck ob ~naggmuf~ loqck- ac frgokck fh~ucyohe oh fh kc{fom fhk ~fok- ‑Tygifim lg~{tcgtmc fyc uao{c(‟ O f~~slck aol {g ic ‑uao{c‟- is{ uach O ro~o{ck ao~ aglcfhk ~fu ao~ tag{geyfta~ O ycfmo~ck ~glc bflom lclicy~ afrc ‑ngmgsyck‟ta~onfm {yfo{~- fhk ac af~ f ~syhflc ohkonf{ohe f tg~~oimc ‑ngmgsyck‟acyo{fec( Ac uf~ igyh oh f ‑loqck‟ fycf gb Nftc [guh fhk af~ morck fhkf{{chkck ~naggm oh ^sh Rfmmc ~ohnc lgrohe {acyc uach ac uf~ bgsy cfy~

gmk( F tag{geyfta gb ao~ nasyna gs{a eygst ~agu~ uaf{ ac nfmmck ‑f loqckishna‟( Ac ohkonf{ck {af{ ao~ bfo{a fhk ao~ mghe,{cyl byochk~ bygl nasynafyc rcy oltgy{fh{ {g aol0 ‑Uc acmt cfna g{acy- uc fyc vso{c nmg~c•Zuachgs afrc f tygimcl\ gs nfh eg {g uagcrcy gs fyc nglbgy{fimc uo{a(‟ Bo~aAgcj Lokkmc ^naggm fm~g iygsea{ aol oh{g ngh{fn{ uo{a korcy~o{0 ‑O ghm lc{ Qag~f ~tcfjcy~ oh {ac mf~{ bcu cfy~( [acyc ucyc fm~g ~glc bgycoehcy~-mojc O afk f byochk bygl Pfoyc•{acyc ucyc ~glc Naohc~c fhk ~glc byglIcmeosl- Nfhfkf- S^- Ecylfh(‟ !Cqncyt{ bygl bocmk hg{c~/

[afg fhk Mcfhhc fyc eggk byochk~- fhk hco{acy gb {acl ~tgjc oh yfnofm

{cyl~ figs{ g{acy~ gy {acl~cmrc~( Ig{a gb {acl okch{obock {acl~cmrc~tyolfyom f~ Nayo~{ofh~0 ‑O{‟~ figs{ f mobc~{mc fhk jcctohe ncy{foh rfmsc~(‟[ac feycck {acoy bfo{a ohbmschnc~ uag {ac fyc byochk~ uo{a- is{ ~johngmgsy gy ifnjeygshk af~ hg icfyohe gh {ao~( [afg lch{oghck {ac bfn{{af{ ~ac o~ Polifiucfh- tgoh{ohe gs{ ~ac kok hg{ eygu st uo{a {ac ^gs{aFbyonfh uf gb nf{cegyo~ohe tcgtmc( Ig{a ohkonf{ck {af{ lg~{ gb {acoy ic~{byochk~ fyc bygl nasyna- fm{agsea [afg af~ f loqck eygst gb byochk~ f{~naggm fhk ~tch{ f mg{ gb {olc uo{a Byfhno~- vsg{ck figrc- uag~c bf{acy o~^gs{a Fbyonfh fhk lg{acy o~ [fhpfhofh( !Cqncyt{ bygl bocmk hg{c~/

Cfymocy uc hg{ck {ac aoea mcrcm~ gb lgiomo{ fhk bflom ycgyefho~f{ogh flghe

lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj( [ac bfn{ {af{ lfh tstom~ f{ {ac ~naggm ucyc




626

igyh gs{~okc Bo~a Agcj- afk lgrck ~crcyfm {olc~ ksyohe {acoy naomkaggk- afkcqtcyochnck rfyohe ags~cagmk ngltg~o{ogh~ fhk ucyc fh{onotf{ohe lgrohe gs{ gb {ac Rfmmc ohkonf{c~ f aoea mcrcm gb korcy~o{ fhk lgrclch{ oh {acoy crcykf morc~(

Oh g{acy ugyk~- lfh nf{cegyoc~ {af{ fttcfy boqck i rfmsc~ f{{fnack {g f lokkmc,nmf~~ mobc~{mc „ ~sna f~ {ac bflom- aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk „ fyc oh bfn{ bmsok fhknafhecfimc( Oh f ngh{cq{ oh uaona g{acy oltgy{fh{ lfyjcy~ gb okch{o{ fyc tyghc {gnafhec- o{ o~ hg{ ~sytyo~ohe {af{ hg{ogh~ gb ‑yfnc‟ fyc fm~g bmsok fhk ngh{ohech{ oh {acoy~fmochnc {g naomkych‟~ crcykf morc~(

Bgy tstom~ f{ Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea ^naggm- ngmgsy gy ‑yfnc‟ fyc hg{ cqtcyochnck f~nyo{onfm oh {ac bgylf{ogh gb byochk~aot~ gy crch oh ngh~{ysn{ohe tcy~ghfm okch{o{oc~(F{ {ac ~flc {olc- {ac s~c ‑yfnc‟ f~ f mficm uo{a uaona {g nafyfn{cyo~c {acl~cmrc~ fhkg{acy~( Gsy kf{f ~agu {af{ {ac~c mcfyhcy~ s~c f rgnfismfy gb ngmgsy fhk oh{cyfn{uo{a {acoy tccy~ gh {ac if~o~ gb hg{ogh~ gb ~olomfyo{ gy kobbcychnc {af{ lolon gmkokcf~ gb ‑yfnc‟- is{ fyc hg{ koycn{m cvsorfmch{(

[cchfecy~ ngllch{ck gh {ac girogs~ ngmgsyck- Fbyonfh fhk uao{c eygst~ f{ ~naggm-~fohe ‑c~tcnofmm ngmgsyck~ ~{onj {gec{acyfhk uomm fm~g ~{onj st bgy cfna g{acy hglf{{cy uaf{‟( [ac ~fok {af{ {ac~c fmmceofhnc~ fyc tygimclf{on fhk oyyo{f{ohe icnfs~cohnokch{~ fyc lfkc oh{g ‑f yfnc o~~sc‟- crch uach {ac ngh{cq{ o~ hg{ shkcy~{ggk(Bgy cqfltmc- uach f eyfkc,66 ~{skch{ uf~ yctyolfhkck i f eyfkc,69 ~{skch{ bgy~{fhkohe oh {ac {snj ~agt vscsc yc~cyrck bgy {ac aoeacy,eyfkc ~{skch{~- ao~ ‑ngmgsyck‟byochk~ ollckof{cm nflc {g `goh oh {ac fyeslch{ fhk fnns~ck {ac eyfkc,69 ~{skch{gb icohe yfno~{(

Kc~to{c {ac yfnofm mficmmohe s~ck- o{ {yfh~toyck {af{ eygst bgylf{ogh oh {ac tmfeygshko~ lgyc nghhcn{ck {g tmfnc fhk ngllsho{ okch{o{ {afh {g ~joh ngmgsy gy ‑yfnc‟(Byfhno~ !uag o~ Fbyonfh fhk morc~ oh Bo~a Agcj/ yctgy{ck0 ‑Uach O boy~{ nflc {g~naggm- {ac Lf~o eygst cqtcn{ck lc {g `goh {acl•is{ O `s~{ acmk ifnj {g ~cc uaonatcgtmc O ugsmk ycmf{c {g(‟ âc ~si~cvsch{m lfkc eggk byochk~ uo{a f ngstmc gb !uao{c/ eoym~ uag morc oh acy hcoeaigsyaggk( ̂ g o{ o~ hg{ f ~ch~c gb ~afyck ‑imfnjhc~~‟{af{ kyfu~ f eygst gb byochk~ {gec{acy- is{ f ~afyck ~ch~c gb ‑Lf~otaslcmcmc,hc~~‟ „f ~gsync gb okch{o{ {af{ af~ lsna lgyc {g kg uo{a ~{mc~ gb mfhesfec fhk ~gnofmoh{cyfn{ogh s~ck oh f tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsyaggk {afh uo{a hg{ogh~ gb ‑yfnc‟(

Nghrcy~f{ogh uo{a tstom~ oh Bo~a Agcj ycrcfmck fh oh{cyc~{ohe oh{cyhfm ngh{yfkon{oghoh {ac uf {ac ~tcfj figs{ {acoy tcy~ghfm byochk~ fhk figs{ {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~uacyc {ac~c byochk~ morc( Sh~sytyo~ohem- {acoy kc~nyot{ogh~ gb {acoy byochk~ !uagafttchck {g morc oh Gncfh Rocu gy Lf~otaslcmcmc/ cltaf~o~ck {ac ~olomfyo{oc~ oh{acoy oh{cyc~{~- rfmsc~ fhk {f~{c~ oh ls~on gy bf~aogh( Agucrcy- {ac nmcfym bcm{ hgnghhcn{ogh uo{a- fhk crch ~glc bcfy gy fh{otf{a {gufyk~- {ac fycf~ uacyc {acoybyochk~ morc( Ghc gb {ac eyfkc,? ig~ ngllch{ck0 ‑Gsy byochk~ bygl Lf~o ugsmk hg{ohro{c s~ Z{g {acoy aglc~\- fhk uc ugsmkh‟{ eg fhuf( Uc kgh‟{ ufh{ {g ~f {ao~ oh{acoy bfnc- is{ uc ugsmk hcrcy nglc {g ~mcct grcy(‟ Fm{agsea hg ycf~gh~ ucyc eorchbgy {ac oltg~~oiomo{ gb ro~o{ohe Lf~otaslcmcmc- uc fyc yclohkck gb {ac ~ch~f{oghfmo~{

fhk hcef{orc yctyc~ch{f{ogh~ gb ‑g{acy‟ ngllsho{oc~ rgnfmo~ck ksyohe lft ugyj(




629

Lgycgrcy- {ac mfnj gb fh ycbcychnc {g tgrcy{ yfo~c~ {ac tg~~oiomo{ {af{ lokkmc,nmf~~naomkych fyc ycmsn{fh{ {g nghbygh{ fhk chefec uo{a {ac asec ko~tfyo{oc~ ic{ucch {acoyguh ucfm{a fhk yc~gsync~ fhk {ag~c gb {acoy byochk~(

Yf{acy {afh f{{clt{ohe {g chefec uo{a {acoy byochk~‟ aglc ngh{cq{- gshe tcgtmc{chkck {g ko~~gnof{c {acl bygl {acoy chroyghlch{ fhk ohnmskc {acl oh f eygst gb ‑s~‟ oh {ac ~naggm ngh{cq{( [ao~ uf {ac ~snnc~~bsmm frgokck afrohe {g nghbygh{cqtcyochnc~ fhk hg{ogh~ {af{ kok hg{ bo{ oh{g {acoy okcfm~ tcy{fohohe {g cvsfmo{( ^snaf ~{yf{ce o~ s~cbsm oh {ac ~agy{ {cyl bgy ~s~{fohohe byochk~aot~ oh f aoeam yfnofmm ~ceycef{ck fycf( Is{ o{ nsy{fom~ byochk~aot‟~ ~ngtc {g nghbygh{ fhk vsc~{ogh ~{cycg{tc~uo{a jhgumckec {af{ o~ if~ck gh cqtcyochnc( Bgy cqfltmc- ~sna byochk~aot~ ngsmkchfimc lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych {g gi~cyrc agu naomkych fhk {acoy bflomoc~ lfhfecohnglc tgrcy{- fhk bgy tggy naomkych lf fn{ f~ f tgoh{ gb fnnc~~ oh{g ~gnofmhc{ugyj~ uo{a eycf{cy ~gnofm fhk cnghglon nfto{fm(

Uach {ug {cchfecy~ bygl Bo~a Agcj ucyc ~tcfjohe figs{ {ao~ o~~sc o{ ~ggh icnflccrokch{ {af{ {ac ucyc ngh~nogs~m {yohe {g frgok s~ohe yfnofm {cylohgmge bgy tgmo{onfmycf~gh~ fhk icnfs~c o{ kok hg{ bo{ uo{a {acoy cqtcyochnc( Agucrcy- {ac vsonjm bgshk{acl~cmrc~ {fmjohe oh {cyl~ gb ‑imfnj tcgtmc‟ fhk ‑ngmgsyck~‟ gy ‑ngmgsyck tcgtmc‟ fhkac~o{fh{m lfjohe ngllch{~ figs{ ‑{acl‟( [ac nghbc~~ck {ac ugsmk tygifim hg{afrc ~tgjch ~g gtchm afk Byfhno~ !uag o~ ‑Fbyonfh‟ gy ‑imfnj‟/ gy ‑mg{~ gb ngmgsycktcgtmc‟ icch tyc~ch{- f~ {ac ‑loea{ ic asy{ gy {fjc o{ {ac uyghe uf‟(

F ~olomfy {ch~ogh cqo~{~ ic{ucch {ac tcy~o~{ch{ f~~cy{ogh gb {ac oyycmcrfhnc gb yfnc „{ac ~ch~c {af{ ‑uc fyc fmm {ac ~flc‟ gy ‑crcyghc o~ byochk~ f{ ~naggm‟ „ fhk {ac mficmmohe

gb g{acy~ fnngykohe {g {acoy ngmgsy( Mojc {ac Ksyifh ~naggm ~{skch{~ yc~cfynack i Kgmi !9446/- tstom~ oh Bo~a Agcj cqtcyochnc fhk s~c yfnofm nf{cegyo~f{ogh oh bmsokuf~ if~ck gh ~{mc~ gb nmg{aohe- ~tccna- igk tg~{syc- kclcfhgsy fhk ~gnofmf~~gnof{ogh~( Kfyych morc~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk ugsmk ic nmf~~obock ngmgsyck- is{ fn{orcm {yoc~ {g ko~~gnof{c aol~cmb bygl {ac icafrogsy gb f eygst gb ‑ngmgsyck~‟ f{ ~naggm !uagfyc lg~{m bygl Gncfh Rocu fhk fyc ngh~okcyck ‑ngllgh‟/( Ac kc~nyoic~ {ac eygstf~ bgmmgu~0

[ac ufmj uo{a f igshnc mojc oh Flcyonfh lgroc~- ~tcfj mgskm- s~c floq gb mfp Chemo~a fhk jgliso~ Fbyojffh~- fyc ko~yc~tcn{bsm {gufyk~

{cfnacy~- fhk {aohj {ac fyc nggm- is{ echcyfmm fn{ rcy ollf{syc(ZJgliso~ o~ Fbyojffh~ bgy ‑jo{nach‟- oh {ao~ nf~c ohkonf{ohe f ~oltmobock-~mfhe bgyl gb {ac mfhesfec(\ !Kfyych- ig- feck 65- Bo~a Agcj/

[cchfecy~ ycngeho~c {af{ ohkoroksfm icafrogsy o~ ~{yghem ohbmschnck i {ac eygstcbbcn{ fhk cqtyc~~ ~glc fliorfmchnc fygshk {ac rfmoko{ gb ~sna nmf~~obonf{ogh~- c{{ac ngh{ohsc {g kyfu gh oh{cyhfmo~ck ~{cycg{tc~ oh {ac uf {ac cqtmfoh ‑fn{ohef ngmgsy‟(

Kfyych‟~ nmf~~lf{c- Royeohof !‑uao{c‟/- mfseaohem ycngsh{ck {af{ f bcu cfy~ fegtcgtmc fygshk acy ucyc nfmmohe acy N(O([( Fls~ck f{ {ac yc~cfynacy‟~ oehgyfh{cqtyc~~ogh- g{acy tstom~ cqtmfohck {af{ {ao~ lcfh~ ‑ngmgsyck oh {yfohohe‟ fhk uf~




62>

s~ck icnfs~c ~ac uf~ afheohe gs{ uo{a f eygst gb ‑ngmgsyck‟ byochk~ f{ ~naggm( G{acyaslgygs~ mficm~ eorch {g {ag~c {yohe {g ‑fn{‟ fhg{acy ngmgsy ohnmskc ‑ufhhficuao{c‟: ‑{gt kcnj‟ !nagngmf{c {af{ af~ f imfnj fhk uao{c mfcy/: ‑ngnghs{‟ !imfnj gh {ac

gs{~okc fhk uao{c gh {ac oh~okc/: fhk ‑afmb f hffy{òc‟ !f rfyoc{ gb gyfhec/( !Royeohof~aguck s~ tag{geyfta~ gb acy bflom gh {ac ufmm~ gb acy aglc fhk o{ clcyeck {af{~ac af~ ~glc ngmgsyck acyo{fec- is{ o~ ~cch f~ uao{c(/

Oltgy{fh{m- uaomc {ac~c mficm~ fyc s~sfmm oh{chkck f~ tmfbsm oh~sm{~- gshe tcgtmcgb{ch fn{orcm yc`cn{ gy lfhotsmf{c {acl oh f uf {af{ chfimc~ {acl {g f~~cy{ fhfm{cyhf{orc okch{o{ i ‑fn{ohe‟ oh {ac fttygtyof{c uf fhk {g isomk byochk~aot~fnyg~~ yfnofm igshkfyoc~( _c{ grcy {olc- tcy~o~{ch{ yclohkcy~ i tccy~ {af{ {ac fyc {yfh~eyc~~ohe ncy{foh ~gnofm ngkc~ i ~sircy{ohe {acoy f~nyoick ‑ngmgsy‟ okch{o{ gb{ch nfs~c gshe tcgtmc {g fifhkgh byochk~aot~ uo{a {ag~c morohe oh g{acyhcoeaigsyaggk~(

Oh{cyc~{ohe oh {ao~ ycefyk- bgy cqfltmc- fyc {ac ycfn{ogh gb ghc gb Royeohof‟~ ic~{byochk~ f{ Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea ^naggm- @s~{oh- {g acy ~gnofmo~ohe uo{a ‑ngmgsyck‟byochk~ fhk acy yc~tgh~c {g {ao~( @s~{oh lfkc ycesmfy ngllch{~ figs{ Royeohof‟~mobc~{mc- byochk~ fhk igbyochk~- fhk uf~ f mo{{mc ko~fttygrohe gb acy f~~gnof{ogh uo{a{ac ngmgsyck eygst fhk {ac uf ~ac uf~ icafrohe f{ {ac {olc( âc fnjhgumckeck0‑O kok ~tcfj mojc {acl Zoh jgliso~ Fbyojffh~\ uach O uf~ uo{a {acl•o{ uf~ `s~{hf{syfm( Tcgtmc ~{omm ko~~ lc figs{ o{- is{ O kgh‟{ {fjc gbbchnc {g {af{ fh lgyc(‟ âcmf{cy fklo{{ck {af{ ~ac kok icafrc kobbcych{m acy~cmb( Lgyc ycnch{m- Royeohof ns{ {oc~uo{a {ao~ eygst fb{cy f lf`gy fyeslch{ uo{a acy ic~{ byochk( Afrohe ycfmo~ck {af{

tcgtmc ucyc {fmjohe figs{ acy icaohk acy ifnj- ~ac hg mghecy egc~ {g Gncfh Rocu(Acy kcno~ogh af~ f{{yfn{ck {ac f{{ch{ogh gb acy tccy~- fhk ~ac cqtyc~~c~ bys~{yf{oghf{ {ac f~~gnof{ogh~ lfkc ic{ucch {ac ‑ngmgsy‟ gb ghc‟~ fn{ogh~ fhk kobbcych{ofm ~{f{s~!{ac ~oehobonfhnc gb ~sna f~~cy{ogh~ gb aocyfyna uc yc{syh {g icmgu/0

Hgu {af{ O afrc f uao{c igbyochk O ec{ ngllch{~ bygl nmf~~lf{c~ {af{ Oafrc ‑eghc ifnj {g uao{c‟( L ngmgsyck byochk~ {cmm lc {g ‑{fjc gbb l aoea~agc~‟ fhk ~f O fl ‑fn{ohe uao{c‟ fefoh( I {ao~ {ac lcfh icohe fmm aoeafhk loea{•O kgh‟{ mojc {ao~ f{ fmm- icnfs~c tcgtmc ~cc uao{c f~ aoeacy-uaona ycfmm o{ o~ hg{& !Royeohof- feck 65- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

Lcmo~~f ^{ch !94460 6;?/- oh acy ~{sk gb uao{chc~~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- yclohk~ s~{af{ ‑igshkfyoc~- {g {ag~c uag afrc cqtcyochnck nyg~~ohe {acl- icnglc f lf{{cy gb tmf yf{acy {afh fh gi~c~~ogh‟( Royeohof‟~ cqtcyochnc~ fyc oh{cyc~{ohe uo{a ycefyk {gkobbcychnc~ flghe gshe tcgtmc oh loqck chroyghlch{~ oh {ac tg~~oiomo{oc~ {ac afrcbgy grcynglohe igshkfyoc~( Royeohof o~ ngh~okcyck uao{c- fhk ~snnc~~bsmm fkgt{ck-fmico{ {cltgyfyom- f ngmgsyck okch{o{( [ac gi`cn{ogh yfo~ck i acy ngmgsyck byochk~morohe oh Gncfh Rocu {g acy yc{syhohe {g ‑uao{c‟ ~seec~{~ {af{ {ac ~cc {acl~cmrc~f~ mc~~ fimc {g grcynglc igshkfyoc~ fhk tmf uo{a {acoy okch{o{oc~ oh {ac ~flc uf([ac lgyc yoeok ~fhn{ogh~ oltg~ck gh {ag~c f{{clt{ohe {g nafhec {acoy okch{o{oc~ ohGncfh Rocu lf ic ycmf{ck {g {ac aoeacy mcrcm~ gb yfnofm ko~nyolohf{ogh cqtcyochnck

oh ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu ngltfyck {g Bo~a Agcj !ko~ns~~ck cfymocy oh {ac naft{cy/(




62;

Mggjohe nmg~cm f{ Bo~a Agcj ~{skch{~‟ fiomo{ {g tmf uo{a grcy{m yfnofm {cyl~- {actcy~o~{chnc gb ncy{foh ‑igshkfyoc~‟ icnglc~ crokch{ f{ {ac tgoh{~ f{ uaona ~sna tmf o~ hg{ ngh~okcyck fttygtyof{c gy mceo{olf{c( Ghc gb {ac~c tcy{foh~ {g {ac hgylf{orc

ngkc ~syygshkohe yglfh{on ycmf{ogh~aot~( [cchfecy~ nghnsyyck {af{- fm{agsea ~glcuao{c eoym~ afrc Fbyonfh gy ngmgsyck igbyochk~ {af{ {ac lcc{ gs{~okc ~naggm-loqck ngstmc~ fyc yfyc fhk f{{yfn{ f{{ch{ogh uo{aoh {ac ~naggm tyclo~c~( Ghc !uao{c/{cchfecy no{ck fh cqfltmc gb f uao{c eoym kf{ohe f imfnj nmf~~lf{c- ~fohe {af{ {acycuf~ f mg{ gb uao~tcyohe fhk ‑kok gs jhgu•7‟ oh {ac ngyyokgy~( Acy !Fbyonfh/ byochkfkkck ‑•fhk ob f imfnj eoym ugsmk kf{c f uao{c es•Zygmmohe acy cc~\•gggga&‟[ac vsonjm fkkck {af{ {ao~ afk hcrcy gnnsyyck f{ {acoy ~naggm(

F ~cnghk molo{f{ogh {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ fiomo{ {g tmf uo{a fhk shkcylohc hg{ogh~gb yfnc o~ bgshk oh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a fksm{~( Ycngeho~ohe {af{ {ac echcyf{oghfigrc {acl eycu st oh f rcy kobbcych{ tgmo{onfm chroyghlch{- naomkych fyc nfycbsm oh{acoy s~c gb yfnofmo~ck mfhesfec oh {ac ngltfh gb fksm{~ icnfs~c {ac tyckon{ {af{{acoy ugyk~ uomm ic lo~oh{cytyc{ck( [aygsea cqtcyochnc- gshe tcgtmc afrc mcfyh{{af{ {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh af~ hg{ nyg~~ck gmk igshkfyoc~ {aygsea byochk~aot~ oh {acuf {af{ {ac afrc( F~ Jghyfk cqtmfoh~0

Yfnc ycfmm o~h‟{ fh o~~sc flghe l eygst gb byochk~ „ uc fyc f loqckishna fhk kgh‟{ {fmj figs{ cfna g{acy oh ‑{af{ uf‟( Ghm uach uc fyc `gjohe fygshk uc s~c ugyk~ mojc ‑hoeef‟- {g nfmm cfna g{acy‟~ f{{ch{ogh(O{ af~ hg{aohe {g kg uo{a f yfnofm o~~sc- o{‟~ lgyc mojc bygl f lgroc gy~glc{aohe( Uc lfjc `gjc~ mojc ‑ua- o~ o{ icnfs~c O fl uao{c7‟ Is{ uc

ycfmm kgh‟{ ~cc o{ f~ ngmgsy( Gsy tfych{~ tygifim ~cc o{ kobbcych{ icnfs~cgb ftfy{acok: {ac loea{ {fjc o{ {ac uyghe uf•o{‟~ `s~{ bgy s~ icnfs~c ucfyc hg{ fbbcn{ck( Uc fyc hg{ yfno~{ {gufyk~ cfna g{acy( Is{ uc ugsmkh‟{ ~f o{ {g `s~{ fhghc0 gs afrc {g jhgu uag gs nfh `gjc uo{a(

^{skch{~ oh Bo~a Agcj yctgy{ck {af{ yfnc,if~ck mfhesfec o~ s~ck oh ngyyokgyko~ts{c~ is{ {af{ {acyc o~ mo{{mc- ob fh- yfno~l ic{ucch tstom~( [ac ghm ngltmfoh{~gb ko~nyolohf{ogh ycmf{ck {g ~naggm ysmc~ tcy{fohohe {g mfhesfec fhk {ac fn{ogh~ gb fksm{ {cfnacy~0

[ac {cfnacy~ ugh‟{ fmmgu lc fhk l byochk~ {g ~tcfj Qag~f: {ac ~f

‑uc ~tcfj Chemo~a acyc‟( Is{ {ach {ac fmmgu Fbyojffh~: icnfs~c {ac nfh shkcy~{fhk( _gs ~cc {ac kgh‟{ shkcy~{fhk uaf{ uc ~f oh Qag~f(![afhkg- ig- feck 63- yc~okch{ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc f{ ~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj/

I ngh{yf~{- grcy{ yfno~l {gufyk~ tstom~ fhk {cfnacy~ o~ ngllghtmfnc oh Gncfh Rocu^cnghkfy ̂ naggm( Eob{- ghc gb {ac gshe yc~cfynacy~- ycnfmmck {af{ ac fhk ao~ ~oq g{acyo~oQag~f,~tcfjohe byochk~ f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm ucyc bgynck i gmkcyngmgsyck tstom~ {g afhk grcy {acoy mshna lghc gb Y9 cfna kf( Fm{agsea {ao~ bgylgb ismmohe o~ uokc~tycfk flghe ngmgsyck ig~- Eob{ tcyncorck o{ f~ yfno~{ icafrogsy(Ksyohe gsy gi~cyrf{ogh f{ {ac ~naggm uc uo{hc~~ck o~oQag~f,~tcfjohe naomkych icoheyctyolfhkck i {cfnacy~ bgy yc~tghkohe oh johk {g yfno~{ ngllch{~ bygl mgnfm

ngmgsyck mcfyhcy~( Ghc gb {ac {cchfecy~ ~fok {af{ crcy kf ac fhk ao~ Fbyonfh byochk~




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fyc nfmmck ‑imfnj‟ oh rfyogs~ kcygef{gy uf~( Fkaojfyo !9443/ fyesc~ {af{ f yfnofmo~cknghnct{ogh gb ‑ngmgsyckhc~~‟ af~ eyguh ~{yghecy ~ohnc {ac chk gb ftfy{acok( [ao~- ac~seec~{~- af~ ychcuck fbboho{oc~ {g uao{chc~~ fhk kcctchck yfno~l {gufyk~ Fbyonfh

tcgtmc( Fhk fm{agsea yfno~{ icafrogsy uf~ gi~cyrck oh ghm {ac lohgyo{ oh GncfhRocu- ‑uao{c‟ tcgtmc fyc ~olomfym lfmoehck( [ac~c tyfn{onc~ fttcfy {g ic tfy{ gb fuokcy ~c{ gb f{{o{skc~ fhk icafrogsy~ oh uaona ts{{ohe g{acy~ kguh ~ccl~ {g afrcicnglc f uf gb ngtohe uo{a imcfj tyg~tcn{~ !~cc fm~g Naft{cy~ > fhk 2/(

[cchfecy~ f{ ~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj fyc gb{ch fufyc gb {ac tcy~o~{ch{ {ch~ogh {ac nghbygh{ic{ucch fh okcgmge gb ‑hgh,kobbcychnc‟ fnyg~~ bgylcy yfnc eygst~ fhk {ac kfom cqtcyochnc gb yfnofm mficmmohe( _c{ {acoy fufychc~~ kgc~ hg{ ~ccl {g {yfh~mf{c oh{g fh fiomo{ {g yc~gmrc {ac {ch~ogh oh fh g{acy uf {afh korgynohe ohkoroksfm~ bygl {acoy ngh{cq{oh uf~ kc~nyoick figrc( [acoy ycmsn{fhnc {g s~c f mfhesfec gb yfnc uach kc~nyoiohekorcy~o{ uo{aoh {acoy tccy eygstfhk tfy{onsmfym oh ycmf{ogh {g byochk~aot~- ~seec~{~ {af{{ac ngh~okcy o{ sh~f{o~bfn{gy( Ghc ycf~gh bgy {acoy ko~nglbgy{ fttcfy~ {g ic f ~ch~c {af{o{ o~ hg{ fttygtyof{c gy fnnct{fimc {g {fmj figs{ yfnc oh {ac hcu ̂ gs{a Fbyonf- gy crch {af{{ac fyc {oyck gb acfyohe figs{ ftfy{acok fhk {ac ghs~ tmfnck gh yfnc(

Is{ {cchfecy~ oh eyfkc ? tgoh{ck gs{ {af{ o{ o~ kobbonsm{ {g jhgu agu {g ~tcfj( Ghcgb {ac ig~ ngllch{ck0 ‑Ob gs kc~nyoic ~glcghc f~ imfnj gs fyc yfno~{& Is{ ob aco~- uaf{ fl O ~sttg~ck {g ~f7 Kg O ~f ac o~ ycfmm {fmm fhk•sal•7‟ Byfhno~- uagugsmk ic ngh~okcyck Fbyonfh gy imfnj- f~~cy{~ f uo~a {g frgok s~ohe {ac ugyk ‑imfnj‟-c{ oh nghrcy~f{ogh~ bohk~ acy~cmb ycbcyyohe {g ‑imfnj tcgtmc‟( [as~ o{ fttcfy~ {af{gshe tcgtmc mfnj fh fm{cyhf{orc rgnfismfy uo{a uaona {g fy{onsmf{c {ac fbboho{oc~

fhk kobbcychnc~ {ac chngsh{cy( F~ uc afrc fltm kclgh~{yf{cklg~{ gshe tcgtmcoh {ac Rfmmc afrc mo{{mc gy hg jhgumckec gb {ac aglc fhk ngllsho{ chroyghlch{~gb {acoy tccy~ uag morc oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~( Uo{ags{ {ac gttgy{sho{ {g gi~cyrcfhk fhfm~c {acoy cqtcyochnc~ gb crcykf mobc oh fycf~ gs{~okc {acoy guh- naomkychfhk fkgmc~nch{~ fyc shfimc {g ngh~{ysn{ fm{cyhf{orc cqtmfhf{ogh~ bgy {ac rfyof{ogh ohuf~ gb shkcy~{fhkohe fhk yc~tghkohe {g {ac ugymk fygshk {acl( Rcy ~cmkgl- bgycqfltmc- kok uc acfy gshe tcgtmc fy{onsmf{c kobbcychnc gh {ac if~o~ gb nmf~~- mfhesfecgy nsm{syfm tyfn{onc( [ac yfyc cqnct{ogh~ ucyc {ag~c uag ucyc bflomofy uo{a fhg{acyhcoeaigsyaggk fhk afk lfkc nmg~c byochk~aot~ fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk igshkfyoc~(

Bgy cqfltmc- 65,cfy,gmk Rcyghovsc morc~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk ksyohe {ac {ug,cfy

tcyogk ~ac f{{chkck Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm lfkc nmg~c byochk~ uo{a f eoym uagmorc~ oh Nftyo- f lokkmc,nmf~~ fhk tyckglohfh{m uao{c fycf oh {ac Rfmmc( [ac eg {gtfy{oc~ {gec{acy oh Nftyo fhk Rcyghovsc ~mcct~ grcy f{ acy byochk‟~ ags~c( âc ghnc{ggj f byochk bygl Gncfh Rocu {g ghc gb {ac~c tfy{oc~ fhk gi~cyrck acy ~{yseemohe{g bo{ oh( Rcyghovsc‟~ ycbmcn{ogh~ figs{ agu acy byochk bcm{- fhk ua- nghrc fhfufychc~~ gb {ac tfy{onsmfy lfhhcy oh uaona kobbcychnc o~ cqtcyochnck- fhk uaf{ o~ycvsoyck {g lfhfec gy grcynglc {ac~c kobbcychnc~0

âc uf~h‟{ rcy aftt•gs ~cc ~ac‟k hcrcy icch {g f tfy{ uo{a `s~{ uao{ctcgtmc icbgyc( L uao{c byochk~ icafrc kobbcych{m {g l ngmgsyck byochk~(

L uao{c byochk~ fn{ lgyc naomkmojc- lfjohe ~{stok `gjc~ fhk mfseaohe f{




622

~omm {aohe~( L ngmgsyck byochk~ ugsmkh‟{ ~{fhk bgy {ao~ ~gy{ gb {aohe „{ac fmuf~ afrc f mg{ {g ~f fhk fn{ gmkcy {afh uaf{ {ac fyc( Fm~g- l byochk ~{yseemc~ uo{a Chemo~a f~ Fbyojffh~ o~ acy boy~{ mfhesfec- ~g ~ac bcm{

f io{ mcb{ gs{( !Rcyghovsc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

Rcyghovsc‟~ ngllch{~ ~agu {af{ kobbcychnc o~ cqtcyochnck hg{ oh {cyl~ gb ‑yfnc‟ tcy~c- is{ oh {cyl~ gb mfhesfec fhk ~{mc gb oh{cyfn{ogh- ohnmskohe bgyl~ gb ~tccna fhkaslgsy( If~ck gh acy guh cqtcyochnc- ~ac kgc~ hg{ ~cc {ac~c f~ oh~sylgsh{fimc bgyacy byochk- is{ o{ o~ nmcfy {af{ ngh~okcyfimc {olc- cbbgy{ fhk ng~{~ !oh {cyl~ gb bccmohelfyeohfmo~ck/ fyc ycvsoyck {g mcfyh ‑hcu‟ ysmc~ bgy {ac uf ghc tfy{oc~ oh fhg{acyhcoeaigsyaggk( Rcyghovsc- oh kc~nyoiohe {ao~ tfy{onsmfy ohnokch{- kclgh~{yf{c~ fhfufychc~~ gb {ac igshkfyoc~ nycf{ck i mfhesfec kobbcychnc fhk tfy{onsmfy nsm{syfmtyfn{onc~ !~cc fm~g LnJohhc 9445/( Oh{cyc~{ohem- ~ac lfjc~ hg ycbcychnc {g ucfm{akobbcychnc~ f~ f bfn{gy oh acy gy acy byochk‟~ oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a ucfm{aocy !uao{c/ byochk~(

Lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych fyc ncy{fohm fufyc {af{ {ac fycoh lghc{fy {cyl~ f{ mcf~{-ucfm{aocy {afh lg~{ naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu fhk fmm {ag~c oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Is{ucfm{a uf~ hcrcy lch{oghck oh ko~ns~~ogh~ gb korcy~o{( Ycf~gh~ bgy {ao~ ~omchnc fycmojcm {g ohnmskc ~glc ko~nglbgy{ f{ ao~{gyonfm fhk ngh{cltgyfy cnghglon tyoromcec-f~ ucmm f~ {ac fi~chnc gb fh koycn{ tcy~ghfm jhgumckec figs{ uaf{ tgrcy{ lcfh~oh {cyl~ gb o{~ oltfn{ gh {acoy tccy~( [ac bfn{ {af{ {ac kg hg{ ~tchk {olc oh tggyhcoeaigsyaggk~ lcfh~ {af{ {ac fyc shfimc {g kcrcmgt f hsfhnck shkcy~{fhkohegb bflom mobc fhk ngllsho{ oh{cyfn{ogh- ohnmskohe {ac tg~o{orc f~tcn{~ gb {ac~c{af{ shkcylohc {ac fttfych{ aglgechco{ gb {ac {cyl ‑tggy‟( [ac ton{syc o~ mo{cyfmm

‑imfnj fhk uao{c‟ fhk o~ kc~nyoick f~ ~sna i {ag~c naomkych uag afrc icch shfimc {gisomk ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ fmmgu {acl {g lgrc oh fhk gs{ gb hcoeaigsyohe fycf~(

^{skoc~ oh g{acy ngsh{yoc~ afrc bgshk {af{ {ac lfhhcy oh uaona nf{cegyoc~ gb c{ahono{ fhk ‑nsm{syc‟ fyc hf{syfmo~ck oh iygfkcy ~gnoc{ tmfnc~ ~{ysn{syfm molo{~ gh gshetcgtmc‟~ nycf{oro{ oh tygksnohe fm{cyhf{orc ~gnofm okch{o{oc~( Oh f ~{sk i Afmm !6??3/gb {ac lfhhcy oh uaona Iyo{o~a,igyh ôja {cchfecy~ hceg{of{c {acoy okch{o{oc~- nsm{syfmkobbcychnc o~ bgshk {g ic f ~gnofm ngh~{ysn{ {af{ af~ icnglc hf{syfmo~ck i uokcy ~gnoc{(Oh ngh{cltgyfy ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{- {ac ~flc nfh ic ~fok bgy yfnofm kobbcychnc- fhohrch{ck ngh~{ysn{ {af{ af~ icnglc ‑ycfm‟ {aygsea tcy~o~{ch{ shcvsfm {ycf{lch{ i {ac~{f{c- fhk fmghe uo{a {ao~ ‑ycfmo{‟ af~ nglc {g f~~slc f ‑hf{syfm‟ ~{f{s~(

Bohfmm- uaomc uc afrc ~aguh {af{ ~naggm~ gbbcy f bcy{omc eygshk bgy {ac bgylf{ogh gb byochk~aot~ fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk fhk ‑yfnc‟ igshkfyoc~- {ac fyc is{ ghc ~oehobonfh{~tacyc gb naomkych‟~ ~gnofm ugymk~( O{ o~ {cmmohe {af{ {ac byochk~aot~ ~{yfkkmohehcoeaigsyaggk~ {af{ naomkych kc~nyoick f~ afrohe oh{olfn fhk cltf{a fyc {ag~c{af{ kcrcmgt oh ~crcyfm ~tacyc~ gb {acoy morc~( Bgy cqfltmc- {ac yc~tcn{orc naomkychf{{chk {ac ~flc ~naggm- tmf oh {ac ~flc ~tgy{~ {cfl fhk fyc lclicy~ gb {ac ~flcnasyna( ^sna byochk~aot~ fyc rcy kobbonsm{ {g lfoh{foh icghk {ac ~naggm eygshk~!cqnct{ gnnf~oghfmm {aygsea nasyna gs{a nmsi~ fhk gyefho~f{ogh~ mojc GOM/ icnfs~cgb ng~{m tsimon {yfh~tgy{- ycmofhnc gh tfych{~ {g kyorc {acl- ~fbc{,ycmf{ck bcfy~ fhk

g{acy kobbonsm{oc~ {af{ naomkych cqtcyochnc oh lgrohe ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~(




625

Nghnms~ogh

[ao~ naft{cy gtchck uo{a f vsc~{ogh0 o~ {ao~ echcyf{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc morohe oh

f lgyc oh{ceyf{ck ~gnoc{ {afh {af{ gb {acoy tfych{~‟ naomkaggk7 Gsy fhfm~o~ af~gbbcyck fh oltgy{fh{ ngltghch{ gb {ac yc~tgh~c {aygsea o{~ oh~oea{~ oh{g gshetcgtmc‟~ lgiomo{ fhk {acoy s~c fhk shkcy~{fhkohe gb ao~{gyonfmm ch{ychnack uf~ gb nmf~~obohe tcgtmc fhk {ac ~gnofm ugymk( F bsmmcy fh~ucy o~ ghm tg~~oimc uach {ac~cfyc mfok fmghe~okc g{acy bfnc{~ gb naomkych‟~ ~gnofm fhk nsm{syfm morc~- fhk {aygsea fhcqtmgyf{ogh gb nafhec oh {ac ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch {ac fn{ogh~ gb {ac gshe fhk {ac~{ysn{syc~ gb ~gnoc{( [ao~ o~ {ac ugyj gb {ac iggj f~ f uagmc- fhk o~- {acycbgyc- f ~{gy {af{ uomm shbgmk uo{a cfna naft{cy(

Gsy bohkohe~ ~agu {af{ {ac cq{ch{ {g uaona gshe tcgtmc lgrc fygshk- fhk uacyc{ac eg- fyc nyo{onfm bfn{gy~ oh {acoy ~ch~c gb ~gnofm okch{o{( ^{yojohe kobbcychnc~ cqo~{

ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc( Kobbcychnc~- bgy cqfltmc- oh {ac rcy molo{cklgiomo{ gb Gncfh Rocu yc~okch{~- {ac bycvsch{ ecgeyftaonfm lgrclch{ ic{ucch johoh ko~{fh{ fhk hcfyi tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ i lg~{ gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk {ac cq{ch~orc lgiomo{ gb lfh Bo~a Agcj yc~okch{~( Mghe,~{fhkohe bflomofmf~~gnof{ogh~ fhk nsyych{ cnghglon yc~{yon{ogh~ lcfh {af{ gshe tcgtmc mfyecm lgrc oh ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm ~tacyc~ ko~{ohn{ {g {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk fhk o{~ ao~{gy(Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- bcu naomkych gy fkgmc~nch{~ ~tch{ fh {olc oh {ac aglc~- ~{ycc{~fhk tsimon bfnomo{oc~ gb g{acy hcfyi hcoeaigsyaggk~( Fhk uach {ac kok ~g- o{ uf~{ag~c bygl tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ ch{cyohe ucfm{aocy ghc~( [ac gshe is oh{gfhk ycohbgync hcef{orc ~{cycg{tohe gb ‑g{acy‟ hcoeaigsyaggk~ icnfs~c ~g bcu afrc

tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc~ {g nafmmchec {ac~c( Fhk bgy {ag~c morohe oh Gncfh Rocu- uag fycngh~o~{ch{m tgy{yfck mcf~{ bfrgsyfim- {ac ~gnofm okch{o{oc~ f~nyoick {aygsea {ac~ctygnc~~c~ ~aftc {acoy tcy~ghfm yc~tgh~c~ {g cksnf{oghfm fhk mobc~{mc nafmmchec~(

[ac ngh{cq{ gb loholfm- ghc,koycn{oghfm lgiomo{ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~kclfhkck nfycbsm ~nys{oh gb {ac hf{syc gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh {af{ gnnsy~ oh ~afyck~tfnc~ fhk oh~{o{s{ogh~( Uc afrc ~aguh {af{ {ac ngllcynofm fhk mco~syc ~tfnc~s~ck i mfyec hslicy~ gb naomkych oh {ac Rfmmc fbbgyk ghm rcy molo{ck ~gnofmoh{cyfn{ogh ic{ucch {ag~c bygl kobbcych{ hcoeaigsyaggk~( Crch oh {ac~c ~tfnc~-gshe tcgtmc {chk {g ~gnofmo~c uo{a {acoy byochk~- uag fmlg~{ fmuf~ morc oh {ac ~flchcoeaigsyaggk( Bgy {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{- ~tchkohe {olc oh ~agt~ fhk gh {ac icfna uo{atccy~ bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ ghm ~ligmon gb {ac tg{ch{ofm bgy nyg~~ohe {ac~cigshkfyoc~( Crokchnc gb {ao~ tg{ch{ofm o~ bgshk oh {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac mgnfm ~agttohelfmm fhk icfna fyc {ac nag~ch lcc{ohe tmfnc~ bgy {ac bcu naomkych uag afrc icchfimc {g bgyec byochk~aot~ fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~(

Gsy kf{f tgoh{ {g {ac nyo{onfm ygmc tmfck i ~naggm~- nasynac~ fhk kcrcmgtlch{gyefho~f{ogh~ oh tygrokohe {ac ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc oh uaona gshe tcgtmcnfh oh{cyfn{ uo{a {acoy tccy~ bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ gh f {acgyc{onfmm cvsfmbgg{ohe( Byochk~aot~ icesh oh {ac~c ~c{{ohe~ afrc crgmrck icghk {ac tcyogk ohuaona naomkych ~afyck {ac ~tfnc gh f ycesmfy if~o~- {acyci kclgh~{yf{ohe {ac

tg{ch{ofm gb {ac~c oh~{o{s{ogh~ {g chfimc {ac nyg~~ohe gb hcoeaigsyaggk igshkfyoc~(




621

F~ c{- {acyc fyc {gg bcu ~c{{ohe~ fhk hc{ugyj~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh {ac Rfmmc bgy{ac gshe „ gy- bgy {af{ lf{{cy- {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh „ {g isomk bflomofyo{ fhkyctmfnc f~~slt{ogh~ uo{a jhgumckec gb {ac ta~onfm tmfnc~ fhk crcykf morc~ gb

hcoeaigsyohe ngllsho{oc~( Lgycgrcy- c{ahgeyftaon fhfm~o~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh {acBo~a Agcj ~naggm~ {cmm~ s~ {af{ ghc f~tcn{ gb {ac uf gshe tcgtmc fyc lfhfeohe {acoytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ kgc~ hg{ ycvsoyc {acl {g nghbygh{ {acoy f~~slt{ogh~ figs{ fhcoeaigsyaggk fhk o{~ yc~okch{~( Uach oh{cyfn{ohe uo{a byochk~ morohe oh kobbcych{hcoeaigsyaggk~ gh fh crcykf if~o~- gshe tcgtmc ycngeho~c ~olomfy rfmsc~- {f~{c~fhk oh{cyc~{~( _c{ uach ~tcfjohe figs{ {ac ngllsho{oc~ oh uaona {acoy byochk~morc !gy crch f eygst gb tcgtmc bygl {af{ fycf/- {ac s~c imfhjc{ echcyfmo~f{ogh~fhk crch ~{cycg{tc~( [ao~ ko~`shn{syc ohkonf{c~ gshe tcgtmc‟~ ohfiomo{ {g lfyy {acoy tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc~ gb ~olomfyo{ fhk nghhcn{ckhc~~ uo{aoh f tccy eygst gb loqck ao~{gy- mfhesfec fhk yc~okchnc uo{a tycrfomohe ko~ngsy~c~ {af{ tyogyo{o~c

kobbcychnc fhk ~ctfyf{chc~~( Igm~{cyohe {ac igkom jhgumckec ycvsoyck {g kg ~gohrgmrc~ lgrohe uo{aoh kobbcych{ ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc~ {g {ag~c bycvsch{ck i {acoy tfych{~‟ echcyf{ogh( Lg~{ gshe tcgtmc kc~oyc {ac gttgy{sho{ {g kg ~g- is{ng~{~ fhk ~fbc{,ycmf{ck yc~{yon{ogh~ gh {acoy lgiomo{ tg~c gi~{fnmc~- tfy{onsmfym {gnaomkych- gshe fkgmc~nch{~ fhk eoym~(

[ch~ogh~ fm~g fyo~c oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ ko~ngsy~c~ fhk fn{ogh~ ycefykohe korcy~o{ oh{ac ~naggm ~c{{ohe( [ac fn{orcm tyglg{c hg{ogh~ gb cvsfmo{ fhk {y {g frgok s~oheyfnofm {cyl~( _c{ f{ {ac ~flc {olc {ac mficm ncy{foh icafrogsy~ f~ icohe ‑imfnj‟- ‑uao{c‟-‑ngmgsyck‟ gy f~ f~toyf{oghfm {g fhg{acy ngmgsy- fhk fn{orcm tgmonc {ac~c okch{o{oc~s~ohe aslgsy fhk oh~sm{~( Ycbmcn{orc nghrcy~f{ogh~ ycrcfmck {af{ gshe tcgtmc fycfufyc gb {ac~c ohngh~o~{chnoc~ fhk ~seec~{ck {af{ {ac „ tcyaft~ mojc lfh fksm{~oh {ac Rfmmc „ afk hg fm{cyhf{orc rgnfismfy bgy cqtyc~~ohe mohc~ gb kobbcychnc( Ucf{{yois{c {acoy ~omchnc ycefykohe ohnglc- yc~gsync~ fhk ~gnognsm{syfm kobbcychnc~ {gf mfnj gb gttgy{sho{ {g ~tchk {olc oh cfna g{acy‟~ aglc~ fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~-gi~cyrohe fhk bgylohe gtohogh~(

Oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb f tcy~ghfm okch{o{ fhk crcykf ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a tccy~-‑yfnc‟ o~ hg{ {ac ghm- gy crch {ac ~{yghec~{- kc{cylohfh{ gb okch{o{( Byochk~aot~ fycbgylck fhk ~s~{fohck fnyg~~ ngmgsy igshkfyoc~- c~tcnofmm ob gshe tcgtmc fyc fimc{g ~tchk {olc {gec{acy oh ngh{cq{~ g{acy {afh ~naggmbgy cqfltmc ~tgy{~ {cfl~ gy

nasyna gs{a eygst~( Ohkoroksfm~ nfh lfhotsmf{c {acoy guh ngmgsy okch{o{ i ig{afkgt{ohe ncy{foh ~{mc~ gb kyc~~- ls~on fhk mfhesfec fhk nagg~ohe {g ~gnofmo~c uo{abyochk~ bygl g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~( Bgy lfh- {ao~ o~ f byfeomc tygnc~~ {af{ ycvsoyc~lsna cbbgy{ fhk yc~omochnc guohe {g {yfh~tgy{,ycmf{ck nafmmchec~ fhk tcy~o~{ch{tyc~~syc bygl tccy~ {g nghbgyl {g {ac ysmc~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a {acoy ‑{ysc‟ ngmgsy(Oh{cyc~{ohem- agucrcy- bgy lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych uag ugsmk gykohfyom ic mficmmck‑Fbyonfh‟ gy ‑imfnj‟ gy ‑ngmgsyck‟- byochk~aot~- f~~gnof{ogh~ fhk ~naggmohe flghe {ac!mfyecm uao{c/ mgnfm tgtsmf{ogh ngh{yois{c {g {acoy ~snnc~~bsm yc`cn{ogh gb fh okch{o{ ngh~{ysn{ck gh {ac if~o~ gb ngmgsy !gy hg{ogh~ gb yfnc/( [ao~ bohkohe ~seec~{~ {af{kobbcych{of{ogh o~ ~si~{fh{of{ck gh {ac if~o~ gb tmfnc gb yc~okchnc !uaona- oh {ac

Rfmmc- cvsf{c~ {g nmf~~/- yf{acy {afh ngmgsy fhk ‑yfnc‟(




62?

Oh ~sllfy- ngmgsy o~ fh oltgy{fh{ kolch~ogh oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ ngh~{ysn{~ gb {acoyguh fhk g{acy~‟ okch{o{oc~- is{ kgc~ hg{ lcfh {ac cvsorfmch{ {g ‑yfnc‟ f~ s~ck oh{ac ftfy{acok cyf fhk i {ac fksm{ echcyf{ogh( [ac tmfbsm s~c gb ngmgsy mficm~ kgc~

hg{ fmuf~ oltm ~{f{s~ kobbcychnc fhk- uach o{ kgc~ ~g- kgc~ hg{ fmuf~ ycohbgync{ac gmk aocyfyna( [af{ ~fok- fns{c ngmgsy,if~ck ko~nyolohf{ogh tcy~o~{~ oh ncy{foh~c{{ohe~( Lg~{ {ygsimohe {g gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu- o{~ tyc~chnc o~ ig{a fngh~cvschnc gb- fhk fn{~ {g ycohbgync- {ao~ hcoeaigsyaggk‟~ ta~onfm- ~gnofm fhktgmo{onfm lfyeohfmo~f{ogh(

[ac mcefn gb ftfy{acok tmfhhohe ngh{ohsc~ oh Nftc [guh‟~ ~gs{acyh tchoh~smfoh {ac f~~gnof{ogh naomkych lfjc ic{ucch ngmgsy fhk tmfnc gb yc~okchnc- fhk {acoy~c{ gb f~~slt{ogh~ figs{ uaf{ tcgtmc kg oh {ac~c tmfnc~( [ac~c f~~slt{ogh~ gb{chbgns~ gh tyfn{onc~ {af{ fyc iopfyyc- byoea{chohe fhk yckgmch{ gb ~glc{aohe ko~{ohn{m ‑g{acy‟ fhk- {acycbgyc- ~cyrc {g ~s~{foh gshe tcgtmc‟~ ollgiomo{( Fm{agsea ghm rgnfmo~ck f~ ngyc {g {acoy okch{o{oc~ i yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc- ‑nsm{syc‟ !lcfhohe~c{~ gb {yfko{ogh~- icmocb~ fhk rfmsc~/ o~ ycefykck f~ f ko~{oheso~aohe bcf{syc gb {achcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac uf gshe tcgtmc {fmj figs{ {ac ~gnofm ecgeyfta gb {acRfmmc( Oh crcykf oh{cyfn{ogh- agucrcy- nsm{syfm kobbcychnc~ fyc cqtcyochnck f{fh ch{oycm kobbcych{ mcrcm( Ghc gb {ac~c tcy{foh~ {g mfhesfec- ig{a oh fh ohfiomo{ {g ngllshonf{c fhk oh f nagonc gb mfhesfec ~{mc gy fnnch{( [ac g{acy o~ f lf{{cygb ~{mc- hflcm oh {ac nagonc gb kyc~~- s~c gb aslgsy fhk bgyl~ gb ~gnofmo~ohe oh{ac tccy eygst „ {ac nsm{syfm kobbcychnc~ {af{ gshe tcgtmc chngsh{cy f~ {ac nyg~~‑ngmgsy‟ igshkfyoc~ oh {acoy byochk~aot~(

[ac~c cqtcyochnc~- uaomc hg{ kc~nyoick f~ lf{{cy~ gb ‑nsm{syc‟- ommslohf{c {ac if~o~gh uaona gshe tcgtmc afrc bgylck f kobbcych{ shkcy~{fhkohe fhk cqtcyochncgb oh{ceyf{ogh bygl {af{ gb {acoy tfych{~‟ echcyf{ogh( Fksm{~ ugyjohe oh nasynac~-~naggm~ fhk gyefho~f{ogh~ ~tgjc figs{ ‑nsm{syfm kobbcychnc~‟ oltckohe {acoy cbbgy{~{g bfnomo{f{c lsm{o,hcoeaigsyaggk crch{~( Oh{cyc~{ohem- {ac~c ucyc gb{ch tyc~ch{ckf~ oh~sylgsh{fimcfhk c{ {ac cqfltmc~ eorch ~aguck {af{ {ac ucyc ycbcyyohe {gkobbcychnc~ oh ~{mc gy afio{ !~sna f~ tycbcyyck bgyl~ gb ch{cy{fohlch{/ gb f ~olomfyhf{syc {g {ag~c chngsh{cyck i naomkych uach {ac f{{chk tfy{oc~ fhk crch{~ ohg{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~( _c{ uach gshe tcgtmc kc~nyoic {ac~c kobbcychnc~ {ac {ycf{{acl f~ oh{cyc~{ohe- aslgygs~- ~glc{olc~ nafmmcheohe- is{ clohch{m iyokecfimc

esmb~ oh {ac uf ghc ~gnofmo~c~ uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst( Lg~{ oltgy{fh{m- {ac ~cc{acl~cmrc~ f~ fimc {g mcfyh figs{- ugyj uo{a- lfhfec „ fhk crch fkgt{ „ kobbcych{~{mc~( ‑Nsm{syfm kobbcychnc~‟ fyc- {acycbgyc- hg{ {ac ollgrfimc ifyyocy~ {g ~gnofmoh{cyfn{ogh tcyncorck i lfh fksm{~- is{ lfmmcfimc gi~{fnmc~ {af{ nfh ic ugyjckuo{a ob ohkoroksfm~ fyc tyctfyck {g ts{ {olc fhk cbbgy{ oh{g {ac tygnc~~(



654

[ac ycfm ugymk~ gb tsimon ~naggmohe

^gs{a Fbyonfh ~naggm~ afrc aoea chygmlch{ yf{c~( Crch icbgyc {ac ^gs{a Fbyonfh^naggm~ Fn{ !Hg( 1; gb 6??2/ lfkc cksnf{ogh ngltsm~gy ‑sh{om {ac mf~{ ~naggm kf gb {ac cfy oh uaona Zfh fkgmc~nch{\ ycfnac~ {ac fec gb bob{cch cfy~ gy {ac hoh{a eyfkc-uaonacrcy gnnsy~ boy~{‟- {acyc uf~ fmycfk fmlg~{ {g{fm chygmlch{ flghe {ao~ feceygst( Ohkcck- lfh gshe tcgtmc yclfoh oh ~naggm oh{g {acoy mf{c {cch~ fhk !sh{omycnch{m/ crch cfym 94~( ^naggm- {acycbgyc- fnngsh{~ bgy f asec tfy{ gb {ac crcykf morc~ gb gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~( O{ o~ fm~g gb ngh~okcyfimc ngh~cvschnc bgy {acoy bs{syc([ac ~naggm o~ f rchsc oh uaona gshe tcgtmc oh{cyfn{ uo{a fksm{~ fhk tccy~ fmojc(

O{ o~ f ~gnofm fychf f~ ucmm f~ f bgysl bgy cksnf{ogh( Oh ig{a yc~tcn{~- ~naggm~ afrcicch {ac gi`cn{ gb ~oehobonfh{ tgmon nafhec grcy {ac mf~{ {ug kcnfkc~( [ao~ naft{cycqflohc~ ~naggmohe oh {cyl~ gb o{~ bgylfm cksnf{oghfm kolch~ogh~- uaom~{ Naft{cy 2{syh~ {g ~naggm~ f~ ~gnofm fychf~ oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf(

^naggmohe fb{cy ftfy{acok0 Ycbgyl uo{ags{ oltygrclch{

^naggmohe shkcy ftfy{acok uf~ nafyfn{cyo~ck i kcct ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh {ac fmmgnf{ogh gb tsimon yc~gsync~- {ac vsfmo{ gb cksnf{ogh fhk cksnf{oghfm gs{nglc~( Lg~{ naomkychnmf~~obock f~ uao{c f{{chkck ucmm,yc~gsynck ~naggm~- uo{a ucmm,{yfohck fhk lg{orf{ck

{cfnacy~- fhk mcb{ ~naggm fb{cy tf~~ohe {ac eyfkc 69 gy lf{yonsmf{ogh !‑lf{yon‟/cqflohf{ogh( Naomkych nmf~~obock f~ Fbyonfh loea{ hg{ afrc f{{chkck ~naggm rcy lsnaf{ fmm( [ac ~naggm~ {ac loea{ afrc f{{chkck ucyc tggym yc~gsynck- {tonfmm uo{atggym {yfohck- ohfkcvsf{cm vsfmobock {cfnacy~ uag ycmock gh yg{c,{cfnaohe( Lfh Fbyonfh naomkych kygttck gs{ gb ~naggm f{ f gshe fec: lfh gb {ag~c uag tcy~o~{ckmcfyh{ mo{{mc: rcy bcu ngltmc{ck {ac mghe fhk fyksgs~ `gsyhc {g eyfkc 69: fhk crchbcucy fn{sfmm tf~~ck {ac lf{yon cqflohf{ogh( F~ ycnch{m f~ 6?54- {ac ~cnghkfy,~naggm chygmlch{ yf{c flghe Fbyonfh naomkych uf~ `s~{ 62 tcy nch{- ngltfyck {g ?4tcy nch{ flghe uao{c naomkych !Tommf 6??40 >;/( Egrcyhlch{ ~tchkohe tcy Fbyonfhnaomk uf~ figs{ 2 tcy nch{ gb cqtchko{syc tcy uao{c naomk !Fscyifna " Ucm~a 6?160

5?/( Naomkych nmf~~obock f~ ngmgsyck gy Ohkofh afk cqtcyochnc~ ~glcuacyc ic{ucch{ag~c gb uao{c fhk Fbyonfh naomkych(

[ac ngh~cvschnc uf~ ngh~okcyfimc ohcvsfmo{ oh {ac ~jomm~ fhk vsfmobonf{ogh~f{{fohck i ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych( Icnfs~c cksnf{ogh tmf~ ~sna f torg{fm ygmc oh~g lfh f~tcn{~ gb mobc- {ac shcvsfm ko~{yois{ogh gb ~jomm~ fhk vsfmobonf{ogh~ bgylck{ac ~{ysn{syc gb „ fhk kcctm ~nfyyck „ ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{( [ao~ uf~- gb ngsy~c-tfy{ gb {ac tsytg~c gb kobbcych{ofm cksnf{ogh0 uao{c ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ ucyc eorch {acfkrfh{fec~ gb nmf~~ {af{ chfimck grcy{ yfnofm ko~nyolohf{ogh oh {ac mfigsy lfyjc{!{aygsea {ac yfnofm ngmgsy ify/ {g ic ycmfqck uo{a mo{{mc cbbcn{ gh uao{c tyoromcec!^ccjohe~ " Hf{{yf~~ 9443/(

3



656

[ac cksnf{ogh ~~{cl kok nafhec bygl {ac 6?54~( Oh {ac bohfm {ug kcnfkc~ gb ftfy{acok- ig{a {ac chygmlch{ yf{c~ fhk ycfm cqtchko{syc tcy tstom yg~c yftokm flghe Fbyonfh naomkych( [ac hslicy gb ~cnghkfy ~naggm~ oh {ac ~tyfumohe

{guh~aot~ gb ^guc{g !gs{~okc @gafhhc~isye/ yg~c bygl 1 {g 33 oh `s~{ 69cfy~ !6?59„1;/( Oh{cyyfnofm ohcvsfmo{ oh {cyl~ gb ~tchkohe tcy tstom kcnmohck(Hcrcy{acmc~~- uach ^gs{a Fbyonf icnflc f kclgnyfn oh 6??;- o{~ tsimon !o(c( ~{f{c/~naggm ~~{cl uf~ ~{omm kcctm shcvsfm(

Cksnf{ogh afk icch ghc gb {ac lf`gy nghncyh~ gb {ac Fbyonfh Hf{oghfm Ngheyc~~!FHN/ bgy kcnfkc~( ‑[ac kggy~ gb mcfyhohe ~afmm ic gtch-‟ o{ tygnmfolck oh {ac BycckglNafy{cy gb 6?33( Oh o{~ cmcn{ogh nfltfoeh oh 6??;- {ac FHN tyglo~ck ycbgyl~ {af{ugsmk chfimc fmm ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych {g ycfmo~c {acoy bsmm tg{ch{ofm !FHN 6??;/([ac FHN af~ kcmorcyck gh fmlg~{ fmm gb o{~ ~tcnobon tyglo~c~ !~cc- gh Efs{che-Bmco~na 9449/( [ac 65 cksnf{ogh kctfy{lch{~- uaona ucyc yfnofmm „ fhk lg~{m fm~g yceoghfmm „ ~ceycef{ck- ucyc bgyeck oh{g f hf{oghfm ~~{cl- fm{agsea ghc uo{angh~okcyfimc tgucy kcrgmrck {g {ac tygrohnofm fhk ko~{yon{ mcrcm~( Cksnf{ogh icnflcngltsm~gy {g eyfkc ?( Tsimon bshk~ ucyc ycfmmgnf{ck bygl bgylcym uao{c ~naggm~!fhk- {g f mc~~cy cq{ch{- bgylcym ngmgsyck fhk Ohkofh ~naggm~/ {g bgylcym Fbyonfh~naggm~- fmmguohe bgy ycksn{ogh~ oh {acoy tstom 0 {cfnacy yf{og~ fhk oltygrclch{~ oh{ac ta~onfm ohbyf~{ysn{syc gb ~naggm~( F hcu nsyyonsmsl uf~ oh{ygksnck oh 6??5-cltaf~o~ohe ~jomm kcrcmgtlch{ yf{acy {afh yg{c mcfyhohe( Ngh~okcyfimc ohrc~{lch{~ucyc lfkc oh {cfnacy {yfohohe(

[ac~c nafhec~ ucyc kyflf{on oh lfh yc~tcn{~- is{ tcyaft~ lg~{ ~g oh {cyl~ gb

tf{{cyh~ gb tsimon cqtchko{syc( [ac hcu ~~{cl gb fmmgnf{ohe tsimon bshk~ uf~if~ck gh ~{fhkfyk bgylsmf~0 {cfnaohe tg~{~ ucyc fmmgnf{ck fnngykohe {g chygmlch{:nfto{fm bshk~ fnngykohe {g f bgylsmf {af{ ko~nyolohf{ck oh bfrgsy gb ~naggm~ oh tggyhcoeaigsyaggk~: tf ~nfmc~ ucyc ~{fhkfyko~ck !^ccjohe~ 9446/( [ac yc~sm{ uf~ {af{{ac c~{olf{ck ~afyc gb tsimon bshkohe ~tch{ gh Fbyonfh tstom~ yg~c bygl figs{ 31tcy nch{ oh 6??> {g figs{ 5? tcy nch{ `s~{ bgsy cfy~ mf{cyoh 6??5- uaom~{ {ac ~afyc~tch{ gh uao{c tstom~ kcnmohck oh {ac ~flc tcyogk bygl figs{ 99 tcy nch{ {g 64 tcynch{ !Rfh kcy Icye 94420 964/( ^gs{a Fbyonf ~tchk~ lgyc gb o{~ hf{oghfm ohnglc ghcksnf{ogh !figs{ 5 tcy nch{/ {afh lg~{ g{acy ngsh{yoc~- fhk hgu ~tchk~ o{ oh fhshs~sfmm cefmo{fyofh lfhhcy(

Is{ ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh ~naggmohe gs{nglc~ tcy~o~{- fhk {ac ~~{cl bfom~ {g chfimc lfh-gy tcyaft~ crch lg~{- naomkych {g ycfmo~c {acoy bsmm tg{ch{ofm( Bsy{acylgyc- lfh naomkych bfom {g fnvsoyc ~jomm~ fhk vsfmobonf{ogh~ kc~to{c ohrc~{ohe lfh cfy~ gb cbbgy{- fhk kc~to{c {ac ~fnyobonc~ lfkc i {acoy bflomoc~ {g jcct {acl oh ~naggm( [ao~af~ ohcro{fimc ngh~cvschnc~ bgy ohkoroksfm~‟ morc~ fhk bgy ~gnoc{ f~ f uagmc( Tggym cksnf{ck naomkych ch{cy f mfigsy lfyjc{ gbbcyohe bcu gttgy{sho{oc~ {g sh~jommckugyjcy~- fhk bfnc tg{ch{ofmm mghe tcyogk~ gb shcltmglch{( [acoy nftfno{ {g ch{cytygksn{orcm oh{g {ac ohbgylfm ~cn{gy o~ afltcyck( [ac fyc mojcm {g yclfoh tggy(Ic{{cy,cksnf{ck naomkych fyc fimc {g {fjc fkrfh{fec gb {ac isyecghohe gttgy{sho{oc~bgy ~jommck- uao{c,ngmmfy fhk tygbc~~oghfm cltmglch{( [ao~ o~ c~tcnofmm {ysc gb

ic{{cy,cksnf{ck Fbyonfh naomkychuag~c tyg~tcn{~ fyc chafhnck i fbboylf{orc fn{ogh




659

tgmonoc~( [ac~c ohcvsfmo{oc~ fyc fm~g mojcm {g ic tf~~ck gh{g {ac hcq{ echcyf{ogh( Tggytcgtmc fyc lgyc mojcm {g afrc naomkych uo{a g{acy ~olomfym tggy tcgtmc fhk {g morcoh hcoeaigsyaggk~ uo{a ohbcyogy ~naggm~( Oh lg~{ ~gnoc{oc~- cksnf{ogh ngyycmf{c~ uo{a

f{{o{skc~ fhk rfmsc~- fhk {ac tcy~o~{chnc gb ohbcyogy cksnf{ogh shkcylohc~ {gmcyfhncfhk kclgnyfn( Ohbcyogy cksnf{ogh o~ ghc bfn{gy mgnjohe lfh tggy tcgtmc oh{g fhshkcynmf~~ oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf- `s~{ f~ fnnc~~ {g tyoromceck cksnf{oghbgy g{acy naomkych fmmgu~ {acl {g yclfoh oh gy ch{cy {ac tyg~tcygs~ lokkmc nmf~~c~!^ccjohe~ " Hf{{yf~~ 9443/(

[ac ghm tsimon lcf~syc gb {ac vsfmo{ gb cksnf{ogh o~ {ac lf{yon cqflohf{ogh([ac egrcyhlch{ tygskm tgoh{~ {g oltygrclch{~ oh {ac tf~~ yf{c ~ohnc {ac chk gb ftfy{acok( [ac hslicy gb tf~~c~ tcy cfy kok yo~c ~mgum bygl {ac mf{c 6??4~- is{ {ackyflf{on oltygrclch{ oh {ac tf~~ yf{c uf~ ksc oh mfyec tfy{ {g {ac kyflf{on kcnmohcoh {ac hslicy gb nfhkokf{c~ uyo{ohe {ac cqflohf{ogh ic{ucch 6??1 fhk {ac cfym 9444~ !~cc Boesyc 3(6/( Lgycgrcy- f ~cyoc~ gb ~{skoc~ nf~{ kgsi{ gh uac{acy {ac vsfmo{ gb f lf{yon tf~~ af~ yclfohck ~{cfk grcy {olc( Crch {agsea {ac lf{yon cqfl af~tygifim icnglc cf~ocy grcy {olc- fhk {ac grcyfmm tf~~ yf{c af~ yo~ch- {ac tf~~ yf{c~oh jc ~si`cn{~ yclfoh rcy mgu( Ghm 3 tcy nch{ gb {ac afmb,lommogh nfhkokf{c~ uaguyg{c {acoy lf{yon cqflohf{ogh oh 9442 tf~~ck lf{aclf{on~ f{ {ac aoeacy eyfkc(Ghm ghc oh bgsy gb {ac tstom~ uag tf~~ck lf{yon tf~~ck lf{aclf{on~ f{ co{acy {acaoeacy gy ~{fhkfyk eyfkc ![fmgy 9445i/(

Uaf{crcy {ac fn{sfm vsfmo{ gb f lf{yon tf~~- o{ o~ crokch{ {af{ ghm f ~lfmm tygtgy{oghgb fkgmc~nch{~ crch ec{ {g uyo{c {ac cqflohf{ogh( Ghm figs{ ghc,{aoyk gb cfna fec

ngagy{ tf~~c~ lf{yon- tyolfyom icnfs~c lfh gshe tcgtmc bfom {g ycfna eyfkc 69(

Boesyc 3(6 Lf{yon nfhkokf{c~ fhk yc~sm{~ !6??>„9442/

^gsync0 ^gs{a Fbyonfh Oh~{o{s{c gb Yfnc Ycmf{ogh~ !9445/

244 444

344 444

;44 444

>44 444

944 444

644 444

46??> 6??; 6??3 6??2 6??5 6??1 6??? 9444 9446 9449 944> 944; 9443 9442

Nfhkokf{c~

Tf~~c~

Shorcy~o{ ch{yfhnc tf~~c~

Lf{aclf{on~ nfhkokf{c~

Lf{aclf{on~ tf~~c~

Lf{aclf{on~ aoeacy,eyfkc tf~~c~



{ a c y c f m u g y m k ~ g b t s i m o n ~ n a g g m o h e

65>

[ac Tgtsmf{ogh Nch~s~ fhk ags~cagmk ~syrc~ ohkonf{c {af{ eyfkc f{{fohlch{ „ o(c({ac aoeac~{ ~naggm eyfkc {af{ tcgtmc yctgy{ afrohe ngltmc{ck „ af~ oltygrck grcy{olc- is{ ~{omm yclfoh~ rcy shcrch( Boesyc 3(9 ~agu~ {ac eyfkc f{{fohlch{ gb {acfttygqolf{cm 244 gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc uag ucyc feck 6? oh 9446- fnngykohe{g {af{ cfy‟~ nch~s~( Gb {ao~ eygst- ;4 tcy nch{ afk ngltmc{ck lf{yon- 91 tcy nch{

eyfkc~ 64 gy 66 fhk {ac yclfohohe >6 tcy nch{ eyfkc ? gy mc~~( [acyc fyc ~{yojohekobbcychnc~ ic{ucch {ac kobbcych{ fycf~ uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc( Fmlg~{ fmm 6?,cfy,gmk~ oh{ac aoeacy,ohnglc fycf~ afk tf~~ck lf{yon( Is{ mfyec tygtgy{ogh~ gb 6?,cfy,gmk~oh ig{a Gncfh Rocu !54 tcy nch{/ fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc !15 tcy nch{/ afk hg{ tf~~cklf{yon( Ohkcck- >? tcy nch{ gb 6?,cfy,gmk~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk f lf~~orc 3> tcynch{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc afk f{{fohck ghm eyfkc ? gy mgucy( [ac hslicy~ gb gshelch fhk uglch oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uag afrc hg{ tf~~ck lf{yon fyc ~ugmmch i olloeyf{ogh bygl {ac ysyfm Cf~{cyh Nftc- is{ crch {fjohe {ao~ oh{g fnngsh{ {acyc fyceyfrc ohcvsfmo{oc~ uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc( Ohkcck- {ac ko~{yois{ogh gb eyfkc f{{fohlch{ oh{ac kobbcych{ fycf~ gb {ac Rfmmc o~ f ~{fyjcy- is{ hg{ f{tonfm- rcy~ogh gb {ac ~o{sf{ogh

oh ~olomfy fycf~ cm~cuacyc oh Nftc [guh fhk fnyg~~ ^gs{a Fbyonf(Eyfkc f{{fohlch{- agucrcy- o~ o{~cmb fh shycmofimc lcf~syc gb fn{sfm ~jomm fnvso~o{ogh(Lfh gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ ~o{ {aygsea cfy~ gb ~naggm uo{ags{ fnvsoyohe crchif~on mo{cyfn gy hslcyfn ~jomm~( ^gnofm tyglg{ogh !o(c( {ac tyglg{ogh gb naomkych{g aoeacy eyfkc~ ycefykmc~~ gb {acoy ~jomm fnvso~o{ogh/ yc~sm{~ oh naomkych ycfnaoheaoeacy eyfkc~ crch uach {ac afrc hg{ lf~{cyck {ac nsyyonsmsl {fsea{ oh mgucyeyfkc~( Oh{cylo{{ch{ bmsyyoc~ gb agmkohe tstom~ ifnj {g yctcf{ eyfkc~ ~ccl~ {g lo{oef{cyf{acy {afh yclgrc {ao~ tygimcl( [ao~ uf~ crokch{ oh 6??> icbgyc {ac ngsh{y‟~boy~{ kclgnyf{on cmcn{ogh~- uach ghc ngsh{yuokc ~{sk bgshk {af{ ‑{ac frcyfecFbyonfh ~cnghkfy,~naggm mcfrcy- uo{a {ucmrc cfy~‟ ~naggmohe- ghm hfyygum tf~~c~

f tyolfy,mcrcm mo{cyfn {c~{- fhk tyolfy,~naggm mcfrcy~ bfom o{ lo~cyfim‟ !Lgmm 6??10

Boesyc 3(9 Eyfkc f{{fohlch{ oh {ac Rfmmc !9446/

^gsync0 ^{f{~ ^F !9446/

=5

5

1

?

64

66

69

Eyfkc

4 34 644 634 944 934

Gncfh Rocu Bo~a Agcj Lf~otaslcmcmc




65;

92>/( ^si~cvsch{ ~{skoc~ ~aguck ~olomfym fmfylohe yc~sm{~( Oh 9449- {ac Nftc FycfTfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/ nghksn{ck f mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn crfmsf{ogh flghe fmlg~{3 444 gshe tfy{onotfh{~( Boesyc 3(> ~agu~ {ac ngliohck mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn

~ngyc~ bgy gshe tcgtmc uag ucyc tstom~ oh 9449- fnngykohe {g {ac eyfkc oh uaona{ac ucyc {ach chygmmck( Kf{f fyc ~aguh ghm bgy eyfkc~ 1- 64 fhk 69: gshe tcgtmcuag afk kygttck gs{ gy mcb{ ~naggm fmycfk fyc glo{{ck( [ac lfqolsl ~ngyc uf~;3( Fmm {aycc mohc~ !ngyyc~tghkohe {g {ac {aycc eyfkc~/ afrc {ac ~aftc gb fh ohrcy{ckS- uo{a f tggy,tcybgylohe lohgyo{- f aslt gb frcyfec tcybgylcy~ fhk f lohgyo{ gb aoea tcybgylcy~( Fkgmc~nch{~ oh cfna eyfkc ~ngyck aoeacy {afh o{~ tyckcnc~~gy- o(c({ac eyfkc,64 yc~sm{~ fyc {g {ac yoea{ gb {ac eyfkc,1 ghc~ fhk {ac eyfkc,69 yc~sm{~ fyccrch bsy{acy {g {ac yoea{( [ac lcfh ~ngyc~ yo~c f~ ~{skch{~ tygeyc~~ {aygsea eyfkc~(Is{ {acyc o~ ngh~okcyfimc grcymft ic{ucch {acl( [as~- uaom~{ {ac tggy tcybgylcy~oh eyfkc 69 kok ic{{cy {afh {ac tggy tcybgylcy~ oh eyfkc 64- uag oh {syh kok ic{{cy

{afh {ac tggy tcybgylcy~ oh eyfkc 1- o{ o~ fm~g {ysc {af{ {ac {gt tcybgylcy~ oh eyfkc1 ~ngyck aoeacy {afh {ac ugy~{ tcybgylcy~ oh eyfkc 69(

Nyg~~,hf{oghfm ~{skoc~ ~agu {af{ tstom~ {aygseags{ ^gs{a Fbyonf tcybgyl tggym oh ngltfyo~gh {g {acoy tccy~ oh g{acy ngsh{yoc~( Oh {ac 944> ygshk gb {ac [ychk~ ohOh{cyhf{oghfm Lf{aclf{on~ fhk ^nochnc ^{sk ![OL^^/- ^gs{a Fbyonfh eyfkc,1 tstom~tcybgylck ugy~c oh ig{a ~nochnc fhk lf{aclf{on~ {c~{~ {afh {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ ohcrcy g{acy ngsh{y {af{ tfy{onotf{ck- ohnmskohe Cet{- Ig{~ufhf fhk Eafhf( Ohkcck-{ac 53{a tcynch{omc oh ̂ gs{a Fbyonf fnaocrck figs{ {ac ~flc ~ngyc f~ {ac 93{a tcynch{omcoh Ig{~ufhf !Yckk 9442/( G{acy nyg~~,hf{oghfm ~{skoc~ tygrokc f ~olomfym ugyyohe

Boesyc 3(> [c~{ ~ngyc~ i nsyych{ eyfkc !9449/


>4

93

94

63

64

3

4=63 63„6? 94„9; 93„9? >4„>; >3„>? ;4„;; ;3„;?

[c~{ ~ngyc

Eyfkc 1 Eyfkc 64 Eyfkc 69

Tcynch{fec




653

fhk shflioesgs~ lc~~fec0 ^gs{a Fbyonf tcybgyl~ ifkm oh ngltfyo~gh crch uo{a~glc gb o{~ lsna tggycy hcoeaigsy~( Oh {ac 9444 ygshk gb ~syrc~ nghksn{ck i {ac ^gs{acyh Fbyonfh Ngh~gy{osl bgy Lgho{gyohe Cksnf{oghfm Vsfmo{ !^FNLCV/-

^gs{a Fbyonfh eyfkc,2 tstom~ tcybgylck ugy~c oh ycfkohe fhk lf{aclf{on~ {afh {acoyngsh{cytfy{~ oh lg~{ gb {ac g{acy 6; ngsh{yoc~- ohnmskohe Lgpfliovsc- Ig{~ufhf-ûfpomfhk- [fhpfhof fhk cm~cuacyc ![fmgy 9445f: Rfh kcy Icye 9443/(

Hg{ ghm o~ {ac frcyfec tcybgylfhnc tggy- is{ {ac ko~{yois{ogh gb ~ngyc~ oh ^gs{aFbyonf o~ fm~g c~tcnofmm shcvsfm( [ac ko~{yois{ogh gb {c~{ ~ngyc~ oh ^FNLCV uf~~si~{fh{ofmm uokcy oh ^gs{a Fbyonf {afh cm~cuacyc- fhk f lsna aoeacy tygtgy{oghgb ohcvsfmo{ uf~ fnngsh{ck bgy i ic{ucch,~naggm f~ gttg~ck {g uo{aoh,~naggmkobbcychnc~ !Rfh kcy Icye 9443/( [ao~ ycfmo{ o~ ycbmcn{ck fm~g oh lf{yon cqfl yc~sm{~(Hf{oghfmm- {ug gs{ gb {aycc ~snnc~~bsm nfhkokf{c~ oh {ac aoeacy,eyfkc lf{aclf{on~cqfl nflc bygl `s~{ {ac {gt,tcybgylohe 5 tcy nch{ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh aoea ~naggm~-uaom~{ {ac mgu,tcybgylohe 5? tcy nch{ gb aoea ~naggm~ fnngsh{ck bgy `s~{ 63 tcy nch{gb tf~~c~ oh {ac aoeacy,eyfkc lf{aclf{on~ cqfl ![fmgy- no{ck oh ^gskoch 94450 69/(

Tstom~ oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc tcybgyl ic{{cy {afh {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh `s~{ figs{ crcy g{acy tygrohnc- fhk {ac tygrohnofm egrcyhlch{ mcfk~ {ac uf oh {c~{ohe o{~ tstom~( Is{{ac Uc~{cyh Nftc Cksnf{ogh Kctfy{lch{‟~ guh {c~{~ ~agu {af{ crch acyc {acyc fyclf`gy nfs~c~ bgy nghncyh( Uach {ac kctfy{lch{ {c~{ck >3 444 eyfkc,2 tstom~- ghm ghc oh ~oq tf~~ck {ac hslcyfn {c~{ fhk ghm ghc,{aoyk tf~~ck {ac mo{cyfn {c~{ f{{ac eyfkc,2 mcrcm !^gskoch 94450 64/( Lgycgrcy- loeyf{ogh oh{g Nftc [guh lcfh~{af{ lfh gshe tcgtmc oh Nftc [guh afrc icch cqtg~ck tycrogs~m {g ~glc gb {ac

ugy~{ ~naggm~ oh {ac ngsh{y „ oh {ac ysyfm Cf~{cyh Nftc(


Boesyc 3(; [c~{ ~ngyc~ i hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc !Nftc [guh- 9449/

6

9

>

;

3

„6 ; ? 6; 6? 9;

[c~{ ~ngyc

Lcfh mo{cyfn ~ngyc Lcfh hslcyfn ~ngyc

Hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc vsoh{omc




652

[fimc 3(6 Ko~{yois{ogh gb {c~{ ~ngyc~ i hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc vsoh{omc !62,cfy,gmk~/

^ngyc Hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc vsoh{omc

6 9 > ; 3 [g{fmLcfh !fhk ~{fhkfyk kcrof{ogh/ 99 !5/ 9; !?/ 93 !5/ >4 !1/ >5 !3/ 91 !?/

93{a tcynch{omc 65 94 96 93 >3 96

Lckofh 9> 93 92 >6 >1 9?

53{a tcynch{omc 95 >4 >6 >3 ;9 >3

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc 6 !9449/: ucoea{ck kf{fHg{c0 ^ngyc~ fyc bgy hslcyfn fhk mo{cyfn {c~{~ ngliohck- gs{ gb f lfqolsl {g{fm gb ;3(

[ac NFT^ kf{f ~agu fm~g {af{ {acyc o~ f nmcfy ngyycmf{ogh ic{ucch {ac hcoeaigsyaggk

oh uaona f gshe tcy~gh morc~ fhk ao~ gy acy mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn ~ngyc~( Boesyc3(; fhk [fimc 3(6 ~agu {ac ko~{yois{ogh gb mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn ~ngyc~ bgy 62,cfy,gmk~ fnngykohe {g {ac lcfh ags~cagmk ohnglc oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac~c s~chcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc vsoh{omc~- o(c( {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh uaona gshe tcgtmcoh {ac ~syrc morck fyc korokck oh{g borc- fnngykohe {g lcfh ags~cagmk ohnglcoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Vsoh{omc 6 ngh~{o{s{c~ {ac tggyc~{ bob{a- gy 94 tcy nch{ gb hcoeaigsyaggk~- vsoh{omc 3 {ac yonac~{ bob{a( Boesyc 3(; yctgy{~ {ac lcfh mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn ~ngyc~: [fimc 3(6 ~agu~ {ac ko~{yois{ogh( [ac lfqolsl ~ngyc~ ucyc99 !mo{cyfn/- 9> !hslcyfn/ fhk ;3 !ngliohck/( F{ {ac fec gb 62- fkgmc~nch{~ ohyona hcoeaigsyaggk~ tcybgyl lsna ic{{cy oh mo{cyfn {afh fkgmc~nch{~ oh tggy

hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk rcy lsna ic{{cy {afh {acl oh hslcyfn( [fimc 3(6 ~agu~ {af{{ac ~ngyc~ gb {ac 93{a tcynch{omc- lckofh !o(c( 34{a tcynch{omc/ fhk 53{a tcynch{omctstom~ yo~c f~ hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc~ yo~c( [ac ~{fyjhc~~ oh {ac kobbcychnc nfh iccqtyc~~ck fhg{acy uf0 ghm 6 oh 64 62,cfy,gmk~ bygl {ac tggyc~{ hcoeaigsyaggk~!o(c( vsoh{omc 6/ ~ngyck aoeacy {afh >4 gs{ gb ;3 oh {ac ngliohck {c~{~- uaom~{ ghm 6oh 64 gb {acoy tccy~ oh {ac yonac~{ hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~ngyck >4 gy mgucy (

[ac kobbcychnc ic{ucch ohhslcyfn fhk hslcyfn- gy ic{ucch ommo{cyfn fhk mo{cyfn o~ hg{ {yorofm „ fhk o~ ncy{fohm ngh~cvsch{ofm( ^nagmmfy‟~ yc~cfyna oh{g {ac tygimcl,~gmrohe ~jomm~ „ gy- yf{acy- mfnj gb ~jomm~ „ oh tyolfy ~naggm~ oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftctygrokc~ f yskc yclohkcy gb {ac tygimcl( ^nagmmfy !9441/ nghksn{ck hslcyfn

{c~{~ flghe ~fltmc~ gb tyolfy,~naggm naomkych oh {ac ngsy~c gb f~~c~~ohe ~naggm,oltygrclch{ tygeyfllc~( Naomkych s~ck f imfhj ~acc{ oh {ac fh~ucy iggj {g kg{acoy ‑ugyjohe~‟( ^nagmmfy cqflohck {ac~c ugyjohe~ oh gykcy {g {y {g shkcy~{fhkua ~g lfh naomkych ucyc ec{{ohe {ac fh~ucy~ uyghe( Ac bgshk {af{ lfh naomkychngsmk hg{ kg {acoy {olc~ {fimc~- fhk ~g ycksnck ~oltmc lsm{otmonf{ogh cqcyno~c~ {g fmghe ~cyoc~ gb fkko{ogh~( Bgy cqfltmc- {g nfmnsmf{c 5 Õ 3- naomkych ugsmk uyo{c ~crchlfyj~- yctcf{ {ao~ f bsy{acy bgsy {olc~- fhk {ach fkk st {ac hslicy gb lfyj~( F~{ac hslicy~ ohrgmrck eycu „ bgy cqfltmc- 66 q ? „ ~g {ac nafhnc~ gb cyygy oh {acfkko{ogh eycu( Naomkych uag~c hslcyfn ~jomm~ fyc {ao~ molo{ck uomm ~sbbcy lfh afhkonft~ oh mobc(




655

[ac tygimcl~ gb tggy ~jomm fnvso~o{ogh ucyc crokch{ {g s~ oh gsy yc~cfyna oh {acRfmmc( [cfnacy~ oh Gncfh Rocu tgoh{ck gs{ {af{ ~glc tstom~ oh {ac aoeacy eyfkc~ gb tyolfy ~naggm fhk crch oh aoea ~naggm ~{yseemc uo{a ycfkohe( Uc gi~cyrck eyfkc,2

tstom~ icohe shfimc {g ycfk oh {acoy boy~{ mfhesfec( F {cfnacy yctgy{ck {af{ f eyfkc,2tstom afk icch shfimc {g ycfk {ac vsc~{ogh~ oh f nmf~~ {c~{( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {ag~cfnaocrohe uaf{ uf~ cqtcn{ck oh {ac eyfkc,2 tyolfy nmf~~yggl tygksnck ugyj gb fic{{cy ~{fhkfyk {afh f mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb eyfkc,? tstom~ oh {ac aoea ~naggm( Tstom~oh ig{a hcoeaigsyaggk~ tygeyc~~ oh{g ~cnghkfy ~naggm uo{a oltfoyck ycfkohe-uyo{ohe fhk hslcyfn ~jomm~( Oh Gncfh Rocu {ac yfycm ngtc fhk fyc mojcm {g icflghe {ac boy~{ {g ~{gt f{{chkohe nmf~~ gy crch kygt gs{ gb ~naggm( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc{ac ~{yseemc- is{ s~sfmm lgrc gh {aygsea {ac eyfkc~ sh{om {ac ycfna fhk bfom {aclf{yon cqflohf{ogh( Ycf~gh~ bgy {ao~ kobbcychnc oh tcy~o~{chnc f{ ~naggm fyc ko~ns~~ckoh Naft{cy 1- f~ tfy{ gb f iygfkcy ko~ns~~ogh gb {ac uf~ {af{ cksnf{oghfm f~toyf{ogh~

fhk cqtcn{f{ogh~ rfy ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk nafhec uo{a fec(

Yc~gsync ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh ~naggm~

Ghc ycf~gh ua {acyc ngh{ohsc~ {g ic ohcvsfmo{ oh cksnf{oghfm gs{nglc~ o~ {af{ {accvsfmo~f{ogh gb tsimon ~tchkohe kgc~ hg{ lcfh {af{ fmm ~naggm~ afrc {ac ~flc {g{fm yc~gsync~( Sh{om 9445- fmm tsimon !gy ‑egrcyhlch{‟/ ~naggm~ ucyc fmmguck {g nafyecbcc~ !fm{agsea {acyc ucyc ~sttg~ckm ~{yon{ ysmc~ gh bcc cqclt{ogh~ bgy mgu,ohnglctfych{~/ fhk s~c {ac~c bshk~ {g fttgoh{ fkko{oghfm {cfnacy~ gy oltygrc bfnomo{oc~( [acegrcyhlch{ mf{cy oh{ygksnck f tgmon tygaoio{ohe ~naggm~ oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~

bygl nafyeohe bcc~( ^naggm~ oh yona hcoeaigsyaggk~ nafyec aoeacy bcc~ fhk s~c {ao~fkko{oghfm bshkohe {g ngh{ohsc {g afrc ~lfmmcy nmf~~c~- f uokcy yfhec gb ~si`cn{~ ghgbbcy fhk ic{{cy bfnomo{oc~ {afh ~naggm~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~( Oh fkko{ogh- lfh ch`g {ac ichcbo{~ gb {ac eggk bfnomo{oc~ fhk aslfh,yc~gsync ohrc~{lch{ fnnysck shkcyftfy{acok( Bgy {ac~c ycf~gh~- fhk g{acy~- {ac fm~g {chk {g f{{yfn{ {ac ic{{cy {cfnacy~(

[ao~ o~ crokch{ oh {ac nf~c gb {ac ~naggm~ oh {ac Rfmmc( Tyolfy fhk ~cnghkfy ~naggm~ oh {ac Rfmmc ycbmcn{ lsna gb {ac aoeam shcvsfm tf{{cyh gb tsimon ~naggmohebgshk oh {ac ngsh{y f~ f uagmc( [acyc fyc 6> tsimon ~naggm~ oh {ac Rfmmc0 {ayccaoea ~naggm~ !ghc oh cfna gb Gncfh Rocu- Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Bo~a Agcj/: f ~ctfyf{clokkmc ~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj: fhk coea{ tyolfy ~naggm~ !{aycc oh Bo~a Agcj- {ug oh

Gncfh Rocu fhk ghc oh cfna gb Lf~otaslcmcmc- Jgllc{òc fhk ^sh Rfmmc/(

[ac ta~onfm ~{ysn{syc gb {ac ~naggm~ ycbmcn{~ ig{a {acoy gyoeoh~ fhk lfoh{chfhnc([ac Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ afrc mfyec eygshk~- uo{a tyo~{ohc ~tgy{~ bocmk~ fhk tmf fycf~([ac ~naggm isomkohe~ ohnmskc ycnct{ogh fycf~- f~~clim afmm~- ~{fbbyggl~- mgnjcy~ bgytstom~- {snj ~agt~- nglts{cy nch{yc~ fhk bfnomo{oc~ bgy ~nochnc fhk fy{( [ac GncfhRocu ~naggm~ afrc ~tgy{~ bfnomo{oc~- is{ {ac fyc oh f ~{f{c gb ko~yctfoy( [ac GncfhRocu ̂ cnghkfy ̂ naggm ysei bocmk o~ grcyeyguh uo{a ucck~ fhk eyf~~ „ ~glcuacycbgy tstom~ {g eg uach {ac ishj nmf~~ yf{acy {afh {g tmf ~tgy{( Lfyohc Tyolfy oh Gncfh Rocu af~ ~glc nmf~~yggl~ oh nghrcy{ck ngh{fohcy~( Lf~otaslcmcmc‟~

~naggm~ ucyc ngh~{ysn{ck ycnch{m( [ac tyolfy ~naggm uf~ gtchck oh 6??>( [ac




651

aoea ~naggm icefh mobc gbbcyohe `s~{ eyfkc~ 1 fhk ? oh 9444- ~afyohe {ac tyolfy ~naggm‟~ tyclo~c~ „ ohnmskohe clcyechn nmf~~yggl~ fhk f ~{fbbyggl cycn{ck gh{ac ~gnncy bocmk~ icaohk {ac ~naggm( O{ mfnjck f moiyfy- nglts{cy yggl- ~nochnc

mfigyf{gyoc~- fy{ yggl~- ~tgy{~ eygshk~ fhk ~tfnc bgy fkloho~{yf{ogh( Oh cfym 9442 „fb{cy gsy bocmkugyj uf~ ngltmc{ck „ Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea lgrck {g hcu fhk~tfnogs~ tyclo~c~ gh {ac gs{~joy{~ gb {ac {guh~aot( Is{ {ac ~gshk~ gb {ac {guh~aot~{omm chrcmgt {ac ~naggm oh ngh{yf~{ {g {ac vsoc{ chroygh~ gb {ac Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~(Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea- mojc Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy- hgu af~ {ac if~on hcnc~~fy bfnomo{oc~- is{ {acoy cksnf{oghfm tg{ch{ofm o~ molo{ck guohe {g tggy lfoh{chfhnc fhk rfhkfmo~l( Tag{g~ 6>„61 ~agu {ac {aycc aoea ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu- Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk Bo~a Agcj( [ac~c ton{syc~- {fjch i {ac gshe yc~cfynacy~- nmcfym ycrcfm {ackobbcychnc~ oh ohbyf~{ysn{syc fhk ohrc~{lch{ oh {ac~c ~naggm~(

[acyc yclfoh ~{fyj kobbcychnc~ flghe {ac ~naggm~ oh {cyl~ gb yc~gsync~ icnfs~c gb {ac rfyof{ogh oh ~naggm bcc~- fhk oh {acoy cksnf{oghfm gs{nglc~- crokch{ oh {ac lf{yontf~~ yf{c~ bgy {ac {aycc aoea ~naggm~( [ac ~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj fyc fimc {g ~sttmclch{{ac egrcyhlch{,bshkck {cfnaohe tg~{~ uo{a lfh tg~{~ bshkck i bcc~( [ao~ af~{ac cbbcn{~ gb eycf{m ycksnohe {ac tstom 0 {cfnacy yf{og fhk chfimohe {acl {g tygrokcf lsna uokcy yfhec gb ~si`cn{~( [ac boesyc~ gh nmf~~ ~opc fhk tstom 0 {cfnacy yf{og~grcy~{f{c ~glc gb {ac kobbcychnc~ oh tyfn{onc( Oh Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy- aoea yf{c~gb {ysfhn ycksnc kc bfn{g nmf~~ ~opc~( Ghc eyfkc,1 {cfnacy ~f~0 ‑[acyc fyc ~sttg~ck{g ic 39 tstom~ oh l nmf~~- is{ O afrc ghm crcy afk f lfqolsl gb >2•[ac~c jok~fych‟{ f{ aglc0 {ac nglc {g ~naggm- is{ `s~{ kgh‟{ nglc {g nmf~~(‟

[ac mfnj gb {cfnaohe tg~{~ oh {ac aoea ~naggm~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu lcfh~{af{ {ac nfhhg{ gbbcy ~si`cn{~ ~sna f~ fy{- kyflf- ohbgylf{ogh {cnahgmge- ag~to{fmo{ ~{skoc~ fhk cmcn{yonfm {cnahgmge „ fmm ~si`cn{~ {af{ fyc frfomfimc oh Bo~a Agcj( Oh 944;-Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm ngsmk hg{ esfyfh{cc icohe fimc {g gbbcy Qag~f f~ f boy~{mfhesfec- uaona mck ~glc Fbyonfh tstom~ uag ucyc nglls{ohe bygl Lf~otaslcmcmc {gGncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm {g ycrcy{ {g f{{chkohe {acoy mgnfm aoea ~naggm oh~{cfk(

[cchfecy~ oh Gncfh Rocu cltaf~o~c {ac oltgy{fhnc gb rfyoc{ oh {ac ~si`cn{~ ghgbbcy( Oh f ko~ns~~ogh flghe eyfkc,66 tstom~- ghc ~fok {af{ ‑hg{ crcyghc nfh kglf{a~ fhk gs ~agsmkh‟{ afrc {g `s~{ kg {ac {aohe~ {ac ufh{ gs {g kg•Ob {ac afklgyc ~si`cn{~- {acyc ugsmk ic mc~~ oh f nmf~~ fhk {ach {ac {cfnacy ngsmk eorc s~ lgyc

f{{ch{ogh fhk uc loea{ shkcy~{fhk ic{{cy‟( ôq{cch,cfy,gmk Mofl ngltmfoh~ {af{‑~naggm ~agsmk hg{ ic yc~{yon{ck {g ncy{foh ~si`cn{~( [acyc ~agsmk ic lgyc ~si`cn{~icnfs~c hg{ crcyghc o~ eggk f{ lf{a~- ta~on~- c{nc{cyf‟( Ngh~{yfohck yc~gsync~ nfhshkcylohc {cfnaohe koycn{m( Naomkych ucyc lfjohe lgiomc~ oh f eyfkc,5 fy{ nmf~~oh Lfyohc Tyolfy uach {ac yfh gs{ gb {ac ycvsoyck cmf~{on ifhk~( 6 ^glc{olc~ {actggycy ~naggm~ nfh ~sttmclch{ {acoy lcfeyc yc~gsync~ {aygsea nafyo{( Gncfh Rocu^cnghkfy ^naggm uf~ eorch f nglts{cy yggl- uo{a oh{cyhc{ fnnc~~ fhk ~cnsyo{-i {ac mgnfm Yg{fy Nmsi( Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ycmock gh ‑rgmsh{ccy‟ {cfnacy~ bgyf~~o~{fhnc uo{a ~glc ~si`cn{~( [ac rgmsh{ccy~ ycncorck f ~lfmm ~{otchk gs{ gb {ac~naggm‟~ bcc ohnglc fhk ucyc ucmm tmfnck {g fttm bgy bsmm tfok gtchohe~ uach {ac

fyg~c( O{ afk {gg bcu {cq{iggj~ fhk ycmock gh nafyo{ {g ~sttmclch{ {ac yc~gsync~




65?

ycncorck bygl {ac egrcyhlch{( Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea yctgy{ckm ~tchk~ lsna gb o{~bcc ohnglc gh {ac {yfrcm cqtch~c~ gb {cfnacy~ fhk gh {cmctaghc~(

[ac kobbcychnc oh yc~gsync~ o~ fm~g crokch{ uo{aoh nmf~~yggl~( [ac iogmge mfigyf{gy f{ Bo~a Agcj Aoea af~ ngmgsybsm tg~{cy~- ~{sbbck fholfm~ fhk emf~~ ~tcnolch `fy~gh {ac ~acmrc~( Uach {ac {gton gb imggk tyc~~syc nflc st oh ko~ns~~ogh oh ghcnmf~~ uc gi~cyrck- {ac {cfnacy ~fok {af{ {ac bgmmguohe kf ac ugsmk iyohe oh f~taelglfhglc{cy( [ac ta~onfm ~nochnc nmf~~yggl af~ lgmcnsmfy lgkcm~ afheohebygl {ac ncomohe fhk tcyogkon {fimc~ gh crcy ufmm( ̂ glc {cfnacy~ f{ ~naggm~ oh GncfhRocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc lfjc ngh~okcyfimc cbbgy{~ {g nycf{c fh chroyghlch{ oh{acoy nmf~~yggl~ {af{ chngsyfec~ mcfyhohe- is{- oh ngh{yf~{ {g Bo~a Agcj- {ao~ o~ {accqnct{ogh yf{acy {afh {ac ysmc( [aycc kggy~ ucyc ~{gmch bygl Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoeagrcyhoea{( [ac hcq{ lgyhohe- {ac ch{oyc ~naggm uf~ oh~{ysn{ck {g eg gs{ fhk yc{yocrc{acl „ uaona {ac kok- is{ f{ {ac cqtch~c gb f lgyhohe‟~ ~{sk(

[ac eycf{m ~stcyogy yc~gsync~ f{ Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea fyc hg kgsi{ f lf`gy tfy{ gb ua o{ af~ lsna ic{{cy yc~sm{~ oh {ac lf{yon cqflohf{ogh( Sh~sytyo~ohem- ~glc tstom~fhk tfych{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc ycefyk Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea !fhkBo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm/ f~ lsna ic{{cy ~naggm~ {afh Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy fhkLf~otaslcmcmc Aoea( F ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ bygl Lf~otaslcmcmcnglls{c {g ~naggm oh co{acy Gncfh Rocu gy Bo~a Agcj- fhk f ~lfmm hslicy oh GncfhRocu nglls{c {g Bo~a Agcj( Fnngykohe {g {ac tyohnotfm gb Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea-{cfnacy~ f{ g{acy ~naggm~ oh {ac Rfmmc ~chk {acoy naomkych {g ao~ ~naggm& [ac tycbcychncbgy ~naggm~ cm~cuacyc o~ hg{ shorcy~fm- agucrcy- f~ uc ~afmm ~cc bsy{acy oh Naft{cy 1(

^glc tstom~ f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ~fok {af{ ‑{ac mcrcm gb cksnf{ogh‟ f{ {acoy ~naggmuf~ {ac ~flc f~ f{ Bo~a Agcj( Eorch {ac kobbcychnc oh bcc~- ‑gs ec{ f vsfmo{ cksnf{oghbgy nacft‟ f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy( Is{ ‑{ac ioe kobbcychnc o~ {ac ko~notmohc‟- uaona uf~mfnjohe f{ Gncfh Rocu !^flfh{af- feck 65: Mofl- feck 62/(

Lfh tfych{~ fhk naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj rocu {ac Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ uo{a ~glcko~kfoh- icnfs~c {ac ngltfyc {ac Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ uo{a ic{{cy „ fhk {tonfmm lgyc cqtch~orc „ ~naggm~ cm~cuacyc oh Nftc [guh( [ac lokkmc ~naggm af~ f tggyycts{f{ogh- icohe f~~gnof{ck uo{a kyse fis~c fhk ufufyk icafrogsy( Tstom~{acl~cmrc~ {fjc mo{{mc tyokc oh {acoy ~naggm( ‑Uc kg hg{ crch afrc fh eggk ~tgy{~{cfl~-‟ ngltmfohck ghc( [ac vsfmo{ gb cksnf{ogh o~ ~cch {g ic ohbcyogy {g {ac tyorf{c

~naggm~ fhk ngmmcec~ oh {ac ~gs{acyh ~sisyi~- uacyc {ac nmf~~c~ fyc ~lfmmcy- tstom~ec{ lgyc ohkoroksfm f{{ch{ogh fhk {acyc o~ ~{yon{ ko~notmohc( Yckkfl Ngmmcec- fhcqtch~orc tyorf{c ~naggm grcy {ac lgsh{foh~ oh {ac ~gs{acyh ~sisyi~- yctgy{ckm {yock chcyec{onfmm {g tgfna ig{a {cfnacy~ fhk tstom~ bygl Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoeafhk g{acy egrcyhlch{ ~naggm~ oh {ac fycf( [ac rf~{ kobbcychnc oh bcc~ !YckkflNgmmcec ng~{~ Y;> ;>4 f cfy/ f~ ucmm f~ {ac nglls{ohe kobbonsm{oc~ tygifim ko~ngsyfec lfh tfych{~ bygl ~chkohe {acoy naomkych grcy {ac lgsh{foh- is{ f bcukg( Fnngykohe {g Yckkfl- >4 gs{ gb o{~ 322 tstom~ morck oh {ac Rfmmc oh 9445( ^glctggycy Bo~a Agcj bflomoc~ fttfych{m ~chk {acoy naomkych {g {ac egrcyhlch{ ~naggmoh ôlgh‟~ [guh- uacyc {ac bcc~ fyc mgucy !Y3 944 f cfy/: agucrcy- {ac lf{yon tf~~

yf{c o~ fm~g mgucy !12 tcy nch{ oh 9442/(




614

Lfh ~{skoc~ gb cksnf{ogh oh ^gs{a Fbyonf tgoh{ {g f ngh{ohsohe ngyycmf{ogh ic{ucchyfnc fhk cksnf{oghfm f{{fohlch{( Uao{c tstom~ ngh{ohsc {g tcybgyl lsna ic{{cy{afh Fbyonfh tstom~- tyolfyom icnfs~c {ac ngh{ohsc {g f{{chk ic{{cy ~naggm~(

^{skoc~ {acycbgyc tgoh{ {g lcnafho~l~ {aygsea uaona bgylcym tyoromceck ~naggm~ngh{ohsc {g cqnmskc Fbyonfh tstom~ !c(e( ^gskoch 9445/( [ac shkcymohe tygimcl o~hg{ cqnms~ogh- agucrcy- is{ {ac tcy~o~{ch{m mgu vsfmo{ gb ~g lfh ~naggm~( UachFbyonfh tstom~ c~nftc {acoy mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk ~naggm~ fhk f{{chk ic{{cy ~naggm~oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~- {acoy tcybgylfhnc ~ccl~ {g oltygrc lfyjckm(9 Uc ~afmmcqflohc f~tcn{~ gb ~naggm nagonc „ agu naomkych fhk {acoy bflomoc~ nagg~c uacyc {gf{{chk ~naggm- f~ ucmm f~ agu ~naggm~ ~cmcn{ tstom~ {g fklo{ „ oh Naft{cy 1( [ac tgoh{bgy {ao~ tyc~ch{ naft{cy o~ {af{ kcct ohcvsfmo{ tcy~o~{~ bygl ghc ~naggm {g {ac hcq{-fhk {ac ucfjcy,tcybgylohe ~naggm~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf tcybgyl rcy lsna ugy~c {afh{acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh lfh g{acy Fbyonfh ngsh{yoc~(

[ac tygnc~~ gb ~naggmohe

[ac ngh{ohsf{ogh gb tgnjc{~ gb tyoromcec kgc~ hg{ cqtmfoh ua {ac asec ohnycf~coh ~tchkohe oh tggy ~naggm~ af~ hg{ yc~sm{ck oh eycf{m oltygrck gs{nglc~( Bgsyycf~gh~ ~ccl {g ic oltgy{fh{ oh cqtmfohohe {ac c~tcnofmm mgu mcrcm gb ~jomm fnvso~o{oghkc~to{c ngh~okcyfimc tsimon ohrc~{lch{( Boy~{m- ~glc ~naggm~ fyc lfhfeck ~g tggym {af{ {ac bfom {g lfjc s~c gb {ac yc~gsync~ {ac afrc( ̂ fmfyock {cfnacy~ fyc ~glc{olc~hg{ {cfnaohe- gy {cq{iggj~ fnnslsmf{c shs~ck oh ~{gycyggl~( ^cnghkm- {ac vsfmo{ gb {cfnaohe o~ rcy shcrch( Oh lfh ~naggm~- ~fmfyoc~ fyc tfok {g {cfnacy~ uag mfnj

{ac if~on ngltc{chnc gy lg{orf{ogh {g {cfna tygtcym( [aoykm- o{ o~ tg~~oimc {af{ rcy aoea chygmlch{ lcfh~ {af{ ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~naggm~ fnngllgkf{c naomkych fhkfkgmc~nch{~ bygl c~tcnofmm ko~fkrfh{feck bflom ifnjeygshk~( Bohfmm- gs{nglc~loea{ ic cygkck i f mfnj gb ko~notmohc oh {ac ~naggm( Ig{a {cfnacy vsfmo{ fhkko~notmohc fyc tygifim fbbcn{ck i {ac vsfmo{ gb ~naggm lfhfeclch{( ̂ gs{a Fbyonfhfhk oh{cyhf{oghfm yc~cfyna ~agu~ {af{ ko~notmohc- tstom icafrogsy lgyc echcyfmm fhk~naggm tcybgylfhnc afrc icch bgshk {g ic aoeam ohbmschnck i cqtg~syc {g rogmchncoh {ac aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk( Lckof{gy~ oh {ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot ohnmskc ~si~{fhncfis~c- kctyc~~ogh fhk fhqoc{ flghe tstom~ !Ufyk c{ fm( 9445/(

O{ o~ kobbonsm{ {g okch{ob {ac ycmf{orc oltgy{fhnc gb {ac bfn{gy~ oltfoyohe mcfyhohe oh

~naggm~( [tonfmm- naomkych bygl ifnjeygshk~ {af{ fyc mc~~ nghksnorc {g cksnf{oghfm~snnc~~ !~cc Naft{cy 2/ {chk {g f{{chk {ac ~naggm~ {af{ fyc mcf~{ mojcm {g cvsot {acluo{a ~jomm~( [acycbgyc- {acyc o~ {gg nmg~c f ngyycmf{ogh ic{ucch bflom ifnjeygshkfhk ~naggm vsfmo{( Vsfh{o{f{orc ~{skoc~ afrc icesh {g {fnjmc {ao~ i cqflohohe{ac rfyof{ogh {af{ kgc~ gnnsy( [ac boy~{ ~sna yc~cfyna bgns~ck gh {ac nafyfn{cyo~{on~gb ~cnghkfy ~naggm~ fhk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh uaona {ac ucyc mgnf{ck- fhkngltfyc {ac~c uo{a {ac yc~sm{~ oh {ac lf{yon cqfl( Nygsna fhk Lfigegfhc !9446/-bgy cqfltmc- bgshk {af{ ‑~naggm~ oh rcy tggy fycf~ {chk {g afrc lf{yonsmf{ogh tf~~~ngyc~ ~glc 94 !tcynch{fec/ tgoh{~ mgucy {afh ~naggm~ oh yona fycf~‟- crch ngh{ygmmohebgy {ac cbbcn{~ gb {ac kobbcych{ yc~gsync~ {af{ ~naggm~ ycncorck bygl {ac ~{f{c gy bcc

ohnglc( [ac nysnofm ~naggm,mcrcm rfyofimc- {ac bgshk- uf~ hg{ nmf~~ ~opc- is{ yf{acy




616

{ac {cfnacy~‟ vsfmobonf{ogh~( Rfh kcy Icye !9443/ bgshk {af{ figs{ {ug,bob{a~ gb {ackobbcychnc oh lf{yon yc~sm{~ ic{ucch ~naggm~ uo{a lg~{m uao{c tstom~ fhk lg~{m Fbyonfh tstom~ uf~ cqtmfohck i kobbcychnc~ oh ~naggm bcc~ !uaona ac s~ck f~ f

tygq bgy hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc/- {ac tstom 0 {cfnacy yf{og fhk frcyfec {cfnacy~‟~fmfyoc~( Lgyc {afh afmb gb {ac oh{cyyfnofm kobbcychnc yclfohck shcqtmfohck crchuach {fjohe fnngsh{ gb {ac~c rfyofimc~- o(c( o{ ycbmcn{ck bfn{gy~ {af{ Rfh kcy Icye uf~shfimc {g lcf~syc( [ac~c tyc~slfim ohnmskck {ac vsfmo{ gb ~naggm lfhfeclch{-{ac lg{orf{ogh fhk ngltc{chnc gb {cfnacy~ fhk tcyaft~ {ac lg{orf{ogh gb tstom~{acl~cmrc~( Shbgy{shf{cm- ~sna ~{skoc~ mfnj {ac kf{f {g ~ctfyf{c gs{ {ac cbbcn{~ gb {cfnacy ngltc{chnc fhk lg{orf{ogh- bflom ifnjeygshk- lfhfeclch{ fhk ~naggmyc~gsync~( Uaf{ {ac nfh ~agu o~ {af{ {ac kobbcychnc oh tcybgylfhnc ic{ucch {acic{{cy fhk ugy~c ~naggm~ oh Fbyonfh fycf~ ‑nfhhg{ ic cqtmfohck i kobbcychnc~ ohyc~gsync~ fhk ghm {g f molo{ck cq{ch{ i kobbcychnc~ oh ~gnog,cnghglon ~{f{s~‟ !Rfh

kcy Icye 94430 99/( [ac tstom 0 {cfnacy yf{og fttcfy~ {g ic gb lohgy oltgy{fhncoh ko~{oheso~aohe {ac ic{{cy fhk ugy~c ~naggm~ oh Fbyonfh fycf~( Ngltc{chncfhk lg{orf{ogh „ gb ~naggm lfhfecy~- {cfnacy~ fhk tstom~ fmojc „ ~ccl {g ic gb ngh~okcyfimc oltgy{fhnc(

Lgyc ycnch{ ugyj ngliohc~ ohkoroksfm, fhk ags~cagmk,mcrcm kf{f bygl ~syrc~ uo{a~naggm, fhk hcoeaigsyaggk,mcrcm kf{f( ôljoh~ fhk Tf{cy~gh !9443/ s~c kf{f bygl{c~{~ oh {ac mfhesfec gb oh~{ysn{ogh fhk lf{aclf{on~- fkloho~{cyck {g naomkych oh f~fltmc gb ~naggm~ oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ !ohnmskohe ig{a ysyfm fhk {guh~aot~naggm~- is{ hg{ ~naggm~ oh bgylcym uao{c ~sisyi~/( [ac ~agu {af{ tcybgylfhncoh {ac mfhesfec {c~{ oltygrc~ uo{a tstom lg{orf{ogh- ags~cagmk ucfm{a- {ac echcyfmvsfmo{ gb {ac ~naggm fhk uac{acy {ac mfhesfec gb oh~{ysn{ogh o~ s~ck oh {ac tstom~‟aglc chroyghlch{( [ac lf{aclf{on~ {c~{~ ucyc ~g mgu {af{ o{ uf~ afyk {g kc{cn{nmcfym {ac kc{cylohfh{~ gb !ycmf{orc/ ~snnc~~(

NFT^ fmmgu~ bgy fhfm~o~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ f{{chkohe ~cnghkfy ~naggm~ oh Nftc [guh([ug bohkohe~ fyc ~{yojohe bygl {ac tycmolohfy fhfm~o~ gb {ac~c kf{f( Boy~{- fmycfk i {ac fec gb 6; gy 63 {acyc fyc mfyec kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch {ac hslcyfn fhk !{g f mc~~cycq{ch{/ mo{cyfn ~jomm~ gb fkgmc~nch{~( [ao~ o~ {ysc crch uo{aoh eyfkc~ !f~ nfh ic ~cch ohBoesyc 3(>/( ̂ cnghk- {ac~c kobbcychnc~ kg hg{ fttcfy {g koloho~a oh ~cnghkfy ~naggm([ac yfhec gb ~ngyc~ oh {ac mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn {c~{~ bgy eyfkc,69 tstom~ o~ lsna

{ac ~flc f~ bgy eyfkc,1 tstom~ !~cc Boesyc 3(;/ fhk fmcy{~ s~ {g {ac nafmmchec tg~ck {g{cfnacy~ i rf~{m kobbcych{ nftfiomo{oc~ oh ghc nmf~~yggl( [ac~c yfhec~ cqo~{ kc~to{c{ac bfn{ {af{ lfh tstom~ afrc icch acmk ifnj gy yctcf{ck eyfkc~ oh {ac tf~{( Nch~s~kf{f {cmm s~ {af{- f{ {ac fec gb 6?- fkgmc~nch{~ oh Bo~a Agcj afrc gh frcyfec lgyc {afhghc eyfkc fkrfh{fec grcy {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk lgyc {afh {ug eyfkc~ grcy{acoy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc !fhk {ao~ lfjc~ hg fmmgufhnc bgy {ac bfn{ {af{ lfh 6?,cfy,gmk~ oh Bo~a Agcj fyc fmycfk chygmmck oh aoeacy,cksnf{ogh oh~{o{s{ogh~- ~g o{shkcyc~{olf{c~ {ac eft/( NFT^ kf{f ugsmk mcfk s~ {g cqtcn{ {af{- kc~to{c {ao~ tf{{cyhgb eyfkc yctc{o{ogh fhk ~mgu tygeyc~~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc c~tcnofmm- tstom~ oh fh tfy{onsmfy eyfkc {acyc ugsmk tcybgyl ucmm icmgu {acoy !gshecy/ tccy~ oh {ac ~flc

eyfkc oh Bo~a Agcj(




619

Tycmolohfy ~{f{o~{onfm fhfm~o~ i Mfl- Fykohe{gh c{ fm( !9442/ ~seec~{~ {af{ uac{acyfh fkgmc~nch{ tf~~c~ lf{yon gy hg{ o~ cqtmonfimc tyolfyom oh {cyl~ gb {acoy hslcyfn ~jomm~ fhk cksnf{oghfm ycngyk {aycc gy lgyc cfy~ cfymocy( Uao{c fkgmc~nch{~ afrc f

lsna aoeacy tygifiomo{ gb tf~~ohe lf{yon gy tygeyc~~ohe {aygsea eyfkc~ gh ~nacksmc(Is{- uach fnngsh{ o~ {fjch gb oho{ofm hslcyfn ~ngyc~ fhk eyfkc kcbono{- {ach {ao~ ‑yfnccbbcn{‟ ko~fttcfy~( [ac tygifiomo{ gb tf~~ohe lf{yon yo~c~ i 62 tcynch{fec tgoh{~ bgycfna ~{fhkfyk kcrof{ogh gb hslcyfn ~ngyc- fhk bfmm~ i 6; tcynch{fec tgoh{~ bgy cfnaeyfkc {af{ {ac tstom uf~ fmycfk icaohk oh 9449( [ao~ fhfm~o~ tygrokc~ kctyc~~ohecrokchnc gb {ac mghe,{cyl ngh~cvschnc~ gb ohhslcyfn f{ fh cfym fec( Uaf{ lfjc~o{ c~tcnofmm kctyc~~ohe o~ {ac fkko{oghfm bfn{ {af{ figs{ f {aoyk gb eyfkc,69 tstom~ ohNftc [guh kok hg{ ~{sk lf{aclf{on~ oh co{acy eyfkc~ 64- 66 gy 69( ^sna tstom~ fycko~tygtgy{oghf{cm nghnch{yf{ck oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac~c fyc tstom~ uagafrc lfkc o{ {g eyfkc 69- is{ uo{ags{ fh fkrfhnck lf{aclf{on~ {cfnaohe( Crch ob

{ac tf~~ lf{yon- {ac uomm ic ko~fkrfh{feck {acycfb{cy(

Oh ~agy{- cqtcyochnc~ gb ko~fkrfh{fec oh tyolfy ~naggm fhk oh {ac cfym cfy~ gb ~cnghkfy ~naggm ~nfy lfh naomkych bgy mobc( Ob {ac bfom {g fnvsoyc if~on hslcyfn ~jomm~- {ach {ac uomm tygifim tcybgyl tggym {acycfb{cy( ^cnghkfy ~naggmohe bfom~{g ycksnc {ao~ fmycfk ch{ychnack ngeho{orc kcbono{(

^{skoc~ ~sna f~ NFT^ tygrokc ~glc tgoh{cy~ f~ {g ua tstom~ bfom {g fnvsoyc jc ~jomm~oh {gg lfh ~naggm~( ^cnghkfy,~naggm tstom~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc lgycmojcm {g ngltmfoh {af{ {ac kg hg{ afrc chgsea {cq{iggj~ fhk {af{ {acoy nmf~~yggl~fyc nygukck( [ac yctgy{ {af{ {acyc fyc lgyc tstom~ oh {acoy nmf~~c~( Tstom~ oh tggycy

hcoeaigsyaggk~ ucyc mc~~ mojcm {g ~f {af{ {acoy {cfnacy~ afk acmtck {acl uo{a {acoyaglcugyj- fhk mc~~ mojcm {g afrc icch acmtck i fhghc f{ aglc( [ac~c ifyc ~{f{o~{on~fyc ngyygigyf{ck i {ac bcu „ fhk kf{ck „ vsfmo{f{orc fnngsh{~ {af{ cqo~{( Yfltacmc!94490 15/- kyfuohe gh yc~cfyna oh {ac cfym 6??4~ oh {ac Nftc [guh {guh~aot gb Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~- uyo{c~ {af{ ‑Rcyugcyk‟~ eag~{ ngh{ohsc~ {g afsh{ {ac ~naggm~ gb tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf‟ oh {cyl~ gb {ac ifyyocy~ tycrch{ohe Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~bygl fnaocrohe {acoy f~toyf{ogh~( Oh Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~- {gg lfh {cfnacy~ mfnj ig{angltc{chnc fhk nghbokchnc- fhk yc~gy{ {g ngytgyfm tsho~alch{ „ ~ohnc tygaoio{ck „{g ‑chngsyfec‟ {acoy tstom~( [ac tyolfy ~naggm gb nagonc oh Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~ o~ fYglfh Nf{agmon ~naggm- uacyc {ac {cfnacy~ fyc kckonf{ck fhk lg{orf{ckfhk uacyc

ko~notmohc ycmoc~ gh tg~o{orc ycohbgynclch{- hg{ tsho~alch{( [ac ghm aoea ~naggmuf~ ‑f nfyonf{syc gb uaf{ fh cksnf{oghfm oh~{o{s{ogh gsea{ {g ic‟ !Yfltacmc 94490 ?9/0tggym lfhfeck- tggym lfoh{fohck fhk uo{a kclgyfmo~ck {cfnacy~ shfimc {g ~tcfj eggk Chemo~a !o(c( {ac mfhesfec gb oh~{ysn{ogh/( Tfych{~ oh {ac fycf kc~tcyf{cm ~gsea{{g ~chk {acoy naomkych {g ~cnghkfy ~naggm~ cm~cuacyc( Tfecy !6??2/- oh f ~{sk if~ckgh oh{cyrocu~ uo{a ~naggm{cfnacy~ oh Jafcmo{~af oh {ac lok,6??4~- bgshk {af{ acyohbgylfh{~ „ uag ucyc tygifim f ~cmb,~cmcn{ck ~fltmc gb ic{{cy- lgyc lg{orf{ck{cfnacy~ „ ucyc fmlg~{ shfholgs~ oh f{{yois{ohe {ac tygimcl~ gb {guh~aot ~naggm~{g {acoy lfh ohngltc{ch{ fhk shlg{orf{ck ngmmcfesc~(

Hco{acy ~syrc~ !mojc NFT^/ hgy vsfmo{f{orc yc~cfynacy~ gb{ch ngmmcn{ kf{f bygl

gshecy naomkych- fm{agsea o{ ~ccl~ {g ic f{ gshecy fec~ {af{ {ac kcctc~{




61>

ko~fkrfh{fec~ ~c{ oh( ^nagmmfy !9441/ o~ ghc gb {ac bcu yc~cfynacy~ {g afrc cqflohcktyolfy ~naggm~- f~ tfy{ gb ao~ yc~cfyna gh tyolfy,~naggm oltygrclch{ tygeyfllc~oh !c~tcnofmm/ {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc( ^nagmmfy bgshk ~agnjohem mgu mcrcm~ gb {cfnacy

ngltc{chnc oh {ac ~si`cn{~ {ac ucyc ~sttg~ck {g ic {cfnaohe( Ugy~c ~{omm- rcy mo{{mc{olc uf~ ~tch{ {cfnaohe oh {ac nmf~~yggl( [cfnaohe {olc uf~ ycksnck icnfs~c tstom~ucyc ~{omm icohe yceo~{cyck bgy ~naggm fb{cy {cyl afk icesh fhk icnfs~c ~naggm~cbbcn{orcm ~as{ kguh uach ~tgy{~ {cfl~ gy nagoy~ afk oltgy{fh{ crch{~ fhk lgycycesmfym ~{omm gh lgh{am tf kf~- f~ ucmm f~ crcy Byokf fb{cyhggh( Crch uachtstom~ ucyc oh nmf~~- {cfnacy~ ucyc gb{ch fi~ch{( Uach {ac ucyc oh {ac nmf~~yggl-{cfnacy~ ~tch{ ngh~okcyfimc {olc gh {acoy ncmmtaghc~( Uach {ac kok {cfna- {ac echcyfmm co{acy uyg{c hg{c~ gh {ac nafmjigfyk gy ycfk bygl f {cq{- uo{a mo{{mc gy hgoh{cyfn{ogh uo{a {ac tstom~( F~ ^nagmmfy uym ngllch{~- o{ o~ f loyfnmc {af{ tstom~oh ~sna ~naggm~ mcfyh fh{aohe f{ fmm(

[ac vsfmo{ gb {cfnaohe0 Rocu~ bygl Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc

Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy- Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea fhk {ac tyolfy ~naggm~ oh {ac {ugfycf~ tygrokc eggk cqfltmc~ gb {ac fn{sfm nghko{ogh~ {af{ naomkych cqtcyochnc ohnmf~~yggl~ fnyg~~ lsna gb ^gs{a Fbyonf( [ac ~naggm~ ohnmskc kckonf{ck fhk eggk{cfnacy~ fmghe~okc shlg{orf{ck fhk ohngltc{ch{ ghc~( Shkcy tyc~~syc {g ys~a{aygsea {ac nsyyonsmsl- agucrcy- crch ~glc gb {ac ic{{cy {cfnacy~ bohk {acl~cmrc~hcemcn{ohe {ac hcck~ gb ucfjcy tstom~- uag {chk {g kygt icaohk( G{acy {cfnacy~ kghg{ ~ccl crch {g lfjc fh cbbgy{(

Kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch {cfnacy~ fyc ycbmcn{ck oh {ac fn{sfm ta~onfm nghko{ogh~ gb nmf~~yggl~( Oh Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy- ~glc nmf~~yggl~ fyc nmcfh- {ok fhk kcngyf{ckuo{a tg~{cy~ fhk naomkych‟~ ugyj( Ghc nmf~~yggl ko~tmfck {ac shkcyeyfksf{cfklo~~ogh ycvsoyclch{~ bgy ^{cmmchig~na Shorcy~o{: ton{syc~ fhk hflc~ gb tf~{Gncfh Rocu tstom~ uag afk kghc ucmm oh {ac lf{yon lf{aclf{on~ cqflohf{ogh: fhkf tg~{cy cqagy{ohe tstom~ {g eycf{cy cbbgy{ !‑Ghm uach gs ts~a gsy~cmb uomm gsfnaocrc gsy rcy ic~{‟/( G{acy nmf~~yggl~ afrc eyfbbo{o gh {ac ufmm~- fhk iygjchuohkgu~- kggy~- nafoy~ fhk {fimc~( [ac ta~onfm nghko{ogh gb f nmf~~yggl af~ fhcbbcn{ gh tstom~( Ghc eyfkc,64 tstom cqtmfohck {af{ ‑gs‟mm fn{ mojc {ac nmf~~ygglmggj~‟( [ac~c kobbcychnc~ oh nmf~~yggl nghko{ogh~ nfhhg{ ic cqtmfohck oh {cyl~ gb

yc~gsync ngh~{yfoh{~ fmghc „ gy crch tyolfyom( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- shmojc GncfhRocu fhk Bo~a Agcj- o{ o~ {ac {cfnacy~ uag lgrc ic{ucch nmf~~yggl~- uaom~{ {actstom~ yclfoh oh ghc yggl( [ao~ lcfh~ {af{ {ac {cfnacy~ afrc hg ~ch~c gb guhcy~aotgb fh nmf~~yggl( Lg~{ yggl~ afrc ifyc ufmm~(

[ac lg~{ ~{yojohe kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch ~naggm~ oh {ac kobbcych{ tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc fychg{ {af{ {ac afrc mfyecy nmf~~c~ gy bcucy yc~gsync~- is{ {af{ {ac vsfmo{ gb {cfnaohekobbcy~ chgylgs~m( Tstom~ fyc vsonj {g tgoh{ {g {ac bfomsyc~ gb ~glc gb {acoy {cfnacy~(Eyfkc,66 tstom~ oh ig{a Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc ngltmfoh {af{ ~glc gb {acoy{cfnacy~ nfhhg{ ~tcfj Chemo~a tygtcym gy ~tcmm ngyycn{m- ~g ‑agu fyc uc ~sttg~ck {g

ec{ o{ yoea{7‟ [cfnacy~ uag kg hg{ shkcy~{fhk bsmm {ac lf{cyofm {ac fyc {cfnaohe fyc




61;

mojcm {g yc~gy{ {g uyo{ohe hg{c~ bygl {ac {cq{iggj gh{g {ac nafmjigfyk fhk ycfkohe{aygsea {acl- yf{acy {afh chefeohe tstom~ uo{a {ac lf{cyofm( [ac bgmmguohe uf~gi~cyrck oh f eyfkc,66 ao~{gy nmf~~ oh Gncfh Rocu0

Hg{c~ gh Ls~~gmoho nglohe {g tgucy ucyc gh {ac igfyk fhk {ac nmf~~uf~ ngtohe {acl kguh- yclfohohe vsoc{ {ac uagmc {olc( Fb{cy f uaomc-Lo~~ ‑H‟ icefh {g eg grcy {ac hg{c~- is{ uf~ `s~{ ycfkohe gbb {ac igfykfhk ~cclck sh~syc gb acy bfn{~( âc cqtmfohck {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac O{fmofhjohe afk fmmguck Ls~~gmoho oh{g {ac egrcyhlch{ fhk afk hg{ yc~tghkck{g nfmm~ bygl fh{o,Bf~no~{~ {g ko~lo~~ aol i ~fohe {af{ ac uf~ ‑~nfyckgb Ls~~gmoho‟( âc uf~ fm~g shfimc {g {cmm {ac nmf~~ uaona Fbyonfh ngsh{y Fi~~ohof uf~ sh{om ~ac mggjck o{ st oh {ac {cq{iggj( Oh bfn{- ~ac echcyfmm afk {g nacnj {aohe~ oh {ac {cq{iggj( âc kok hg{ cqtmfoh ua O{fm afkohrfkck Fi~~ohof fhk {gmk {ac nmf~~ {af{ o{ uf~ ‑tyc{{ ~{yfhec‟ {af{{ac ‑afk nglc fmm {ac uf bygl grcy {acyc {g acyc‟( !@gsyhfm hg{c~ byglnmf~~yggl gi~cyrf{ogh gb f eyfkc,66 ao~{gy mc~~gh/

Oh f eyfkc,66 ao~{gy nmf~~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc0

[ac ugyk~ ‑Ua Io~lfynj uf~ fefoh~{ {ac okcf gb f moicyfm ngh~{o{s{ogh‟ucyc fmycfk uyo{{ch gh {ac igfyk icbgyc {ac mc~~gh icefh „ fttfych{m mcb{ grcy bygl c~{cykf( Ly ‑K‟ fhhgshnc~ {af{ {gkf uc uomm ngh{ohscuo{a eygst ugyj fhk ko~ns~~ogh( Ac ec{~ st {g uyo{c- is{ af~ hg nafmj(Ac eorc~ Y94 {g f lfmc ~{skch{- uag mcfrc~ {ac nmf~~( F bcu lohs{c~ mf{cyf bclfmc ~{skch{ fttcfy~ uo{a nafmj( F ~{skch{ bygl eygst C o~ f~jck {g

~{fhk st fhk ycfk gs{ acy fh~ucy( âc ycfk~ rcyif{ol bygl acy hg{c~-lfjohe lfh mfhesfec cyygy~( Ly ‑K‟ ufmj~ fygshk {ac nmf~~- f~johe bgyngllch{~ fhk vsc~{ogh~( Hghc fyc bgy{anglohe- ~g ac tg~c~ ghc {g {ac~{skch{ uag ycfk( âc yctmoc~ ycfkohe koycn{m bygl acy hg{c~ fhk hg{fh~ucyohe {ac vsc~{ogh( Hghc gb {ac g{acy tstom~ fyc uyo{ohe fhk lfh afrc {acoy acfk~ kguh- mcfhohe gh ife~ gy uo{a bgmkck fyl~ gh kc~j~(Ac {ach f~j~ f ~tgjc~tcy~gh bygl eygst F {g yc~tghk {g {ac vsc~{ogh‑Ua Csygtcfh ngsh{yoc~ kcrcmgtck {ac okcf gb hf{oghfmo~l7‟ [acbclfmc ~{skch{ yc~tghkohe ycfk~ bygl acy hg{c~- is{ kgc~ hg{ fh~ucy{ac vsc~{ogh( Fhg{acy ~{skch{ f~j~ ua hf{oghfmo~l uf~ hg{ lch{oghck

oh acy yctm( Ly ‑K‟ f~j~ {ac boy~{ ~{skch{- uag mggj~ imfhj( [ac ~cnghktcy~o~{~ uo{a fhg{acy vsc~{ogh0 ‑Uaf{ o~ {ac lcfhohe gb olloeyf{ogh7‟Ly ‑K‟ f~j~ f lfmc ~{skch{ f{ {ac ifnj gb {ac nmf~~- uag yctmoc~- ‑[aclgrclch{ gb tcgtmc bygl ghc ngsh{y {g fhg{acy‟( Ac {ach f~j~ {acuagmc nmf~~0 ‑Uaf{ fyc {ac bfn{gy~ {af{ ngh{yois{ck {g hf{oghfmo~l7‟ Ghclfmc ~{skch{ ~f~ ‑ohks~{yofmo~f{ogh‟( Ly ‑K‟ mggj~ tmcf~ck fhk lgrc~ gh {glch{ogh {ac o~~sc gb mfhesfec fhk {ac ohngytgyf{ogh gb Ecylfh,~tcfjohehf{ogh~( Fhg{acy lfmc ~{skch{ f~j~ uac{acy {ac~c g{acy ngsh{yoc~ afk{acoy guh nsm{sycfhk ob ~g- agu o{ uf~ ohngytgyf{ck( Lg~{ gb {ac yc~{ gb {ac nmf~~ fyc hg{ bgmmguohe( !@gsyhfm hg{c~ bygl nmf~~yggl gi~cyrf{ogh gb

f eyfkc,66 ao~{gy mc~~gh/




613

[ac bfomsyc flghe {cfnacy~ {g cqtmfoh lf{cyofm uf~ uokc~tycfk- crch uach {cfnacy~ucyc ngltc{ch{( Bcu {cfnacy~ cqtmfohck agu {g ec{ {ac yoea{ fh~ucy~- gy ua {acuyghe fh~ucy~ ucyc uyghe( I bfomohe {g cqtmfoh ugyj- {cfnacy~ bsy{acy shkcylohck

{ac lg{orf{ogh gb ucfjcy tstom~( Uc gi~cyrck f eyfkc,2 nmf~~ oh Gncfh Rocu uacyc {ac{cfnacy ~fok {af{ lfh naomkych ngsmk hg{ ycfk- is{ bfomck {g acmt {acl0

F eoym nfmmck acy grcy {g tgoh{ gs{ {af{ {ac ig ~o{{ohe hcq{ {g acyfhk l~cmb uf~ tf~{ohe fh fy{onmc oh{g ao~ iggj {af{ uf~h‟{ figs{ f~tgy{~tcy~gh !{ac oh~{ysn{ogh uf~ bohk- ns{ gs{ fhk tf~{c fh fy{onmcfigs{ f ~tgy{~tcy~gh oh{g {acoy ugyjiggj~/( Z[ac {cfnacy\ nflc grcyfhk tgoh{ck {g f ~cn{ogh oh {ac fy{onmc fhk f~jck Z{ac ig\ {g ycfk o{( Acngsmkh‟{ ycfk o{( Tgoh{ohe {g {ac ugyk oclfhk Z‑~glcghc‟ oh Fbyojffh~\-~ac f~jck aol {g ~gshk o{ gs{( Ac kok {ao~ rcy ~mgum fhk kok hg{ ~ccl{g ycngeho~c {ac ugyk ac afk `s~{ ycfk( âc ~ggh efrc st gh ec{{ohe aol{g ycfk {ac fy{onmc fhk f~jck aol ob ac jhcu uag {ac tcgtmc oh {ac ton{sycucyc( Ac oho{ofmm ~fok ‑Icnjafl‟ Z{ac Chemo~a ~gnncy nft{foh\- is{ uach~ac jct{ gh f~johe aol- ac ~fok ac kokh‟{ jhgu( O{ uf~ nmcfy {af{ ac afklfkc ao~ ~cmcn{ogh if~ck gh {ac ton{syc- uaona ac afk lo~{fjchm {agsea{uf~ gb {ac ~gnncy ~{fy( Ac afk girogs~m hg{ ycfk {ac fy{onmc- f~ oh~{ysn{ck([ac {cfnacy {ach ufmjck fuf- afrohe hg{ acmtck aol {g shkcy~{fhkfh{aohe lgyc figs{ ao~ fy{onmc gy ua ao~ nagonc uf~ uyghe( !@gsyhfmhg{c~ bygl eyfkc,2 nmf~~yggl gi~cyrf{ogh/

Naomkych‟~ mfnj gb ~jomm~ „ gy ommo{cyfn- oh {ao~ nf~c „ bscm~ bys~{yf{ogh fhk ftf{a

flghe {cfnacy~- uag bccm shfimc {g kcfm uo{a ~sna asec tygimcl~ fhk tf~~ grcy{ac gttgy{sho{ {g f~~o~{ {ac naomk( Tstom~ bycvsch{m ~f {af{ {ac ngsmk hg{ ngtcicnfs~c {ac {cfnacy~ ‑eorc {gg lsna ugyj {g shkcy~{fhk fhk lgrc gh {gg vsonjm‟!Tf{yonj- feck 61/( F eygst gb eyfkc,66 tstom~ ~fok ~olomfym {af{ ‑~glc {cfnacy~ `s~{lgrc gh uo{a {ac ~mmfis~ crch ob gs afrch‟{ shkcy~{ggk {ac mf~{ {aohe {ac ucyc{cfnaohe‟( Rcyghovsc !feck 65/ ~fok {af{ acy ‑lf{a~ {cfnacy o~ ngh~{fh{m kgohe hcu~{sbb fhk kgc~h‟{ eorc s~ chgsea {olc {g shkcy~{fhk‟( [ac ucfjcy tstom~ tfy{onsmfym ec{ mcb{ icaohk(

[cfnacy~ cqtmfoh {af{ {ac bccm shkcy tyc~~syc bygl {ac nsyyonsmsl ycvsoyclch{~fhk lgrc gh {g hcu ~si`cn{ lf{cyofm crch ob {ac tstom~ afrc hg{ eyf~tck f tycrogs~

~cn{ogh( [ac cltaf~o~ gh eygst f~~c~~lch{ oh {ac hcu tg~{,ftfy{acok nsyyonsmsllcfh~ {af{ {ac ucfjhc~~c~ gb ~glc tstom~ fyc aokkch( Ghc Gncfh Rocu {cfnacycqtmfoh~ agu ~ac {yoc~ {g lo{oef{c {ao~0 ‑O f~~oeh ~cf{~ {g {ac tstom~ ~g {af{ {ac ~{yghefhk ucfj tstom~ ~o{ hcq{ {g cfna g{acy ~g {af{ {ac ~{yghe ghc~ nfh acmt {ac ucfj ghc~(Uach {ac kg eygst ugyj {agsea- O afrc {g loq {acl st icnfs~c g{acyuo~c {ac~{yghe ghc~ kg fmm {ac ugyj fhk {ac ucfj ghc~ fyc fimc {g ec{ f eggk lfyj uo{ags{shkcy~{fhkohe {ac ugyj(‟

[ac uf oh uaona eygst ugyj fhk tfy{onotf{gy mcfyhohe o~ ~glc{olc~ oltmclch{ck~ccl~ {g shkcylohc {ac fnvso~o{ogh gb ~jomm~- ~sna f~ ycfkohe( Bgy cqfltmc- uc

gi~cyrck agu {cfnacy~ ugsmk ~c{ ngltycach~ogh~- is{ {ach ycfk {ac ngltycach~ogh




612

tocnc fhk vsc~{ogh~ gs{ mgsk {g gtch st ko~ns~~ogh fhk vsc~{ogh~( Naomkychngsmk {ach lfhfec {ac {f~j uo{ags{ ycfkohe fhk shkcy~{fhkohe {ac lf{cyofm bgy{acl~cmrc~( Tfy{onotf{ogh fm~g ~glc{olc~ {fjc~ {ac bgyl gb yctcf{ohe fh~ucy~ grcy

fhk grcy fefoh( [ao~ chngsyfec~ yg{c mcfyhohe yf{acy {afh shkcy~{fhkohe( [acbgmmguohe `gsyhfm cq{yfn{ tygrokc~ fh cqfltmc gb {ao~0

[ac tstom~ afk icch ugyjohe oh tfoy~ gh fh cqcyno~c mohjohe tcgtmc fhkfholfm hgsh~ !~sna f~ et~ fhk ~hfom/ {g {ac hgsh~ bgy {acoy aglc~ gy~acm{cy~ !~sna f~ nfyfrfh fhk ~acmm/( Ly~ ‑_‟ f~jck {ac tstom~ {g nglc stfhk uyo{c {ac fh~ucy~ gh {ac igfyk( âc ~jottck f vsc~{ogh {uonc- is{ ohig{a nf~c~ {ac tstom nfmmck gh {g uyo{c st {ac fh~ucy uyg{c {ac fh~ucy bgy{ac vsc~{ogh {af{ ~agsmk afrc icch nfmmck gs{( Bgy cqfltmc- Ly~ _ nfmmckgs{ ‑ash{cy‟ !oh~{cfk gb ‑tyo~ghcy‟/ is{ {ac tstom uyg{c st ‑ncmm‟ !oh~{cfk gb ‑nfioh‟/( [ao~ nfs~ck ~glc nghbs~ogh- is{ Ly~ ‑_‟ kokh‟{ ~ccl {g hg{onc{af{ {ac ucych‟{ bgmmguohe {ac oh~{ysn{ogh( F{ boy~{- O uf~ hg{ ~syc uac{acy{ao~ tgoh{ck {g f mfnj gb ngltycach~ogh gh {ac tfy{ gb {ac tstom~- {af{ {ac ucych‟{ fn{sfmm nghhcn{ohe {ac aglc hgsh~ {g {ac fholfm~ gy tcgtmc(Mf{cy crch{~ ~cclck {g ~sttgy{ {ao~- agucrcy( Fb{cy fmm {ac ugyk~ ucycuyo{{ch gh {ac igfyk Ly~ ‑_‟ icefh ycfkohe gs{ fh fholfm'tcy~gh hgshfhk ec{{ohe {ac nmf~~ {g yc~tghk uo{a {ac fttygtyof{c aglc hgsh( [g iceohuo{a- ~ac bgmmguck {ac gykcy gb {ac ugyj~acc{( Uach ~ac icefh loqohest {ac gykcy {ac nmf~~ oho{ofmm `s~{ ycfk gs{ {ac hcq{ ugyk gh {ac mo~{- fhkngh{ohsck {g ~{yseemc- c~tcnofmm uo{a {ac lgyc gi~nsyc hgsh~( [acycucyc fm~g lgyc afhk~ yfo~ck bgy {ag~c tfoy~ {af{ afk icch yctcf{ck lgycgb{ch !c(e( et~'nfyfrfh/ oh {ac tycnckohe mcfyhohe {cnahovsc~- ohkonf{ohetg~~oimc yg{c mcfyhohe yf{acy {afh shkcy~{fhkohe( !@gsyhfm hg{c~ byglgi~cyrf{ogh oh eyfkc,2 Chemo~a,lckosl mfhesfec nmf~~- Gncfh Rocu/

Ohkoroksfm f{{ch{ogh o~ ghm eorch ob o{ o~ cqtmono{m ycvsc~{ck( ‑Ob gs hcck ohkoroksfmf{{ch{ogh gs nfh ec{ o{- gs ls~{ `s~{ f~j fhk ~ac‟mm nglc {g gs-‟ ~f~ Fhecmovsc!feck 69/( [ac {cfnacy~ ‑{cfna {ac uagmc nmf~~ shmc~~ gs ts{ st gsy afhk fhk f~j bgy fh cqtmfhf{ogh gy ~f gs kgh‟{ shkcy~{fhk‟- ~f~ Lohf !feck 6;/( â gy oh~cnsycnaomkych lf hg{ ec{ {ac acmt {ac hcck icnfs~c {ac kg hg{ f~j( Bsy{acylgyc-tstom~ uomm hg{ ycvsc~{ acmt bygl f {cfnacy uag ~ccl~ oltf{och{(

O s~ck {g eg {g {ac lf{a~ {cfnacy bgy acmt- is{ afrc ~{gttck icnfs~c actonj~ gh tcgtmc fhk o{ o~ clifyyf~~ohe- ~g hgu O f~j g{acy tstom~( Fm~g- Obccm O ~agsmk jhgu {ac ugyj i hgu•[ac fnngsh{ohe {cfnacy uomm cqtmfohob gs f~j bgy acmt- is{ fb{cy ac af~ cqtmfohck bgsy gy ~g {olc~ ac cqtcn{~gs {g shkcy~{fhk fhk ec{~ oltf{och{( !Hongmf- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

Gsy gi~cyrf{ogh oh nmf~~yggl~ ycrcfmck {af{ {cfnacy~ kg hg{ fmuf~ cqtmfoh {aclo~{fjc~ {af{ tstom~ lfjc oh f~~oehlch{~ gy {c~{~( Bgy cqfltmc- oh f eyfkc,66lf{aclf{on~ mc~~gh- {ac {cfnacy- uag uf~ yc{syhohe {c~{ tftcy~- tgoh{ck gs{ fngllgh lo~{fjc {af{ afk icch lfkc gh {ac {c~{ fhk kcfm{ uo{a o{ i f~johe uaf{

{ac ~agsmk afrc kghc( ^glcghc efrc {ac ngyycn{ fh~ucy- {g uaona ac yc~tghkck0




615

‑^g gs jhgu uaf{ {g kg- is{ gs kgh‟{ kg o{ oh {ac {c~{(‟ F{ hg tgoh{ uf~ {ac ugyj fn{sfmm cqtmfohck( Mojcuo~c- {ac fnngsh{ohe {cfnacy fm~g s~ck {ac {cnahovsc gb ec{{ohe ~glcghc {g eorc {ac ngyycn{ fh~ucy oh yc~tgh~c {g fh ohngyycn{ fh~ucy- yf{acy

{afh cqtmfohohe {ac ugyj(

[ac {cfnacy uch{ ygshk {ac nmf~~ f~johe tcgtmc {g ycfk gs{ {acoy fh~ucy~{g f aglcugyj cqcyno~c- ec{{ohe {acl {g lfyj {acoy fh~ucy~ f~ {ac uch{ fygshk( [acyc uf~h‟{ {af{ lsna cqtmfhf{ogh egohe gh „ crch uachtcgtmc eg{ {ac fh~ucy~ uyghe ~glcghc uo{a {ac yoea{ fh~ucy uf~ f~jck{g ycfk {acoy~ gs{- uo{a hg bsy{acy cqtmfhf{ogh eorch( !@gsyhfm hg{c~ byglnmf~~yggl gi~cyrf{ogh gb eyfkc,66 fnngsh{ohe nmf~~- Gncfh Rocu/

Naomkych fm~g ~tgjc gb {cfnacy~ uag ~tggh,bcck {acl i afhkohe gs{ ugyj fhk eorohe{acl {ac fh~ucy~ f~ shkcylohohe {acoy shkcy~{fhkohe gb {ac ugyj( Fhg{acy ngllgh

{cfnaohe {cnahovsc {af{ tstom~ ngltmfoh figs{ o~ {cfnaohe i ec{{ohe naomkych {g ngt ohbgylf{ogh gbb {ac nafmjigfyk( [ao~ o~ ~cch i lfh tstom~ f~ ‑igyohe‟(

[cfnacy~ fyc ~glc{olc~ ngh~{yfohck i f mfnj gb {cfnaohe cvsotlch{ fhk lf{cyofm~(Oh {ac ~nochnc~- c~tcnofmm- {ac fi~chnc gb cvsotlch{ lcfh~ {af{ {cfnacy~ ~glc{olc~afrc {g {cfna uo{ags{ kclgh~{yf{ogh~( [cfnacy~ fm~g bfnc ko~yst{orc icafrogsy fhkf mfnj gb lg{orf{ogh flghe tstom~( Is{ o{ o~ kobbonsm{ {g {cmm uach {cfnacy~ fyc icohech{oycm aghc~{ figs{ {acoy tstom~‟ icafrogsy( Uach tstom~ bfom {g kg {acoy aglcugyj-~glc {cfnacy~ ~s~tchk hgylfm {cfnaohe {g eorc {ac tstom~ {olc( [ao~ o~ c~tcnofmm {ysc oh {ac ysh,st {g {c~{~- uach rcy mo{{mc {cfnaohe {fjc~ tmfnc( ^glc {cfnacy~ ~ccl{gg ycfk {g nglc {g nmf~~ uo{ags{ afrohe tyctfyck fh {cfnaohe- s~ohe {ac tstom~‟

hcck {g tyctfyc gh {acoy guh f~ fh cqns~c( G{acy~ s~c nmf~~ {olc {g tyctfyc {c~{~-f~johe tstom~ {g ugyj gh {acoy guh( [ac tcyrcy~c- is{ sh~sytyo~ohengh~cvschncuf~ {af{ tstom~ oh ig{a {ac aoea ~naggm fhk tyolfy ~naggm jhgu {af{ {ac nfh gb{chec{ fuf uo{a hg{ tyctfyohe f{ aglc bgy {c~{~(

Lgyc {cfnaohe {olc o~ mg~{ bgmmguohe {c~{~- f~ {cfnacy~ ucyc gb{ch gi~cyrck {g ic s~ohenmf~~ {olc {g lfyj tftcy~ fhk ohts{ lfyj~ oh{g {ac ycngyk~(

Ly~ ‑B‟ uf~ is~ lfyjohe {c~{~ fhk ohts{{ohe lfyj~ fhk ~ac {gmk {ac nmf~~{g s~c {ac {olc {g nf{na st gy yckg ugyj {ac afk hg{ kghc ucmm( âcnfyyock gh uo{a acy ugyj- is{ {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb {ac nmf~~ kok hg ugyj

fhk ucyc ~o{{ohe fygshk oh eygst~ fhk {fmjohe( !Gi~cyrf{ogh hg{c~ bygleyfkc,1 hf{syfm ~nochnc mc~~gh- Gncfh Rocu/

[ac uf oh uaona {ac shtyckon{fimc hf{syc gb {ac ~naggm f~ f uagmc shkcylohc~naomkych‟~ ugyj cbbgy{~ o~ ycrcfmck i ~glc gb {ac kobbonsm{oc~ naomkych bfnc uachuyo{ohe {c~{~( Gh f hslicy gb gnnf~ogh~ naomkych ngltmfohck gb afrohe icch {c~{ckgh ugyj {ac afk hg{ ngrcyck(

[acyc afk icch f tygimcl uo{a {ac eyfkc,66 iogmge ngh{ygm {c~{- f~{ac afk icch {c~{ck gh ugyj {af{ {ac afk hg{ ngrcyck( Nghhgy !eyfkc64/ afk afk f ~olomfy tygimcl uo{a ao~ is~ohc~~ {c~{- f~ Ly ‑P‟- uag o~

hg{ {acoy {cfnacyafk ~c{ o{ fhk ac afk ts{ ~{sbb oh {af{ {ac afk hg{




611

ngrcyck( Fttfych{m- {ac fyc s~sfmm {gmk uaf{ {g ~{sk- is{ {acoy {cfnacyafk icch fi~ch{ {ac uagmc uccj !ac kokh‟{ jhgu ua „ ~ac `s~{ afkh‟{icch f{ ~naggm/ ~g {ac afk hg{ icch {gmk( Iyofh fm~g ~fok {af{ {ac eyfkc,

66 fnngsh{fhn {c~{ afk icch ifk icnfs~c {ac afk icch {c~{ck gh~glc{aohe {af{ {ac ghm ngrcyck gh {ac kf gb {ac {c~{( !@gsyhfm hg{c~/

Oh {ac~c nf~c~ o{ uf~ afykm ~sytyo~ohe {af{ tstom~ bcm{ kc~tghkch{ figs{ {acoy ~naggmugyj fhk {af{ ~glc ucyc ycmsn{fh{ {g ts{ oh cbbgy{ oh {ac bs{syc( [gufyk~ {ac chk gb ^ct{clicy 944; {ac acfklf~{cy f{ {ac aoea ~naggm- uag uf~ fm~g {ac ta~on~ {cfnacy-mcb{ fb{cy fnns~f{ogh~ ohrgmrohe {ac s~c fhk ~fmc gb kyse~ !fm{agsea o{ ~ccl~ {af{ hgcrokchnc uf~ bgshk {g ~sttgy{ {ac~c fmmcef{ogh~/( Ghc gb {ac lfh ngh~cvschnc~ gb {ao~ uf~ {af{ {ac ucyc uo{ags{ f ta~on~ {cfnacy bgy figs{ f lgh{a( F uccj fb{cy{ac hcu {cfnacy ~{fy{ck- f {c~{ uccj uf~ ~nacksmck( Gh {ac kf gb {ac ta~on~ {c~{-tstom~ ucyc ~{omm hg{ ~syc uac{acy {ac ucyc egohe {g afrc f {c~{ fhk {ac {cfnacy afkhg{ {gmk {acl( Oh {ac chk- {ac kok hg{ afrc f {c~{( Fefoh- {ao~ johk gb shncy{foh{ shkcylohc~ tstom~‟ uommohehc~~ {g ts{ oh cbbgy{ fhk tyctfyc(

Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {cfnacy~ gb{ch ~tchk uagmc nmf~~c~ ycfkohe gs{ fmgsk bygl f {cq{iggj(Ob f tstom f~j~ bgy fh cqtmfhf{ogh- {ac {cfnacy ~oltm yctcf{~ uaf{ ac gy ~ac fmycfk ~fok(Nmf~~c~ {tonfmm {fjc {ac bgyl gb mcn{syc~- uo{a mo{{mc gy hg ko~ns~~ogh( [cfnacy~ fhktstom~ fmojc fyc gb{ch fi~ch{ bygl {ac yggl( Crch oh~okc {ac nmf~~yggl- lfh tstom~ fycbgycrcy tmfohe uo{a {acoy ncmmtaghc~( Ghm f lohgyo{ gb tstom~ kg {ac ~c{ aglcugyj(

[acyc fyc {cfnacy~ uag eg gs{ gb {acoy uf {g acmt tstom~( ^glc {cfnacy~ ysh cq{yfmc~~gh~ fb{cy ~naggmfhk {acyc fyc cq{yf lf{a~ mc~~gh~ gh ^f{sykf lgyhohe~(

Is{ fkgmc~nch{~ hcck {g ic lg{orf{ck {g {fjc fkrfh{fec gb {ac~c gttgy{sho{oc~(Shbgy{shf{cm- {ac shncy{foh{ oh {ac grcyfmm ~naggm chroyghlch{ fhk ~glc {cfnacy~‟mfnj gb oh{cyc~{ kclg{orf{c lfh tstom~- uag kg hg{ {fjc yc~tgh~oiomo{ {acl~cmrc~bgy {acoy cksnf{oghfm tygeyc~~( F{ ~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj- naomkych kg hg{ hcck {gycm gh ohkoroksfm oho{of{orc {g fnnc~~ {ac ~flc ichcbo{~0 {ac {cfnaohe o~ lgyc crch-{cfnacy~ fyc lgyc lg{orf{ck fhk lg~{ tstom~ morc oh f nsm{syc uacyc o{ o~ fmlg~{{fjch bgy eyfh{ck {af{ {ac ls~{ ohrc~{ cq{yf cbbgy{( F~ uc ~afmm ~cc oh Naft{cy 1-{ac cksnf{oghfm ifnjeygshk gb lg~{ Bo~a Agcj tfych{~ ig{a ycohbgync~ hg{ogh~gb ohkoroksfm yc~tgh~oiomo{ fhk cbbgy{ f{ ~naggm fhk chfimc~ {acl {g f~~o~{ {acoynaomkych uo{a aglcugyj uach hcckck(

Uaf{ lfjc~ f eggk {cfnacy7

Tstom~ oh Gncfh Rocu fyc tg~o{orc figs{ {cfnacy~ uag lfjc {ac yoea{ cbbgy{ fhk fycfttygfnafimc( Ig{a {ac fnngsh{fhn fhk Chemo~a {cfnacy~ efrc {acoy eyfkc,66 nmf~~f mg{ gb aglcugyj fhk cqtcn{ck f mg{ bygl {acl( Is{ {ac tstom~ afk rcy kobbcych{f{{o{skc~ {gufyk~ {ac {ug {cfnacy~( [ac Chemo~a {cfnacy o~ ~cch f~ fttygfnafimc-tf{och{m cqtmfoh~ ugyj f~ lsna f~ ycvsoyck- chngsyfec~ tstom~- {yoc~ {g lfjc mc~~gh~ycmcrfh{ {g {acoy morc~ fhk ~agu~ fh oh{cyc~{ oh {acoy morc~ icghk {ac nmf~~yggl(^crcyfm tstom~ {gmk s~ {af{ {ac afrc icch {g acy {g ~tcfj figs{ tcy~ghfm tygimcl~(

[ac fnngsh{fhn {cfnacy- gh {ac g{acy afhk- gb{ch bfom~ {g cqtmfoh fkcvsf{cm fhk o~




61?

rcyifmm fis~orc gb tstom~ uag {y- is{ ~{yseemc uo{a {ac lf{cyofm( Tstom~ kg hg{ ufh{{g ic ~tggh,bck- {ac ufh{ ~{ysn{syc oh {ac nmf~~yggl fhk kg hg{ ufh{ {g ic fmmguck{g ec{ fuf uo{a hg{ kgohe ugyj( [ac Chemo~a {cfnacy f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy

^naggm ~{ggk gs{( Fnngykohe {g Mofl !feck 62/0

Ly~ H•o~ rcy kobbcych{ bygl {ac g{acy {cfnacy~( âc af~ fh flfpohetcy~ghfmo{- ~ac o~ fm~g fh cqncmmch{ {cfnacy( O af{ck âfjc~tcfyc- is{ hguO mgrc o{ icnfs~c ~ac lfjc~ o{ cf~ {g shkcy~{fhk fhk o~ fm~g ~glcghc gsnfh {fmj {g ob gs afrc f tygimcl(

Hongmf !feck 65/- nghnsy~0

Ly~ H o~ l bfrgsyo{c {cfnacy icnfs~c ~ac chngsyfec~ s~ oh mg{~ gb kobbcych{ uf~( âc o~ ~{yfoea{bgyufyk fhk {cmm~ gs ob gs fyc hg{ egohe{g ~snncck gy lfjc o{- icnfs~c ~ac jhgu~ gsy nafyfn{cy fb{cy {aycccfy~( âc fmuf~ {cmm~ s~ {g {y fhk kg gsy ic~{ fhk fmuf~ eorc~ fhchngsyfeohe hg{c f{ {ac chk gb nmf~~( Ob ~ac ~cc~ ~glc{aohe stmob{ohe oh {achcu~tftcy ~ac ~f~ {af{ ~ac ufh{~ {g ycfk o{ {g s~(

Fm{agsea tstom~ fttycnof{c fhk yc~tghk ucmm {g {cfnacy~ uag tygrokc ngh~o~{ch{~{ysn{syc oh {acoy nmf~~yggl chroyghlch{~- {ac fm~g mojc {cfnacy~ {g ic ycmfqck fhkohbgylfm uo{a {acl( [ac tgtsmfy {cfnacy~ ~glc{olc~ ~{f oh {acoy nmf~~yggl~ ksyoheiycfj~ fhk naf{ ohbgylfmm uo{a tstom~(

[ac nafyfn{cyo~{on~ {af{ tstom~ kg hg{ fttycnof{c oh {acoy {cfnacy~ ohnmskc ~ags{ohe-hg{ nglohe {g nmf~~ fhk hg{ mo~{chohe {g {acl- yc~tcn{ohe {acl gy ~aguohe fh oh{cyc~{

oh {acoy tygimcl~( Lg~{ oltgy{fh{m- {ac kg hg{ mojc {cfnacy~ uag shkcylohc{acl fnfkclonfmm oh~{cfk gb ~sttgy{ohe fhk chngsyfeohe {acl( Tstom~ f{ GncfhRocu ^cnghkfy efrc {ac cqfltmc gb {acoy lf{a~ {cfnacy- uag oh~{cfk gb acmtohetstom~ uach {ac hcckck o{- {gmk {acl {af{ {ac ~agsmk ic kgohe ao~{gy oh~{cfk gb lf{a~( ‑Ao~ f{{o{skc o~ {af{ ob gs kgh‟{ shkcy~{fhk {ach gs ~agsmkh‟{ ic {acyc-‟ ~fokRcyghovsc !feck 65/( ‑^glc {cfnacy~ uomm {cmm gs {g mcfrc {acoy ~si`cn{ fhk eg fhk kg~glc{aohe cm~c: crch uach {ac jhgu {af{ gs hcck {ao~ ~si`cn{ bgy gsy nfyccy- {ac fyc hg{ ~sttgy{orc-‟ ~fok eyfkc,66 tstom~ oh f eygst ko~ns~~ogh( Tstom~ fm~g ko~mojcbfrgsyo{o~l( Ucfjcy tstom~ c~tcnofmm ko~mojc o{ uach {ac {cfnacy nghnch{yf{c~ gh {ac‑nmcrcycy‟ tstom~ fhk hcemcn{~ {ag~c ‑uag kgh‟{ shkcy~{fhk‟(

Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- tstom~ fm~g fttycnof{c {ag~c {cfnacy~ uag chngsyfec- ~aguyc~tcn{ fhk acmt {acl uo{a tygimcl~ fyo~ohe uo{aoh fhk gs{~okc ~naggm( Ghc tgtsmfytyolfy,~naggm {cfnacy efrc lghc {g f tstom uag afk icch isyh{ oh fh fnnokch{ f{aglc ~g {af{ {ac tstom ngsmk eg {g ag~to{fm ycesmfym fhk afrc acy ifhkfec~ nafheck([ac {cfnacy fm~g chngsyfeck {ac tstom- {cmmohe acy ~ac ugsmk ~ggh ic ufmjohe mojc ~ackok icbgyc( Fhg{acy efrc lghc {g f ashey tstom( Tyfn{onfm f~~o~{fhnc mojc {ao~ nfhlfjc {ac kobbcychnc ic{ucch f naomk f{{chkohe ~naggm gy hg{(

_c{ {acyc o~ fhg{acy kolch~ogh {g {cfnacy„tstom ycmf{ogh~aot~ gi~cyrfimc ohLf~otaslcmcmc( Lg~{ mc~~gh~ {af{ uc gi~cyrck oh ig{a tyolfy fhk aoea ~naggm~

ucyc tshn{sf{ck i {ac ch{yfhnc fhk cqo{ gb tstom~ yshhohe cyyfhk~ bgy {cfnacy~ „




6?4

kcmorcyohe f lc~~fec- tag{gngtohe ugyj~acc{~ gy iyoheohe f kyohj( [ac lgycngltc{ch{ tstom~- uag ngltmc{ck nmf~~ cqcyno~c~ boy~{- ucyc f~jck i {acoy {cfnacy{g lfyj {acoy tccy~‟ iggj~( [ac ycfkohc~~ uo{a uaona tstom~ bsmbommck {ac~c ycvsc~{~

~seec~{~ f afio{sfm tyfn{onc {aygsea uaona {cfnacy~ ycohbgync {acoy fs{agyo{(

Is{ Lf~otaslcmcmc tstom~ kg hg{ fttycnof{c f~tcn{~ gb {ao~ f~nyoick fs{agyo{f{orc~{f{s~- nmfolohe {af{ lg~{ {cfnacy~ kok hg{ {aohj o{ oltgy{fh{ {g ohbgyl tstom~ figs{~naggm fbbfoy~- mc{ fmghc ngh~sm{ {acl( Ly ‑^‟ uf~ ghc gb {ac lg~{ tgtsmfy {cfnacy~ f{Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea- oh tfy{ icnfs~c ‑ac o~ {ac ghm ghc uag {fmj~ {g {ac tstom~ figs{uaf{ o~ afttchohe f{ ~naggm‟ !Namgc- eyfkc 66/( Nghncyhck uo{a {ac oltfn{ gh {acoycksnf{ogh- tstom~ ucyc ollch~cm bys~{yf{ck i rcy ycesmfy {cfnacy fi~chnc byglnmf~~( Boy~{ tcyogk o~ ycesmfym kcrgok gb {cfnaohe icnfs~c {cfnacy~ fyyorc mf{c bygl {ac~{fbbyggl- fhk lgyc {olc o~ mg~{ uach {acyc fyc lfh fhhgshnclch{~ {g ic lfkc(Uach tstom~ ngltmfohck ksyohe f ~{skch{ yctyc~ch{f{orc ngshnom lcc{ohe- {ac ucyc{gmk {af{ o{ uf~ {acoy yc~tgh~oiomo{ {g eg {g {ac ~{fbbyggl fhk kclfhk {af{ {ac {cfnacy~nglc {g nmf~~& Tstom~ yc~tghkck- ~fohe- ‑Uc afrc nglc acyc {g ec{ fh cksnf{ogh- fhko{ o~ {ac {cfnacy~‟ `gi {g eorc s~ {af{(‟ Is{- {ac ~f- {cfnacy~ afrc iyfpchm {gmk {acl{af{ ‑{ac egrcyhlch{ ngh{ohsc~ {g tf s~- uaf{crcy uc kg- ~g {af{ o~ {ac ~o{sf{ogh‟(Sh~sytyo~ohem- tstom ko~~f{o~bfn{ogh fhk bys~{yf{ogh lgsh{ck fhk ngh{yois{ck {g fyog{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea {af{ ~tommck gs{ gh{g {ac ~{ycc{~ !~cc Naft{cy 1/(

Mojc {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu- Lf~otaslcmcmc tstom~ fyc vsonj {g okch{ob f ‑eggk‟{cfnacy gh {ac if~o~ gb {acoy cbbgy{~ fhk ngltc{chnc oh {ac nmf~~yggl- f~ ucmm f~ {acoyoh{cyc~{ oh fhk f~~o~{fhnc uo{a tygimcl~ {ac bfnc f{ aglc( Lfh ~cc {ac ygmc gb f

{cfnacy f~ lsna oh {cyl~ gb esokfhnc oh mobc f~ oh lgyc bgylfm {cfnaohe( Gmkcy tstom~oh tfy{onsmfy tmfnck f rcy aoea rfmsc gh {cfnacy~‟ uommohehc~~ {g nghrcy~c figs{~naggm lf{{cy~ oh f nmolf{c gb ls{sfm yc~tcn{( [ao~ vsfmo{ o~ ghc {af{ kgc~ hg{ ~o{cf~om uo{a yoeok oh{cytyc{f{ogh~ gb nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck fs{agyo{ rc~{ck oh ~chogyo{ fhk tygbc~~oghfm ~{f{s~- fhk {ac ngyyc~tghkohe cqtcn{f{ogh gb yc~tcn{bsm icafrogsybygl gshe tcgtmc( !^cc Naft{cy > bgy bsy{acy ko~ns~~ogh gh hg{ogh~ gb ‑yc~tcn{‟ {af{~aftc oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~(/ Ko~~ghfhnc oh {ao~ fycf bck oh{g f ~ollcyohe{ch~ogh ic{ucch Lf~otaslcmcmc tstom~ fhk {cfnacy~ fhk o{~ cyst{ogh oh{g rogmchncoh {ac yog{ ycbcyyck {g figrc(

[acyc o~ f lgyc echcyfm ngllo{lch{ {g cksnf{ogh flghe {ac tyohnotfm~ fhk {cfnacy~

f{ {ac Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc fhk ^chogy Aoea ~naggm~( [fjc- bgy cqfltmc- {ac nf~c gb {ac ao~{gy {cfnacy fhk acy eyfkc,66 nmf~~c~( [ao~ {cfnacy nmcfym afk f rcy eggkyfttgy{ uo{a acy tstom~- icohe boyl- is{ bfoy fhk shkcy~{fhkohe- fhk ko~tmfohe fhoh{cyc~{ oh {acl( [ac tstom~ {acl~cmrc~ ~fu acy f~ icohe cf~om fttygfnafimc- fhkohkcck gb{ch ~tgjc {g acy figs{ ugyj gy g{acy lf{{cy~ fb{cy nmf~~( Acy nmf~~yggluf~ rcy ucmm yc~gsynck fhk kcngyf{ckuo{a f nfytc{ gh {ac bmggy fhk {ac {fimc~fyyfheck oh {ug ~clonoynmc~- oh~{cfk gb {ac {yfko{oghfm ~c{,st gb ygu~ gb {fimc~ fmmbfnohe {ac bygh{( Fmm tstom~ afk ngtoc~ gb {ac gyoeohfm {cq{iggj- uaona {ac ycncorcbygl {ac ~naggm( [ac nmf~~ o~ oh{cyfn{orc- f~ {ac {cfnacy ufmj~ fygshk {ac nmf~~- s~c~lft~ gh {ac ufmm- nfy{ggh~ fhk g{acy cqfltmc~- fhk {ac tstom~ fyc chngsyfeck {g

~tcfj fhk f~j vsc~{ogh~( [ac {cfnacy {fomgy~ acy {cfnaohe {g {ac kobbcych{ hcck~ gb {ac






6?9

afk {ac fkrfh{fec~ {af{ naomkych afrc afk f{- ~f- Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy‟- ghc aoea,~naggm {cfnacy {gmk s~- ‑gs afrc {g {cfna afyk fhk acmt- eorc {acl cq{yf acmt‟(

Uo{a {cfnacy~ mojc {ac~c- {ac hcu nsyyonsmsl fhk o{~ cltaf~o~ gh eygst,if~cktygimcl,~gmrohe ucyc oltmclch{ck uo{ags{ eycf{ kobbonsm{oc~ fhk uo{a fttfych{m tg~o{orc yc~sm{~( Ghc !echcyfmm ~nct{onfm/ {cfnacy ~fok {af{ ac uf~ oltyc~~ck crch i {ac lgyc {yfko{oghfm- gmkcy {cfnacy~(

[ac nsyyonsmsl af~ nafheck- {ac ngh{cq{ gb {ac ngsh{y af~ nafheckfhk tcgtmc afrc afk {g fkft{( O fl vso{c oltyc~~ck: {cfnacy~ afrc eg{nycf{orc fhk yg~c {g {ac nafmmchec( Tcgtmc {af{ ucyc ohnyckoim {yfko{oghfmafrc cliyfnck {ac kclgnyf{on nafmmchec~( O{ o~ oh{cyc~{ohe uf{naohe o{ fhkicohe tfy{ gb o{( GIC Zgs{nglc~,if~ck cksnf{ogh\ o~ ugyjohe: {ac jok~fyc ic{{cy f{ ugyjohe {gec{acy- ugyjohe oh eygst~- fyc lgyc fy{onsmf{c fhk

ic{{cy f{ tygimcl ~gmrohe(Nmcfym- f lf~{cy gb {ac ~si`cn{ lf{{cy fhk f echcyfm tygbc~~oghfm ngllo{lch{ {g{cfnaohe fyc hcnc~~fy nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb f eggk {cfnacy( Is{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~{acl~cmrc~ {chk {g bgns~ gh {acoy tcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {acoy {cfnacy~ ohf~~c~~ohe agu eggk {ac fyc( Oh {ac Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~- naomkych gb fmm fec~ ycbcy {g{cfnacy~ f~ ‑~sttgy{~‟ oh {acoy echcyfm morc~ f~ ucmm f~ {acoy ~naggmohe nfyccy~( ‑Uckg hg{ mojc {cfnacy~ uag ”ko~~“ s~-‟ ~fok eyfkc,2 naomkych( ‑^glc {cfnacy~ lfjc bshgb s~- uaona lfjc~ s~ bccm rcy ifk(‟ [cfnacy~ uag mo~{ch {g tstom~ fhk acmt {aclohkoroksfmm {g kg ucmm fyc rfmsck f mg{: ~{yon{ fs{agyo{fyofh gy shngllshonf{orc{cfnacy~ fyc hg{ mojck( [ac tcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot o~ ~cch f~ hcnc~~fy bgy eggk

{cfnaohe- icnfs~c {ac nfyohe {cfnacy {fjc~ {ac {olc {g cqtmfoh kobbonsm{ lf{cyofm(

Ifk {cfnacy~ afrc hg yc~tcn{- {ac icmo{{mc gs- fn{ f~ ob {ac fyc ic{{cytcgtmc( [ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g acmt gs- {ac fyc yskc- {ac ‑{shc‟ gs uachgs fh~ucy ifnj- fhk ec{ st~c{( Ifk {cfnacy~ fyc {ac ghc~ uag ghm ugyj icnfs~c o{ tf~- fhk uag kgh‟{ nfyc( !Ngltg~o{c ngllch{~ bygl tstom~ ohBo~a Agcj/

Bo~a Agcj {cfnacy~ uag fyc ‑ifk f{ {cfnaohe‟ fyc hg{ fttycnof{ck fhk gb{ch lsnako~mojck( Lfh {olc~- naomkych lch{oghck {acoy uo~a bgy {cfnacy~ {g ~sttgy{ {acllgyc i mo~{chohe- tfohe lgyc f{{ch{ogh {g {acl fhk {fjohe {olc bgy cq{yf nmf~~c~(

F eggk {cfnacy shkcy~{fhk~ s~: {ac fyc ‑~{yfoea{ st‟( [ac kgh‟{ tmf eflc~- fhk acmt gs crch fb{cy ~naggm nmf~~c~( Bgy cqfltmc•f {cfnacy uagefrc gs{ acy taghc hslicy {g nfmm ob gs hcckck acmt( F {cfnacy ~agsmk icboyl- is{ byochkm- ~glcghc uag mo~{ch~ {g gsy gtohogh~ fhk jhgu~ agu {gjcct ngh{ygm( !Ngltg~o{c ngllch{~ bygl tstom~ oh Bo~a Agcj/

Naomkych lfkc f mg{ gb ngllch{~ gh eggk {cfnacy~ fhk agu eycf{ o{ o~ {g afrc f eggk{cfnacy uag cqtmfoh~ ucmm- af~ yc~tcn{ bgy- fhk o~ oh{cyc~{ck oh {acoy tstom~( [ac bccm{cfnacy~ nfh ycfmm lfjc f kobbcychnc oh kgohe ucmm f{ ~naggm gy hg{( F{ {ac ~flc {olc-{cfnacy~ bcf{syc tyglohch{m f~ f nafmmchec oh {acoy morc~ fhk fyc ~cch f~ kclfhkohe-

fhk naomkych bccm {af{ {ac fyc shkcy tyc~~syc bygl {acoy {cfnacy~ {g kg ucmm(




6?>

Eyfkc,? tstom~ f{ Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm fyesck {af{ tstom~ kg hg{ ‑bggm fygshk‟uach {acoy {cfnacy~ ~agu {acl yc~tcn{( [ac fkkck {af{ ‑ob {ac ufh{ s~ {g fn{lf{syc- {ach kgh‟{ lfjc s~ bccm mojc naomkych i lfjohe s~ ~o{ gh {ac bmggy f{

f~~clim- bgy cqfltmc‟( ^chogy Aoea tstom~ syeck {acoy {cfnacy~ hg{ {g ron{olo~c {acl0‑Lfjc jok~ bccm eggk fhk {ac uomm ugyj ic{{cy: kc{ch{ogh kgc~h‟{ ~gmrc fh{aohe(‟Fefoh fhk fefoh- naomkych ohkonf{ck {af{ ls{sfm yc~tcn{ o~ nysnofm oh c~{fimo~aoheeggk ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch tstom~ fhk {cfnacy~( Uach {ycf{ck uo{a yc~tcn{- {ac ~fok- {ac yc~tcn{ {acoy {cfnacy~ oh {syh( Yc~tcn{ o~ igshk st uo{a bccmohe nghhcn{ck-agucrcy( [ac eyfkc,? tstom~ ko~{oheso~ack ic{ucch gshecy fhk gmkcy {cfnacy~-~fohe {af{ {ac nghhcn{ck ic{{cy uo{a {ac bgylcy(

Tstom~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc tcyncorck {cfnacy~ f~ nysnofm {g {acoy tcybgylfhnc f{ ~naggm-fhk afk f nmcfy ~ch~c gb uaf{ kcbohck f ‑eggk‟ {cfnacy( Tcynct{ogh~ ucyc iygfkm ~olomfy fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc0 f eggk {cfnacy o~ fttygfnafimc fhk nfyohe- figs{ ~naggmohelf{{cy~ fhk fh tygimcl~ {ac tstom~ afrc oh {acoy morc~ gs{~okc gb ~naggm f~ ucmm( Feggk {cfnacy o~ fbboylf{orc fhk tf{och{- fhk kgc~ hg{ ~ags{ f{ gy fis~c tstom~( F eggk{cfnacy o~ ucmm tyctfyck fhk cqtmfoh~ kobbonsm{ io{~ oh {ac nsyyonsmsl( F eggk {cfnacyo~ boyl- is{ bfoy( Gb ngsy~c- uaf{ tstom~ ~cc f~ {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb f eggk {cfnacy lf hg{ fnngyk uo{a {ac fn{sfm tcybgylfhnc gb f {cfnacy oh {cyl~ gb acmtohe {acoy tstom~shkcy~{fhk {acoy ~naggm ugyj gy kcrcmgt g{acy oltgy{fh{ ~jomm~( O{ o~ fm~g tg~~oimc{af{ ~glc tstom~- bgy cqfltmc tstom~ uag ycicm fefoh~{ ~naggm fhk fyc ufo{ohe bgy{ac boy~{ gttgy{sho{ {g mcfrc- afrc f yf{acy kobbcych{ f~~c~~lch{( Oh gsy gi~cyrf{ogh-agucrcy- {ac {cfnacy~ uag ucyc lgyc tgtsmfy fhk ngllfhkck lgyc yc~tcn{ bygllg~{ tstom~ ucyc tycno~cm {ag~c uag ucyc lgyc cbbcn{orc cksnf{oghfmm(

Shbgy{shf{cm- lfh {cfnacy~ oh {ac Rfmmc- c~tcnofmm oh Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc- bfomck {g tcybgyl oh {ac uf~ {af{ tstom~ rocuck tg~o{orcm( [gg lfh {cfnacy~ ~cclck ohkobbcych{ {g {acoy tstom~‟ hcck~ fhk tygimcl~( [gg lfh fyyorck f{nmf~~ mf{c !gy hg{ f{ fmm/ fhk omm,tyctfyck: {fmjck f{ yf{acy {afh uo{a {acoy tstom~: bfomck{g cqtmfoh agu {g ec{ fh~ucy~ yoea{: fhk co{acy kok hg{ ig{acy {g lfoh{foh gykcy gykok ~g {aygsea fis~c gy bgync( Kobbcychnc~ oh {ac vsfmo{ gb {cfnaohe cqtmfoh lsna gb {ac esmb ic{ucch {ac cksnf{oghfm fnaocrclch{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh kobbcych{ tfy{~ gb {acRfmmc( Agucrcy- tstom~ fyc hg{ ~oltm ohhgnch{ ron{ol~ gb shcrch {cfnaohe vsfmo{(Tstom~ fyc fm~g jc tmfcy~ {acl~cmrc~ oh {ac kyflf gb {ac nmf~~yggl- {c~{ohe {cfnacy~ „

fhk kyorohe ~glc {g kc~tcyf{ogh(

Tccy~ fhk ko~notmohc

[ac {cfnacy o~ hg{ ~gmcm yc~tgh~oimc bgy {ac f{lg~tacyc fhk cksnf{oghfm tg{ch{ofm oh{ac nmf~~yggl( Tstom~ {acl~cmrc~ ngh{yois{c- ~glc{olc~ ngh~{ysn{orcm- ~glc{olc~kc~{ysn{orcm( Lsna gb {ac kobbcychnc flghe ~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj- Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc fyo~c~ bygl {ac icafrogsy gb tstom~(

Bo~a Agcj tstom~ nghnsy {af{ ‑eggk {cfnacy~‟ ngllfhk yc~tcn{ fhk yfycm hcck{g yc~gy{ {g ~ags{ohe gy tsho~alch{ {g lfoh{foh ko~notmohc oh {ac nmf~~yggl(

[ao~ o~ ua- {ac ~f- tstom~ icafrc ucmm lg~{ gb {ac {olc( [ac~c tstom~ tcyaft~




6?;

shkcyc~{olf{c {ac cq{ch{ gb {ac tygimcl gb ifk icafrogsy bfnck i {acoy {cfnacy~(Tstom~ loea{ hg{ fmuf~ mo~{ch {g {cfnacy~- {fmj oh nmf~~- boea{ uo{a ghc fhg{acy fhkcrch ~glc{olc~ uyo{c eyfbbo{o gh {ac {fimc~( I fhk mfyec- {agsea- {ac tstom~ fyc ucmm

icafrck( [ac ch{oyc Bo~a Agcj ~naggm ~~{cl o~ ecfyck {gufyk~ ohnsmnf{ohe if~onko~notmohc fhk gykcym nghksn{( Tstom~ f{ Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea ^naggm afk {g ~oeh fngkc gb nghksn{ uach {ac chygmmck( [ac ~naggm ysmc~ gh ls{sfm yc~tcn{ „ f~ ucmm f~{ac tchfm{oc~ bgy yfno~{- ~cqo~{ fhk imf~taclgs~ mfhesfec gy icafrogsy „ fyc ycfkom frfomfimc- ohnmskohe gh {ac ~naggm‟~ uci~o{c( Shobgyl~- {ac ~naggm climcl fhkfh{acl fhk crch{~ mojc {ac cfym Bgshkcy~‟ Kf fmm acmt {g oh~{om ko~notmohck gykcy(Oh f~~clim fhk g{acy crch{~- {cfnacy~ cltaf~o~c {ac oltgy{fhnc gb jcctohe st {ac~naggm‟~ eggk hflc !fhk aoea tf~~ yf{c~/(

Oh Bo~a Agcj- ~naggm o~ aoeam ycesmf{ck( Fm{agsea ~glc {cfnacy~ ngltmfoh {af{tstom~ ishj nmf~~- {ao~ o~ tygifim hg{ ngllgh( Tstom~ ls~{ f~j {ac {cfnacy‟~tcylo~~ogh {g mcfrc- fhk ob {ac fyc mf{c {ac iyohe hg{c~ cqtmfohohe ua( F{{chkfhncyceo~{cy~ fyc {fjch fhk aglcugyj o~ nacnjck( Tstom~ uag fyc tcybgylohe ifkm fycts{ gh{g f ~~{cl gb {yfnjohe {acoy f{{chkfhnc fhk chefeclch{ oh nmf~~( [cfnacy~ngrcy bgy cfna g{acy uach ~onj gy fi~ch{- fhk nmf~~c~ fyc yfycm mcb{ shf{{chkck bgymghe tcyogk~ gb {olc( [cfnacy~ fyc cqtcn{ck {g ic gh {ac mggjgs{ bgy naomkych uagfyc lo~icafrohe gy ishjohe fhk yctyolfhk {acl uach hcnc~~fy( Bgy cqfltmc- uc~fu f {cfnacy ~ags{ gs{ gb {ac ~{fbbyggl uohkgu ksyohe iycfj f{ naomkych uag ucycoh f tygaoio{ck tfy{ gb {ac ~naggm eygshk~- ufyhohe {acl gb kc{ch{ogh( Tycbcn{~ „uag fyc cmcn{ck „ acmt {g lfoh{foh gykcy( [ac kcts{ tyohnotfm fhhgshnc~ grcy {acoh{cyngl uaona tstom~ ls~{ eg {g ao~ gbbonc fhk uaona afrc kc{ch{ogh( Ghc {cfnacyngllch{ck {af{ oh {ac iceohhohe ~ac bcm{ mojc ~ac uf~ oh f tyo~gh nflt- is{ {actstom~ fyc ~g s~ck {g {ao~ ~~{cl {ac kgh‟{ crch hg{onc(

Oh echcyfm- tstom~ ucyc aftt uo{a {ac ~naggm ysmc~- cqtmfohohe {af{ g{acyuo~c o{ugsmk ic ‑{g{fm nafg~‟( Eyfkc,? tstom~ crch bcm{ {af{ kc{ch{ogh „ uaona ngh~o~{~ gb fhagsy kgohe aglcugyj fb{cy ~naggm gy gh ^f{sykf lgyhohe bgy lgyc ~crcyc nf~c~ „uf~ hg{ ~crcyc chgsea( Tstom~ kok nafbc f{ {ac ~{yon{ yc~{yon{ogh~ gh ~naggm shobgyl~fhk fttcfyfhnc- fhk {ac eyfkc,66 ig~ ucyc noynsmf{ohe f tc{o{ogh {g fttcfm bgy lgycmchochn oh {ac ysmc~ gh {ac mche{a gb {acoy afoy( [ac tyohnotfm gb Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy-uag aol~cmb uch{ {g ~naggm oh Bo~a Agcj- nmfolck {af{ ~naggmohe af~ nafheck f

mg{( ‑Uach O f{{chkck ~naggm acyc {ac ysmc~ ucyc rcy ~{yon{- fhk tstom~ eg{ f mg{ gb tsho~alch{-‟ ac {gmk s~( ‑Hgu o{ o~ lsna lgyc ycmfqck- uaona O bccm o~ lsna ic{{cy(Fhk uc kg hg{ ycfmm afrc fh {ygsimc f{ ~naggm(‟

[ac lokkmc ~naggm> o~ {ac mcf~{ ko~notmohck gb {ac Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~- fhk {acyc fycycesmfy boea{~ ic{ucch tstom~( [cfnacy~ fhk tstom~ nghnsy {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ f{ {ao~fec fyc kobbonsm{( [cfnacy~ kc~nyoick {ac iceohhohe gb fkgmc~nchnc f~ f {olc gb ‑~{gylfhk ~{yc~~‟- uach naomkych afrc {g kcfm uo{a f mg{ gb ‑feeyc~~ogh- agylghc~ fhk ~cmb,fufychc~~‟( Fkgmc~nch{ tstom~ f{ {ac lokkmc ~naggm ~fok {af{ {ac fhk {acoy tccy~ ucyc‑oh f ncy{foh taf~c gb {acoy morc~- fhk o{‟~ figs{ iycfjohe igshkfyoc~ fhk ycicmmohe•{af{‟~ ua {acyc‟~ f mg{ egohe gh‟( [cfnacy~ fhk tstom~ fm~g feycck {af{ o{ uf~ tfy{m

icnfs~c {ac eyfkc ?,tstom~ oh {ac lokkmc ~naggm ucyc ‑ioe bo~a oh f ~lfmm tghk‟-




6?3

uo{ags{ gmkcy tstom~ {g mggj st {g( Uach tstom~ lgrck gh {g {ac ~chogy aoea ~naggm-{acoy icafrogsy nafheck f~ {ac eg{ s~ck {g icohe f{ {ac ig{{gl gb {ac aocyfyna fefoh( !Ghm oh Bo~a Agcj uf~ ~cnghkfy ~naggmohe korokck ic{ucch f lokkmc ~naggm

fhk f ~chogy aoea ~naggm(/

[ac ta~onfm kc~oeh gb {ac Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ fm~g bfnomo{f{c~ ko~notmohc- tyolfyom {aygsea f~~o~{ohe ~syrcommfhnc( [ac ~naggm~ fyc fmm isom{ fygshk chnmg~ck ngsy{fyk~(Ch{yfhnc oh{g {ac ~naggm~ o~ ngh{ygmmck( [cfnacy~ mgnj {acoy nmf~~yggl~ uach {ac fychg{ oh s~c( Tstom~ fyc hg{ fmmguck gs{ gb ~naggm ksyohe nmf~~c~- fhk {ac ~chogy aoea~naggm ch{yfhnc~ fyc mgnjck cqnct{ ksyohe iycfj~( [ac yc~sm{ o~ {af{ o{ o~ shs~sfm {gbohk fh tstom~ gs{~okc gb nmf~~yggl~ ksyohe tcyogk~(

Ohnokch{~ kg afttch- is{ yfycm( Figs{ ghnc f lgh{a f ncmmtaghc ec{~ ~{gmch- is{tstom~ gb{ch {ys~{ohem mcfrc {acoy ife~ mohe oh ngyyokgy~( Mg{~ gb tstom~ {gmk s~

figs{ boea{~ f{ ~naggm- is{ boea{ohe ~ccl~ {g ic molo{ck {g ao{{ohe fhk jonjohe fhkhcrcy ohrgmrc~ ~cyogs~ oh`sy gy {ac s~c gb jhorc~ !gy esh~/( Is{- {g ts{ {ao~ oh{gtcy~tcn{orc- ghc eoym f{ {ac lokkmc ~naggm {ach efrc fh cqfltmc gb ec{{ohe asy{ i ‑ifmm~ bmohe fygshk‟ ksyohe iycfj- fhk lgnj gy rcyifm boea{~ fyc tygifim lsna lgycngllgh {afh ta~onfm ghc~( F~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy >- Bo~a Agcj tstom~‟ oh~cnsyo{oc~nghncyh {ac ugymk gs{~okc gb ~naggm !crch {agsea {ac ~{ycc{~ gb ~sisyifh Bo~a Agcj fyc echcyfmm ~fbcy {afh {ag~c oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc/(

Oh ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu- {ac ~o{sf{ogh o~ rcy kobbcych{( Tstom~ oh Gncfh Rocuugsmk feycc uo{a {acoy Bo~a Agcj ngsh{cytfy{~ {af{ f eggk {cfnacy ngllfhk~yc~tcn{ fhk lfoh{foh~ ko~notmohc( ^glc {cfnacy~ kg ohkcck ysh gykcyck nmf~~c~( Is{

lfh {cfnacy~ oh Gncfh Rocu co{acy kg hg{ gy nfhhg{- fhk f mgu mcrcm gb ko~gykcy o~tcyrf~orc( [ac ~{ysn{syc gb ls{sfmm ycohbgynohe rfmsc~ fhk tyfn{onc~ {af{ shkcytoh~ko~notmohc oh Bo~a Agcj kgc~ hg{ cqo~{ oh Gncfh Rocu(

‑Naomkych kgh‟{ ugyj- Z{ac\ ”eg gh“- {aygu tftcy fygshk- ts{ isiimcesl oh g{acynaomkych‟~ afoy: {ac fn{sfmm ts{ ~glcghc‟~ afoy gh boyc oh Chemo~a nmf~~ mf~{ cfy-‟ ~fok6;,cfy,gmk ^flfh{af( [ucmrc,cfy,gmk Fhecmovsc fkkck {af{ ‑naomkych fyc fmuf~lfjohe f hgo~c- yshhohe fygshk {ac nmf~~ fhk ~{fhkohe st ksyohe mc~~gh~‟( Tf{yonj !feck 61/ ~fok {af{ ~naggm ~{yc~~ck aol gs{ icnfs~c ‑ig~ ifhe gh {ac kc~j~ fhklfjc f hgo~c uach {ac ~oy o~ {yohe {g cqtmfoh {ac ugyj‟( Bgsy{cch,cfy,gmk Lohf

{gmk s~ {af{ ‑tstom~ iycfj {ac uohkgu~- uyo{c gh {ac ufmm~: {ac iygjc {ac nglts{cy~fhk iycfj {ac afhkmc~ fhk mgnj~ gh {ac kggy~( Hg{aohe afttch~ {g {ag~c {af{ kg{ao~ icnfs~c {ac {cfnacy hgylfmm kgc~h‟{ jhgu uag kok o{‟( Uc gi~cyrck f eyfkc,1~gnofm,~nochnc nmf~~0

Tstom~ ucyc oh fhk gs{ gb acy nmf~~ bgy {ac ch{oyc tcyogk- hg{ f~johe bgytcylo~~ogh( @gkoc nflc oh rcy mf{c: fhg{acy eoym eg{ st fhk uch{ gs{~okc{g {fmj {g f byochk fhk hg{aohe afttchck f{ fmm „ Ly~ ‑B‟ kokh‟{ crchngllch{( F{ ghc tgoh{ ~ac kok {cmm @ghf{afh fhk fhg{acy ig {g ‑~jyb ‟Zuyo{c\( [acyc uf~ f mg{ gb hgo~c bygl jok~ gs{~okc {ac nmf~~yggl- is{hg{aohe uf~ kghc figs{ o{( !@gsyhfm hg{c~/




6?2

Mc~~gh~ fyc ko~yst{ck i tstom~ ishjohe nmf~~- uag {aygu {aohe~ {aygsea gtchgy iygjch uohkgu~- jonj kggy~ gtch gy `s~{ ~{fhk gs{~okc nmf~~yggl~ lfjohe fhgo~c( [cfnacy~ hcrcy ycfn{ck {g {ag~c gs{~okc {ac nmf~~ uag ko~yst{ck {acoy mc~~gh~-

lcfhohe {af{ {acyc ucyc hg ngh~cvschnc~ bgy ishjohe gy bgy ko~yst{ohe g{acymc~~gh~( Mojcuo~c- {cfnacy~ ~cmkgl f{{clt{ck {g ko~notmohc tstom~ nglohe mf{c {g nmf~~!uaona- tstom~ ~f- o~ gb{ch icnfs~c {ac fyc ~lgjohe noefyc{{c~ oh ic{ucch mc~~gh~/(

Lfh {cfnacy~ ~{yseemc {g lfoh{foh gykcy oh {acoy nmf~~c~( Tstom~ ucyc gi~cyrckicafrohe oh uf~ {af{ ucyc oh{chkck {g nghbygh{ fhk aslomof{c {cfnacy~- s~ohe yskcmfhesfec oh f uf {af{ uf~ ~cmkgl- ob crcy- crokch{ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc(Uc gi~cyrck Lo~~ ‑H‟~‟ ao~{gy nmf~~ f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy0

[ao~ nmf~~ uf~ ngltmc{c nafg~( Z[ac tyohnotfm\ afk {g ic nfmmck {uoncicnfs~c tstom~ ugsmkh‟{ mo~{ch {g {ac {cfnacy•Ghnc ~ac nfmmck aol

icnfs~c {ug eoym~ afk `s~{ eg{{ch st fhk mcb{ {ac yggl uo{ags{ ec{{ohetcylo~~ogh( [ac afk eghc {g ec{ {acoy ugyjiggj~( âc uf~ fhey fhkbys~{yf{ck fhk ~fok {ac afk {g f~j tcylo~~ogh( [ac oh {syh icnflcfhey {af{ {ac ucyc ec{{ohe oh {ygsimc bgy egohe {g ec{ {ac iggj~ {af{ ~acafk f~jck {g ~cc( [acyc uf~ f mg{ gb {ygsimc grcy aglcugyj {af{ afkh‟{icch kghc( Acy tsho~alch{ uf~ {g lfjc tstom~ ~vsf{ f{ {ac bygh{ gb {acnmf~~ bgy 24 ~cnghk~- gy ec{ f ufyhohe oh {acoy tstom‟~ bomc- uaona {ach af~{g ic ~oehck i {ac {cfnacy fhk tstom( [acyc ucyc 6> tstom~ uag afkhg{ kghc {acoy aglcugyj( O{ {ggj figs{ 63 lohs{c~ {g kc{cylohc uagafk hg{ kghc {acoy ugyj fhk {g iceoh {ac tsho~alch{( ^glc tstom~ afk

icch ~vsf{{ohe f{ {ac bygh{ gb {ac nmf~~ ~ohnc {ac iceohhohe gb {ac mc~~gh-agucrcy- fhk ngltmfohck {af{ o{ uf~h‟{ bfoy {af{ ~ac ghm ~{fy{ck ngsh{ohe{ac 24 ~cnghk~ 63 lohs{c~ oh{g {ac nmf~~( ^glc gb {ac ig~ hcfy lc ~fok{af{ ‑{ac lo~~ ghm nf{cy~ bgy ncy{foh tcgtmc- {ac lo~~ o~ shbfoy‟( Ghc gb {acig~ ~fok ac afk cqtmfohck {g Lo~~ ‑H‟ {af{ ac ngsmkh‟{ kg ao~ aglcugyj icnfs~c ao~ iggj uf~ hg{ st {g kf{c( âc ~fok ac kokh‟{ hcck {ac iggj {g ic st {g kf{c- `s~{ {ac f~~oehlch{ {g ic kghc( Ao~ yc~tgh~c uf~ {g ~o{kguh f{ f kc~j fhk ngt fhg{acy eoym‟~ ugyj- fhk {ach {ggj o{ st {g acy {g~oeh( âc uf~ co{acy {gg gnnstock uo{a g{acy tstom~ {g hg{onc {ao~ gy nag~c{g oehgyc o{( Co{acy uf- ac uf~ fimc {g ec{ fuf uo{a kgohe {ao~( !@gsyhfm

hg{c~ bygl nmf~~yggl gi~cyrf{ogh gb eyfkc,66 ao~{gy mc~~gh/Fhg{acy lc{agk gb ko~notmohc s~ck i {cfnacy~ o~ {g lfjc tstom~ ~{fhk gh {acoykc~j~ bgy {ac ksyf{ogh gb {ac nmf~~( ^sna lc{agk~ fyc {ac ~si`cn{ gb yokonsmc flghe{ac tstom~( G{acylgyc nghrch{oghfm- lc{agk~ ohnmskc lfjohe tstom~ uyo{c ‑mohc~‟!uaona {cfnacy~ {acl~cmrc~ fklo{ kgc~ hg{ ugyj/: kc{fohohe naomkych fb{cy ~naggm{g nmcfh nmf~~yggl~ gy kg cq{yf ugyj: ~chkohe {acl {g {ac gbbonc gy {g fhg{acy{cfnacy: nfmmohe oh {ac tyohnotfm: lfjohe {acl ~oeh ufyhohe~: fhk crch ~chkohe{acl aglc(

[ac ohcbbcn{orchc~~ gb lfh gb {ac~c {cnahovsc~ nfh mcfk {g {cfnacy~ ec{{ohe ~g

bys~{yf{ck {af{ {ac mg~c ngh{ygm(




6?5

[cfnacy~ ~ags{ fhk ~f ‑~{gt o{&‟- ‑ags `gs icj&‟ Z~as{ st&\ icnfs~c {acnaomkych lfjc {acl fhey i hg{ icafrohe( ^glc{olc~ {ac ~f ‑ec{ gs{‟fhk tsmm gs i gsy {gt fhk {aygu gs gs{( !Lohf- eoym- feck 6;/

Fm{agsea ~glc gb {ac gshecy naomkych {aohj {af{ {ac ~ags{ohe ugyj~- gmkcy naomkychcqtmfohck {af{ o{ fhecy~ tstom~ fhk- {acycbgyc- ohnycf~c~ ifk icafrogsy(

[ac Z{cfnacy~\ ~ags{ uach hg ghc o~ mo~{chohe fhk {ac fyc {yohe {g jcct{ac nmf~~ vsoc{( ^glc gb {acl ~ucfy( O{ kgc~h‟{ ugyj fhk `s~{ lfjc~ {ac~{skch{~ fhey( !Lfhk- eoym- feck 65/

Ohngh~o~{chn gh {ac {cfnacy~‟ tfy{ bscm~ {ac tygimcl( Tstom~ ts~a {ac igshkfyoc~gb {acoy icafrogsy fhk kg hg{ yc~tcn{ {cfnacy~ icnfs~c {ac igshkfyoc~ {ac ~c{ fyclgrcfimc( [ao~ oh {syh ohnycf~c~ {ac kobbonsm{ gb {ac ~o{sf{ogh- uaona {cfnacy~ fycomm,cvsottck {g afhkmc(

[ac bfn{ {af{ {cfnacy~ yc~gy{ {g fttfych{m iopfyyc bgyl~ gb tsho~alch{ ycbmcn{~{acoy bys~{yf{ogh fhk kc~tcyf{ogh( Ngytgyfm tsho~alch{ o~ tygaoio{ckfhk lfh {cfnacy~ ~oltm kg hg{ jhgu uaf{ {g kg( Sh~sytyo~ohem- ngytgyfm tsho~alch{ o~s~ck gnnf~oghfmm( Tstom~ f{ ig{a {ac tyolfy fhk aoea ~naggm~ yctgy{ck {af{ {cfnacy~ao{ {aclfhk uc gi~cyrck f {cfnacy ~lfnj f hfsea{ naomk f{ {ac tyolfy ~naggm(@slf{- f 64,cfy,gmk- ~fok {af{ ac ~glc{olc~ eg{ f ‑aokohe‟ !uo{a f ~{onj/ bygl ao~{cfnacy bgy hg{ kgohe aglcugyj- hg{ mo~{chohe oh nmf~~ gy hg{ kgohe uaf{ ac uf~{gmk( ^glc{olc~- ac bcm{- {ao~ uf~ cbbcn{orc( Nmfyo~f- fhg{acy 64,cfy,gmk- yctgy{~ {af{tstom~ kg hg{ {fmj ‑ob {ac {cfnacy o~ oh {ac nmf~~ icnfs~c {ac fyc ~nfyck gb {ac {cfnacy

icnfs~c {ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g ec{ f aokohe‟( Crch f{ {ac aoea ~naggm- ‑~glc {cfnacy~ ec{ rogmch{ fhk {aygu {aohe~- mojc {ac imfnjigfyk ks~{cy gy {ac ao{ ~{skch{~ uo{a {acoyafhk‟- ~f~ 61,cfy,gmk Tf{yonj(

Shfimc {g ngh{ygm {acoy nmf~~c~- ~glc {cfnacy~ ec{ bys~{yf{ck fhk kclg{orf{ck-uaona mcfk~ {g bsy{acy tygimcl~ oh nmf~~( [cfnacy~ gb eyfkc~ 1 fhk 66 f{ Gncfh Rocu^cnghkfy ngltmfohck {af{ tstom~ fyc yskc fhk {y {g aslomof{c {acl oh bygh{ gb {acoy nmf~~lf{c~- fkkohe {af{ ‑{acyc o~ hg{aohe gs nfh kg {g oltygrc {ac ~o{sf{ogh‟([ac ~cnghkfy ~naggm tyohnotfm {gmk s~ {af{ f rgmsh{ccy {cfnacy afk icch yshhohef ngltsm~gy ycfkohe tygeyfllc- is{ {ac {cfnacy ngsmk hg{ ngtc uo{a {ac tstom~‟icafrogsy fhk {ac afk {g lfjc {ac tygeyfllc rgmsh{fy( [ao~ tygifim lcfh{

{af{ {ac tstom~ uag hcckck f~~o~{fhnc lg~{ kok hg{ ec{ o{( [ac ngh~{fh{ {aycf{ gb ko~gykcy fm~g ohbgyl~ {cfnacy~‟ nagonc~ gb {cfnaohe lc{agk~( Lfh {cfnacy~ yc~gy{{g {ac ‑igyohe‟ {cnahovsc gb ec{{ohe tstom~ {g ngt hg{c~ gbb {ac nafmjigfyk icnfs~ctstom~ {chk {g ic vsoc{ uaomc kgohe {ao~( Kclg{orf{ck {cfnacy~ {gg cf~om icnglcko~chefeck bygl {cfnaohe( Oh ghc eyfkc,1 nmf~~- {ac {cfnacy oehgyck tstom~‟ ycvsc~{~:ac ‑kokh‟{ crch fh~ucy {acl fhk `s~{ mggjck ugyh kguh- f~ ob ac afk hg chcye {gkcfm uo{a {acl‟ !f~ uc hg{ck f{ {ac {olc/(

Bsy{acy shkcylohohe tstom~‟ yc~tcn{ bgy {cfnacy~ o~ {af{ naomkych kg hg{ fmuf~tcyncorc {cfnacy~ {g ic bsmbommohe {acoy yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ oh {ac mcfyhohe tygnc~~( [ao~oh {syh shkcylohc~ {ac cbbcn{orchc~~ gb ko~notmohc( Tcyaft~ {ac lg~{ girogs~ uf~




6?1

oh uaona {cfnacy~ mc{ naomkych kguh fyc i hg{ {syhohe st bgy nmf~~c~- hg{ icohetyctfyck bgy f nmf~~ fhk mcfrohe nmf~~c~ shf{{chkck( Uc uo{hc~~ck agu {cfnacy~ ucyc~glc{olc~ shtyctfyck bgy mf{cy nmf~~c~ fhk ~g ugsmk mcfrc f nmf~~ shf{{chkck {g

eg fhk lfjc tag{gngtoc~ gy kg g{acy tyctfyf{ogh( Hg{ ghm kgc~ {ao~ mcfrc nmf~~c~sh~stcyro~ck- ohnycf~ohe tstom ko~yst{ogh fhk shkcylohohe {ac fiomo{ gb {ac nmf~~{g ec{ {ac ugyj kghc- o{ fm~g shkcylohc~ {ac {cfnacy‟~ f{{clt{~ {g nycf{c ~{ysn{sycfhk gykcy oh {ac nmf~~yggl( Bgy cqfltmc- f eyfkc,1 nmf~~ ~{fy{ck uo{a {ac {cfnacyngltmfohohe {g s~ figs{ f ig uag ngh~o~{ch{m nglc~ {g ~naggm uo{ags{ f tch gytftcy fhk {ach nglc~ {g {ac {cfnacy bgy {ao~ ~{f{oghcy( Fm{agsea ac ngltmfohckfigs{ o{- ac ~{omm efrc {ac ig {ac ~{f{oghcy( Ac {ach {yock {g f~~cy{ fs{agyo{ i lfjohe fmm {ac naomkych yclgrc {ac af{~ fhk acfk~nfyrc~ {af{ {ac ucyc ucfyohe-~glc{aohe ac afk hg{ kghc oh f tycrogs~ nmf~~ {af{ uc afk gi~cyrck( Fmlg~{ollckof{cm fb{cy {ao~- ac mcb{ {ac nmf~~ gh {acoy guh bgy lg~{ gb {ac mc~~gh uaomc

ac uch{ {g tag{gngt hg{c~ bgy ao~ hcq{ nmf~~( Sh~sytyo~ohem- fmm {ac acfkecfy uf~iygsea{ gs{ fefoh fb{cy ao~ kctfy{syc(

Uach {cfnacy~ mcfrc nmf~~c~ shf{{chkck rcy mo{{mc mcfyhohe o~ fnngltmo~ack fhkyc~tcn{ bgy {cfnacy~ fhk ysmc~ lf ic shkcylohck( ^glc{olc~ tstom~ uag fycishjohe nmf~~ nglc oh fhk ko~yst{ {ac g{acy~ i ifheohe gh {ac kc~j~ fhk lfjohe fhgo~c( [ac ngh~cvschnc~ gb mcfrohe nmf~~c~ shf{{chkck nfh ic lgyc ~cyogs~- f~ oh {acbgmmguohe fnngsh{ gb f eyfkc,66 nmf~~0

Lfalsk afk icch fyesohe uo{a ghc gb {ac ‑imfnj es~‟ grcy f tfnjc{ gb naot~( [ao~ o~ uach {ac {cfnacy uf~ oh {ac nmf~~( Tf{yonj afk `sltck oh

fhk uf~ ~tcfjohe {g {ac imfnj es- {cmmohe aol {g ~{gt o{ icnfs~c {ac ucyc{yohe {g mcfyh'~{sk( Lfalsk {gmk Tf{yonj {g ~{f gs{ gb o{ fhk Tf{yonj {gmk Lfalsk {af{ ac ugsmk ao{ aol „ uaona ac kok( [ac ~{fy{ck boea{ohefhk {ac ‑~oy‟ nflc fhk {yock {g ~{gt {ac boea{- {fjohe Lfalsk {g {acgbbonc•F~ Lfalsk uf~ mcfrohe- ac ~fok {af{ ac ugsmk ec{ Tf{yonj( [ac{cfnacy uf~ {ach gs{ {ac nmf~~ fhk Lfalsk nflc ifnj oh uo{a f iyonj•fhk ac ao{ aol gh {ac acfk fhk Tf{yonj `s~{ bcmm kguh fhk {acyc uf~ mg{~gb imggk( !@gsyhfm hg{c~ bygl ohbgylfm nghrcy~f{ogh uo{a Lfhk/

Tf{yonj afk {g eg {g ag~to{fm bgy ~{o{nac~( Feeyc~~ogh- kctyc~~ogh fhk fhqoc{ afrcfmm icch bgshk flghe ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych cqtg~ck {g aoea mcrcm~ gb ngllsho{

rogmchnc !Mokkcm c{ fm( 6??;: Rfh kcy Lcyuc " Kfuc~ 9444/(

Crch ugy~c {afh {cfnacy~ mcfrohe nmf~~c~ shf{{chkck ksyohe f mc~~gh o~ uach {cfnacy~kg hg{ nglc {g nmf~~ f{ fmm( ^glc{olc~ {cfnacy~ afrc mceo{olf{c ycf~gh~ bgy {ao~- ~snaf~ icohe gbb ~onj- is{ {ao~ ohbgylf{ogh o~ gb{ch hg{ nghrcck {g tstom~- uag chk stufo{ohe oh rfoh gs{~okc {ac nmf~~yggl( Tstom~ kok ~f {af{ {ao~ uf~ hg{ f~ lsna gb ftygimcl f~ oh {ac tf~{( Fnngykohe {g Hongmf !feck 65/- ‑{cfnacy~ afrc ycfmm tsmmck st{acoy ~gnj~ icnfs~c- mf~{ cfy- {ac ~glc{olc~ s~ck {g ~o{ oh {ac ~{fbbyggl uach {ac ucyc ~sttg~ck {g ic {cfnaohe f nmf~~‟( ^glc {cfnacy~- agucrcy- ~{omm afio{sfmm lo~~nmf~~( Tstom~ ~f {af{ {ao~ ycbmcn{~ {ac echcyfm f{{o{skc gb ~glc {cfnacy~ {g mc{ {acl kg

uaf{ {ac ufh{- fhk {ao~ oh {syh mcfk~ {g naomkych hg{ {fjohe {ac mc~~gh~ ~cyogs~m




6??

fhk ~tchkohe f mg{ gb {olc `s~{ {fmjohe( ‑O kgh‟{ mojc {af{ {ac {cfnacy~ ~glc{olc~ kgh‟{to{na stfhk {ac tstom~ lfjc f hgo~c oh nmf~~-‟ ~fok Tf{yonj !feck 61/: ‑o{ lfjc~ gshg{ ufh{ {g ig{acy {g eg {g nmf~~(‟

^naggm~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fm~g cqtcyochnc nayghon ko~notmohc tygimcl~( Fm{agsea{ac~c fyc echcyfmm mc~~ nghbygh{f{oghfm {gufyk~ {cfnacy~- {ac hcrcy{acmc~~ ko~yst{cksnf{ogh fhk tg~c f {aycf{ {g tstom~‟ ~fbc{( [acyc o~ f echcyfmm aoea mcrcm gb hgo~coh nmf~~yggl~ icnfs~c tstom~ {fmj {g ghc fhg{acy( Tstom~ yctgy{ckm ~lgjc fhk crchafrc ~cq gh ~naggm tyclo~c~( [acyc o~ hg ~cnsyo{- fhk tstom~ gy hgh,tstom~ ~glc{olc~iyohe oh jhorc~( [ac fkloho~{yf{gy {gmk s~ {af{ {ac ucyc ngh~okcyohe mgnjohe {ac{gomc{~ ksyohe nmf~~ {olc icnfs~c tstom~ ishjck nmf~~ fhk ~lgjck {acyc- fhk {acfkloho~{yf{gy ugyyock {af{ {acyc uf~ f ycfm kfhecy gb yftc !icnfs~c {ac {gomc{~ ucyc~glc uf fuf bygl {ac lfoh isomkohe/( Olloeyfh{ tstom~ yctgy{ck {af{ ngytgyfmtsho~alch{ uf~ s~ck moicyfmm oh {acoy bgylcy ~naggm~ oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc- is{ {af{o{ afttch~ mo{cyfmm icaohk nmg~ck kggy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc0 ‑[ac ”~naggm ycesmf{ogh“o~ {ug ~{yojc~ uo{a f ~{onj•Uach {ac kg {ao~ {ac f~j {ac ~{skch{ {g nmg~c {ac kggy~g {af{ g{acy {cfnacy~ nfhhg{ ~cc uaf{ {ac fyc kgohe-‟ ~f~ 6;,cfy,gmk Hglghkc([cfnacy~ f{ Lf~otaslcmcmc „ f~ oh Gncfh Rocu „ fyc ohngh~o~{ch{ oh {acoy {ycf{lch{gb tstom~- fhk {ao~ bscm~ {ac tcynct{ogh gb oh`s~{onc fhk {ach nycf{c~ ko~~ch{(

Fmm gb {ao~ nghboyl~ {ac bohkohe~ gb ^nagmmfy !9441/ figs{ {ac mfnj gb {olc ~tch{ ohtygksn{orc {cfnaohe oh lfh ~naggm~( [ac tygimcl o~ ngltgshkck- f~ ̂ nagmmfy bgshk-i tcyogk~ oh uaona hg {cfnaohe {fjc~ tmfnc( [gufyk~ {ac chk gb cfna {cyl oh ig{aGncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- {cfnaohe tyfn{onfmm nglc~ {g f afm{- {g {ac tgoh{ {af{

lg~{ gb {ac naomkych uc ugyjck uo{a f{ {ac aoea ~naggm kg hg{ crch ig{acy {g nglcoh{g ~naggm bgy {ac mf~{ uccj {g {ug uccj~ fb{cy cqfl~ fyc ngltmc{ck( [ac tyohnotfm gb Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy {aycf{chck {g nfmm tfych{~ ob {acoy naomkych ucyc hg{ f{ ~naggm-is{ tfych{~ ucyc shmojcm {g oh~o~{ {af{ {acoy naomkych f{{chk ~naggm uach {acyc o~ hg{cfnaohe( Fmm gb {ao~ nghrc~ f mc~~,{afh,~cyogs~ f{{o{skc {g {cfnaohe fhk mcfyhohe(

Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm {ac tygimcl gb ko~yst{ogh {g {cfnaohe {olc o~ngltgshkck i {ac ~naggm‟~ kclgeyfta( [cfnacy~ bfnc {ac kobbonsm{ nafmmchec gb {cfnaohe nmf~~c~ gb st {g 34 tstom~- {ac cmkc~{ flghe {acl borc cfy~ gmkcy {afh {acgshec~{( Lgycgrcy- st {g f vsfy{cy gb tstom~ oh ~glc gb {ac nmf~~c~ afrc `s~{ fyyorckbygl ~naggm~ oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc uacyc ~{fhkfyk~ fyc echcyfmm lsna mgucy(

Crch oh {ac bfnc gb {ac~c nafmmchec~ ~glc {cfnacy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk GncfhRocu yclfoh kckonf{ck fhk ch{as~of~{on figs{ {cfnaohe- ~c{ aglcugyj fhk tygrokc~{ysn{syc fhk f ko~notmohck chroyghlch{( Is{ {ac f{{o{skc~ fhk icafrogsy gb ~glc gb {acoy ngmmcfesc~ lfjc fmm gb {acoy `gi~ afykcy( Bgy cqfltmc- ~glc {cfnacy~ oh GncfhRocu ycvsoyc hg{c~ bygl tfych{~ gy kgn{gy~ uach tstom~ fyc fi~ch{- is{ {acoy f{{clt{~{g c~{fimo~a gykcy fyc shkcylohck i ngmmcfesc~ uag fyc hg{ ig{acyck( Acyc ucuo{hc~~ck tstom~ icnglohe fnns~{glck {g ts~aohe {ac igshkfyoc~ fhk ec{{ohe fuf uo{a ko~yst{orc fhk ko~yc~tcn{bsm icafrogsy( [ac {ach icefh {g ngltmfoh figs{ {ac{cfnacy~ uag lfjc kclfhk~ gb {acl- bgy cqfltmc i ~c{{ohe aglcugyj- {acyci

shkcylohohe {acoy guh cksnf{ogh(




944

[cfnacy~ oh Gncfh Rocu bcm{ {af{ {ac ucyc hg{ ~sttgy{ck i {ac Kctfy{lch{ gb Cksnf{ogh( Ghc {cfnacy cqtmfohck {af{ {ac kctfy{lch{ uf~ ~nfyck gb ec{{ohe ~sck i naomkych fhk tfych{~- ~g o{ yfycm ~sttgy{ck ~naggm~ {af{ {yock {g cqtcm fhk ~s~tchk

ko~yst{orc tstom~( Ko~gykcy oh {ac nmf~~yggl uf~ ghc ycf~gh ua ~glc {cfnacy~-uag nflc fnyg~~ f~ rcy ngllo{{ck {g {acoy ugyj fhk {cfnaohe- ~f {af{ {ac ugsmkyf{acy ic kgohe fhg{acy `gi(

Tstom~ ~f {ac ugsmk mojc {g afrc lgyc cbbcn{orc ko~notmohc fhk ~{ysn{syc f{{ac ~naggm( [ac ~f {af{ ko~gykcy oh {ac nmf~~yggl shkcylohc~ {acoy fiomo{ {gshkcy~{fhk {acoy ugyj(

Ob {cfnacy~ kgh‟{ afrc ngh{ygm gb {ac nmf~~ o{ o~ f hoea{lfyc icnfs~c {achtcgtmc {fmj fhk o{ o~ kobbonsm{ {g shkcy~{fhk( [ao~ o~ f tygimcl uo{a {achcu ta~on~ {cfnacy( âc o~ {yohe afyk- is{ o{‟~ kobbonsm{ {g shkcy~{fhk

icnfs~c {ac nmf~~ o~ ko~yst{orc( !Eyfkc,66 eygst ko~ns~~ogh/[ac fm~g cltaf~o~c {af{ tstom~ fyc ~glc{olc~ ko~yst{orc icnfs~c „ {g vsg{cNafyhc !feck 65/ „ {ac ‑kgh‟{ shkcy~{fhk fhk fyc {yohe {g ic lfnag‟(

Gi~cyrf{ogh fhk nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a tstom~ fhk {cfnacy~ ycrcfmck {af{ {ac ycf~gh~bgy ko~yst{orc icafrogsy oh ~glc gb {ac nmf~~yggl~ f{ {ac tyolfy fhk aoea ~naggm~fyc lsm{otmc fhk ~{cl bygl {ac {ug,uf oh{cyfn{ogh ic{ucch tstom~ !ohnmskohe {acoyaglc chroyghlch{~ fhk {acoy guh nagonc~- kcno~ogh~ fhk icafrogsy/ fhk {ac ~naggmchroyghlch{ !ig{a oh echcyfm {cyl~ f~ ucmm f~ ~tcnobon {cfnacy icafrogsy fhk nmf~~ygglchroyghlch{~/( Uaf{ o~ egohe gh oh ohkoroksfm nmf~~yggl~ o~- {acycbgyc- {ac yc~sm{ gb

ohkoroksfm~‟ icafrogsy- {cltcyflch{~ fhk tcy~ghfmo{oc~ uo{aoh {af{ ~c{{ohe- is{ {ac~cls~{ ic ~cch f~ icohe ohbmschnck i tstom~‟ fhk {cfnacy~‟ aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggkchroyghlch{~ !ko~ns~~ck bsy{acy oh Naft{cy 2/ fhk i {ac echcyfm nsm{syc gb {cfnaohefhk mcfyhohe f{ {ac ~naggm- o{~ yc~gsync~ !gy mfnj {acycgb/ fhk kcno~ogh~ fhk tgmonoc~oltmclch{ck f{ {ac iygfkcy mcrcm gb {ac Kctfy{lch{ gb Cksnf{ogh(

Nghnms~ogh

[ac ~{fhkfyk nmf~~yggl oh f Bo~a Agcj ~naggm fhk {ac cqnct{oghfm nmf~~ygglcm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc tygrokc tstom~ uo{a f ngltmc{cm kobbcych{ ugymk {g {ac

~{fhkfyk nmf~~yggl oh {ac Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc ~naggm~( Ghc ugymk o~nafyfn{cyo~ck i fishkfh{ yc~gsync~- kckonf{ck {cfnacy~ fhk echcyfmm ko~notmohcktstom~- bgns~ck {gec{acy gh ~naggm f~ fh oh~{o{s{ogh bgy mcfyhohe( [ac g{acy ugymk o~nafyfn{cyo~ck i uf~{ck yc~gsync~- hcemoech{ fhk kclgyfmo~ck {cfnacy~ fhk ycicmmogs~fkgmc~nch{~( Tsimon yc~gsync~ {g cksnf{ogh lf afrc icch fmmgnf{ck oh f lgyc gy mc~~cvsfm bf~aogh ~ohnc {ac chk gb ftfy{acok- is{ {ac ycfm ugymk~ gb tsimon ~naggmoheyclfoh ~{yojohem kobbcych{ fnyg~~ vso{c ~agy{ ecgeyftaonfm ko~{fhnc~( [ac yc~sm{ o~tygbgshk ohcvsfmo{ oh {ac gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- oh tfy{ f~ ftcyrcy~c yc~sm{ gb {acoy guh fechn f~ {ac nafmmchec {acoy {cfnacy~(

Yc~gsync~- {cfnacy~ fhk tstom~ nfh ngliohc oh co{acy f roy{sgs~ gy f ronogs~ nnmc(

[ac tyc~chnc gb f ngllo{{ck fhk ngltc{ch{ {cfnacy- uo{a {ac ycvso~o{c yc~gsync~-






949

fnaocrc cksnf{oghfmm fhk oh uaona o{ o~ crch shncy{foh uac{acy cksnf{oghfm ~snnc~~uomm kcmorcy {ac cltmglch{ gttgy{sho{oc~ {g uaona gshe tcgtmc f~toyc( Eorch {af{tstom~ mg~c yc~tcn{ bgy shlg{orf{ck {cfnacy~ fhk yc~tcn{ {ag~c uag lfjc {ac cbbgy{

{g nghhcn{ uo{a {aclfhk {af{ {acyc ~ccl~ {g ic f nmg~c mohj ic{ucch yc~tcn{ fhkko~notmohc- o{ o~ mojcm {af{ {ac {cfnacy~ uag fyc ~cch {g chngsyfec {acoy tstom~ {chk {gic {ac ghc~ uag fyc lgyc cbbcn{orc f~ {cfnacy~(

Vsfh{o{f{orc ~{skoc~ ngh~o~{ch{m bohk {af{ {ac ~gnog,cnghglon nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb tstom~‟ bflomoc~ gy gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk oh uaona {ac ~naggm o~ mgnf{ck ngyycmf{c~oehobonfh{m fhk ~{yghem uo{a cksnf{oghfm gs{nglc~- crch uach ngh{ygmmohe bgy {actsimon yc~gsync~ {af{ fyc ohrc~{ck oh ~naggm~( Gsy gi~cyrf{ogh~ oh nmf~~yggl~ ~seec~{{af{ ghc oltgy{fh{ ycf~gh bgy {ao~ o~ {af{ tstom~ oh ~glc mgucy,ohnglc fycf~ „ ~snaf~ Gncfh Rocu „ fyc mojcm {g yc~tghk {g {ac chroyghlch{ oh {acoy mgnfm ~naggm~ ohuf~ {af{ fyc ngyyg~orc gb ko~notmohc fhk ts~a {cfnacy~- ~naggm~ fhk tstom~ fmojc oh{gf ronogs~ nnmc gb ohbcyogy ~naggmohe( Lcf~syc~ gb nmf~~- {acycbgyc- loea{ tonj st ~glcgb {ac kobbcychnc~ oh {ac ycfm vsfmo{ gb ~naggmohe( Agucrcy- oh g{acy mgu,ohnglcfycf~ „ ~sna f~ Lf~otaslcmcmc „ tstom~ ko~tmf cq{yfgykohfy ngllo{lch{- f{ mcf~{yac{gyonfmm- {g cksnf{ogh( Oh {ac hcq{ naft{cy- uc {syh {g {ac uf~ oh uaona {ac aglcfhk hcoeaigsyaggk chroyghlch{~ fbbcn{ ~naggmohe(



94>

[ac ~gnofm f~tcn{~ gb ~naggmohe0Hfroef{ohe fh cksnf{oghfm nfyccy

Tfy{ohe gy ~{skohe0 o{‟~ ghc gy {ac g{acy( !Namgc- eoym- feck 65-Lf~otaslcmcmc/

L lgl hcrcy ~f~ ‑ucmm kghc‟ bgy f {c~{: ~ac ~f~ ‑uaf{ afttchck {g {acg{acy lfyj~7‟ !Rcyghovsc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

O uf~ kycfkohe egohe ifnj oh 944; icnfs~c gb icohe lgnjck- icnfs~cO uf~ {ac eoym uag ngsmkh‟{ afhkmc {ac tyc~~syc( !Mcfhhc- eoym- feck 65-

Bo~a Agcj/

[ac shcrch vsfmo{ gb ~naggmohe o~ f lf`gy bfn{gy oh {ac aoeam shcvsfm gs{nglc~fnaocrck i fkgmc~nch{~ f{ ~naggm( Is{ {ac vsfmo{ gb {cfnaohe uo{aoh {ac nmf~~ygglkgc~ hg{ cqtmfoh oh bsmm {ac yfhec gb cksnf{oghfm gs{nglc~( Crch oh {ac ic{{cy ~naggm~-~sna f~ {ag~c oh Bo~a Agcj- ~glc naomkych bfom {g {ayorc- uaom~{ f ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ ~snncck fefoh~{ {ac gkk~ oh ~naggm~ uo{a echcyfmm tggy yc~sm{~- ~snaf~ {ag~c oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( Uaom~{ {acyc fyc ohkcck kobbcychnc~ ohohhf{c oh{cmmoechnc fhk fnfkclon tg{ch{ofm- ~glc gb {ac rfyof{ogh ic{ucch tstom~oh {ac ~flc ~naggm o~ ksc {g kobbcychnc~ oh {acoy bflom ifnjeygshk~( Lgycgrcy-eorch {af{ ~glc naomkych f{{chk ~naggm~ gs{~okc gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ uacyc {ac morc- ~glc gb {ac rfyof{ogh uo{aoh ohkoroksfm ~naggm~ loea{ ycbmcn{ hcoeaigsyaggkohbmschnc~( Ncy{fohm- ~glc gb {ac kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch ~naggm~ fyc ksc {g kobbcychnc~ic{ucch {ac bflom fhk hcoeaigsyaggk ifnjeygshk~ gb {acoy tstom~0 shcvsfm ~gnofmifnjeygshk~ oh echcyfm ycohbgync shcvsfm nghko{ogh~ oh ~naggm~ {acl~cmrc~(

Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fyc {g ~glc cq{ch{ ron{ol~ gb noynsl~{fhnc~ oh~okc fhkgs{~okc {ac nmf~~yggl- is{ {ac fyc hg{ tf~~orc ron{ol~( Oh Naft{cy 3 uc ~fu {af{nghko{ogh~ oh~okc {ac nmf~~yggl- fhk achnc {ac chroyghlch{ bgy {cfnaohe fhk mcfyhohe-fyc ~aftck i {ac f{{o{skc~ fhk icafrogsy gb {ac tstom~( Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fm~glfjc nagonc~ „ figs{ uaona ~naggm {g f{{chk- agu lsna cbbgy{ {g ts{ oh{g {acoy ~naggm

ugyj- fhk uac{acy gy hg{ {g f{{chk ~naggm f{ fmm( F~ uc ~afmm ~agu- {acoy kcno~ogh~ fyc~aftck i f uokc~tycfk- is{ hg{ shorcy~fm- cqtcn{f{ogh {af{ bgylfm cksnf{ogh o~ {acygs{c {g ~snnc~~ fhk o~- {acycbgyc- {ac uf {g shyfrcm ftfy{acok,cyf ohcvsfmo{oc~(

[ao~ naft{cy fkkyc~~c~ {ac ~gnofm f~tcn{~ gb ~naggmohe oh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh(^naggmohe o~ f ~gnofm tygnc~~ oh {ug ~ch~c~( Boy~{- noynsl~{fhnc~- ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhkf{{o{skc~ f{ aglc fhk oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk fbbcn{ naomkych‟~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~‟crcykf cqtcyochnc~ gb ~naggm fhk {acoy cksnf{oghfm kcno~ogh,lfjohe( ^cnghk-{ac ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh {af{ {fjc~ tmfnc kfom f{ ~naggm- tfy{onsmfym flghe {ac tccyeygst- fhk uaf{ o~ lcfh{ i ~naggm,tstom okch{o{ fyc gb nch{yfm oltgy{fhnc {g gshetcgtmc uo{a yc~tcn{ {g {acoy kcrcmgtohe tcy~ghaggk- {acoy ~ch~c gb ucmm,icohe fhk

{acoy kcno~ogh~ figs{ bgylfm cksnf{ogh(

2





{ a c ~ g n o f m f ~ t c n { ~ g b ~ n a g g m o h e

943

cqtmfhf{ogh~ bgy {ac shfh{onotf{ck kobbcychnc~ {af{ clcyec ig{a uo{aoh fhk flghe{ac kobbcych{ hcoeaigsyaggk~(

Nagg~ohe f ~naggm

[ac lg~{ if~on kcno~ogh {af{ tfych{~ fhk naomkych lfjc o~ grcy uaona ~naggm {gf{{chk( Oh Nftc [guh ecgeyftaonfm ~naggm pghohe o~ fttmock shcrchm- fhk rcy lfh naomkych nfh f{{chk tsimon ~naggm~ gs{~okc gb {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~(Uaona ~naggm f naomk chk~ st f{{chkohe kctchk~ gh {ac tfych{~ fhk naomkych !uagloea{ {y {g ~cmcn{ f ic{{cy ~naggm/ fhk gh {ac ~naggm~ {acl~cmrc~ !uaona nfh ~cmcn{uaona naomkych {g fklo{/( F{ {ac {olc gb yc~cfyna- tsimon ~naggm~ ucyc nafyeohe bcc~-is{ {ac ^gs{a Fbyonfh ^naggm~ Fn{ !Hg( 1; gb 6??2/ ohnmskck tygro~ogh bgy cqclt{oghbgy mgu,ohnglc tfych{~( [ac kc{fom~ gb {ao~ ~~{cl fhk {ac lgyc ycnch{ okch{obonf{ogh

gb ~g,nfmmck ‑hg,bcc‟ ~naggm~ fyc kc~nyoick icmgu(

Lokkmc,nmf~~ tfych{~ oh Bo~a Agcj- fhk gb{ch {acoy {cchfec naomkych- nagg~c ~naggm~gh {ac if~o~ gb tcyncorck cksnf{oghfm vsfmo{ fhk bfnomo{oc~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac ohkoroksfmnaomk‟~ hcck~ fhk {cltcyflch{( S~ohe {ac~c nyo{cyof- ~glc ucfm{a tfych{~ afrcgt{ck bgy lgyc cqtch~orc tyorf{c ~naggm~ oh Nftc [guh‟~ ~gs{acyh ~sisyi~( [cfnacy~fhk tfych{~ fmojc {chk {g jcct f nmg~c cc gh naomkych‟~ fnfkclon tygeyc~~ fhk ~gnofmoh{cyfn{ogh f{ ~naggm( Uach co{acy tfy{ o~ nghncyhck- lcc{ohe~ fyc fyyfheck {gko~ns~~ fm{cyhf{orc ~naggm~ bgy gshecy tstom~ gy ngmmcec~ bgy fkgmc~nch{~( _gshetcgtmc s~sfmm tfy{onotf{c oh {ac~c ko~ns~~ogh~- fhk ~naggm~ gy ngmmcec~ fyc ~cmcn{ckgh {ac if~o~ gb cq{ch~orc mgnfm jhgumckec fhk i ro~o{ohe {ac rfyogs~ gt{ogh~(

ôlomfym- tggy tfych{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc nagg~c uaf{ {ac ycefyk {g ic {ac ic~{cksnf{ogh frfomfimc {g {acoy naomkych( Is{ {ac yfhec gb gt{ogh~ o~ lsna lgycmolo{ck( Lg~{ lgrc gshe {cchfecy~ bygl {ac nfyc gb ycmf{orc~ oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc{g Lf~otaslcmcmc ~g {af{ {ac nfh f{{chk f ‑ic{{cy‟ aoea ~naggmfhk tyogyo{o~c~tchkohe gh ~naggm bcc~ grcy g{acy ags~cagmk cqtch~c~( Oh ~glc nf~c~- kcno~ogh~ucyc lfkc {g ~tchk molo{ck bshk~ gh f ‑ic{{cy‟ cksnf{ogh bgy ghc naomk- uaona-fm{agsea fttcfyohe {g ngltyglo~c {ac ~oimohe~‟ cksnf{oghuf~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {actfych{~‟ shkcy~{fhkohe gb ~naggmohe tyogyo{oc~ f{ tfy{onsmfy kcrcmgtlch{fm ~{fec~(Bgy cqfltmc- Nafymc~ kcnokck {g ~chk ao~ hohc,cfy,gmk kfsea{cy- Psjo~uf- {g f

Yglfh Nf{agmon tyolfy ~naggm oh Jfmj If {af{ ng~{~ borc {olc~ lgyc {afh {acmgnfm tyolfy ~naggm fhk ohnsy~ aoea {yfh~tgy{ ng~{~( ![g ts{ {ac~c ng~{~ oh ngh{cq{-{ac Jfmj If ~naggm bcc~ fyc {uonc {ag~c gb Gncfh Rocu tyolfy ~naggm~- is{ ghm ghc,{ch{a gb {ag~c gb g{acy tyolfy ~naggm~ oh {ac ronoho{ gb Bo~a Agcj(/ Nafymc~ycnch{m {ggj ao~ bgsy,cfy,gmk ~gh gs{ gb {ac hcfyi nyánac icnfs~c ac {agsea{ o{lfkc mo{{mc cksnf{oghfm ngh{yois{ogh fhk ac ugsmk yf{acy ~frc {gufyk~ ~chkohe aol{g {ac Jfmj If ~naggm {ac bgmmguohe cfy( Uach f~jck figs{ ao~ kcno~ogh~- Nafymc~~tgjc gb f ic{{cy ~{fhkfyk gb {cfnaohe oh Jfmj If- f~ ucmm f~ f lgyc ngh~o~{ch{m Chemo~a {cfnaohe chroyghlch{( Ac cqtmfohck ao~ yf{oghfmc f~ bgmmgu~0

Naomkych gb Psjo~uf‟~ fec hcck {g ic oh f ~naggm uacyc {ac {cfna oh

Chemo~a fhk uacyc {acyc fyc tstom~ bygl fmm ifnjeygshk~ uag ~tcfj {g




942

cfna g{acy oh Chemo~a- f~ ucmm f~ {acoy aglc mfhesfec~( Ghm {ach uomm{ac icnglc bmsch{ fhk nghbokch{ chgsea {g ec{ {aygsea aoea ~naggm fhkec{ f eggk `gi( O ~cc ~g lfh {cchfecy~- mojc gsy cmkcy ~gh acyc- uag fyc

oh {ac bohfm ~{fec~ gb aoea ~naggm gy afrc `s~{ mcb{ ~naggmfhk {ac nfhhg{~tcfj Chemo~a( [ac ~{yseemc {g bohk ugyj( !Nafymc~- bf{acy gb {ug gshenaomkych fhk ~{ctbf{acy gb {ug {cchfecy~- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Nafymc~ f~~slc~ {af{ {ac mgnfm ~naggm o~ hg{ eggk chgsea {g tyctfyc ao~ naomkychbgy bs{syc cltmglch{( Ugyjohe f~ f nmcfhcy oh f ~agttohe nch{yc oh Bo~a Agcj-Nafymc~‟~ ycesmfy ufec chfimc~ aol {g ngllo{ {g tfohe aoeacy ~naggmohe ng~{~( Lfh g{acy tfych{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc afrc ~olomfy f~toyf{ogh~- is{ fyc shfimc {g fbbgyk {acfm{cyhf{orc~ {g {ac mgnfm ~naggm~( Ghm f afhkbsm gb ~nagmfy~aot~ bgy tmfnc~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Gncfh Rocu ~naggm~ cqo~{ fhk fyc ko~{yois{ck gh fnfkclon lcyo{ gy kghgy,kcbohck‑cq{yclc rsmhcyfiomo{‟ oh {ac ags~cagmk !bgy cqfltmc- uach f lg{acy o~ oh fkrfhnck

~{fec~ gb FOK^/( F ~opcfimc tygtgy{ogh gb tfych{~ ~{yseemc {g tf mgnfm bcc~: fnngykohe{g {ac aoea ~naggm fkloho~{yf{gy- fttygqolf{cm afmb afk hg{ tfok {ac fhhsfm bcc gb Y634 i {ac chk gb 944;( _gshe tcgtmc ~tgjc figs{ f~johe tfych{~ bgy lghc {g tf bcc~ fhk icohe {gmk {af{ {ac ngsmk hg{ yfo~c {ac bsmm ~sl( Cnghglon ngh~{yfoh{~- yf{acy{afh f mfnj gb ngllo{lch{ {g cksnf{ogh- fttcfy {g shkcymoc hgh,tflch{0

Oh f tfych{~‟ lcc{ohe oh Kcnclicy 944; {ac tyohnotfm fhhgshnck ftygtg~ck bcc ohnycf~c bygl Y634 {g Y944 tcy cfy( [acyc uf~ f echcyfmoh{fjc gb iycf{a( Agucrcy- hg ghc ~{ggk st {g lfjc f bgylfm ngltmfoh{([ac {aycc tfych{~ uag kok ~{fhk st fhk ngllch{ ~fok {af{ {ac ~sttgy{ck{ac yfo~ck bcc~0 ‑[ao~ o~ gsy ~naggm fhk gsy ngllsho{ fhk uc hcck {gstmob{ {ac ~{fhkfyk~- ~g uc hcck lghc {g kg {ao~(‟ Ghc lfkc {ac ngllch{{af{ {ac fm{cyhf{orc o~ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm fhk {af{ {ao~ ng~{~Y>44 tcy cfy tms~ {yfh~tgy{ ng~{~( !^naggm fkloho~{yf{gy- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Uach ngltfyck {g {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ cm~cuacyc oh {ac Rfmmc- tfych{~ fhk tstom~ ohGncfh Rocu cqcyno~c mo{{mc nagonc ycefykohe ~naggmohe0 fmlg~{ fmm naomkych f{{chk ghcgb {ac {ug mgnfm tyolfy ~naggm~ {ach {ac mgnfm aoea ~naggm( Uo{a {ac cqnct{ogh gb Lf~otaslcmcmc‟~ ~naggm~- uaona fyc ko~ngsh{ck i tfych{~ gh {ac if~o~ gb mfhesfec-fm{cyhf{orc ~naggm~ oh {ac Rfmmc fyc lsna lgyc cqtch~orc !~cc Naft{cy 3/( ^crcyfmtfy{onotfh{~ oh gsy ~{sk afk f{{chkck ~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk ~si~cvsch{m

lgrck {g Gncfh Rocu- ~fohe {af{ tfych{~ ucyc shfimc {g fbbgyk {ac ngliohckng~{ gb lsna aoeacy bcc~ fhk {yfh~tgy{( [af{ ~fok- {ac bfn{ {af{ fttygqolf{cm {acyonac~{ {aoyk gb ags~cagmk~ oh Gncfh Rocu afrc aoeacy ags~cagmk ohnglc~ {afhfttygqolf{cm {ac tggyc~{ {aoyk gb ags~cagmk~ oh Bo~a Agcj !~cc Naft{cy 6/ ~seec~{~{af{ cnghgl o~ hg{ {ac ghm lg{orc bgy nagg~ohe ~naggm~ uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk(G{acy ngh{yois{gy~ ohnmskc tcynct{ogh~ gb ~naggm~ f~ icohe fh oh{ceyfm tfy{ gb- fhk oh~glc uf~ ~ligmon gb- {ac hcoeaigsyaggk fhk o{~ okch{o{ uo{aoh {ac Rfmmc(

Tggy tfych{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- f{ mcf~{ uo{aoh tsimon ko~ngsy~c-tg~o{ogh ~naggmohe f~ ~glc{aohe {af{ kc~cyrc~ fhk ycvsoyc~ {acoy cnghglon ohrc~{lch{(Lfh ~{yseemc {g tf {ac bcc~ crch bgy ~naggm~ oh {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk( _c{ rcy

bcu ~tgjc gb {acoy kcno~ogh hg{ {g tf gy lfkc fh ycbcychnc {g {ac egrcyhlch{‟~




945

ngllo{lch{ {g tygrokohe bycc cksnf{ogh( [acoy hgh,tflch{ uf~ rcy yfycm bgylfmo~ck {aygsea cqclt{ogh fttmonf{ogh~( I ngltfyo~gh- fttygqolf{cm 63tcy nch{ gb tstom~ f{ Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy ^naggm „ f tygtgy{ogh gb uagl morc oh

Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu „ fttmock bgy bcc cqclt{ogh(

Oh @fhsfy 9445- fb{cy uc afk ngltmc{ck gsy bocmkugyj- {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc Cksnf{oghKctfy{lch{ icefh oltmclch{ohe {ac hcu hf{oghfm ‑bcc,cqclt{ogh‟ tgmon( ^naggm~oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fnyg~~ {ac ngsh{y ucyc {g ic bgyiokkch {g nafyec bcc~-fhk ugsmk oh~{cfk ycncorc fh fkko{oghfm eyfh{ bygl {ac egrcyhlch{( Nf{cegyo~ckoh {ac tggyc~{ vsoh{omc oh {cyl~ gb ags~cagmk ohnglc~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk- ig{aLf~otaslcmcmc Tyolfy fhk ^cnghkfy icnflc ‑hg,bcc‟ ~naggm~( ^naggm~ oh GncfhRocu yclfoh bcc,tfohe icnfs~c {ac fyc nf{cegyo~ck f~ bfmmohe oh{g vsoh{omc ; oh {cyl~gb hcoeaigsyaggk ohnglc( Oh {ac {ug tyolfy ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu- ghm figs{ 94tfych{~ fttm bgy bcc cqclt{ogh~- fm{agsea f mfyecy tygtgy{ogh o~ tygifim cmoeoimc([ac~c ~naggm~ yctgy{ {af{ bcu tfych{~ fttm- kc~to{c icohe ohbgylck {aygsea mc{{cy~fhk oh lcc{ohe~- fhk icohe gbbcyck acmt uo{a {ac fttmonf{ogh bgyl~( [ac f~~slc{af{ tfych{~ fyc ts{ gbb i {ac mghe bgyl~ fhk {ac hcck bgy tyggb gb shcltmglch{fhk ycncot{ gb ~gnofm eyfh{~( Ghc ~naggm ~{fbb lclicy oh Gncfh Rocu kc~nyoick {actygnc~~ f~ f ‑hoea{lfyc‟ oh {cyl~ gb {ac {olc ycvsoyck {g hfroef{c {ac isycfsnyfn bgy ~sna ~lfmm hslicy~ gb tstom~ fhk flgsh{~ gb lghc ohrgmrck !c~tcnofmm f~ {ac~mokohe ~nfmc lcfh~ {af{ ~glc bflomoc~ fyc cmoeoimc ghm bgy f ycksn{ogh- uaona lf {yfh~mf{c oh{g afrohe {g tf Y14 tcy cfy oh~{cfk gb Y694/(

[ac Uc~{cyh Nftc Cksnf{ogh Kctfy{lch{ tf~ bgy f igk gb {cfnacy~ oh fmm ~naggm~

if~ck gh hslicy~ gb tstom~ fhk fmmgnf{c~ bshk~ bgy nfto{fm fhk yshhohe ng~{~gh f ~mokohe ~nfmc {af{ bfrgsy~ ~naggm~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~( Is{ ~naggm~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu ucyc vsonj {g yclohk tfych{~ {af{ {acoy bcc ohnglcchfimc~ {acl {g tygrokc ncy{foh nyo{onfm cksnf{oghfm yc~gsync~- fhk crch f~jck bgyfkko{oghfm ~lfmm ngh{yois{ogh~ {gufyk~ ~{otchk~ bgy rgmsh{ccy {cfnacy~( ^sna ycvsc~{~ig{a ycm gh- fhk bcck oh{g- uokcm acmk shkcy~{fhkohe~ {af{ {ac~c ~naggm~ fyc shkcy,yc~gsynck fhk {af{ {acoy oltygrclch{- fhk uo{a {ao~ {ac grcyfmm stmob{ohe gb {achcoeaigsyaggk- o~ f{ mcf~{ tfy{m oh {ac afhk~ gb tfych{~( [acyc fyc ~{yghe tfyfmmcm~acyc uo{a {ac lgks~ gtcyfhko gb tsimon ~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj „ {ac kobbcychnc icohe{af{ bgy ~crcyfm kcnfkc~ {ac~c ~naggm~ afrc icch fimc {g nafyec f ucfm{aocy tggm gb

tfych{~ lsna aoeacy bcc~ fhk is oh fkko{oghfm {cfnacy~ fhk yc~gsync~(Oh echcyfm- kcno~ogh~ tcy{fohohe {g ~cmcn{ohe f ~naggm fyc {fjch i {ac tfych{~ fhkohrgmrc mo{{mc ngh~sm{f{ogh uo{a {ac naomkych- c~tcnofmm ksyohe tyolfy ~naggm fhk{ac cfym cfy~ gb aoea ~naggm( Tfych{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc lch{oghck {acoy guhshko~nmg~ck tmfh~ {g ~chk {cchfecy~ uagl {ac ngh~okcyck {g ic lo~icafrohe gy{fjohe f mfp fttygfna {g {acoy ~{skoc~ ifnj {g {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc {g f{{chk f ~naggmuo{a ~{yghecy ko~notmohc( Mfnj gb ohrgmrclch{ oh {ac kcno~ogh gy fh ufyhohe gb o{~ oltmonf{ogh~ fyc tfy{onsmfym tygimclf{on bgy gshe tcgtmc uach {ac gs{nglcch{fom~ lgrohe ig{a ~naggm fhk aglc( Bgy cqfltmc- {ac {cchfec olloeyfh{~ bygl{ac Cf~{cyh Nftc {g Lf~otaslcmcmc lch{oghck figrc- uaom~{ ngltycachkohe {ac

cksnf{oghfm oh{ch{ogh~ gb {acoy tfych{~- ~glc{olc~ ~{yseemck {g fk`s~{ {g f hcu




941

kglc~{on fhk tccy chroyghlch{ !~cc Naft{cy ;/( Tggy hsy{syc- {ch~ogh gy nghbmon{f{ aglc fm~g mck {g {cchfecy~ lgrohe ~naggm~- uo{a mo{{mc gy hg ~f gb {acoy guh oh{ac tygnc~~( [ac ngliohck oltfn{ gb ohnglc tgrcy{- lch{fm acfm{a fhk ~si~{fhnc

fis~c oh Gncfh Rocu ngh{yois{ck {g lgiomo{ ic{ucch ~naggm~ fhk gb{ch ic{ucchaglc~( [ac~c nafhec~ fyc rcy nafmmcheohe f{ {ac {olc- is{ gshe tcgtmc gb{chtgoh{ck {g {ac tg~o{orc cbbcn{~ gb f nafhec gb yc~okchnc gh {acoy ~naggm ugyj0

Uach O uf~ 6> O lgrck {g l fsh{ oh Yc{ycf{ icnfs~c {aohe~ ucyc acn{onf{ aglc oh Gncfh Rocu( L lg{acy uf~ fmm grcy {ac tmfnc lch{fmm-fhk hcrcy f{ aglc( L iyg{acy uf~ gh kyse~ fhk O ngsmk hg{ afhkmc{ac tyc~~syc( O ~{fy{ck aoea ~naggm hcfy l fsh{‟~ ags~c fhk O uf~ ycfmm hcyrgs~ icnfs~c {ac tmfnc uf~ {g{fmm kobbcych{ bygl Gncfh Rocu•[ach{ac hcq{ cfy O afk {g lgrc ifnj {g Gncfh Rocu icnfs~c l lg{acy fhkl fsh{ afk f ioe fyeslch{( L lg{acy ufh{ck lc f{ aglc fhk O kokh‟{

ufh{ {g ko~yc~tcn{ acy( O uf~ fhey O afk {g mcfrc l fsh{ fhk l byochk~f{ {ac hcu ~naggm•F~ o{ {syhck gs{- O ~{fck f{ l fsh{‟~ ags~c uaomc~{skohe oh Gncfh Rocu( [aohe~ ucyc lsna nfmlcy f{ l fsh{‟~ ags~c fhkO uf~ fimc {g nghnch{yf{c gh l ~{skoc~( !Iyofh- ig- feck 61- Gncfh Rocu/

Hg{fimc oh Iyofh‟~ ycngmmcn{ogh~ gb lgrohe ~naggm~ o~ ao~ bcfy gb f hcu hcoeaigsyaggkfhk ao~ ko~{yc~~ f{ mcfrohe byochk~ fhk ao~ fsh{‟~ aglc- is{ {ac fi~chnc gb fh ycbcychnc {g {ac ycmf{orc vsfmo{ gb cksnf{ogh( [ac ~oehobonfhnc gb tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~oh ~naggm f~okc !~cc {ac ~cn{ogh icmgu- ‑^naggm~ f~ fychf~ bgy hceg{of{ohe byochk~aotfhk ~gnofm okch{o{‟- bgy f bsmm ko~ns~~ogh gb {ao~ {gton/- {ac {ug aoea ~naggm~ Iyofhf{{chkck afrc ~olomfy f{{fohlch{ tygbomc~ fhk fyc mojcm {g afrc tygrokck cvsorfmch{mcfyhohe chroyghlch{~( [ag~c uag afk boy~{,afhk cqtcyochnc gb ~naggm~ oh ucfm{aocyhcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc tgoh{ck {g {ac cksnf{oghfm ~agy{nglohe~ gb GncfhRocu ~naggm~- ~sna f~ hg{ icohe fimc {g ~{f fb{cy ~naggm {g s~c {ac nglts{cy~( _gshetcgtmc uo{ags{ fh ngltfyf{orc tcy~tcn{orc tyc~ch{ck ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc f~ gbbcyohe fh cvsfmm eggk cksnf{ogh f~ {ag~c oh Bo~a Agcj0

Ghc eggk {aohe o~ {af{ gs ec{ f vsfmo{ cksnf{ogh bgy nacft( O{‟~ {ac ~flcf~ Bo~a Agcj( !^flfh{af- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

[ac ioe kobbcychnc o~ {ac ko~notmohc( Bo~a Agcj af~ o{- is{ Gncfh Rocumfnj~ nghbokchnc( Is{ {ac mcrcm gb cksnf{ogh o~ {ac ~flc( !Mchgyc- eoym-

feck 62- Gncfh Rocu/

^sna shohbgylck f~~cy{ogh~ {af{ ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu fyc cvsorfmch{ {g {ag~c{af{ tcybgyl lsna ic{{cy lfjc ~ch~c oh moea{ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ shkcy~{fhkohe {af{fm{cyhf{orc ~naggm~ fyc hg{ fnnc~~oimc {g {acl icnfs~c {ac fyc lgyc cqtch~orc(^naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj yctgy{ gbbcyohe bcc ycksn{ogh~ gy cqclt{ogh~ {g tfych{~ uagtygtg~c lgrohe {acoy naomkych icnfs~c {ac nfhhg{ fbbgyk {ac bcc~- uaona ~seec~{~{af{ o{ o~ hg{ ~oltm cqtch~c {af{ cqnmskc~ gshe tcgtmc bygl ~naggm~ {af{ tcybgylic{{cy( Oh 9445- 623 gb {ac 544 tstom~ f{ Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy ̂ naggm ucyc cqclt{ bygltfohe bcc~- f ~moea{ ohnycf~c grcy {ac tycrogs~ borc cfy~ f{{yois{ck {g {ac ~{f{c tgmon gb tygrokohe bgyl~ bgy f ~si~ok uach tstom~ fttm( Fttygqolf{cm afmb fyc yc~okch{~




94?

gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- yfo~ohe {ac vsc~{ogh gb ua lg~{ tfych{~ oh {ac~cfycf~ kg hg{ ngh~okcy Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ ob {ac fyc frfomfimc {g {acl cnghglonfmm(Tygifimc cqtmfhf{ogh~ ohnmskc tfych{~‟ oehgyfhnc gb {ac bcc,cqclt{ogh ycesmf{ogh~-

uaona kcyorc~ bygl {ac mgu hslicy~ gb tstom~ f{{chkohe {ac~c ~naggm~ bygl {acoymgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk~- f~ ucmm f~ {ac shkcy~{fhkohe !ycohbgynck i fmm ~naggm~/ {af{ghc ~agsmk ic tfohe bcc~ fhk f ~ch~c gb ~aflc gy ~oltm icohe gs{ gb tmfnc ob ghcnfhhg{ kg ~g( Uaf{ o~ nmcfy o~ {af{ f yfhec gb ~sna cnghglon- ~gnofm fhk tcy~ghfmbfn{gy~ tmf oh{g kcno~ogh~ {g ~chk naomkych {g mgnfm ~naggm~( Fhk tfych{~ lf yc~tghk {g {acoy ~ch~c gb lfyeohfmo~f{ogh fhk {ac mfnj gb nagonc {af{ fnngltfhoc~{ac~c kcno~ogh~ uo{a fh ohnycf~ck fmmceofhnc {g- fhk gt{olo~l figs{- {acoy mgnfm~naggm~( Rocu~ gb {ao~ hf{syc fyc fttfych{ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ yc`cn{ogh gb fh hg{ogh~gb {acoy guh ~naggm‟~ ohbcyogyo{ oh ycmf{ogh {g g{acy~ oh {ac Rfmmc !~cc {ac vsg{c~figrc/( [ac yc~tgh~c~ gb tfych{~ fhk naomkych {g ~naggmohe fm{cyhf{orc~ fyc bsy{acy

crokchnc gb fh fufychc~~ gb- fhk ycfn{ogh {g- Gncfh Rocu‟~ lfyeohfmo~ck tg~o{oghuo{aoh {ac iygfkcy ~gnogtgmo{onfm ao~{gy fhk ngh{cltgyfy ecgeyfta gb {ac Rfmmc fhk Nftc [guh f~ f uagmc !~cc fm~g Naft{cy~ > fhk ;/(

[ac crcykf ohbmschnc gb aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk mobc gh

naomkych‟~ ~naggmohe

[ac aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk oh uaona gshe tcgtmc morc ohbmschnc koycn{m fhkohkoycn{m {acoy kfom cqtcyochnc~ f{ ~naggm fhk {acoy fiomo{oc~ {g mcfyh oh {ac nmf~~yggl(Lsna gb {ac ko~nyctfhn oh cksnf{oghfm fnaocrclch{ oh {ac Rfmmc nfh ic cqtmfohck

i kglc~{on fhk hcoeaigsyaggk chroyghlch{~( Aglc o~ hg{ ghm fh cnghglonif~c fhk hcqs~ gb oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ afrc ig{a tg~o{orc fhk hcef{orcoltfn{~ gh naomkych‟~ ~naggmohe( O{ o~ fm~g fh fychf oh uaona nsm{syfmm ohbgylck fhkao~{gyonfmm ohbmschnck f{{o{skc~ {g ~naggmohe fyc tmfck gs{- bgy cqfltmc oh {ac uf bflom lclicy~ chefec uo{a {ac crcykf kclfhk~ gb ~naggmohe( [ao~ ~cn{ogh cqtmgyc~{ac ls{sfm oh{cyfn{ogh ic{ucch {ac ~gnofm ugymk~ gb ~naggmohe fhk {ac aglc fhkhcoeaigsyaggk chroyghlch{- mggjohe tfy{onsmfym f{ {ac tg~~oiomo{oc~ bgy gshe tcgtmc-gb{ch uo{a {ag~c nmg~c~{ {g {acl- {g frgok gy grcynglc ngh~{yfoh{~ {g {acoy cksnf{ogh(

Tcyogk~ gb cq{yclc ohnglc ~agy{fec oh tggy aglc~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu~glc{olc~ yc~sm{ oh naomkych egohe {g ~naggm uo{ags{ iycfjbf~{- fhk uo{a ghm f ngstmcgb yfhk~ oh {acoy tgnjc{~ bgy f ~hfnj gy crch ‑mshna‟( [ag~c uag ~hfnj oh {ac tmfeygshk{g ~{frc gbb {ac ashecy tfhe~ s~sfmm cf{ nacft- tygnc~~ck naot~ fhk ~ucc{~ {af{ fycaoea oh ~sefy fhk naclonfm fkko{orc~( Yc~cfyna ~agu~ nmcfym {af{ tggy hs{yo{ogh fbbcn{~naomkych‟~ fiomo{ {g nghnch{yf{c- mcfyh fhk yclclicy f{ ~naggm !Yona{cy c{ fm( 9444/-fhk {af{ tygnc~~ck ~hfnj,bggk~ mgucy nghnch{yf{ogh fhk ohnycf~c oyyo{fiomo{ !Aoee~" ^{mc~ 9442/( [ac~c cbbcn{~ nfh ic cqfncyif{ck i fhqoc{ fhk kctyc~~ogh flghenaomkych cqtg~ck {g aoea mcrcm~ gb rogmchnc f{ aglc gy oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk !Ufyk c{fm( 9445/( Koc{fy ngh~{yfoh{~ gh naomkych‟~ fiomo{ {g chefec uo{a {acoy ~naggm ugyj acmt{g cqtmfoh ua iyoea{ tstom~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~glc{olc~ kc~nyoic {acoy ~naggmugyj f~ kobbonsm{ fhk ~{yseemc {g jcct st( [ac~c naomkych fhk {acoy tfych{~ fyc fufyc




964

{af{ bccmohe~ gb icohe mcb{ icaohk ycksnc lg{orf{ogh oh {ac nmf~~yggl fhk ycefykoheaglcugyj- is{ f{ hg tgoh{ kok uc acfy ycbcychnc {g koc{ f~ f tg~~oimc shkcymoheohbmschnc gy f~ ghc {af{ ngsmk ic nafheck(

Bsy{acy ngh~{yfoh{~ gh naomkych‟~ crcykf cqtcyochnc~ gb mcfyhohe fhk jcctohe st f{~naggm oltg~ck i lf{cyofm tgrcy{ ohnmskc {ac kclfhk~ gh naomkych‟~ {olc fhk {acyc~{yon{ogh~ gb ags~cagmk ~tfnc( Oh ags~cagmk~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmcuacyc tfych{~ ugyj mghe agsy~ oh mgu,tfok `gi~- naomkych „ tfy{onsmfym eoym~ „ fycngllghm yc~tgh~oimc bgy nmcfhohe- bc{naohe gshecy ~oimohe~ bygl nyánac fhknggjohe bgy {ac bflom0 {f~j~ {af{ ns{ oh{g {ac {olc {ac hcck {g kg aglcugyj fhk~gnofmo~c uo{a byochk~ !Iyf 944>f/( Lgycgrcy- bohkohe f vsoc{ ~tfnc {g uyo{c oh rcy nyfltck aglc~ tg~c~ f nafmmchec( Bgsy{cch,cfy,gmk Flfhkf yctgy{ck yc{ycf{ohe {g{ac fyk {g ~o{ gh {ac ngllshfm {gomc{ {g kg acy aglcugyj- fhk icohe oh{cyyst{cki g{acy bflom lclicy~ fhk hcoeaigsy~ uag hcckck {g s~c o{(

Bygl gshe tcgtmc‟~ tcy~tcn{orc~- {ac oltfn{ gb lf{cyofm tgrcy{ gh naomkych‟~~naggmohe o~ lg~{ fns{c uach ngliohck uo{a f {aycf{ {g {acoy okch{o{ uo{aoh {actccy eygst fhk hcoeaigsyaggkgy uo{a acfm{a gy ~gnofm tyc~~syc~ {af{ mcfk {gohfkcvsf{c hsy{syc gy nghbmon{ oh {ac aglc( [ac mobc,ao~{gy hfyyf{orc~ gb gsheLf~otaslcmcmc yc~okch{~ ycrcfm mghe tcyogk~ gb ~naggm hgh,f{{chkfhnc- oh {acCf~{cyh Nftc fhk mgnfmm- guohe {g {acoy bflomoc~‟ ohfiomo{ {g fbbgyk bcc~- shobgyl~-iggj~ fhk ~{f{oghcy( _gshe {cchfecy~ ~fok {af{ ghc gb {acoy ioeec~{ ~naggm,ycmf{ckbcfy~ uf~ {ac ~{oelf gb afrohe ohfkcvsf{c shobgyl~- f~ {ao~ shkcylohck ig{a {acoy~{f{s~ uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst fhk {ac bflom ycts{f{ogh0

_gs uomm ic {cf~ck ifkm i g{acy~ oh {ac nmf~~( [ac uomm ~f- ‑Mggj- gsfyc ~g tggy {af{ gs ~mcct uo{ags{ bggk(‟ O{ o~ ic{{cy {g ~{f f{ aglc(!Mohkouc- eoym- feck 6>- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc ~tgjc gb {ac {yclchkgs~ ~{yfoh {ac bcm{ oh ycmf{ogh {g {acoy ~naggm ugyj ksyohe {olc~ uach {acoy tfych{~ ucyc fyesohecqnc~~orcm- {acyc uf~ rogmchnc oh {ac aglcgy f nghbmon{sfm ~ctfyf{ogh uf~ shkcyuf( ^sna ~o{sf{ogh~ ucyc gb{ch cqfncyif{ck i shkcymohe bohfhnofm ~{yfoh ghtfych{~- gy {ac cbbcn{~ gb fmngagm gy kyse s~c oh {ac bflom( Hongmf- f 65,cfy,gmk tstomf{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm- ycnfmmck f tcyogk {ug cfy~ tycrogs~m uach ~acuf~ afrohe bycvsch{ rcyifm boea{~ uo{a acy lg{acy- uag uf~ shcltmgck f{ {ac {olc(âc icefh {g ns{ nmf~~c~ uo{a f byochk icnfs~c ~ac uf~ ‑nmg~c {g f hcyrgs~ iycfjkguh‟fhk afk hg ghc {g {fmj {g figs{ o{(6 âc hg{onck {af{ {ac vsfmo{ gb acy ~naggm ugyj kcnmohck ~afytm fhk ycfmo~ck {af{ ~ac afk {g lfjc f ngh~nogs~ cbbgy{ {g ycrcy~c {ao~tygnc~~ ob ~ac uf~ {g yclfoh oh ~naggm(

[ac ngliohck cbbcn{ gb mobc,{aycf{chohe tfych{fm ommhc~~ fhk ohnglc tgrcy{ f{ aglcoltfn{~ gh fkgmc~nch{~‟ ~naggmohe hg{ ghm i yfo~ohe fhqoc{ mcrcm~ fhk oltfoyohe{acoy nghnch{yf{ogh- is{ i tyglt{ohe {acoy ycngh~okcyf{ogh gb ig{a {acoy mghecy,{cyl~naggmohe fhk yc~okch{ofm fyyfheclch{~( ^crch{cch,cfy,gmk Hgqgmg- uag~c lg{acyfhk ~{ctbf{acy afrc FOK^ fhk fyc gh fh{oyc{ygroyfm {acyft- kok hg{ yc{syh {g aoea

~naggm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fb{cy {ac mghe ~sllcy agmokf( [ug lgh{a~ tycrogs~m-




966

~ac afk kcnokck {g ngh{fn{ acy bf{acy- uag morc~ fhk ugyj~ oh f {guh oh {ac Cf~{cyhNftc- {g f~j ob ac ugsmk tf bgy acy {g morc fhk f{{chk ~naggm oh {ac rommfec uacycacy tf{cyhfm eyfhklg{acy morc~( Ac feycck- ~g ~ac yclfohck f{ acy eyfhklg{acy‟~

aglc fb{cy {ac agmokf~ fhk ~{fy{ck f{ {ac hcfyi aoea ~naggm( ôq uccj~ mf{cy- Hgqgmgyc{syhck {g Lf~otaslcmcmc- cqtmfohohe {af{ acy eyfhklg{acy kchock acy bggkicnfs~c ~ac gi`cn{ck {g Hgqgmg‟~ bf{acy ~chkohe lghc koycn{m {g Hgqgmg yf{acy{afh {g acy( Ko~fttgoh{ck {af{ acy tmfh afk hg{ ugyjck- ~ac yc,chygmmck f{ {ac mgnfmaoea ~naggm- is{ uf~ ~{yseemohe {g nf{na st uo{a ugyj {af{ ~ac afk lo~~ck(

^gs{acyh Fbyonfh yc~cfyna ngh~o~{ch{m tgoh{~ {g {ac lfhhcy oh uaona FOK^ oh {acags~cagmk fhk ngllsho{ fbbcn{~ naomkych mfyecm i cqfncyif{ohe cqo~{ohe tygimcl~nfs~ck i tgrcy{ !Igg~ch c{ fm( 944>: Eoc~c c{ fm( 944>: ^{cohicye c{ fm( 944>/( Bgycqfltmc- naomkych‟~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~‟ eycf{cy ohrgmrclch{ oh nfyohe bgy ~onj fksm{~ oh{ac aglc nfh mcfk {g cyyf{on ~naggm f{{chkfhnc !Eoc~c c{ fm( 944>/( Uach cqtmfohoheua ~ac afk {yock {g lgrc aglc fhk ~naggm- Hgqgmg ~tgjc gb acy uo~a {g cf~c {acbohfhnofm- ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm isykch gh acy lg{acy fhk ~{ctbf{acy( Acy tfych{~-fm{agsea gb{ch rcy ucfj {acl~cmrc~- nfyc bgy bgsy g{acy naomkych uo{ags{ fh ycesmfy ohnglc( Hgqgmg {ach ~fok {af{ ~ac ufh{ck {g ‑{c~{ {ac ycmf{ogh~aot uo{a Zacy\bf{acy‟- f tsy~so{ {af{ o~ oh{yoh~onfmm oltgy{fh{ {g gshe tcgtmc- is{ icnglc~ lgyc~g bgy {ag~c uag jhgu {af{ {acoy yc~okch{ tfych{,boesyc~ fyc oh {ac fkrfhnck ~{fec~gb FOK^- fhk ufh{ {g jhgu uac{acy g{acy~ uag afrc f tfych{fm ygmc fyc fimc fhkuommohe {g gbbcy clg{oghfm fhk bohfhnofm ~sttgy{( Hgqgmg‟~ fn{ogh~- uaomc ~{yf{ceonfmm tmfhhck oh ycmf{ogh {g {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb tfych{fm kcf{a fhk {ac fi~chnc gb fhghc{g tf acy ~naggm bcc~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- afk f hcef{orc oltfn{ gh acy fnfkclontcybgylfhnc fhk lf shkcylohc acy fnaocrclch{(

[ac oltfn{ gb oh{cytcy~ghfm {ch~ogh~ fhk {ac nsyych{ gy tyg~tcn{orc fi~chnc gb hsy{syc oh {ac aglc chroyghlch{ nfh fttcfy {g ugyj oh {ac gttg~o{c koycn{ogh- f{mcf~{ oh {cyl~ gb igm~{cyohe gshe tcgtmc‟~ tcy~o~{ch{ f{{chkfhnc( Oh f hslicy gb nf~c~- naomkych gy fkgmc~nch{~ ngh{ohsck {g f{{chk ~naggm gy yc{syhck ~uob{m fb{cy ftcyogk gb fi~chnc- is{ f{ f ~cyogs~ ng~{ {g {acoy cksnf{oghfm fnaocrclch{~ gy tcy~ghfmucmm,icohe( ^sna nf~c~ ohkonf{c {ac ngltmcq uf~ oh uaona gshe tcgtmc‟~ aglc morc~fhk ~naggm morc~ fyc ls{sfmm yc~tgh~orcfhk omms~{yf{c {ac bfmmfn gb s~ohe ~naggmf{{chkfhnc f~ fh ohkonf{gy gb nsyych{ gshe tcgtmc‟~ cksnf{oghfm chefeclch{ gy

nftfno{ {g {ayorc oh {acoy ~naggm nfyccy([ac {yfeon fhk shcqtcn{ck ~sonokc gb f tstom oh ao~ tchsm{olf{c cfy f{ Gncfh Rocu^cnghkfy ^naggm- f ig uag f{{chkck ~naggm ycesmfym fhk tcybgylck ycf~ghfim ucmm- tyglt{ck ghc gb ao~ {cfnacy~ {g ~tcfj {g s~ figs{ uaf{ ac jhcu gb ao~ aglcchroyghlch{( Kfrok uf~ morohe uo{a fh fsh{ oh Gncfh Rocu uag uf~ rcyifmm fis~orc {gufyk~ aol( Ao~ tfych{~- ig{a fmngagmon~- ucyc morohe oh kobbcych{ aglc~oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk ao~ gshecy ~oimohe~ ~{fck uo{a ao~ lg{acy( F{{clt{ohe {gbsmbom uaf{ ac ~fu f~ ao~ yc~tgh~oiomo{ {gufyk~ ao~ ~oimohe~- ac ro~o{ck ao~ lg{acy‟~aglc ycesmfym fhk uach ac bgshk acy kyshj oh f ~acicch !{frcyh ysh bygl~glcghc‟~ aglc/- ugsmk {fjc {acl ifnj {g ao~ fsh{‟~ ags~c bgy f tcyogk gb {olc(

Kfrok‟~ tcy~o~{ch{ ~naggm f{{chkfhnc lf~jck {ac ~gnofm fhk t~nagmgeonfm ~crcyo{




969

gb {ac~c tyc~~syc~- fhk o~ ghc ycf~gh ua hg ghc oh{cyrchck {g tycrch{ aol {fjoheao~ mobc( Fhk fm{agsea uc ~afmm hcrcy jhgu {ac tycno~c noynsl~{fhnc~ gb ao~ kcno~ogh-ao~ ycesmfy tyc~chnc f{ ~naggm ~seec~{~ {af{ o{ yctyc~ch{ck f ngh~o~{ch{ fm{cyhf{orc

chroyghlch{ {g {ag~c ac uf~ kcfmohe uo{a f{ aglc fhk oh ao~ bflom(

Gsy bohkohe~ tcy{fohohe {g {ac koycn{ hcef{orc cbbcn{~ gb lf{cyofm tgrcy{ ghnaomkych‟~ ~naggmohe ngyycmf{c uo{a g{acy ^gs{a Fbyonfh yc~cfyna !~cc fm~g {ac ~cn{ogh-‑Uag mcfrc~ fhk uag ~{f~7 Kcno~ogh,lfjohe fhk {ac ~naggm nfyccy‟/( Mc~~ cf~om gi~cyrck- is{ gb{ch lgyc ~fmoch{ {g naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- fyc {ac ohkoycn{ cbbcn{~gb tf~{ cksnf{oghfm fhk ~gnog,cnghglon ohcvsfmo{oc~ fhk gb ngh{cltgyfy ~gnofmlfyeohfmo~f{ogh(

Cfymocy oh {ac naft{cy uc tgoh{ck gs{ {af{ tfych{~ oh Bo~a Agcj {chk {g nagg~c ~naggm~gh {ac if~o~ gb boy~{,afhk cqtcyochnc fhk {olc ~tch{ oh {ac rfyogs~ mgnfm fhk lgyc

ko~{fh{ fm{cyhf{orc~( F mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb {ac~c tfych{~ fyc ohrgmrck oh lcc{ohe~ycefykohe naomkych‟~ f{{fohlch{ f~ ucmm f~ cq{yfnsyyonsmfy fn{oro{oc~- egrcyhfhnc fhkbshk,yfo~ohe( ^sna aoea mcrcm~ gb tfy{onotf{ogh chechkcy ig{a kc{fomck jhgumckecgb {acoy naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ f{ ~naggm fhk f ~ch~c gb tfy{onotf{ogh oh agu {aohe~fyc ysh {acyc( I ngh{yf~{- tfych{fm tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~naggm~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc o~ gb{ch molo{ck {g ro~o{ohe {ac ~naggm gbbonc {g tf bcc~- c~tcnofmm f{aoea ~naggm( Uach Gncfh Rocu ̂ cnghkfy nfmmck fh oltgy{fh{ iskec{ lcc{ohe ghm 92 tfych{~ f{{chkck- bgynohe {ac ~naggm {g nfmm fhg{acy lcc{ohe fhk {g ts{ tyc~~sycgh tstom~ {g ch~syc {af{ {acoy tfych{~ f{{chkck( [cfnacy~ f{{yois{ck {ac kcnmohoheoh{cyc~{ gb tfych{~ oh {acoy {cchfecy~‟ cksnf{ogh {g f nafhec oh fttygfna f~ {acoy

naomkych ec{ gmkcy0F{ {ac tyolfy,~naggm mcrcm tfych{~ fyc vso{c ohrgmrck- is{ uach {acnaomkych nglc {g aoea ~naggm tfych{~ fyc hg{ f~ oh{cyc~{ck icnfs~c {ac {aohj {ac naomkych fyc gmk chgsea {g mggj fb{cy {acl~cmrc~( ![cfnacy-Gncfh Rocu/

[ac fsh{ gb {ug {cchfecy~ f{ Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm ngllch{ck nyo{onfmm gh{acoy lg{acy‟~ ohf{{ch{ogh {g {ac kc{fom~ gb acy naomkych‟~ ~naggmohe- is{ cqtmfohckagu omm,cvsottck fhk fmochf{ck {ac ig{a bcm{ f~ f yc~sm{ gb {acoy ommo{cyfn0

âc nfyc~ figs{ uac{acy {ac eg {g ~naggm gy hg{- ugyyoc~ figs{ uac{acy

gy hg{ ~ac nfh tf {ac bcc~- fhk {af{‟~ figs{ o{( O‟l {ac ghc uag mggj~ f{{ac iggj~( Is{ o{‟~ {ac ~flc bgy ig{a gb s~( Uc kgh‟{ shkcy~{fhk Chemo~a~g ucmm- ~g uc nfh‟{ ycfk {ac ~naggm ugyj gy jhgu agu gsy jok~ fyc kgohe(!>4,cfy,gmk uglfh- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

F~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy 6- {ac cksnf{ogh mcrcm~ gb fksm{ yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc fyc ~olomfym mgu( Lgyc {afh afmb afrc ngltmc{ck ghm ~glc tyolfy ~naggmohe gy st {g {ug cfy~ gb ~cnghkfy ~naggmohe- f~ ngltfyck {g lf{yon gy tg~{,lf{yon vsfmobonf{ogh~ gi{fohck i ucmm grcy afmb {ac fksm{~ oh Bo~a Agcj( Fhk ob ucngltfyc lf{yon tf~~ yf{c~ oh fksm{~ feck ;4„3?- {ac fec eygst ngyyc~tghkohe {g {actfych{~ gb lg~{ ~cnghkfy,~naggm tstom~- uc bohk {af{ 55 tcy nch{ gb {ao~ fec eygst oh Bo~a




96>

Agcj afk tf~~ck lf{yon- uacycf~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc {ac tygtgy{ogh~ucyc 5 tcy nch{ fhk 3 tcy nch{ yc~tcn{orcm !fnngykohe {g {ac 9446 Nch~s~/(

Ommo{cyfn shkcymoc~ {ac ko~cltgucylch{ tfych{~ cqtcyochnc ycefykohe {acoy fiomo{ {g chefec uo{a {ac fnfkclon ngh{ch{ gb {acoy naomkych‟~ ~naggmohe( Fhk ngliohckuo{a {ac iyocb tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc gb bgylfm ~naggmohe !s~sfmm oh ~ceycef{ck fhk rf~{m shkcy,yc~gsynck ~naggm~/- o{ bcck~ oh{g shbflomofyo{ uo{a {ac ngh{cltgyfy ~naggm chroyghlch{ gy {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb ohbmschnohe o{(

Rcy bcu tfych{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc gy Gncfh Rocu afrc crch ro~o{ck ~naggm~ gs{~okc{ac ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk- ohnmskohe lgyc fbbgykfimc fhk fnnc~~oimc fm{cyhf{orc~oh {ac Rfmmc( Fhk crch tfych{~ uag- mojc Nafymc~ !vsg{ck cfymocy/- kcnokc {g ohrc~{oh lgyc ko~{fh{ ~naggm~ kg ~g uo{ags{ tfy{onsmfy jhgumckec gb uaf{ afttch~ oh {acnmf~~yggl( [ac fi~chnc gb ~sna jhgumckec lcfh~ {af{ tfych{~ lfjc bohfhnofm fhk

clg{oghfm ohrc~{lch{~ oh ~naggm~ uo{ags{ bsmm jhgumckec gb uaf{ {ac gbbcy( Fhklgyc oltgy{fh{m uo{a ycefyk {g {acoy naomkych‟~ fnaocrclch{ ghnc chygmmck- tggytfych{~ fyc s~sfmm oh f ucfj tg~o{ogh icnfs~c co{acy {ac kg hg{ tcyncorc {ac hcck {glgho{gy {acoy naomkych‟~ tygeyc~~ fhk f~~o~{ {acl oh {acoy ~naggm ugyj- gy {ac ycefyk{acl~cmrc~ f~ shfimc {g kg ~g guohe {g {acoy guh loholfm cksnf{ogh(

Ohkoroksfm naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ uag ucyc {ayorohe oh ~naggm~ oh {ac~c {ughcoeaigsyaggk~ ucyc fmlg~{ ohrfyofim {ag~c uag~c tfych{~ gy g{acy lclicy~ gb {ac ags~cagmk ucyc nmg~cm ohrgmrck oh {acoy kfom cqtcyochnc~ gb ~naggmohe( Cmcrch,cfy,gmk Lfhko~f !uag~c aglc noynsl~{fhnc~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc kc~nyoick ohkc{fom oh Naft{cy 9/ tcybgyl~ rcy ucmm f{ {ac mgnfm tyolfy ~naggm( Fm{agsea acy

tfych{~ mcb{ f ysyfm aoea ~naggm f{ {ac fec gb figs{ 63- {ac ig{a f~j Lfhko~f figs{acy aglcugyj fhk {y {g f~~o~{ acy0

L tfych{~ acmt lc Zuo{a l aglcugyj\ ob o{ o~ {gg kobbonsm{ bgy lc•Uc kg o{ {gec{acyfhk {ac fyc {acyc {g ngyycn{ l lo~{fjc~ ob O afrckghc o{ uyghe•Uach {ac kgh‟{ jhgu agu {g acmt- O f~j l gmkcy ~o~{cy(!Lfhko~f- eoym- feck 66- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Oh fkko{ogh {g {ac girogs~ fnfkclon ichcbo{~ gb Lfhko~f‟~ tfych{~‟ chefeclch{ oh acyaglcugyj- ~ac o~ igm~{cyck t~nagmgeonfmm i {ac chngsyfeclch{ o{ tygrokc~- f~ ucmmf~ {ac jhgumckec {af{ {ac kclfhk~ gb ~naggm fyc shkcy~{ggk f{ aglc( Mgheo{skohfm

yc~cfyna oh {ac S^F ~aguck {af{ tfych{ ~sttgy{ uf~ f ~{yghe tyckon{gy gb naomkych‟~~cmb,ycmofhnc- ycksnck kctyc~~ogh- mgucy ~si~{fhnc fis~c fhk mgucy lo~nghksn{ f{~naggm- is{ icnflc mc~~ oltgy{fh{ {afh ~naggm ~sttgy{ f~ naomkych lf{syck oh{gfkgmc~nch{~ !G‟Kghhcmm c{ fm( 9449/(

^sytyo~ohem- tcyaft~- Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/ kf{f ~agu {af{ {acyc fycghm ~lfmm kobbcychnc~ bygl ghc hcoeaigsyaggk {g {ac hcq{ oh {ac flgsh{ gb {olcfkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh nmfol {g ~tchk gh {acoy aglcugyj( Fkgmc~nch{~ oheyfkc 64- bgy cqfltmc- oh yona uao{c fhk ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ yctgy{ ~tchkohefh frcyfec gb 69(3 agsy~ tcy uccj kgohe aglcugyj( [ao~ o~ {ug agsy~ tcy uccj lgyc {afh {ac {olc nmfolck i eyfkc,64 tstom~ oh tggy fhk lok,ohnglc ngmgsyck






963

acmt- {ag~c oh yonacy „ fhk c~tcnofmm yona uao{c „ hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc lg~{ mojcm {g ic acmtck i tfych{~( Oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk c~tcnofmm oh Fbyonfh fycf~-fkgmc~nch{~ fyc lg~{ mojcm {g ic acmtck i gmkcy ~oimohe~( Tfy{ gb {ao~ kobbcychnc o~

ksc {g kobbcych{ yf{c~ gb tfych{fm fi~chnc !ohnmskohe kcf{a „ ~cc Naft{cy 9/( Is{ {ao~tf{{cyh ~ccl~ {g ic {ysc crch flghe fkgmc~nch{~ oh ~sna hcoeaigsyaggk~ uag morcuo{a {acoy tfych{~- fhk o~ tyc~slfim tyolfyom ycbmcn{orc gb {ac ycmf{orc cksnf{oghfmcqtcyochnc gb tfych{~ fhk ~oimohe~ oh {ac kobbcych{ fycf~(

Ig{a NFT^ fhk gsy c{ahgeyftaon yc~cfyna ~seec~{ {acyc o~ rfyof{ogh uo{aoh hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh uac{acy gshe tcgtmc fyc f~~o~{ck uo{a {acoy aglcugyj !fhki uagl/ fhk oh {ac {olc ~tch{ gh aglcugyj( [ac c{ahgeyftaon kf{f ~seec~{{af{ ~sna rfyof{ogh o~ ~aftck {g f mfyec cq{ch{ i {ac hf{syc fhk kceycc gb lch{fmchefeclch{ oh {ac crcykf ~naggm,ycmf{ck {f~j~ fhk i {ac nghncyh gb tfych{~ fhkg{acy nmg~c joh gy ags~cagmk lclicy~( [cchfecy~ fm~g ~tgjc gb {ac kobbcychnc lfkc{g {acoy lg{orf{ogh i {ac tyc~chnc gb ~sttgy{ fhk chngsyfeclch{ bygl {cfnacy~gy byochk~ !uc cq{chk gsy ko~ns~~ogh gb {ac tccy chroyghlch{ f{ ~naggm mf{cy oh {ao~naft{cy/(

Nafyhc uf~ ghc gb ghm {ug Gncfh Rocu eyfkc,69 tstom~ {g tf~~ acy lf{yoncqflohf{ogh uo{a cqclt{ogh f{ {ac chk gb 9443( Kc~to{c afrohe {g nmcfh fhk nggj ~sttcy crcy kf- fhk f{{chk ~crcyfm nasyna fhk gs{a lcc{ohe~ cfna uccj- Nafyhc ~tch{ {aycc {g bgsy agsy~ tcy kf gh aglcugyj- fhk !rcy shs~sfmm/ gb{ch kok acyguh ycro~ogh ob hg aglcugyj uf~ ~c{ i acy {cfnacy~( Acy tfych{~ yfycm f~~o~{ckacy fnfkclonfmm- is{ ucyc uommohe {g kg ~glc gb acy `gi~ f{ aglc ~g {af{ ~ac ngsmk

ngltmc{c acy aglcugyj( Nafyhc fhk acy lg{acy ~tgjc figs{ acy ~naggm kf crcy crchohe- fhk ig{a acy tfych{~ ucyc rcy ohrgmrck oh acy kcno~ogh,lfjohe figs{uacyc fhk uaf{ {g ~{sk fb{cy ~naggm(

I ngh{yf~{- ~glc gb Nafyhc‟~ tccy~ ~tch{ afmb fh agsy gy mc~~ tcy kf gh aglcugyj-crch {agsea {ac fnjhgumckeck {af{ o{ o~ hg{ chgsea {olc {g ec{ {ac ugyj kghc(

O ~tchk figs{ afmb fh agsy tcy kf gh aglcugyj( O{ kctchk~ ob uc afrcicch eorch aglcugyj „ O ugh‟{ ~o{ uo{a l iggj~ shmc~~ O fi~gms{cm afrc{g•afmb fh agsy o~ hg{ chgsea {olc „ hgylfmm O kgh‟{ ycfk {ac Chemo~aZ~c{ ugyj~\ fhk s~c oh{cyrfm {g kg lf{a~ aglcugyj( !Rcyghovsc- eoym-

feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/Rcyghovsc f{{yois{c~ acy mfnj gb lg{orf{ogh uach o{ nglc~ {g ~naggm ugyj {g acyaglc- ~naggm fhk tccy,eygst chroyghlch{~( âc cqtmfohck {af{ hg ghc ~ohnc acyta~on~ {cfnacy oh eyfkc 64 af~ chngsyfeck acy- gy {gmk acy {af{ ~ac o~ nftfimc(Lfh gb acy byochk~ mcb{ ~naggm oh eyfkc 64 fhk ~ac ~tgjc gb bccmohe ‑fifhkghck‟ i {acl( Lg~{ ~tcnobonfmm- ~ac bgshk acy lg{acy‟~ mfnj gb ~sttgy{ fhk nyo{onfm f{{o{skcycefykohe ~naggmohe st~c{{ohe fhk kclg{orf{ohe0

L lgl hcrcy ~f~ ~ac o~ tygsk gb lc- gy ucmm kghc bgy f {c~{( âc ~f~‑uaf{ afttchck {g {ac g{acy lfyj~7‟ !Rcyghovsc/




962

[ac tyc~chnc gb ~glcghc uag o~ oh{cyc~{ck- uommohe fhk fimc {g chefec oh {ac kfom tyfn{onfmo{oc~ gb ~naggm mobc af~ f koycn{ icfyohe gh {ac tcy~ghfm ohrc~{lch{ gshetcgtmc lfjc oh {acoy ~naggm ugyj fhk- {acycbgyc- ~aftc~ {acoy f{{fohlch{( Oh {syh-

fnaocrohe f{ ~naggm igm~{cy~ gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~cmb,c~{ccl fhk lg{orf{ogh- uaona nfhf{{yfn{ tg~o{orc ohts{ bygl {ac aglcgy f{ mcf~{ kc{cy nyo{ono~l( [ao~ ycmf{ogh~aotagmk~ {ysc bgy naomkych oh fmm ~naggm~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc( Agucrcy- {ac tyc~chnc gyfi~chnc gb {ac aslfh cmclch{ gb kglc~{on ~sttgy{ „ {agsea gb{ch shycngeho~ckgy shbsmbommck- bgy ycf~gh~ kc~nyoick figrc „ tmf~ fh crch eycf{cy ygmc bgy tstom~ oh~naggm~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ icnfs~c {ac gb{ch bfom {g ec{ acmt bygl {cfnacy~(

âgy{bfmm~ oh {ac~c bgyl~ gb aslfh,yc~gsync tygro~ogh fyc tygimcl~ ycmf{ck {g moroheoh f tggy ags~cagmk fhk tggy hcoeaigsyaggk- uaona naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fycmc~~ fimc {g ~sylgsh{ {afh g{acy~- ohnmskohe {ac molo{f{ogh~ gb {ac isom{ chroyghlch{fhk tgtsmf{ogh kch~o{( Tyolfy,~naggm tstom~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc morohe oh nyfltckfhk hgo~ ~afnj~ ngllghm ~gsea{ fhk bgshk ~tfnc~ oh {ac aglc~ gb ycmf{orc~ gybyochk~- gy oh {ac tsimon moiyfy- {g kg {acoy aglcugyj( Is{ {acoy tcy~o~{chnc fhk~snnc~~ oh kgohe ~g aoheck hg{ ~g lsna gh {ac ~tfnc- is{ gh {ac tyc~chnc gb ~glcghcuag ngsmk esokc fhk f~~o~{ {acoy ugyj( Ic{{cy,cksnf{ck fksm{~ oh {ac aglc fyc lgycmojcm {g cfyh lgyc fhk ic fimc {g f~~o~{ uo{a aglcugyj- is{ {ao~ o~ hg{ fmuf~ {acnf~c !f~ kclgh~{yf{ck oh Lfhko~f‟~ nf~c figrc/( [ac oh{cyc~{ fhk cltf{a ~aguhi fksm{~ oh rcy tggy aglc~ nfh tygrokc rfmsfimc t~nagmgeonfm ~sttgy{ bgy gshetcgtmc oh nafmmcheohe ~naggm ~c{{ohe~( Is{ {ac nftfno{ gb {ac~c ~c{{ohe~ {g ~s~{foh~sbbonoch{ ~sttgy{ {g lfoh{foh eggk eyfkc~ o~ mojcm {g ic molo{ck i fksm{ ommo{cyfn fhk fmochf{ogh fyo~ohe bygl ao~{gyonfm tgrcy{ fhk ko~cltgucylch{( Fhk bgy naomkychfhk gshe fkgmc~nch{~ mojc Lfhko~f- gmkcy ~oimohe~ gy hcoeaigsyohe byochk~ uo{a flgyc {agygsea cksnf{ogh gb{ch fn{ f~ f ~fbc{ hc{ uacyc tfych{~ nfhhg{ „ f ygmc {af{tgoh{~ {g {ac tg~~oimc hcef{orc ngh~cvschnc~ gh naomkych‟~ cksnf{oghfm f{{fohlch{ gb ~oimohe ~ctfyf{ogh yc~sm{ohe bygl fk`s~{lch{~ oh kglc~{on fyyfheclch{~ !ko~ns~~ckoh Naft{cy 9/( [ao~ tfy{onsmfy ~fbc{ hc{ ucfjch~ oh mf{c fkgmc~nchnc icnfs~c gmkcy~oimohe~ fyc mc~~ mojcm {g ic morohe f{ aglc gy {g afrc ngh{ohsck bgylfm cksnf{oghicghk {ac mgnfm ~naggm( [ac cltaf~o~ {af{ ig{a Nafyhc fhk Rcyghovsc !vsg{ckfigrc/ tmfnc gh tfych{fm oh{cyc~{ oh- fhk ~sttgy{ gb- {acoy ~naggm ugyj o~ tfy{m cqtmfohck i {ac bfn{ {af{ Nafyhc‟~ cmkcy iyg{acy af~ lgrck gs{- fhk Rcyghovsc af~hg gmkcy ~oimohe~ fhk lg~{ gb acy byochk~ afrc fmycfk mcb{ ~naggm(

Rfyof{ogh oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb kgohe {acoy aglcugyj fhk kcif{ohe~naggmohe lf{{cy~ f{ aglc o~ is{ ghc kolch~ogh gb f ls{sfmm ycohbgynohe oh{cyfn{oghic{ucch nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb {ac aglc gy hcoeaigsyaggk fhk {ag~c bgshk uo{aoh~naggm( [ac ngh~cvschnc bgy lg~{ gshe yc~okch{~ gb Bo~a Agcj fhk f rcy ~lfmmbyfn{ogh gb {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu o~ f roy{sgs~ nnmc gb ohrc~{lch{ fhk fnaocrclch{( Is{ {ac kglohfh{ cqtcyochnc oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~o~ gb f ronogs~ nnmc oh uaona naomkychfhk gb{ch {acoy bflom lclicy~ fhk {cfnacy~-tcyncorc {acl~cmrc~ f~ ko~cltgucyck fhk fyc- {acycbgyc- shfimc {g iycfj o{(




965

Uaf{ kg tfych{~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~ cqtcn{ bygl cksnf{ogh7

[ac f{{o{skc~ gb bflom lclicy~- tfy{onsmfym tfych{~- f~ ucmm f~ {ag~c gb hcoeaigsy~-

byochk~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {acl~cmrc~- {gufyk~ cksnf{ogh yctyc~ch{ f bsy{acy oltgy{fh{kolch~ogh {g {ac ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch {ac aglc- hcoeaigsyaggk fhk ~naggm fychf-fhk afrc f tygbgshk ohbmschnc gh cksnf{oghfm f{{fohlch{ fhk ucmm,icohe lgycechcyfmm( Uaomc o{ uf~ nmcfy {af{ tfych{~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc ngh~okcyck o{ fttygtyof{c{af{ {acoy naomkych f{{chk ~naggm fhk {chkck {g tyogyo{o~c ~tchkohe gh cksnf{oghfigrc g{acy ags~cagmk cqtch~c~- uc bgshk oltgy{fh{ ~olomfyo{oc~ oh {acoy f{{o{skc~{gufyk~ cksnf{ogh f~ f tyctfyf{gy tygnc~~ bgy fksm{aggk- f~ ucmm f~ ~glc ~si{mc- is{~oehobonfh{- kobbcychnc~(

Vsc~{ogh~ f~jck gb tfych{~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh {ac NFT^ ~syrc gbbcy f tfy{onsmfy rocu gb {ac~c f{{o{skohfm kobbcychnc~( Boesyc 2(9 ~agu~ {ac yc~tgh~c~ gb tfych{~ {g

{ac vsc~{ogh gb uaf{ cksnf{oghfm ~{fec gy vsfmobonf{ogh {ac cqtcn{ {acoy fkgmc~nch{naomkych {g ycfna( Lg~{ tfych{~ oh fmm fycf~ ~f {af{ {ac cqtcn{ {acoy naomkych {gf{{foh lf{yon fhkohkcck- tg~{,lf{yon vsfmobonf{ogh~( [ac ~{f{ck cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb tfych{~ oh tggy fhk rcy tggy Fbyonfh fycf~ fyc ~{yojohem ~olomfy {g {ag~c eorchi yc~okch{~ gb ucfm{a uao{c fycf~- fhk ghm oh tggy fhk lokkmc,ohnglc ngmgsyckhcoeaigsyaggk~ kg tfych{~ fy{onsmf{c ~moea{m mc~~ flio{ogs~ egfm~( Crch uachnaomkych ycfna {acoy cfym 94~ „ fhk oh lg~{ nf~c~ fyc crokch{m bfmmohe icaohk {acoyflio{ogh~ „ bcu tfych{~ fk`s~{ kguhufyk~ {acoy cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb {acoy naomkych( [ao~loea{ ycbmcn{ f tcynct{ogh {af{ cksnf{oghfm gttgy{sho{oc~ fyc ngh{ohsohe {g oltygrcoh tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf(

Fkgmc~nch{~ fm~g yctgy{ rcy aoea cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb {acoy guh cksnf{oghfm nfyccy~ fhkfnaocrclch{~ fnyg~~ {ac ucfm{a fhk hcoeaigsyaggk ~tcn{ysl( Fefoh- lsna mfyecy

Boesyc 2(9 Cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb tfych{~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65- i hcoeaigsyaggk

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc 6 !9449/

Uao{c fycf~

Yona ngmgsyck fycf~

Lckosl,ohnglcngmgsyck fycf~

Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~

Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~


4 94 ;4 24 14 644

Tygtgy{ogh !#/

=Lf{yon Lf{yon ghm G{acy tg~{,lf{yon

[cnahojgh'shorcy~o{ Kgh‟{ jhgu




961

Boesyc 2(> Cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 6;„65- i hcoeaigsyaggk

hslicy~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh tggy gy rcy tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~f {af{ {ac cqtcn{ {g gi{foh bsy{acy cksnf{oghfm vsfmobonf{ogh~ {afh kg {acoy tccy~ oh tggy gy lokkmc,ohnglc ngmgsyck fycf~ !~cc Boesyc 2(>/( _gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~{f{ck cqtcn{f{ogh~ icnglc

~moea{m lgyc lgkc~{ uo{a fec !~cc Boesyc 2(;/( Boesyc 2(; hcck~ {g ic oh{cytyc{ck uo{anfs{ogh- agucrcy- icnfs~c fkgmc~nch{~ fhk gshe tcgtmc uag tcybgyl ucmm oh ~naggmfhk tygeyc~~ oh{g aoeacy cksnf{ogh fyc lgyc mojcm {g lgrc gs{ gb mgu, fhk crch lokkmc,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk tcyaft~ oh{g uao{c hcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac lf`gyo{ uagfnaocrc mc~~ oh cksnf{oghfm {cyl~ fhk yclfoh f{ aglc oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc-{acycbgyc- hg{ yctyc~ch{f{orc gb fmm gshe fksm{~ igyh fhk yfo~ck oh {ac fycf(

Boesyc 2(; Cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 94„99- i hcoeaigsyaggk



Uao{c fycf~

Yona ngmgsyck fycf~


Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~

Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~


4 94 ;4 24 14 644

Tygtgy{ogh !#/



Uao{c fycf~

Yona ngmgsyck fycf~


Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~

Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~


4 94 ;4 24 14 644

Tygtgy{ogh !#/






96?

Boesyc 2(3 ~agu~- bgy gshe tcgtmc feck 94„99- co{acy {acoy nsyych{ mcrcm gb chygmlch{!ob {ac fyc ~{omm ~{skohe/ gy {ac aoeac~{ mcrcm ngltmc{ck !bgy {ag~c uag fyc hg{/(Nmcfym fttfych{ o~ {ac mfyec ko~nyctfhn ic{ucch cksnf{oghfm ycfmo{ fhk {ac ~{f{ckcksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb tfych{~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~ !f~ ~aguh oh Boesyc~ 2(9„2(;/(Ghm oh ucfm{a uao{c fycf~ kg {ac cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb cfna echcyf{ogh icfy nmg~cyc~climfhnc {g ycfmo{( [ac lf`gyo{ gb gshe fksm{~ oh mgu,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk~afrc hg{ crch ngltmc{ck {acoy lf{yon- fhk uomm hg{ kg ~g- c{ {ac hghc{acmc~~ngh{ohsc {g ~f {af{ {ac cqtcn{ {g f{{foh bsy{acy cksnf{ogh fhk vsfmobonf{ogh~(

Mggjohe lgyc nmg~cm f{ {ac ko~nyctfhn ic{ucch ycfmo{ fhk {ac ~{f{ck cqtcn{f{ogh~gb tfych{~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~- uc bohk o{ {g ic c~tcnofmm lfyjck oh tggy fhk rcy tggyFbyonfh fycf~( [ac cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb ig{a echcyf{ogh~ oh tggy fhk lokkmc,ohnglcngmgsyck fycf~ fyc mc~~ flio{ogs~ {afh {ag~c gb {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ uag fyc f~ tggy- gytggycy- oh Fbyonfh fycf~( [ac~c tf{{cyh~ yfo~c vsc~{ogh~ figs{ uaf{ cqfn{m o~ ycbmcn{ckoh {ac ~syrc yc~tgh~c~0 afrc {ac~c nft{syck echsohc cqtcn{f{ogh~ gy loea{ f{ mcf~{

f tgy{ogh gb yc~tgh~c~ ycbmcn{ {chsgs~ f~toyf{ogh~7 Fhk bgy uaf{ ycf~gh~ kg fmm tggygshe tcgtmc fhk {acoy tfych{~ cqtyc~~ aoea agtc~- c{ {ag~c oh fycf~ uacyc bcuc~{~snncck tyc~ch{ {ac lg~{ flio{ogs~ fhk shmojcm egfm~7 Uc {syh {g {ac c{ahgeyftaonkf{f bgy oh~oea{ oh{g tg~~oimc ~gnognsm{syfm ohbmschnc~ gh f{{o{skc~ {g cksnf{ogh fhk{g {ac tyg~tcn{~ gb {ac gshe- uaona lf cqtmfoh {ac uf ig{a echcyf{ogh~ yc~tghk{g ~syrc vsc~{ogh~ gh {ao~ {gton(

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- naomkych oh {ac sttcy cfy~ gb tyolfy ~naggm ~{f{ck {acoyflio{ogh~ {g aoea,~{f{s~ fhk aoea,cfyhohe nfyccy~- ycefykmc~~ gb uac{acy {ac morckoh ycmf{orcm tggy gy fbbmsch{ ags~cagmk~( [ug ig~ oh Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy ^naggmbfh{f~o~ck figs{ afrohe {acoy guh O[ ngltfh- morohe oh f ioe ags~c fhk kyorohe

f honc nfy: ghc eoym afk fmycfk lfttck gs{ acy {cy{ofy,cksnf{ogh tf{a- uo{a

Boesyc 2(3 Nsyych{ cksnf{oghfm ycfmo{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ feck 94„99- i hcoeaigsyaggk


Uao{c fycf~

Yona ngmgsyck fycf~


Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~

Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~


4 94 ;4 24 14 644

Tygtgy{ogh !#/






994

{ac fol gb icnglohe f ~snnc~~bsm oh{cyhf{oghfm mfucy( [acoy ngh{cltgyfyoc~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu ~tgjc figs{ icnglohe kgn{gy~- mfucy~- bgg{ifmmtmfcy~ fhk ~ohecy~( F{ boy~{ emfhnc- {acyc ~cclck mo{{mc {g kobbcych{of{c {ac iygfk fhk

yf{acy eyfhkog~c flio{ogh~ cqtyc~~ck i {ao~ fec eygst oh nf~sfm nghrcy~f{ogh figs{{ac bs{syc( Is{ {ac gttgy{sho{ {g chefec uo{a ohkoroksfm~ figs{ {acoy fol~- fhk agutycno~cm {ac chro~feck fnaocrohe {acl- ycrcfmck ~si{mc rfyof{ogh~ uo{aoh fhk fnyg~~hcoeaigsyaggk~( Bsy{acylgyc- ~sna gttgy{sho{oc~ ~seec~{ck {af{ {ac cqtyc~~ogh gb flio{ogs~ f~toyf{ogh~ o~ ycbmcn{orc gb- fhk yc~tgh~orc {g- ncy{foh ko~ngsy~c~ {af{ byflccksnf{ogh fhk {ac {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk- fhk {af{ tcy~ghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ lf hg{ngacyc uo{a {ac~c ko~ngsy~c~ fhkohkcck- lf ic lf~jck i {acl(

^crcyfm naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj jhcu gb {ac tfy{onsmfy ~{ct~ {ac ugsmk hcck {g {fjc{g fnaocrc {acoy egfm~ icnfs~c {ac afk gi~cyrck bflom lclicy~ fhk hcoeaigsy~uag afk eghc {ac ~flc ygs{c( [acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc {chkck{g ~tcfj oh lgyc echcyfm {cyl~ figs{ ‑~{skohe afyk ~g {af{ O nfh icnglc ~glcghc‟(Uach f~jck lgyc ~tcnobon vsc~{ogh~ figs{ fnaocrohe {acoy fol~- ~glc tstom~ f{Lf~otaslcmcmc Tyolfy ^naggm rgonck kgsi{~ f~ {g uac{acy {acoy bflom lclicy~ugsmk ic fimc {g tf bgy aoea ~naggm {ach ngmmcec gy shorcy~o{( G{acy~ fh{onotf{ck ̀ cfmgs~ bygl g{acy naomkych gy tfych{~ ~agsmk {ac kg ucmm f{ ~naggm fhk bcfyck {af{~sna `cfmgs~ ngsmk {yfh~mf{c oh{g fn{ogh~ {af{ ugsmk tycrch{ {acl fnaocrohe {acoyegfm~- bgy cqfltmc {acb{ fhk uo{nanyfb{(

Nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a fkgmc~nch{~ ycrcfmck {af{ ohkoroksfm~‟ tcy~tcn{orc~ gh cksnf{oghfmtg{ch{ofm fhk {ac ygmc gb ~naggmohe korcy~ob bsy{acy uo{aoh fhk fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~

uo{a fec- f~ kg {ag~c gb {acoy tfych{~( @gsyhfm ch{yoc~ i tstom~ oh eyfkc~ 66 fhk 69 f{Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm ycrcfmck fh fufychc~~ gb {ac ngh~{yfoh{~ gb {acoy mgulfyj~- gb {ac ~naggm‟~ kcno~ogh {g ch{cy {acl bgy ‑~{fhkfyk‟,eyfkc lf{yon yf{acy {afh{ac ‑aoeacy‟ eyfkc- fhk gb {ac tggy vsfmo{ gb {cfnaohe0

O ugsmk mojc {g eg {g SN[ Z{ac Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh\- is{ o{ o~ kobbonsm{{g ec{ oh {acyc( !Kfroc- ig- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

Lg~{ shorcy~o{oc~ ufh{ f Zlf{yon\ cqclt{ogh-9 is{ o{ o~ afyk {g ec{ ghc(!Fkcmc- eoym- feck 62- Gncfh Rocu/

Uc ufh{ {g boho~a ~naggm fhk ec{ gsy lf{yon- is{ uc jhgu {ao~ o~h‟{ egohe

{g ic cf~ icnfs~c uc kgh‟{ ec{ tygtcy {cfnaohe( !Eygst gb eyfkc,66tstom~- Gncfh Rocu/

Yfycm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc kok uc acfy {cchfecy~ cqtyc~~ {acoy kgsi{~ figs{ {ac fiomo{ {g lgrc bygl ~naggm {g bsy{acy cksnf{ogh- f nghncyh {af{ uf~ gb{ch no{ck i {acoytccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu( Yfyc {gg- agucrcy- ucyc kc~nyot{ogh~ gb f tfy{onsmfy {yfohohe gyvsfmobonf{oghfhk tg~~oimc gi~{fnmc~ gy ngh{ohechn tmfh~- ~agsmk {ac~c ic hcnc~~fy(_gshe tcgtmc co{acy ycf~~cy{ck {ac oltgy{fhnc gb kgohe ucmm f{ ~naggm f~ f esfyfh{cc {gbs{syc ~snnc~~- gy yclfohck ~omch{ gh {ac {gton( F ~jo{ gh {ac {aclc gb ‑64 cfy~‟ {olc‟-ngltg~ck i eyfkc,64 tfy{onotfh{~ oh f kyflf ugyj~agt oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- omms~{yf{c~{ac~c bs{syc shjhguh~ fhk f~~slt{ogh~ figs{ agu f~toyf{ogh~ loea{ ic ycfmo~ck0




996

Lg{acy 60 L kfsea{cy ufh{~ {g ic f tomg{ fhk O kgh‟{ jhgu uaf{ {g kg(

Lg{acy 90 O jhgu ~glcghc uag nfh acmt gs f~ ~ac o~ f tomg{ acy~cmb( Mc{‟~

eg fhk ~cc acy([ac lg{acy~ ufmj {gufyk~ fh gbbonc- fhk jhgnj gh {ac kggy (

Lg{acy 60 Tmcf~c nfh gs acmt uo{a ~glc fkronc7 L kfsea{cy ufh{~ {gic f tomg{(

Bclfmc tomg{0 Uaf{ O ~seec~{ o~ {af{ gs fyc rcy f{{ch{orc f{ ~sttgy{oheacy uo{a aglcugyj- fhk gs acmt acy ngh{ohsc f{ ~naggm ~g {af{ ~ac nfhec{ f lf{yon fhk nfyy gh uo{a acy ~{skoc~( âc hcck~ {g ic cksnf{ckicghk ~naggmfhk {g kg {ao~ ls~{ ngltmc{c ~naggm tygtcym boy~{(

Lg{acy 90 Uaf{ ~si`cn{~ nfh ~ac nag~c7

Bclfmc tomg{0 [ac ~si`cn{~ ~ac lf nagg~c ohnmskc ta~on~ fhk lf{a~- is{~ac ls~{ nglc {g lc fhk O uomm cqtmfoh o{ {g acy( âc ls~{ hg{ `s~{ nglcaglc bygl ~naggm fhk mcfrc acy iggj~ {acyc- hg{ ycfkohe {acl( [g icf tomg{ gs hcck {g mcfyh lgyc fhk lgyc- fhk {g ~{sk afyk( [glgyygucrchohe ~ac nfh nglc fhk ~cc lc( @s~{ iyohe acy {g lc- O‟mm {fmj {g acy fhkesokc acy( Acyc o~ l hflc(

[ac {ug lg{acy~ {fjc {ac tftcy fhk mcfrc- ~fohe {afhj gs(

O{ nglc~ f~ hg ~sytyo~c {af{ {acyc fyc hg tomg{~ „ lfmc gy bclfmc „ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(

Lg~{ tfych{~ fyc kglc~{on ugyjcy~- efykchcy~ gy ngh~{ysn{ogh ugyjcy~( Uaf{ o~lgycgb {ac 25 tstom~ f{ Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea uag ~{skock ta~onfm ~nochnc bgylf{yon oh 9442- ghm {aycc kok ~g f{ aoeacy eyfkc !hcnc~~fy bgy shorcy~o{ ch{yfhnc/fhk ghm >1 tcy nch{ gb {ag~c uag ~f{ f ~nochnc lf{yon tf~~ck(

[ac kofmgesc oh {ac ~jo{ ycrcfm~ ~crcyfm oltgy{fh{ ngh{yois{gy~ {g {ac ~omchnc {af{tcyrfkc~ ko~ns~~ogh gb nfyccy tmfhhohe flghe tggy fkgmc~nch{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(Tfych{~- mojc fkgmc~nch{~- fyc gb{ch oehgyfh{ gb cqfn{m uaf{ o~ ycvsoyck {g fnaocrcaoea,~{f{s~ ̀ gi~ fhk ~glc gb {ac if~on isomkohe imgnj~ {g fnaocrc {ac~c fyc shfrfomfimc{g {acl( Lf{yonsmf{ogh fhk- {acycbgyc- tcy~o~{chnc f{ ~naggm fyc tg~o{oghck f~ nyo{onfm{g ~snnc~~( Tcy~ghfm cbbgy{ o~ ycvsoyck gh {ac tfy{ gb gshe tcgtmc {g ~{sk f{ aglc-

fhk {g kg lgyc {afh {ac ~naggm ycvsoyc~( Bcu fksm{~ gy gshe tcgtmc jhgu mgnfmyc~okch{~ ugyjohe oh {acoy oh{chkck bocmk( Is{ ~gnofm nghhcn{ogh~ gb {ao~ hf{syc fyc ro{fm {g efoh jhgumckec gb uaf{ o~ ycvsoyck fhk ch{fomck oh fh tfy{onsmfy nfyccy- fhklf gbbcy {ac hcnc~~fy lch{gyohe {g ycfna kc~oyck egfm~(

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc gshe tcgtmc cqtcyochnck {acoy tfych{~‟ cqtcn{f{ogh~ {af{ {ac ugsmk ~snncck cksnf{oghfmm f~ tyc~~syc {g tf~~ {acoy cqfl~( Bgy lfh oh Bo~a Agcj-{ac cqtcn{f{ogh gb tfych{~ o~ {af{ {ac uomm hg{ ghm tf~~- is{ cqncm fhk efoh {ac {gtlfyj~ hcckck bgy shorcy~o{ ch{y0

O{‟~ l ioy{akf {gkf „ eg{ mg{~ gb taghc nfmm~- fhk O bcm{ aftt {af{

tcgtmc nfyc( Ycfmo~ck uaf{ eggk byochk~ O fn{sfmm afrc( Fm~g ycfmo~ohe




999

agu ~{yc~~ck O fn{sfmm fl bygl cqfl tyc~~syc fhk agu oltgy{fh{ {ac~ccqfl~ fyc( O hcck {g ec{ f eggk lfyj oh gykcy {g eg {g shorcy~o{( O bccmkctyc~~ck( !Kofy ch{y i @s~{ohig- feck 61- Bo~a Agcj/

Uc ufh{ gsy bflom {g fnnct{ s~ bgy uag uc fyc( Uc nfh‟{ ec{ {ac lfyj~ {af{{ac ufh{( [ac ls~{h‟{ {y {g bsmbom {acoy kycfl~ {aygsea s~( [ac {y {glfjc {acl~cmrc~ bccm eggk i lfjohe s~ ec{ eggk lfyj~ ~g {ac nfh ~agu{acoy jok~ gbb•~g {ac bccm mojc eggk tfych{~( !Eyfkc,66 tstom~- Bo~a Agcj/

^crcyfm ~sonokc~ i lokkmc,nmf~~ {cchfecy~ ksyohe {ac yc~cfyna tcyogk ucyc f{{yois{ck{g {ac t~nagmgeonfm tyc~~syc cqcy{ck i cq{yclcm aoea cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb tfych{~- f mohj ~si~{fh{of{ck i {ac cqtcyochnc gb esokfhnc {cfnacy~ oh Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~( Gsy c{ahgeyftaon kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ tfych{~ echsohcm cqtcn{ {acoy naomkych {g eg bfy cksnf{oghfmm fhk cqtyc~~ {ao~ oh {acoy icafrogsy {gufyk~

{acoy naomkych( Lokkmc,nmf~~ hg{ogh~ gb uaf{ ngltyo~c~ ‑~snnc~~‟ fyc acoea{chck i ftcyncorck hfyyguohe gb cltmglch{ gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy uao{c gshe fksm{~ ~ohnc {ac{yfh~o{ogh {g kclgnyfn( Fkgmc~nch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc kg hg{fy{onsmf{c {ac oltfn{ gb aoea !fhk gb{ch shycfmo~{on/ cqtcn{f{ogh~ oh {ao~ uf( Uaomcfkgmc~nch{~ oh ig{a {ac~c hcoeaigsyaggk~ ~ch~ck f tfych{fm agtc {af{ {ac ugsmkfnaocrc cksnf{oghfmm- {ag~c oh Gncfh Rocu kc~nyoick loqck lc~~fec~ bygl tfych{~ycefykohe {acoy cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb ~naggmohe- fhk {ag~c oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {chkck {g ~cc{acoy cbbgy{~ !fhk f~~slck ~snnc~~/ f{ ~naggm f~ {acoy afmb gb f ifyefoh ic{ucch tfych{fhk naomk( [ao~ ifyefoh o~ byflck f~ f `goh{ ch{cytyo~c oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb naomkychafrohe gttgy{sho{oc~ {af{ {ac tfych{fm echcyf{ogh kok hg{- is{ kgc~ hg{ ngh{foh {ac

~tcnobon cqtcn{f{ogh~ kc~nyoick i gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~a Agcj(Ngllgh flghe {cchfecy~ oh Gncfh Rocu uf~ {ac gi~cyrf{ogh {af{ tfych{~ cqtcn{eggk eyfkc~- is{ kg hg{ chefec oh {ac crcykf tyfn{onfmo{oc~ gb {acoy ~naggmohe- gy~cc {acl~cmrc~ f~ tg{ch{ofmm nyo{onfm ~sttgy{~ {g {ac tygnc~~( Ghc eyfkc,69 tstomycngeho~ck {ao~ ohngh~o~{chn fhk fyyfheck bgy acy lg{acy {g lcc{ uo{a {ug gb {ac{cfnacy~ gb ~si`cn{~ ~ac uf~ ~{yseemohe uo{a( ^glc tfych{~ afrc afk mo{{mc cksnf{ogh{acl~cmrc~ fhk ~{yseemc {g oh{cytyc{ yctgy{~( G{acy~- ~f {cfnacy~- kg hg{ afrc {aclf{syo{ {g tfych{ tstom~ oh eyfkc 69 icnfs~c gb {acoy cfym ch{y oh{g lg{acyaggk(Uc ucyc {gmk {af{ ~glc tfych{~ kyohj- afrc tfy{oc~ fhk {fjc kyse~ uo{a {acoy naomkychuo{ags{ {aohjohe figs{ {ac ngh~cvschnc~ bgy {acoy cksnf{ogh( Fkgmc~nch{~ oh {ac

sttcy cfy~ gb aoea ~naggm kc~nyoick {acoy ~{yseemc {g ~{f lg{orf{ck uach tfych{~fhk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk oh echcyfm cqtyc~~ck f tc~~olo~{on rocu figs{ gshe tcgtmc‟~tg{ch{ofm( Uaomc cqtcn{ohe {acoy naomkych {g ~snncck f{ ~naggm- tfych{~ ycbcy {g {acaoea lf{yon bfomsyc fhk gs{a shcltmglch{ yf{c~ oh Gncfh Rocu- tgoh{ohe gs{ {af{ghm f afhkbsm gb gshe tcgtmc ‑lfjc o{‟ uo{a yc~tcn{ {g cksnf{oghfm vsfmobonf{ogh~fhk f ‑eggk‟ `gi( F~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy ;- {ac~c rocu~ fyc mohjck {g {ac lfhhcy ohuaona tcgtmc nf{cegyo~ck f~ ‑ngmgsyck‟ ucyc tg~o{oghck ic{ucch ~g,nfmmck ‑uao{c~‟fhk ‑Fbyonfh~‟ oh {ac aocyfyna gb tyoromcec mcefmo~ck ksyohe {ac ftfy{acok cyf- fhk {g{acoy ngh{ohsohe ~ch~c gb ~gnogtgmo{onfm lfyeohfmo~f{ogh oh {ac hcu ko~tch~f{ogh {af{o~ bcm{ {g tyoromcec ‑Fbyonfh~‟(




99>

Vsfmo{f{orc yc~cfyna oh tggy yc~okch{ofm fycf~ cm~cuacyc oh Nftc [guh uo{a ~olomfykclgeyftaon fhk cltmglch{ tygbomc~ f~ Lf~otaslcmcmc ~agu~ {ac aoea rfmsctmfnck gh cksnf{ogh i lg{acy~ fhk gshe tcgtmc !Kc Mfhhg 9443- 9445f- 9445i/(

Ig{a echcyf{ogh~ c~tgs~ck {ac rfmsc gb ~naggmohe f~ f ygs{c „ fhk gb{ch {ac ghm ygs{c „ {g lf{cyofm ~snnc~~ fhk ~gnofm ~{f{s~( _gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmcshkcy~{fhk {acoy tfych{~‟ aoea cqtcn{f{ogh~ oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb {acoy cbbgy{~ {g lcc{{ac ng~{~ gb {acoy ~naggmohe i ugyjohe mghe agsy~ fhk nsy{fomohe g{acy cqtchko{syc-fhk oh moea{ gb {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac fyc ghc gb {ac boy~{ oh {acoy bflomoc~ {g ycncorc uaf{o~ tcyncorck f~ f eggk cksnf{ogh( Ohrc~{ohe cbbgy{ oh ~naggm ugyj fhk fnaocrohe eggkyc~sm{~ fyc shkcy~{ggk i gshe tcgtmc f~ lcc{ohe {acoy afmb gb {ac ifyefoh( Tcmo~f‟~kofy ch{yoc~ omms~{yf{c {ao~ ifyefoh0

âc !lg{acy/ {gmk lc {af{ ~ac af~ lfh tmfh~ bgy lc icnfs~c O fl {acmf~{ igyh fhk ~ac uomm lfjc ~syc {af{ l kycfl nglc~ {ysc ob O jcctkgohe l ~naggm ugyj( !Tcmo~f- eoym- feck 63- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Tfych{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc gb{ch ~olomfym shohrgmrck oh {acoy {cchfec naomkych‟~kfom ~naggmohe nafmmchec~ f~ {ag~c oh Gncfh Rocu bgy ycf~gh~ {af{ uc kc~nyoickcfymocy oh {ac naft{cy( [acoy tcy~tcn{orc gh {cchfecy~‟ bs{syc~ fyc agtcbsm- is{gb{ch shnmcfy f~ {g {ac fn{sfm ~{ct~ ohrgmrck- tcyaft~ icnfs~c {ac afrc mc~~ koycn{cqtcyochnc gb hceg{of{ohe {ac {yfh~o{ogh bygl ~naggm {g bsy{acy cksnf{ogh gy ugyj {afh {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Gncfh Rocu(

[as~ bfy- uc afrc ~cch {af{ naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb ~naggmohe fyc aoeam ohbmschncki f yfhec gb ~gnofm- cnghglon- nsm{syfm fhk oh{cytcy~ghfm bfn{gy~ gtcyf{ohe uo{aoh

{ac aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk( Fhk- fm{agsea tcyaft~ mc~~ ycngeho~ck oh {cyl~gb o{~ ao~{gyonfm fhk ~gnogtgmo{onfm tfy{onsmfyo{oc~- {ac hgylf{orc chroyghlch{ gb cqtcn{f{ogh~ fhk f{{o{skc~ ycefykohe ~naggmohe o~ bgshk {g rfy oh ~oehobonfh{ uf~{af{ ~{fhk {g ~aftc tygbgshkm gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb icohe f ~naggm tstomfhk gb ~{yorohe {g fnaocrc uo{aoh ~naggm( Oh{cyhf{oghfmm- mohj~ afrc icch lfkcic{ucch tstom~‟ cqtcn{f{ogh~ bgy {ac bs{syc fhk {acoy ngllo{lch{ {g ~naggmfhk{g lg{orf{ogh fefoh~{ icafrogsy {af{ yo~j~ ngltyglo~ohe {acoy cksnf{ogh- ~sna f~~si~{fhnc fis~c fhk ifk icafrogsy !Nf{fmfhg " Afujoh~ 6??2: Afujoh~ c{ fm( 6??9/(Oh gykcy {g shkcy~{fhk {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb {ac~c ohbmschnc~ oh {ac ngh{cltgyfy ^gs{a Fbyonfh ngh{cq{- uc boy~{ mggj f{ uaf{ afttch~ f{ ~naggm oh fkko{ogh {g bgylfm

mcfyhohe- fhk ngh~okcy agu {ac~c cqtcyochnc~ fn{ fmghe~okc ohbmschnc~ bygl {acaglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk {g shkcy~ngyc cksnf{oghfm kcno~ogh,lfjohe(

^naggm~ f~ fychf~ bgy hceg{of{ohe byochk~aot fhk ~gnofm okch{o{

Gsy ohbgylfm nghrcy~f{ogh~ figs{ ~naggm uo{a naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {aygseags{{ac Rfmmc ohrfyofim bgns~ck gh byochk~ fhk gh {acoy bccmohe~ ycefykohe {acoytg~o{ogh flghe {acoy tccy~( Kofy ch{yoc~ yctgy{ fn{oro{oc~ fhk nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{abyochk~ icbgyc- ksyohe fhk fb{cy {ac ~naggm kf- gb{ch uo{a cmfigyf{c cqtmfhf{ogh~bgy tcy~ghfm kcno~ogh~ oh ycmf{ogh {g {ag~c gb byochk~ gy kc~nyot{ogh~ gb {ac fs{agy~‟

clg{oghfm yc~tgh~c~ {g byochk~0




99;

O ufmjck {g ~naggm uo{a {aycc gb l eggk byochk~ fhk {gmk {acl {af{ O‟kicch boea{ohe uo{a l iyg{acy( O bcm{ eggk icnfs~c {ac mo~{chck {g lcfhk ucyc ugyyock figs{ lc( Ksyohe nmf~~- {ac {gmk lc O ~agsmk hg{

bccm ifk- f~ O uf~ hg{ uyghe- is{ O jhcu {af{ O uf~( [ach f{ iycfj {olc Okcnokck {g ~{f oh~okc- f~ O afk f acfkfnac fhk ufh{ck ~glc {olc fmghc(L nmf~~lf{c~ {yock {g tcy~sfkc lc {g `goh {acl gs{~okc f~ s~sfm- is{O eg{ l Chemo~a tgcl iggj gs{ fhk ycfk o{( [ac {cfnacy uf~ rcy mf{cfyyorohe ~g l byochk~ fhk O ucyc tmfhhohe {g tggm gsy lghc ~g {af{ ucngsmk is {aohe~ {g ~afyc f{ mshna{olc( [af{ naccyck lc st- f~ O uf~ rcy ashey( [ach uc ~tgjc figs{ f eoym uag uf~ ucfyohe gkk ~gnj~( ^glcucyc lgnjohe acy bgy icohe ~g tggy( Ksyohe mshna iycfj {acyc uf~ f boea{ic{ucch {ug eoym~ icnfs~c ghc uf~ {yohe {g ~{cfm {ac g{acy‟~ igbyochk(!Igheouc- eoym- feck 62- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

Gsy gi~cyrf{ogh~ oh {ac nmf~~yggl fhk uokcy ~naggm tyclo~c~ nghboyl {af{ lsna gb {ac {olc fhk ~tfnc {af{ g~{ch~oim ngltyo~c~ ‑~naggmohe‟ o~ gnnstock i {ac nycf{ogh-~s~{chfhnc gy byfn{syohe gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a tccy~ !~cc fm~g ^gskoch 9445/( Uach{cfnacy~ fyc fi~ch{ gy nmf~~c~ fyc hg{ acmk- {acyc o~ lgyc {olc {g tsy~sc {ac~cfn{oro{oc~ fhk o{ o~ sh~sytyo~ohe {af{ {ac f{{yfn{ lgyc chcye fhk ohrc~{lch{ byglgshe tcgtmc {afh bgylfm mcfyhohe fn{oro{oc~( Fhk uc gi~cyrck {af{ gshe tcgtmcucyc fimc {g tfy{onotf{c oh- fhk ngh{yois{c {g- {ac~c tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh uf~ {af{igm~{cyck {acoy ~ch~c gb ~cmb,cbbonfn fhk lgsmkck {acoy ~gnofm okch{o{oc~ oh f bfy lgyc{fheoimc lfhhcy {afh uaf{ uf~ tg~~oimc uo{aoh {ac {cfnaohe fhk mcfyhohe tygnc~~c~frfomfimc( [ac ~oehobonfhnc gb byochk~aot~- {acoy ohnms~ogh uo{aoh tg~o{orc cqtcyochnc~f{ ~naggm fhk ngh{yois{ogh {g ucmm,icohe lgyc echcyfmm ucyc lfkc fttfych{ uachgshe tcgtmc ~tgjc gb {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb lgrohe ~naggm~0

Uach•O ~{fy{ck aoea ~naggm hcfy l fsh{‟~ ags~c O uf~ ycfmm hcyrgs~icnfs~c {ac tmfnc uf~ {g{fmm kobbcych{ bygl Gncfh Rocu( O lc{ f nggmishna gb byochk~( Uc eg{ gh ucmm icnfs~c O ngsmk ~afyc l bccmohe~ uo{a{acl fhk {ac uo{a lc( Uc ugsmk ~ohe fhk kfhnc fygshk {ac ~naggm( Ghcgb l bfrgsyo{c kf~ f{ ~naggm uf~ f Byokf: uc ugsmk fmm {aygu lghc {gec{acy fhk is toc~ fhk naot~( Uc ugsmk {fmj figs{ uacyc uc ugsmk morcfhk uaf{ uc uomm ic ghc kf( !Iyofh- ig- feck 65- tstom oh Gncfh Rocu/

[ac cqno{clch{- cbbgy{ fhk fhqoc{ cqtyc~~ck i eyfkc,69 tstom~ oh ycmf{ogh {g{acoy ‑lf{yon ifmm‟ o~ f tgoehfh{ omms~{yf{ogh gb {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb ~naggm f~ fh fychfbgy bgyeohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk kcrcmgtohe tcy~ghfm okch{o{oc~( F ycesmfy {gton gb nghrcy~f{ogh bgy lgh{a~ icbgyc {ac fn{sfm crch{- {ac ifmm o~ ngh~okcyck i fkgmc~nch{~fhk {acoy bflomoc~ f~ {ac lg~{ oltgy{fh{ crch{ gb {ac ~naggm nfyccy( Fhk fm{agseao{ o~ acmk icbgyc bohfm cqflohf{ogh~- o{ o~ oh {acgy f ycufyk bgy afyk ugyj fhk fhcksnf{oghfm yo{c gb tf~~fec- ~olomfy {g f eyfksf{ogh( Is{ {ac chcye fhk lghc ~tch{gh bohkohe {ac yoea{ gs{bo{- {yfh~tgy{ fhk tfy{hcy nghrc o{~ uokcy ~oehobonfhnc-tfy{onsmfym uo{a yc~tcn{ {g f gshe tcy~gh‟~ ycts{f{ogh uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggkfhk {acoy tcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~( Iyofh- vsg{ck figrc- afk ~cmcn{ck f kc~oeh bgy f ~so{

ac uo~ack {g ucfy borc lgh{a~ icbgyc {ac ifmm- fhk uf~ ~frohe {g tf bgy {ac {fomgyohe(




993

Rcyghovsc uyg{c oh acy kofy gb acy nys~a gh f ig ~ac lc{ uag morc~ oh Ags{ If-fhk acy uo~a {g ~sllgh {ac ngsyfec {g ohro{c aol {g {ac lf{yon ifmm( [ac crch{af~ {ug ~{fec~( [ac boy~{ ohrgmrc~ {ac lf{yon tstom~ fhk {acoy tfy{hcy~ fyyorohe f{

{ac ~naggm bgy f ycnct{ogh uo{a {cfnacy~ fhk bflom lclicy~( Cfna ngstmc f{{clt{~{g st~{fec {ac g{acy~ i lfjohe {ac eyfhkc~{ ch{yfhnc: ~crcyfm ~{yc{na molgs~ohc~ucyc aoyck i tstom~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( Fb{cy f ngstmc gb agsy~ gb ~tccnac~- fufyk~ fhk tag{geyfta- tfych{~ fhk {cfnacy~ uf{na {acl mcfrc oh {acoybfhn rcaonmc~ bgy {ac ag{cm uacyc {acyc o~ kohhcy fhk kfhnohe(

F~ f bgnfm tgoh{ oh {ac ~naggm nfyccy- {ac lf{yon ifmm o~ fm~g fh gttgy{sho{ bgy bflom lclicy~ {g tg~o{ogh {acl~cmrc~ ~gnofmm- fhk bgy tfych{~ {g cqcy{ ~glc ngh{ygm grcy{ac nagonc~ gshe tcgtmc fyc lfjohe( Bgy cqfltmc- Kfyych- f ‑ngmgsyck‟ eyfkc,66 tstom f{ Bo~a Agcj Aoea ^naggmuf~ ufyhck i ao~ bf{acy {af{ ‑{ac nfy {fjohegs {g {ac lf{yon ifmm uomm hg{ tf~~ i Gncfh Rocu‟- f ~{f{clch{ {af{ nghrcck ao~ko~fttygrfm !fhk crch tygaoio{ogh/ gb Kfyych {fjohe f eoym bygl Gncfh Rocu ghf kf{c(

Tfych{~- {cfnacy~ fhk ~glc{olc~ tstom~ cqtyc~~ ~glc fliorfmchnc ycefykohe {acnch{yfmo{ gb {ao~ crch{ {g {ac ~naggm nfyccy- fhk tfy{onsmfym {ac bohfm cfy( Jhguohe {af{ o{ko~{yfn{~ tstom~ bygl {acoy ~{skoc~- ~naggm~ ngh{ohsfmm ycf~~c~~ {ac fttygtyof{c {olohe gb {ac ifmm oh fh cbbgy{ {g s~c o{ f~ ig{a fh ohnch{orc fhk f ufjc,st nfmm bgy tstom~( Ycbmcn{oheifnj gh {acoy cqtcyochnc~- ~glc tstom~ ucyc fufyc {af{ {ac crch{ o~ s~ck f~ f nghrchoch{~nftcegf{ {g lf~j lgyc bshkflch{fm tygimcl~ fbbcn{ohe {acoy tcybgylfhnc0

Gsy tycmolohfy cqfl~ ~{fy{ck {ac Lghkf fb{cy {ac Byokf lf{yon ifmm•

Uc kok ~g ifkm {af{ uc afk {g afrc f {cfnaohe,~{fbb fhk lf{yon lcc{oheollckof{cm fb{cyufyk~( Is{ O {aohj {af{ {ac yc~sm{~ afk hg{aohe {g kguo{a {ac lf{yon ifmm icohe f bcu kf~ cfymocy( [ac ucyc ifk icnfs~ccrcyghc {agsea{ ~{skohe uf~ f `gjc „ c~- crch l~cmb( O {agsea{ {af{ycfkohe {aygsea gsy iggj {uonc gy {ayonc ugsmk acmt lc yclclicy l ugyj( Mc{ lc {cmm gs f ~cnyc{0 o{ kgc~ acmt uach gs ghm hcck {g jhgu{ac boy~{ fh~ucy {g fh cqfl tftcy uo{a 64 {g 63 vsc~{ogh~•is{ o{ o~h‟{chgsea uach gs kgh‟{ jhgu lsna figs{ {ac ~si`cn{ fhk gs afrc fasec mghe tftcy {g uyo{c( !Yghfmkg- ig- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/

[ac lf{yon ifmm nfh ic ~cch f~ f ~naggm,ycmf{ck yc~gsync {af{ o~ cvsfmm frfomfimc{g gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ {ac ucfm{a ~tcn{ysl( Is{ bgy {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb tstom~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk f ~oehobonfh{ tygtgy{ogh oh Gncfh Rocu uag uomm bfom {acoy lf{yon-o{ hco{acy ngohnokc~ uo{a hgy ~oehoboc~ fh cksnf{oghfm eyfksf{ogh fhk vsfmobonf{ogh( Ohngh{cq{~ mojc {ac~c {ac lf{yon ifmm ~ccl~ {g gbbcy f nsm{syfmm mceo{olo~ck ngltch~f{oghbgy !fhk lf~jck fm{cyhf{orc {g/ {ac ycufyk~ gb bgylfm ~naggmohe( [ac~c fm{cyhf{orcycufyk~ lf moc oh {ac igm~{cyohe gb ~gnofm okch{o{ flghe tccy~- ohnmskohe tyg~tcn{orctfy{hcy~( Fhk icnfs~c {ac chro~feck bgylfm cksnf{ogh ngsy~c o~ ~g byfeomc- {ac lf{yonifmm o~ oltgy{fh{ icnfs~c o{ o~ acmk uo{aoh {ac !aoeam rfmsck/ fychf gb {ac ~naggm fhknfh chngltf~~ ig{a {ac cqtmono{ ncmciyf{ogh gb {ac chk gb f ~naggm nfyccy fhk {ac

oltmono{ fhk gb{ch lgyc {fheoimc fbboylf{ogh gb okch{o{ fhk ohnms~ogh(




992

O{ o~ hg{ ghm tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ gnnst f ~oehobonfh{ tygtgy{ogh gb {olc fhkchcye f{ ~naggm( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uc uo{hc~~ck f rcy ro~oimc ngh~cvschnc gb tstom ohrc~{lch{ oh ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh {ac ~naggm ~c{{ohe {af{ ommslohf{c~

{ac lfhhcy oh uaona ‑~naggm {olc‟ o~ s~ck {g hceg{of{c o~~sc~ gb oh{cyechcyf{oghfmfs{agyo{ fhk fttygtyof{c egrcyhfhnc oh ~naggm( [ug uccj~ oh{g {ac hcu ~naggmcfy- tstom~ ufmjck gs{ gb {ac aoea ~naggm ch lf~~c fhk lfynack {aygsea {ac ~{ycc{~-tyg{c~{ohe fefoh~{ f kcno~ogh i {ac fn{ohe tyohnotfm {g grcyysmc f {cfnacy uag afkfyyfheck {yfh~tgy{ bgy {acl {g f{{chk f yceoghfm ~tgy{~ crch{ !bgy uaona lfh tstom~afk fmycfk tfok/( [ac fn{ohe tyohnotfm nfmmck {ac tgmonc- uag fyyorck uo{a hohcfylgsyck rcaonmc~ fhk mfyec hslicy~ gb fylck lch oh ismmc{tyggb rc~{~( Acmongt{cy~tf{ygmmck grcyacfk: ~glc tstom~ {aycu ~{ghc~ fhk tgmonc yc~tghkck uo{a ysiicy fhklc{fm ismmc{~- oh`syohe {aycc yc~okch{~(> [ac tstom~ lfynack bgy {aycc ngh~cns{orckf~ fhk o{ uf~ lgyc {afh {ug uccj~ icbgyc mc~~gh~ yc~slck( T~nagmgeonfm yc~cfyna

gh yc~omochnc ugsmk ~seec~{ {af{ {ao~ crch{ fhk o{~ ch~sohe ko~yst{ogh uomm afrc afkmf~{ohe cbbcn{~ gh ohkoroksfm tstom~- tycno~cm icnfs~c o{ oh{cybcyck ~g lfyjckm uo{a{ac hgylfm bshn{oghohe gb ghc gb {acoy ngyc ~gnofm oh~{o{s{ogh~ !Ufyk c{ fm( 9445/(

Ycbmcn{ohe gh {ac~c crch{~- tfy{onotfh{~ oh gsy ~{sk ~tgjc gb bccmohe lgyfmm ̀ s~{obockoh {acoy gi`cn{ogh~ {g {ac fn{ohe tyohnotfm‟~ s~c gb ao~ tg~o{oghgb {acoy fmmceofhnc {gtccy~ i lfjohe f `goh{ ~{fhk fhk gb {acoy ycfmo~f{ogh gb {ac hcef{orc ngh~cvschnc~gh {acoy cksnf{ogh0

[ac ~naggm f~ f uagmc af~ icch fbbcn{ck icnfs~c {ac {cfnacy~ afrc icch{yfslf{o~ck( [ac fyc ~nfyck gb {ac mcfyhcy~- fhk hgu {ac ~naggm o~ {fjch

f~ f tmfnc {g afhe gs{- hg{ {g mcfyh( !Namgc- eoym- feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc/Tstom~‟ ycbmcn{ogh~ ohkonf{c ~glc fufychc~~ gb agu {acoy fn{ogh~ afrc shkcylohck{cfnacy~ fhk cf{ch oh{g nyo{onfm ~naggmohe {olc- {acyci ngltyglo~ohe {acoy cksnf{oghfmnafhnc~( Is{ {ac ngh~okcy nafhec~ oh {ac c{aon fhk bshn{oghohe gb {ac ch{oyc ~naggm-ohnmskohe {ac ifmfhnc gb tgucy- {af{ fyc kc~oyck gy crch hcnc~~fy oh gykcy {g fkkyc~~shkcymohe tygimcl~- {g ic icghk {acoy ohbmschnc f~ ohkoroksfm~( Ngmmcn{orc cbbgy{- oh{ac bgyl gb f {go,{go !tyg{c~{/- uf~- {acycbgyc- s~ck {g oho{of{c nafhec(

[ac ~gnofm f~tcn{~ gb crcykf oh{cyfn{ogh oh ~naggm~ fyc ~oehobonfh{ {g naomkych- fhktfy{onsmfym fkgmc~nch{~- hg{ ghm oh {cyl~ gb {ac {olc fhk chcye {ac ngh~slc-

is{ icnfs~c {ac fyc fycf~ oh uaona {ac afrc f{ mcf~{ ~glc lcf~syc gb ngh{ygm( F~uc ~fu oh {ac tycrogs~ naft{cy- tstom~ afrc rcy mo{{mc ngh{ygm grcy lf`gy f~tcn{~ gb {acoy fnfkclon tygeyc~~ oh ~naggm~ uacyc {cfnacy~ fyc ycesmfym gs{ gb {ac nmf~~yggl-shbflomofy uo{a {ac ~si`cn{ lf{{cy gy shfrfomfimc bgy f~~o~{fhnc( _gshe tcgtmc rfmsc~naggmohe bgy o{~ cksnf{oghfm ngh{ch{ f~ ucmm f~ o{~ tg{ch{ofm {g tygrokc vsfmobonf{ogh~bgy {ac bs{syc( Lfh cqtyc~~ck {ac kc~oyc {g efoh jhgumckec fhk ~jomm~ gy {g mcfyh{aohe~ figs{ {ac ugymk {af{ {acoy tfych{~ kok hg{ jhgu( [ac~c kc~oyc~ gtcyf{cfmghe~okc {ac hgylf{orc fhk ~gnofm ohbmschnc~ kc~nyoick figrc fhk fmcy{ s~ {g {acnyo{onfm ygmc {af{ ~naggmohe nfh „ fhk ~agsmk - bygl naomkych‟~ tcy~tcn{orc~ „ tmf oh~aftohe tcy~ghaggk- oh{ceyo{- koeho{ fhk {ac fiomo{ {g lfjc ~ch~c gb ghc‟~ mobc(

Uach {ac ifmfhnc gb cbbgy{ fhk ycufyk o~ ~aob{ck fuf bygl bgylfm mcfyhohe- uc




995

loea{ cqtcn{ gshe tcgtmc {g fttygfna {acoy ~naggmohe f~ ghc gb f hslicy gb ygs{c~{g kcrcmgtohe {acoy ~jomm~ fhk ~{f{s~- fhk {g nagg~c fm{cyhf{orc gnnstf{ogh~ crchuach tycrfomohe hgyl~ fhk cqtcn{f{ogh~ tyogyo{o~c bgylfm cksnf{ogh( ^glc kg- is{-

~glcuaf{ ~sytyo~ohem- lfh lgyc kg hg{(

Uc {syh hgu {g {ac lsm{otmc ohbmschnc~ gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ kcno~ogh~ {g ~{f oh ~naggmgy {g mcfrc- fhk bohk {af{ nagonc~ fyc gb{ch lfkc oh yc~tgh~c {g ohfkcvsf{c ~sttgy{bgy crcykf ~naggmohe nafmmchec~ f{ aglc !tfy{onsmfym bygl tfych{,boesyc~/- f~ucmm f~ {g ko~ngsy~c~ tycrfmch{ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( Uc fm~g bohk {af{- ~glcuaf{fmfylohem- gshe tcgtmc- c~tcnofmm oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~- fyc lfjohe kcno~ogh~{af{ fyc kobbonsm{ {g ycrcy~c uo{ags{ {agygsea jhgumckec gb {ac fm{cyhf{orc~ fhk-{acycbgyc- gb {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb {acoy nagonc~(

Uag mcfrc~ fhk uag ~{f~7 Kcno~ogh,lfjohe fhk {ac ~naggm nfyccyNgltfyo~gh gb {ac ~naggm nfyccy~ gb gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc {aygu~ moea{ gh~glc oltgy{fh{ kobbcychnc~ oh uach naomkych ~{fy{ ~naggm- {ac ngh~o~{chn gb {acoy f{{chkfhnc fhk uach {ac mcfrc( Oh Boesyc~ 2(2„2(1 uc lft {ac cksnf{oghfm{yf`cn{gyoc~ bygl ioy{a {g 9; cfy~ oh cfna hcoeaigsyaggk ~{skock !s~ohe kf{f bygl{ac 9446 Nch~s~/( Uc kg ~g icnfs~c yc~cfyna af~ ~aguh {af{ cfym f{{chkfhnctf{{cyh~ ~{fhk {g ~aftc f{{chkfhnc mf{cy oh {ac ~naggm nfyccy !Bmo~acy c{ fm( 9464/- fhk{af{ cqtcyochnc~ f{ tyc,~naggm fhk cfym tyolfy ~naggm afrc f ~{yghe ohbmschnc ghfnaocrclch{~ oh aoea ~naggm fhk lf- {acycbgyc- oltfn{ stgh kcno~ogh~ ycefykohef{{chkfhnc !Nao~agml 9445/(

Boesyc 2(2 ^naggm f{{chkfhnc i fec- Gncfh Rocu !#/

^gsync0 ^{f{~ ^F !9446/




991

Boesyc 2(1 ^naggm f{{chkfhnc i fec- Bo~a Agcj !#/

^gsync0 ^{f{~ ^F !9446/

^gsync0 ^{f{~ ^F !9446/

Boesyc 2(5 ^naggm f{{chkfhnc i fec- Lf~otaslcmcmc !#/




99?

[ac lf`gyo{ gb naomkych oh {ac Rfmmc iceoh tyolfy ~naggm ksyohe {ac cfy {ac {syh ~crch( Uaf{ afttch~ icbgyc fhk fb{cy {ao~ tgoh{ rfyoc~ ngh~okcyfim ic{ucch{ac {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk ycvsoyc~ nfycbsm oh{cytyc{f{ogh( Uc ~cc- bgy cqfltmc-

{af{ lgyc {afh afmb gb naomkych feck ic{ucch {ug fhk bgsy oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fycycngykck f~ f{{chkohe tyc,~naggm „ f lsna aoeacy boesyc {afh oh Bo~a Agcj gyGncfh Rocu( Is{ naomkych‟~ tfy{onotf{ogh oh cfym cksnf{ogh nfhhg{ ic cvsf{ck uo{acfym cksnf{oghfm ohts{ fhk tyctfyckhc~~ bgy ~naggm- ~ohnc lg~{ cfym naomkaggkbfnomo{oc~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc ohbgylfm nyánac~ ysh bygl tcgtmc‟~ aglc~- tygrokohekf,nfyc is{ mo{{mc gy hg cksnf{oghfm ohts{( Gh frcyfec- oh ^gs{a Fbyonf f~ f uagmc-bfnomo{oc~ ~cyrohe Fbyonfh naomkych fyc gb mgucy vsfmo{ {afh {ag~c ~cyrohe {ac yc~{ gb {ac tgtsmf{ogh !KgC 9446/( Hg{ sh{om 9442 kok f tyc,~naggm gtch oh Lf~otaslcmcmc{af{ o~ fimc {g gbbcy nfyc fhk cksnf{ogh !if~ck gh f hf{oghfmm fttygrck nsyyonsmsl/bgy naomkych feck {ug {g ~oq(

I ngh{yf~{- {ac rcy mfyec lf`gyo{ gb borc,cfy,gmk~ oh Bo~a Agcj f{{chkohe tyc,~naggm uomm ycncorc ~glc- fhk s~sfmm lg~{- gb {ac eygshkohe hcckck {g {ayorcksyohe {ac cfym cfy~ gb tyolfy ~naggm( Mc~~ {afh afmb gb {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocuf{{chk f tyc,~naggm- ohkonf{ohe {af{ naomkych {chk {g ~{fy{ tyolfy ~naggm uo{a mo{{mcbflomofyo{ uo{a bgylfm cksnf{ogh gy if~on ngeho{orc ~jomm~( Cksnf{oghfm yc~cfyna fhk{acgy tgoh{ {g {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb tyc,~naggm cksnf{ogh bgy mghecy,{cyl chefeclch{uo{a- fhk tcybgylfhnc oh- ~naggm !Nao~agml 9445/( Oh {ao~ naft{cy- uc ycngsh{ {actygimcl~ cqtcyochnck i tstom~ fhk {cfnacy~ oh {ac sttcy cfy~ gb tyolfy ~naggmfhk oh ~cnghkfy ~naggm uach if~on hslcyfn fhk mo{cyfn fyc hg{ eyf~tck uo{aoh{ac boy~{ bcu cfy~ !~cc fm~g Naft{cy 3/(

Fmlg~{ fmm {ag~c morohe oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Gncfh Rocu fyc chygmmck oh ~naggm ic{ucch{ac fec~ gb 5 fhk 63- o(c( {ac fec~ f{ uaona naomkych fyc mcefmm ycvsoyck {g f{{chk ~naggm(Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- agucrcy- f ~opcfimc lohgyo{ !3„94 tcy nch{/ fyc hg{ chygmmck(^glc naomkych uag afrc ycnch{m fyyorck bygl {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc kg hg{ ~{fy{ ~naggmollckof{cm icnfs~c {acoy bflomoc~ afrc kobbonsm{ fbbgykohe {ac bcc~- shobgyl fhk~{f{oghcy( Fhk uc gi~cyrck ~glc mghe,{cyl yc~okch{~ lo~~ohe tcyogk~ gb uccj~ gy crchlgh{a~ gb ~naggmohe guohe {g ommhc~~- ~skkch kygt~ oh ags~cagmk ohnglc- f kcf{a oh {acbflom- {acoy guh gy {acoy ycmf{orc~‟ yc~okch{ofm lgiomo{ gy f ngliohf{ogh gb ~sna crch{~(

Fhk stgh mcfyhohe lgyc figs{ {ac aglc noynsl~{fhnc~ gb tggy naomkych uag

f{{chkck ~naggm- o{ uf~ ~ggh crokch{ {af{ f mfyec tygtgy{ogh ~agu {chfno{ fhkkc{cylohf{ogh oh {acoy cbbgy{~ {g ngh{ohsc f{{chkohe ~naggm( [aoy{cch,cfy,gmkMohkouc !lch{oghck cfymocy/- uag ifkm isyh{ acy mce~ uaomc nggjohe bgy acy bflom oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- yc{syhck {g ~naggm oh acfr ifhkfec~ fhk kc~to{c afrohe {gf{{chk {ac ag~to{fm oh Bo~a Agcj crcy g{acy kf( Acy byochk [afhko- uag- ~ohnc {ac rogmch{ kcf{a gb acy ~{ctbf{acyaf~ morck uo{a acy lg{acy fhk ko~fimck iyg{acy oh fnafg{on fhk oltgrcyo~ack aglc- lo~~ck ~naggm ghm gnnf~oghfmm uach acy lg{acyf~jck acy {g mggj fb{cy acy gshecy iyg{acy( Nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a gshe tcgtmc figs{{acoy ngh~okcyfimc cbbgy{ {g lfoh{foh f ‑hgylfm‟ ~naggm ygs{ohc ohkonf{ck {acoy kc~oyc{g ~s~{foh {acoy ~{skoc~- ic uo{a {acoy byochk~ fhk frgok kyfuohe f{{ch{ogh {g {ac

tygimcl~ {ac ucyc cqtcyochnohe f{ aglc(




9>4

Oh fkko{ogh {g nafheohe noynsl~{fhnc~ f{ aglc- f~tcn{~ gb {ac ~gnofm chroyghlch{fhk mcfyhohe tygnc~~ f{ ~naggm fm~g kc{cyyck ~glc naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ byglchygmmohe oh ~naggm gy- ob {ac kok chygm- bygl f{{chkohe nmf~~c~( Shbgy{shf{cm- NFT^

kok hg{ f~j ~tcnobon vsc~{ogh~ gh ycf~gh~ bgy hgh,f{{chkfhnc- is{ o{ kok f~j figs{ycf~gh~ bgy hgh,chygmlch{ fhk ua fkgmc~nch{~ ~{gttck f{{chkohe ~naggm ksyohe fcfy oh uaona {ac afk oho{ofmm chygmmck( [ac~c kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ {ac lf`gy ycf~gh~bgy hg{ icohe chygmmck oh ~naggm fyc ycmf{ck {g cltmglch{ !~cc Boesyc 2(?/( [ac lg~{bycvsch{m no{ck ycf~gh~ flghe 63,- 62, fhk 65,cfy,gmk~ hg{ chygmmck oh ~naggmucyc ‑O ufh{ck {g mggj bgy f `gi‟ fhk ‑O {ggj f `gi gy uf~ ugyjohe‟( [ac~c ycf~gh~ lf ycbmcn{ tgrcy{ „ uaona bgync~ fkgmc~nch{~ {g ugyj gy mggj bgy ugyj „ gy f ycmsn{fhnc{g eg {g ~naggm fhk f tycbcychnc {g ec{ oh{g {ac ycfm ugymk gb ugyj !f~ o~ {ac nf~cuo{a {ac ‑mfk~‟ oh Uommo~‟~ Z6?55\ nmf~~on ~{sk gb gshe Chemo~alch/( F ~oehobonfh{lohgyo{ ~fok {af{ ‑~naggm o~ hg{ oltgy{fh{‟( Figs{ 64 tcy nch{ gb hgh,chygmmck

fkgmc~nch{~ no{ck tgrcy{ koycn{m f~ {ac ycf~gh0 ‑L bflom ngsmk hg{ fbbgyk {g ~chklc {g ~naggm(‟ Fkgmc~nch{~ uag ~{gttck f{{chkohe ~naggm ksyohe {ac cfy oh uaona{ac ucyc oho{ofmm chygmmck lg~{ gb{ch efrc {ac ycf~gh0 ‑O ngsmk hg{ fbbgyk {g ~{f f{~naggm(‟ ^lfmm hslicy~ no{ck mggjohe bgy gy ec{{ohe f `gi- icohe tycehfh{ gy bfmmoheomm( ^lfmm hslicy~ fm~g tgoh{ck {g tygimcl~ gb nyolc f{ ~naggm gy f mfnj gb oh{cyc~{ oh~naggm( F Efs{che,if~ck ~{sk oh {aycc tggy fhk lfyeohfmo~ck syifh ngllsho{oc~bgshk {af{ lgyc {afh afmb gb naomkych feck ic{ucch 5 fhk 63 uag ucyc gs{ gb ~naggmno{ck ‑ta~onfm tgrcy{‟ f~ {ac ycf~gh {ac ucyc hg{ oh ~naggm !Tgy{cs~ c{ fm( 9444/(Bmo~acy c{ fm( !9464/ bgshk f ~{yghe f~~gnof{ogh flghe {cchfecy~ oh Nftc [guhic{ucch icmgheohe {g f mgucy ~gnofm nmf~~ !f~ ycbmcn{ck i hslicy gb tg~~c~~ogh~/

fhk mcfrohe ~naggm cfym( Uac{acy gy hg{ g{acy rfyofimc~ ~sna f~ mfhesfec fhk ‑yfnc‟nf{cegy ucyc ngh{ygmmck bgy oh {ao~ fhfm~o~ o~ hg{ nmcfy- yfo~ohe {ac vsc~{ogh uac{acyohnglc tgrcy{ gy crch ~gnofm nmf~~ fyc ~gmc kc{cylohohe bfn{gy~(

[ac kobbonsm{oc~ oh oh{cytyc{ohe {ac~c yc~sm{~ fhk {ac NFT^ yc~sm{~ ~aguh oh Boesyc 2(? „c~tcnofmm oh ko~{oheso~aohe ic{ucch nsm{syfm fhk cnghglon ycf~gh~ icaohk mcfrohe~naggm fhk ch{cyohe oh{g {ac mfigsy lfyjc{ „ ohkonf{c {ac oltgy{fhnc gb vsfmo{f{orcyc~cfyna(

[cchfec eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocu yctgy{ck {af{ gshecy eoym~ fyc ycmsn{fh{ {g f{{chktyolfy ~naggm icnfs~c {ac fyc ~cqsfmm afyf~~ck i lfmc nmf~~lf{c~( Uc bgshk

crokchnc gb fmmceck ohnokch{~ gb {ao~ hf{syc oh ~gnofm ugyjcy~‟ nf~c bomc~( Fnngykohe {gghc ~{fbb lclicy f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm- {ac ycf~gh ua `s~{ shkcy ghc,{aoyk gb tstom~ chygmmck oh f ncy{foh eyfkc,1 nmf~~ ucyc ngh~o~{ch{m fi~ch{ bygl nmf~~!kc~to{c icohe gh {ac tyclo~c~/ uf~ lgyc ycmf{ck {g {acoy tggy mo{cyfn ~jomm~ {afhtygimcl~ f{ aglc gy oh {ac tccy eygst0

[ac tygimcl o~ {af{ mcfyhcy~ ucyc nglohe bygl {ac tyolfy ~naggm~ uo{aeycf{ ycfkohe kobbonsm{oc~ fhk {ac nfhhg{ ngtc( [ac kg hg{ ufh{ {g ic bgshkgs{•~g {ac `s~{ kgh‟{ eg {g nmf~~( ![cfnacy- Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm/

[ac ~{fyjc~{ kobbcychnc~ {af{ uc ~cc ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc fyc oh

{ac fec gb mcfrohe ~naggm !~cc Boesyc~ 2(2„2(1/( Ghm oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj kg




9>6

{ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb naomkych mcfrc f{ {ac fec gb 61 „ {ac fec f{ uaona lg~{ ~o{ {acoylf{yon cqflohf{ogh( [ac 9446 Nch~s~ bgshk {af{ 1> tcy nch{ gb 94, {g 9;,cfy,gmk~oh Bo~a Agcj afrc lf{yonsmf{ck- ohkonf{ohe {af{ cqo{ bygl ~naggm echcyfmm ngohnokc~uo{a {ac f{{fohlch{ gb lf{yon( Oh Gncfh Rocu {acyc o~ f kyflf{on kcnmohc oh hslicy~f{ ~naggm bygl {ac lok,{cch~ ghufyk~( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc f yf{acy kobbcych{ tf{{cyhclcyec~- uo{a f ~oehobonfh{ tygtgy{ogh gb gshe fksm{~ oh {acoy cfym 94~ ~{omm f{ ~naggm([ac~c hcoeaigsyaggk,mcrcm rfyof{ogh~ oh uach gshe tcgtmc chk {acoy ~naggm nfyccyfyc flghe {ac lg~{ oltgy{fh{ bcf{syc~ gb ~naggmohe oh {ac Rfmmc fhk oh Nftc [guh

f~ f uagmc- hflcm {ac aoea ~g,nfmmck ‑kygt,gs{‟ yf{c~ flghe ‑ngmgsyck‟ {cchfecy~ fhk{ac yclfyjfimc tcy~o~{chnc oh ~naggm i ~glc Fbyonfh gshe fksm{~ !Fhkcy~gh 9443:Fhkcy~gh c{ fm( 9446/( Oh 9446- lgyc {afh 14 tcy nch{ gb 6;, {g 62,cfy,gmk yc~okch{~gb Lf~otaslcmcmc ucyc f{ ~naggm- ngltfyck {g ic{ucch 24 fhk 53 tcy nch{ gb {acoytccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu !~cc Boesyc~ 2(2„2(1/( [ao~ ko~tfyo{ ohnycf~c~ uo{a fec( Ghm 63 tcy nch{ gb 6?,cfy,gmk Gncfh Rocu yc~okch{~ ucyc ~{omm f{ ~naggm- ngltfyck {g ;4tcy nch{ gb {acoy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Icnfs~c lf{yon f{{fohlch{ yf{c~ fyc ~moea{m aoeacy oh Gncfh Rocu !>2 tcy nch{/ {afh oh Lf~otaslcmcmc !91 tcy nch{/-; fhk icnfs~cbcucy tstom~ fyc ‑grcy fec‟ bgy {acoy cfy eygst- {acyc fyc bcucy 6?, fhk 94,cfy,gmk~oh f tg~o{ogh {g ngh~okcy co{acy ~{fohe f{ ~naggm {g yc~o{ {acoy cqflohf{ogh gy mcfrohe(

Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- tcy~o~{chnc oh ~naggm oh {ac mf{c {cch~ fhk cfym 94~ o~ mfyecm ksc

Boesyc 2(? Ycf~gh~ bgy hg{ icohe chygmmck oh ~naggm- fec~ 63„65





9>9

{g olloeyf{ogh bygl {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc- uaona yc~sm{~ oh mfyec tygtgy{ogh~ gb ‑grcy,fec‟ tstom~ oh {ac sttcy nmf~~c~ gb aoea ~naggm( [ac~c tf{{cyh~ cqtmfoh ~glc gb {ackobbcychnc~ oh ~naggm f{{chkfhnc oh {ac mf{c {cch~ fhk cfym 94~ ic{ucch {ac~c {ug

tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~- is{ kg hg{ fnngsh{ bgy {ag~c gnnsyyohe oh {ac lok,{cch~(Hgy kg {ac cqtmfoh ua ~g lfh fkgmc~nch{~ fhk gshe fksm{~ nagg~c {g yclfoh oh~naggm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uach {ac lf{yon tf~~ yf{c o~ ~g rcy mgu(

Aoea yf{c~ gb ~g,nfmmck kygttohe gs{ ugyy tgmon,lfjcy~ bgy ig{a cksnf{oghfm fhk~gnofm ycf~gh~( Fnngykohe {g yc~cfyna oh loqck ngllsho{oc~ oh {ac S^F- fkgmc~nch{~uag mcfrc ~naggm cfym fyc mojcm {g afrc bcucy cltmglch{ gttgy{sho{oc~- mgucyohnglc~- tggycy lch{fm fhk ta~onfm acfm{a fhk eycf{cy ohrgmrclch{ oh nyolc!Icfsrfo~ c{ fm( 6??2/( Vsfh{o{f{orc ~{skoc~ oh ̂ gs{a Fbyonf bohk ~olomfy tf{{cyh~ uo{ayc~tcn{ {g cltmglch{ fhk ohnglc !Fhkcy~gh c{ fm( 9446/(

^crcyfm ycnch{ ~syrc~ oh Nftc [guh afrc icch kc~oehck {g echcyf{c f lgyc kc{fomckton{syc gb ~naggm kctfy{syc {afh {af{ frfomfimc bygl nch~s~ kf{f( Boesyc 2(64 tyc~ch{~NFT^ kf{f gh {ac yf{c~ f{ uaona fkgmc~nch{~ fnyg~~ Nftc [guh afrc mcb{ ~naggm‑tyclf{sycm‟- i fec fhk johk gb hcoeaigsyaggk( !‑Tyclf{sycm‟ o~ kcbohck f~ afrohemcb{ ~naggm uo{ags{ afrohe tf~~ck lf{yon: ‑mcb{‟ o~ shkcy~{ggk f~ icohe nsyych{m gs{ gb ~naggm fhk- {acycbgyc- kgc~ hg{ tycnmskc {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb f bs{syc yc{syh {g ~naggm(/

Boesyc 2(64 Tyclf{syc kctfy{syc bygl ~naggm- i fec fhk hcoeaigsyaggk {tc

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc 6 !9449/Hg{c0 [ac kf{f afrc icch ~lgg{ack(




9>>

Yf{c~ gb tyclf{syc cqo{ bygl ~naggm fyc aoeac~{- f{ fmm fec~- oh tggy- tyckglohfh{m ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk mguc~{ oh tyckglohfh{m uao{c hcoeaigsyaggk~( Yf{c~gb tyclf{syc cqo{ fyc aoeacy oh tggy ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ {afh oh lok,ohnglc

ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~- uacyc yf{c~ fyc oh {syh aoeacy {afh oh yona ngmgsyckhcoeaigsyaggk~( ôlomfym- yf{c~ fyc aoeacy oh rcy tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~{afh oh tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~( Is{ {ac~c yf{c~ oh Fbyonfh fycf~ ~sytf~~ {ag~coh lg~{ ngmgsyck fycf~ i {ac fec gb 94 gy ~g( Oh ~sllfy- rcy mfyec hslicy~ gb gmkcy fkgmc~nch{~ morohe oh tggy- ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ mcfrc ~naggm uo{ags{ flf{yon( ôlomfym mfyec hslicy~ gb {acoy tccy~ oh tggy fhk rcy tggy Fbyonfh fycf~kg ~g- fm{agsea {ac {chk {g ~tchk mghecy f{ ~naggm {yohe- s~sfmm uo{ags{ ~snnc~~-{g ycfna {acoy bohfm cfy fhk {g tf~~ lf{yon( O{ o~ ghm oh uao{c hcoeaigsyaggk~ {af{{acyc o~ hg ~oehobonfh{ tygimcl gb tyclf{syc cqo{ bygl ~naggm( [ac~c kf{f ~seec~{{af{ gshe tcgtmc morohe oh fmm tggy fycf~ {chk {g cqtcyochnc ‑bfomsyc‟ oh {ac bgylfm

cksnf{ogh fychf- is{ {af{ {ac tgoh{ gb nyo~o~ gnnsy~ cfymocy bgy {ag~c morohe oh ngmgsyckfycf~ {afh oh tyckglohfh{m Fbyonfh fycf~(

Folck ~tcnobonfmm f{ okch{obohe f~tcn{~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ icafrogsy {af{ ohbmschnc{acoy kctfy{syc bygl ~naggm- f {cfl bygl {ac Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh‟~ lckonfm~naggm nghksn{ck f tfhcm ~{sk oh uaona 6 ;54 aoea,~naggm tstom~ oh Nftc [guhngltmc{ck f ~cmb,yctgy{ vsc~{oghhfoyc {aycc {olc~ oh {ac tcyogk bygl 6??5- uach{ac ucyc oh eyfkc 1- {g 9446- uach {ag~c ~{omm f{ ~naggm ucyc oh eyfkc 69 !Bmo~acyc{ fm( 9464/( Kcbohohe ‑kygttohe gs{‟ f~ afrohe mcb{ ~naggm icbgyc {ac bohfm cfy gb aoea ~naggm !eyfkc 69/ gy hg{ afrohe efohck f lf{yon tf~~ oh 9446 gy 9449- {ao~ ~{sk folck {g bohk gs{ uac{acy kygttohe gs{ oh Nftc [guh nfh ic tyckon{ck i gshetcgtmc‟~ chefeclch{ oh fn{oro{oc~ {cylck ‑yo~j icafrogsy~‟- ~sna f~ ~lgjohe- fmngagmgy kyse s~c fhk ~cqsfm fn{oro{( [ac yf{oghfmc bgy {ac ohrc~{oef{ogh uf~ {ugbgmk0 aoeaycngykck yf{c~ gb {gifnng- fmngagm fhk kyse ngh~slt{ogh flghe ^gs{a Fbyonfhfkgmc~nch{~ !Bmo~acy c{ fm( 944;/- fhk crokchnc bygl aoea,ohnglc ngsh{yoc~ mohjohes~c gb {ac~c ~si~{fhnc~ {g tyclf{syc kctfy{syc bygl ~naggm !Fmgo~c,_gshe c{ fm(9449: Fycmmfhg c{ fm( 6??1: Ceecy{ " Acy{ohe 6??>/(

Bmo~acy‟~ chvsoy !Bmo~acy c{ fm( 944;/ oh{g {ac tg~~oimc tyckon{orc ohbmschnc~ gb rfyogs~ ‑yo~j icafrogsy~‟ ycrcfmck hg koycn{ nfs~fm mohj~ ic{ucch {ac s~c gb fmngagm- kyse~- gy ~cqsfmfn{oro{ fhk mcfrohe ~naggm cfym( [ac ghm ygis~{ f~~gnof{ogh bgshk uf~ uo{a {gifnng

s~c cfymocy oh mobc- is{ {ac fs{agy~ tygtg~c {ao~ {g ic fh fy{cbfn{ gb {ac {ug tachglchfgnnsyyohe f{ kobbcych{ kcrcmgtlch{fm ~{fec~ fhk icohe {yoeecyck ohkctchkch{m i g{acy~gnofm bfn{gy~- bgy cqfltmc ~gnofm hgyl~- fksm{ icafrogsy fhk fbboylf{ogh uo{aoh {acngllsho{ !Johe c{ fm( 944>/( Ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a g{acy mgheo{skohfm yc~cfyna oh{g ~naggmf{{yo{ogh- {ao~ ~{sk bgshk {af{ s~c gb fmngagm fhk kyse~ ngsmk hg{ ic f~~gnof{ck uo{amcfrohe ~naggm uach ngh~okcyck ohkctchkch{m gb bflom fhk fnfkclon ifnjeygshk-~naggm ngh{cq{- fnfkclon tcybgylfhnc- tccy ohbmschnc~ fhk fi~ch{cco~l !Cmmonj~gh c{fm( 6??1: Uona~{yñl 6??1/( F~ chmoea{chohe o~ {acoy bohkohe {af{ rfyofimc~ ycmf{ohe {g~naggm f{{chkfhnc fhk f{{fohlch{- aglc fhk bflom chroyghlch{~ !ohnmskohe ~gnog,cnghglon ~{f{s~/ fhk yc~okch{ofm fhk nfyc ao~{gyoc~ ucyc tygrck {g ic lgyc ngh~o~{ch{m

f~~gnof{ck uo{a „ fhk achnc tyckon{orc gb „ kygttohe gs{ {afh lg~{ gb {ac ~g,nfmmck ‑yo~j




9>;

icafrogsy~‟( [ac nghnmskc {af{ o{ o~ hg{ uac{acy f gshe tcy~gh kyohj~- ~lgjc~ gy af~afk ~cq {af{ o~ egohe {g lfjc f kobbcychnc- is{ {ac hf{syc gb {acoy tycrogs~ fhk nsyych{kglc~{on- ~naggmohe fhk hcoeaigsyaggk chroyghlch{~(

Oltgy{fh{ {g gsy ko~ns~~ogh o~ {af{ oh lg~{ gb {ac ~gnogmgeonfm fhk t~nagmgeonfmmo{cyf{sycfhk- ohkcck- oh {ac tgtsmfy s~c gb {ac {cyl ‑kygttohe gs{‟- gshe tcgtmc‟~kctfy{syc~ bygl ~naggm fyc rocuck f~ fihgylfm- nfs~ck i tggy kcno~ogh~ gh {acoytfy{ fhk yc~sm{ohe oh mfyecm hcef{orc ngh~cvschnc~( Oh {ac Rfmmc- f~ oh Nftc [guh f~f uagmc- ghm f lohgyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc crcy fn{sfmm uyo{c {ac lf{yon cqflohf{ogh!fhk crch bcucy tf~~ o{/( [ac s~sfm cqtcyochnc flghe gshe tcgtmc o~- {acycbgyc- {g‑kygt gs{‟ gb ~naggm „ {g s~c {ac tycrfmch{ tgtsmfy fhk fnfkclon ko~ngsy~c „ f{ ~glctgoh{ icbgyc lf{yonsmf{ohe(

^syrc~ ohkonf{c {ac lfeho{skc gb ~sna tyclf{syc cqo{~ bygl bgylfm ~naggmohe

fhk tgoh{ {g ncy{foh f~~gnof{ogh~ ic{ucch {ac aglc chroyghlch{ fhk cksnf{oghfmkcno~ogh,lfjohe( Is{ {ac fyc shfimc {g {yfnc {ac mohj~ ic{ucch cnghglon-oh{cytcy~ghfm fhk ~gnognsm{syfm bfn{gy~ fhk gshe tcgtmc‟~ cksnf{oghfm nfyccy~- gy {gtygrokc {ac ~si`cn{orc oh{cytyc{f{ogh~ hcnc~~fy {g shkcy~{fhk {ac kcno~ogh~ lfkc i tfych{~ fhk gshe tcgtmc {acl~cmrc~ figs{ ~naggm f{{chkfhnc( Uc hgu {syh {g {acc{ahgeyftaon kf{f bgy oh~oea{ oh{g {ac tcy~tcn{orc~ gb gshe tcgtmc ycefykohe {acoylg{orf{ogh~ {g mcfrc gy yclfoh oh ~naggmfhk {g {ac tcy~ghfm ngh~cvschnc~ gb cfnangsy~c gb fn{ogh oh tfy{onsmfy bflomofm fhk ngllsho{ ngh{cq{~(

F~ uc loea{ cqtcn{- mcfrohe ~naggm icbgyc gy ksyohe ghc‟~ cfym {cch~ o~ cqtcyochnckkobbcych{m fhk af~ kobbcych{ ngh~cvschnc~ {g {ac ~flc kcno~ogh lfkc oh mf{c

fkgmc~nchnc( Bgy {ao~ ycf~gh- uc tyc~ch{ f nf~c ~{sk gb f 6>,cfy,gmk tyolfy,~naggmtstom oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uag mcb{ ~naggm {cltgyfyom fhk {ac yc~tgh~c~ gb {ag~cfygshk acy( Acy cqtcyochnc~ fyc hg{ ko~~olomfy {g {ag~c gb tyolfy,~naggm tstom~ ucugyjck uo{a oh Gncfh Rocu uag lo~~ck mghe tcyogk~ gb ~naggm( Uc {ach f{{chk {g{ac cqtcyochnc~ fhk tcy~tcn{orc~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ ycefykohe {ac rfyogs~ bfn{gy~ {af{ohbmschnc {acoy kcno~ogh,lfjohe f{ {ao~ ~{fec gb mobc(

[aoy{cch,cfy,gmk Moamc uf~ kc~nyoick i acy {cfnacy f{ {ac tyolfy ~naggm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc f~ ‑f eggk tstom uag af~ hg tygimcl~‟( âc `gohck {ac fy{ nmsi ch{as~of~{onfmm- is{ fb{cy f bcu uccj~ uf~ ~tgyfkon oh

acy f{{chkfhnc( Acy nmf~~lf{c~ cqtmfohck {af{ ~ac afk hg{ f{{chkck ~naggmbgy lsna gb {ac tycrogs~ {ug lgh{a~( âgy{m fb{cyufyk~- Moamc ~fu s~ufmjohe oh {ac ~{ycc{ hcfy acy aglcfhk yfh oh {ac gttg~o{c koycn{ogh(Acy {cfnacy- ghc gb {ac bcu uagl tstom~ kc~nyoick f~ f{{ch{orc fhk nfyoheuo{a yc~tcn{ {g {acoy aglc morc~- {gmk s~ {af{ ~ac afk hg{onck Moamc‟~fi~chnc fhk ~ch{ {ug gb acy byochk~ {g acy aglc {g lfjc fh chvsoy fhkchngsyfec acy {g yc{syh {g ~naggm( Uach {ao~ ro~o{ kok hg{ icfy byso{- ~acf~jck f bcmmgu {cfnacy {g kg {ac ~flc- is{ Moamc kok hg{ yc{syh(

F bcu uccj~ mf{cy- afrohe efohck acy nghbokchnc- uc ~f{ uo{a Moamc oh{ac aglc ~ac ~afyc~ uo{a acy eyfhklg{acy fhk eycf{,eyfhklg{acy „ f

{oh- kfyj ~afnj ngh{fohohe {ug ~lfmm- ~ohemc ick~- f nyf{c fhk f ~{grc




9>3

uo{a hg jcyg~chc( Uc naf{{ck figs{ acy bflom( Acy bf{acy afk yclfyyockfhk hgu morc~ oh Gncfh Rocu: acy lg{acy kock gb [I {ac tycrogs~ cfy:fhk acy cmkcy iyg{acy kyorc~ {fqo~ fhk ro~o{~ oh{cylo{{ch{m( Uach O f~jck

uac{acy ~ac uf~ aftt f{ ~naggm ~ac uf~ ~omch{ bgy f mghe {olc- {ach~fok {af{ ~ac ufh{ck {g ngh{ohsc acy ~naggmohe- is{ uo~ack {g lgrcbygl {ac mgnfm ~naggm {g ghc oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk {g lgrc oh uo{a acybf{acy( [ac tygimcl- ~ac ~fok- uf~ {af{ acy ~{ctlg{acy kok hg{ ucmnglcacy oh {acoy aglc( Fhk fm{agsea Moamc lfkc hg lch{ogh gb kobbonsm{oc~f{ aglc {af{ tyglt{ck acy {g ngh~okcy g{acy ~naggm gt{ogh~- uc mcfyh{bygl hcoeaigsy~ gb acy eyfhklg{acy‟~ ycnch{ acfr kyohjohe fhk gb {acoybycvsch{ mfnj gb bggk( [acyc ucyc fm~g yslgsy~ {af{ Moamc afk ~{fy{ck {gkyohj fhk ~lgjc nfhhfio~( Acy eyfhklg{acy yctgy{ck agu fhey Moamcuf~ uach ~ac bgshk gs{ {af{ acy {cfnacy~ ~s~tcn{ acy gb s~ohe kyse~(

âc fm~g ~fok {af{ Moamc uf~ hg mghecy ngllshonf{ohe uo{a acy( Hco{acy~ac hgy fh g{acy lclicy gb Moamc‟~ bflom afk icch {g ~naggm {g ko~ns~~{ac ~o{sf{ogh f{ aglc gy {acoy nghncyh~ figs{ Moamc( ^glcuaf{ {g gsy~sytyo~c- Moamc yc{syhck {g ~naggm f uccj mf{cy uo{ags{ fh fkko{oghfmoh{cyrch{ogh bygl {cfnacy~ gy gsy~cmrc~(

Moamc‟~ kcno~ogh {g yc{syh {g ~naggm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uf~ lfkc shkcy chgylgs~tyc~~syc {g kg ~g bygl acy bflom- {cfnacy~ „ fhk- shuo{{ohem- gsy~cmrc~( Acy guhtygtg~ck ~gms{ogh {g acy tygimcl~ oh ~s~{fohohe f{{chkfhnc f{ {ac mgnfm ~naggm-hflcm {g yceo~{cy f{ f ~naggm oh Gncfh Rocu- uf~ ygshkm ko~lo~~ck f~ oltyfn{onfmfhk bggmo~a i acy {cfnacy0

Moamc af~ icch tcybgylohe ucmm fhk af~ afk hg tygimcl~ acyc( [ac ~naggmo~ hcfy acy aglc fhk ~ac o~ mcfyhohe oh acy guh mfhesfec: ua ugsmk ~acufh{ {g eg cm~cuacyc7 ![cfnacy- Lf~otaslcmcmc Tyolfy ^naggm/

Yc{syhohe {g ~naggm uf~ {ac ic~{ uf bgy Moamc {g vscmm yslgsy~ figs{ acy bflom‟~cq{yclc lf{cyofm kctyorf{ogh fhk acy s~c gb kyse~ fhk fmngagm( I nghbgylohe{g {ac~c cqtcn{f{ogh~- Moamc o~ {acgyc{onfmm oh f ~{yghecy tg~o{ogh {g ~snncckcksnf{oghfmm( Is{ acy yc{syh {g ~naggm lcfh{ {af{- fm{agsea {ac ‑tygimcl‟ !f~kcbohck bygl f ~naggmohe tgoh{ gb rocu/ uf~ ~gmrck- {ac bshkflch{fm o~~sc~ fbbcn{oheig{a acy echcyfm ucmm,icohe fhk- {acycbgyc- acy fiomo{ {g mcfyh f{ ~naggm ucyc hg{

fkkyc~~ck( [ac~c ghegohe tygimcl~ fyc mojcm {g shkcylohc Moamc‟~ nafhnc~ gb {ayorohe f{ ~naggm- lcfhohe {af{ ~ac lf ucmm ch{cy aoea ~naggm shkcy,tyctfyck fhkoh f ko~fkrfh{feck tg~o{ogh(

[ac bfn{ {af{ hghc gb Moamc‟~ bflom lclicy~ afk crcy ro~o{ck {ac ~naggm gy {yock{g {fmj {g {cfnacy~ figs{ Moamc‟~ {ysfhn gy {acoy aglc noynsl~{fhnc~ tgoh{~ {g {acko~cltgucyck tg~o{ogh gb rcy tggy tfych{,boesyc~( Bsy{acylgyc- {acyc o~ hg ~naggm~gnofm ugyjcy oh {ac tyolfy ~naggm~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- fhk {actfy{,{olc HEG,bshkck ~gnofm ugyjcy oh Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm ~{yseemc~{g yc~tghk {g {ac mfyec hslicy~ gb tstom~ fhk tfych{~ uo{a ngltmcq ~gnofm o~~sc~(

Oh ~sna ngh{cq{~- {ac fn{ogh~ gb ohkoroksfm {cfnacy~ tmf f nyo{onfm ygmc oh okch{obohe




9>2

fhk yc~tghkohe {g tstom~‟ tygimcl~ f{ aglc( Agucrcy- Moamc‟~ nf~c ~{sk ohkonf{c~{ac molo{f{ogh~ gb ~sna yc~tgh~c~ uach {ac ygg{~ gb {ac tygimcl moc oh ~crcyc-nayghon tgrcy{: {ac rfmsc gb ~naggm f{{chkfhnc o~ shvsc~{oghck i {cfnacy~ fhk {ac

hcoeaigsyaggk nsm{syc: fhk naomkych‟~ guh f~~c~~lch{~ gb f ic{{cy fm{cyhf{orc fycyfycm {fjch ~cyogs~m(

[cfnacy~ fhk tstom~ oh Gncfh Rocu lfkc bycvsch{ ycbcychnc {g {ac ‑yskc‟ icafrogsygb tstom~ fhk nghbygh{f{oghfm yc~tgh~c~ i {cfnacy~( Fhk fm{agsea {ac ycmf{ogh~aot~ucyc hg{ crokch{ {g gshecy naomkych f{ {ac {olc- gmkcy fkgmc~nch{~ ycnfmmohe {acoycfym ~naggm cqtcyochnc~ lfkc mohj~ oh yc{yg~tcn{ ic{ucch tggy,vsfmo{ ycmf{ogh~aot~oh {ac aglc fhk {acoy guh kc~{ysn{orc icafrogsy oh {ac nmf~~yggl( Tstom~‟ cbbgy{~ {gbohk {ac clg{oghfm nghhcn{ogh~ fhk yc~tgh~c~ {ac mfnjck f{ aglc uo{aoh {ac ~naggm~tacyc yc~sm{ck oh nghbygh{f{ogh fhk tsho~alch{- uaona {ach bsy{acy shkcylohck{acoy nghbokchnc fhk fiomo{ {g mcfyh( Ghc gshe yc~cfynacy morohe oh Gncfh Rocunag~c {g oh{cyrocu ao~ 99,cfy,gmk iyg{acy figs{ ao~ ~naggm cqtcyochnc~ ksyohe ao~lok,{cch~ fhk ao~ kcno~ogh {g mcfrc cfym0

_gshe yc~cfynacy0 Uaf{ ucyc {ac nafmmchec~ gs afk {g bfnc uaomcgs ucyc f{ ~naggm- ~f bygl tyolfy ~naggm fhk gsy bcu lgh{a~ gb aoea ~naggm7

Cmkcy iyg{acy0 Oh tyolfy ~naggm o{ uf~ f~ ob {ac {cfnacy~ `s~{ ufh{ {g {cmmgs uaf{ {g kg crch {agsea gs jhgu gsy ~naggm ugyj- f~ {ac ~oy {fsea{gs fmycfk uaf{ gs ~agsmk kg( Fhk ~glc{olc~ {ac {cfnacy~ {cmm~ gs-‑kgh‟{ gsy tfych{~ {cfna gs lfhhcy~ f{ aglc7‟ Uacyc o{ nglc~ bygl o~

fm~g ~glc{olc~ uacyc gshe~{cy~ kgh‟{ bohk mgrc f{ aglc- hgu {ac {y {g ec{ o{ f{ ~naggm( Is{ {ach gs ~{omm kgh‟{ ec{ o{ ‟nfs~c crcy {olc gsytfych{~ ec{ ngh{fn{ck {ach Z{ac {cfnacy~\ ~f gs kok ~glc{aohe uyghe-uacycf~ gs {yock {g kg ~glc{aohe eggk( !^{cbfh- feck 96- Gncfh Rocu/

Moamc‟~ fhk ̂ {cbfh‟~ cqtcyochnc~ ~tcfj gb {ac ngh~cvschnc~ gb tf~{ fhk nsyych{ lf{cyofmtgrcy{ fhk ~gnofm lfyeohfmo~f{ogh {af{ oh{cyfn{ {g shkcylohc {ac nghbokchnc fhklg{orf{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc fhk {ac ycfkohc~~ gb {cfnacy~ fhk tfych{~ {g gbbcy~sttgy{( ^sna ngh~cvschnc~ rcy cf~om yc~sm{ oh {ac ronogs~ nnmc gb cksnf{oghfmshkcyfnaocrclch{ ycbcyyck {g cfymocy- fhk fh shkcylohohe gb ~cmb,c~{ccl {af{ ~{fhk~

{g afrc oltmonf{ogh~ icghk {ac cksnf{oghfm ~tacyc(Tcy{ohch{ {g {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb gshe tcgtmc iycfjohe {ao~ nnmc o~ {ac bfn{ {af{ tstom~uag lo~~ f bcu kf~ gy uccj~ gb ~naggm ~cc {ao~ f~ f {cltgyfy ~{yf{ce yf{acy {afhf tmfhhck tycnsy~gy {g cfym kctfy{syc( Is{ yc~sm{~ gb f ycnch{ ~syrc flghe aoea,~naggm tstom~ oh Nftc [guh ~aguck {af{- f~ cm~cuacyc oh {ac ugymk- uo{akyfufm bygl~naggm uf~ gb{ch tycnckck i ohnycf~ck fi~ch{cco~l !Fmcqfhkcy c{ fm( 9446: Icko "Lfy~afmm 9449: Bmo~acy c{ fm( 9464: Yslicyecy 6??3/( [acycbgyc- cfym kctfy{syc bygl~naggm ~agsmk hg{ ic ~cch f~ f ko~nyc{c crch{- is{ f~ tfy{ gb f tygnc~~ oh uaona f naomko~ yc~tghkohe {g f rfyoc{ gb tyc~~syc~ uo{aoh {ac aglc fhk ~naggmfhk lf „ mojcMoamc „ ic f{{clt{ohe fm{cyhf{orc uf~ gb ~cnsyohe fh cksnf{ogh yf{acy {afh yc`cn{ohe

~naggm fm{gec{acy( Moamc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ fm~g icfy {c~{olgh hg{ ghm {g {ac oltfn{ gb




9>5

eyohkohe tgrcy{ gh ~naggm f{{chkfhnc- is{ fm~g {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ {chfno{ oh bohkohe{ac lcfh~ gb ngh{ohsohe {acoy cksnf{ogh( Acy oh{ch{ogh {g lgrc fhk chygm oh fhg{acy~naggm o~ f eggk cqfltmc( Fksm{~‟ yc~tgh~c~ {g ~sna cbbgy{~ gb{ch ec{ oh {ac uf(

Cnghglon fhk ycmf{ogh~aot tygimcl~ f{ aglc fm~g oltohec gh {ac ~naggmohecqtcyochnc~ gb naomkych cksnf{ck oh Bo~a Agcj- fbbcn{ohe tstom tcybgylfhnc fhk~glc{olc~ {acoy f{{chkfhnc( [ac~c tygimcl~ yfycm tcy~o~{ shf{{chkck icnfs~c-shmojc ~naggm~ oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~- Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ afrc {ac bohfhnofm fhkkckonf{ck aslfh yc~gsync~ frfomfimc bgy yc~tghkohe oh f bgylfm lfhhcy( [ac lokkmc~naggm gyefho~c~ bycc mshnac~ bgy tstom~ uag~c tfych{~ nfhhg{ fbbgyk {g tygrokc ghc(Tstom~ uag ~{yseemc {g tcybgyl fnfkclonfmm gy icafrc ko~yst{orcm fyc eorch cfym,lgyhohe {so{ogh gy fkko{oghfm ~tgy{~ tyfn{onc- fhk ycesmfy lcc{ohe~ fyc acmk uo{atfych{~( Esokfhnc {cfnacy~ afrc mohj~ {g tygbc~~oghfm t~nagmgeo~{~ fhk ngsh~cmmgy~uag fyc s~sfmm fbbgykfimc {g tfych{~(

Nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a fkgmc~nch{~ {acl~cmrc~ oh {ac sttcy cfy~ gb Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc aoea ~naggm~ ycrcfm bsy{acy bfn{gy~ {af{ fyc oltgy{fh{ oh kcno~ogh~figs{ ~naggmohe( Fkgmc~nch{~ bycvsch{m ycbcy {g ‑eggk byochk~‟ fhk ‑ifk byochk~‟([ac ~tgjc gb {ac oltgy{fhnc gb nagg~ohe {ac bgylcy- is{ frgokohe {ac mf{{cy icnfs~c{ac uomm tcy~sfkc ghc {g kg ‑ifk {aohe~‟- ~sna f~ ishjohe ~naggm gy {fjohe kyse~(Fhk- mojc fksm{~ oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~- {ac lfkc emoi fhk tc`gyf{orc ycbcychnc~{g tccy tyc~~syc uach ko~ns~~ohe ‑kygttohe gs{‟- nghrcohe {ac oltyc~~ogh gb ftycrfomohe gs{a nsm{syc {af{ cqcy{~ f {yclchkgs~ tyc~~syc {g yc`cn{ ~naggm(

_gs ~cc- ~glc{olc~ {ach gs {aohj bgy gsy~cmb ‑O kgh‟{ bccm mojc f{{chkohe

{ao~ tfy{onsmfy nmf~~‟( Hgu o{ nglc~ {g {ac nghnms~ogh gs afrc f byochk-gs afrc f mg{ gb byochk~: {ac {cmm gs- ‑L byochk- O kgh‟{ bccm mojc egohe{g nmf~~‟ fhk gs fm~g ngh~okcy hg{ {g ufh{ {g eg {g nmf~~ fhk hgu gs eguo{a {acl- yoea{( O afrc f noefyc{{c fhk {ach uc‟mm eg ~lgjc o{ oh {ac yggb gy uc eg fhk ~{fhk fefoh~{ {ac ~naggm bchnc fhk ~tcfj f mg{ gb hgh~ch~cfigs{ {ac {cfnacy~ „ {ao~ ghc af~ f ifmk acfk gy {ao~ ghc uo{a emf~~c~ fhkfmm {ac~c {aohe~( !Ckufyk- ig- feck 99- Gncfh Rocu/

NFT^ bgshk {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ uag ~{gttck ~{skohe yctgy{ck {af{ {acoy byochk~afk hg{ chngsyfeck {acl {g ngh{ohsc ~{skohe- fhk {af{ bcu gb {acoy byochk~ afk

ngh{ohsck( [ao~ uf~ oh ngh{yf~{ {g {ag~c fkgmc~nch{~ uag afk ngh{ohsck ~{skohe(Oh lg~{ nf~c~- fkgmc~nch{~ uag ucyc hg{ chngsyfeck i {acoy byochk~ ucyc fm~g hg{chngsyfeck i {acoy tfych{~( Is{ ~glc gb {ac fkgmc~nch{~ uag afk ~{gttck ~{skoheyctgy{ck {af{ {acoy tfych{~ afk ufh{ck {acl {g ngh{ohsc- uaom~{ {acoy byochk~ afkhg{ chngsyfeck {acl( [ao~ ~seec~{~ hg{ ghm {af{ byochk~ cqcy{ ~glc ohbmschnc ghfkgmc~nch{~‟ kcno~ogh~- is{ fm~g {af{ {acoy ohts{~ nfh ic lgyc oltgy{fh{ crch {afh{ag~c gb {acoy tfych{~(

Eorch {ac gttgy{sho{ {g cqtmfoh {acoy cqtcyochnc~ oh lgyc kc{fom- gshe tcgtmc ~fok{af{ byochk~ ~glc{olc~ chngsyfec acfr kyohjohe- kyse s~c- ~cqsfm tyglo~nso{ fhk~jottohe nmf~~c~- uaona bgy rfyogs~ ycf~gh~ shkcylohc {acoy fnfkclon tcybgylfhnc

fhk {acoy fiomo{ {g ~s~{foh f ~naggm nfyccy( Tstom~ oh {acoy bohfm cfy f{ Gncfh Rocu




9>1

^cnghkfy ^naggm lch{oghck nmf~~lf{c~ uag ~glc{olc~ ~jottck {acoy guh nmf~~c~{g ~tchk {olc uo{a {acoy eoymbyochk~ gy igbyochk~ oh g{acy nmf~~c~( Fhk tstom~ fnyg~~{ac Rfmmc cqtmfohck {af{ {acoy ohfiomo{oc~ {g nghnch{yf{c f{ ~naggm fhk {acoy {oyckhc~~

oh {ac nmf~~yggl yc~sm{ck bygl mf{c,hoea{ kyohjohe fhk tfy{ohe- uaona lf gylf hg{ ohrgmrc nf~sfm kyse s~c( Fkgmc~nch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmcucyc tfy{onsmfym rgnfm figs{ {ac ohngltf{oiomo{ ic{ucch tccy,eygst ycmf{ogh~aot~-ohnmskohe kf{ohefhk fnaocrohe cksnf{oghfm fhk nfyccy egfm~( Ig{a Mchgyc !vsg{ckicmgu/ fhk Namgc ~fu {acl~cmrc~ f~ fnaocrohe fnfkclonfmm- f{{chkohe shorcy~o{ fhkafrohe f ~snnc~~bsm bs{syc nfyccy0

O hg{ uo~a {g afrc f ycmf{ogh~aot f{ {ao~ tgoh{ oh l mobc( O bccm mojc ob O ucyc{g ec{ oh{g f ycmf{ogh~aot hgu- o{ uomm ko~{yfn{ lcfhk {ach O ugsmk ic mojcgbb {ac ygfk gb uacyc O ufh{ {g ic( !Mchgyc- eoym- feck 62- Gncfh Rocu/

Fkgmc~nch{~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc bycvsch{m ycbcyyck {g {acoy tcy~ghfm bfo{a fhklclicy~aot gb f ycmoeogs~ ngllsho{ oh nghrcy~f{ogh~ figs{ {acoy yc~tgh~c~ {g {ackclfhk~ gb ~naggmohe fhk {ac tg~~oiomo{oc~ gb bfomsyc( NFT^ bgshk {af{ fkgmc~nch{~uag tfy{onotf{ck oh nasyna eygst~ ucyc ~oehobonfh{m mc~~ mojcm {g kygt gs{ gb ~naggm(Oh{cyhf{oghfmm- ycmoeogs~ ohrgmrclch{ af~ icch bgshk {g ycksnc {ac mojcmoaggk gb ~si~{fhnc fis~c oh fkgmc~nchnc !Jgchoe 9446: Lf{{acu c{ fm( 6??1/ fhk icafrogsy{cylck ‑kcmohvsch{‟ !Tcfync c{ fm( 944>/( _gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc uo{a ycmoeogs~icmocb~ ycefyk {ac~c f~ torg{fm oh lfoh{fohohe ~cmb,c~{ccl fhk lfhfeohe ig{a {acoyguh fhk g{acy~‟ cqtcn{f{ogh~( [ac kyfu ~sttgy{ bygl {ac bfn{ {af{ {acoy icmocb~ fhk{ac~c f~~gnof{ck rfmsc~ fyc ~afyck i f{ mcf~{ f tgy{ogh gb {acoy tccy eygst- bflom fhk

ngllsho{( Tcy~ghfm bfo{a gb{ch tmf~ f rcy ~tcnofm ygmc oh tygrokohe fh fm{cyhf{orcbyflcugyj bgy shkcy~{fhkohe ‑bfomsyc‟ fhk mceo{olo~ohe g{acy ygs{c~ {g bgylfm~naggmohe- tfy{onsmfym oh f aoea,tyc~~syc chroyghlch{ „ mojc {ac bohfm {ug cfy~ f{Bo~a Agcj ^chogy Aoea ^naggm0

O eg{ {g eyfkc 66- `s~{ ifycm- is{ O lfkc o{( O uf~ kycfkohe egohe ifnj oh 944;- icnfs~c gb icohe lgnjck- icnfs~c O uf~ {ac eoym uag ngsmkh‟{afhkmc {ac tyc~~syc( [ac chk gb {ac eyfkc,66 cfy nflc fhk O kok bfom(Is{ O afk fmycfk kcnokck O uf~h‟{ egohe ifnj oh 9443- O afk afk chgsea&O{ uf~ mojc O uf~ icohe esokck {g mcfrc( O icmocrc ob Egk nmg~c~ f kggy- acgtch~ f uohkgu( ^g O {agsea{ O fl egohe {g mcfrc ~naggm fhk {y {g bohk f

`gi( !Mcfhhc- eoym- feck 65- Bo~a Agcj/

_gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu lfkc rcy bycvsch{ ycbcychnc {g{acoy ngh{ohsohe ~{yseemc {g yc~o~{ {ac ohro{f{ogh~ gb byochk~ {g tfy{onotf{c oh ~g,nfmmck‑ifk‟ fn{oro{oc~- oh gykcy {g lfoh{foh f nfyccy tf{a fhk okch{o{ gyoch{f{ck {gufyk~cksnf{ogh( Ycmoeogs~ icmocb~ fhk tfy{onotf{ogh oh nasyna ~cyronc~ gy gs{a eygst~ucyc ngh~okcyck acmtbsm oh kcbohohe {acoy okch{o{oc~ uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst fhk {acoyf~~gnof{ck nagonc gb f mobc~{mc nghksnorc {g {ac cksnf{oghfm tf{auf( ^glc tyc~ch{ck{ac nagonc f~ ghc gb {ug gttg~ohe cq{yclc~ gb icafrogsy fhk ~gnofm oh{cyfn{oghuo{a{ac yc~sm{ohe tg{ch{ofm bgy g~{yfno~l uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst- is{ bgy {ac ~s~{chfhnc gb

tcy~ghfm oh{ceyo{( [ac bgmmguohe cqncyt{ bygl f gshe yc~cfynacy‟~ oh{cyrocu uo{aacy bclfmc nmf~~lf{c kclgh~{yf{c~ {acoy ls{sfm ~ch~c gb {ug ko~{ohn{ tf{auf~0




9>?

_gshe yc~cfynacy0 Uaf{ lfjc~ gs kobbcych{ bygl g{acy {cch~7

Pspouc0 [ac bfn{ {af{ O kgh‟{ kyohj- ~lgjc fhk ic ohrgmrck oh

ycmf{ogh~aot~ icnfs~c O fl hg{ fmmguck {g( [ac ghm {aohe O kg o~ ycfk{ac Ioimc- tyf fhk eg {g nasyna(

_gshe yc~cfynacy0 Kg gs i fh nafhnc ec{ hcef{oro{ byglbcmmgu tstom~7

Pspouc0 _c~- f mg{( [ac {aohj {af{ ob gs fyc ~frck gy ob gs ~{yghem icmocrc {af{ Egk o~ {acyc fhk gs ufh{ {g ugy~aot aol- {ac {aohj gs fyclfk fhk gs kgh‟{ jhgu uaf{‟~ eggk figs{ mobc(

_gshe yc~cfynacy0 Af~ {acyc icch {olc~ uach gs ucyc `s~{ {aohjohe {af{{ac hcef{oro{ fygshk o~ {gg lsna {af{ lfjc gs ufhhf ~{gt7

Pspouc0 _c~- f mg{ gb {olc~ uach- bgy cqfltmc- O lfjc lo~{fjc~ fhk tcgtmc~f0 ‑Agu nfh fh fhecm kg {af{7‟ [af{ lfjc~ lc bccm O ufhhf ~{gt- is{bflom ~sttgy{ jcct~ lc egohe(

_gshe yc~cfynacy0 Kg gs bccm gs fyc ~{fhkohe ~{yghem gh uaf{gs icmocrc7

Pspouc0 O kg- ‟nfs~c ob O uf~h‟{ ~{yghe gh l icmocb~ fhk ycmoeogh O ugsmkafrc eorch st f mghe {olc feg( !Pspouc- eyfkc,69 tstom- Lf~otaslcmcmcAoea ^naggm/

Ko~ngsy~c gb {ao~ hf{syc nycf{c~ fhk ~s~{foh~ f lgyfm konag{gl- korokohe byochk~ fhktsy~so{~ uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst oh{g {ug nf{cegyoc~- hflcm ‑eggk‟ fhk ‑ifk‟( ^sna fkonag{gl o~ acmtbsm bgy fkgmc~nch{~ oh shkcytcybgylohe ~naggm~ gy uag fyc shkcy{yclchkgs~ tyc~~syc {g ~snncck icnfs~c o{ tygrokc~ f lcfh~ gb lfhfeohe {ac fhglfm gb mgu f{{fohlch{ kc~to{c f{{chkfhnc fhk cbbgy{0 tggy tcybgylfhnc o~ f{{yois{ck {gufufyk icafrogsy gb{ch ohbmschnck i byochk~( Fhk ghc ngh~cvschnc gb {ao~ o~ {af{ o{tmfnc~ imflc gh {ac tccy eygst fhk fh ohkoroksfm‟~ yc~tgh~c {g o{- fhk kcbmcn{~ f{{ch{oghfuf bygl tygimcl~ f{ ~naggmoh {ac aglc gy hcoeaigsyaggk f{ mfyec(

Gb{ch aokkch uo{aoh f ko~ngsy~c gb {ac hcef{orc ohbmschnc~ gb byochk~ o~ gshetcgtmc‟~ ycngeho{ogh {af{ byochk~aot~ nfhfhk gb{ch kg- igm~{cy naomkych‟~ cksnf{oghfm

cqtcyochnc~( F mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb tstom~ oh {ac bohfm cfy~ gb ~naggm oh Lf~otaslcmcmc-fhk f ~lfmmcy tygtgy{ogh gb {ag~c oh Gncfh Rocu- ucyc tfy{ gb ghc gy lgyc ~si`cn{,~tcnobon ‑~{sk eygst~‟( C~{fimo~ack i tstom~- {ac~c eygst~ lcc{ ycesmfym oh ghclclicy‟~ aglc gy {ac mgnfm moiyfy fhk tygrokc f bgysl bgy kgohe aglcugyj fhktyctfyohe bgy {c~{~( [ac fkronc fhk chngsyfeclch{ gb byochk~ oh {ac~c ~clo,bgylfm~c{{ohe~- f~ ucmm f~ oh crcykf nmf~~yggl oh{cyfn{oghucyc nmcfym nyo{onfm {g lfh naomkych‟~ fiomo{oc~ {g jcct st uo{a {acoy ugyj fhk tf~~ oh{cyhfm cqflohf{ogh~( Is{ {accksnf{oghfm molo{f{ogh~ gb {ac~c eygst~ fyc crokch{ oh {ac rcy mgu lf{yon tf~~ yf{c~(Bgy- crch uach lgyc jhgumckecfimc byochk~ fyc tyctfyck {g ~tchk {olc fhk chcye cqtmfohohe ugyj- {ac fyc shmojcm {g jhgu chgsea {g bomm fh eft~ oh nmf~~yggl

{cfnaohe( [ac~c molo{f{ogh~ f~okc- i tygrokohe fh fychf {af{ ngliohc~ mcfyhohe fhk




9;4

tccy oh{cyfn{ogh- {ac~c eygst~ acmt {cchfecy~ ~{f lg{orf{ck crch ob {ac kg hg{ bsmm shkcy~{fhk {ac ugyj( Ghc cqtmfhf{ogh bgy {ac tcy~o~{ch{m aoea f{{chkfhnc yf{c~ oh {acsttcy cfy~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm o~ {af{ tstom~ fyc igm~{cyck i {acoy tccy~

!f~ ucmm f~ {acoy tfych{~ fhk ~glc {cfnacy~/- is{ fyc mfyecm shfufyc gb {ac molo{~ gb {acoy jhgumckec oh ycmf{ogh {g uaf{ o~ ycvsoyck {g tf~~ {acoy bohfm tsimon cqflohf{ogh(

Bohfmm- tccy,eygst oh{cyfn{ogh o~ cqtcyochnck f~ {aycf{chohe i fkgmc~nch{~ fnyg~~{ac Rfmmc icnfs~c o{ af~ {ac tg{ch{ofm {g {ot fh oltgy{fh{ ~ligmon ifmfhnc0 mcfrohe~naggm o~ ~cch f~ eorohe st gh {ac shorcy~fmm rfmokf{ck ygs{c {g ~snnc~~ {aygseacksnf{oghfhk o~- {acycbgyc- ohkonf{orc gb fh shufh{ck nafhec oh mobc tf{a( Uachf~jck {g iyfoh~{gyl {ac nafmmchec~ {ac nsyych{m bfnc oh crcykf mobc- eyfkc,? tstom~oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~tgjc gb ‑hg{ fnaocrohe l kycfl~‟: ‑hg{ icohe fimc {g ~snncck ohl mobc‟: fhk ‑hg{ icnglohe ~glcghc‟- fhk mohjck {ac~c nafmmchec~ uo{a g{acy bcfy~-~sna f~ bfomohe f{ ~naggm gy tfych{~ icohe shfimc {g bohfhnc {acoy cksnf{ogh(

Tstom~ oh {ac aoeacy eyfkc~ f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm f{{yois{ck {ac lf`gyo{ gb {acoy byochk~‟ cfym kctfy{syc~ bygl ~naggm {g kyse s~c gy tycehfhn( F{ boy~{ emfhnc-{ac~c cqtmfhf{ogh~ ~ccl {g ngh{yfkon{ {ac bohkohe~ bygl ~syrc~ !~sna f~ NFT^ fhk{ac ~ctfyf{c tfhcm ~{sk ko~ns~~ck i Bmo~acy c{ fm( Z9464\/ icnfs~c gshe tcgtmckcbohc {ac~c icafrogsy~ f~ ohkctchkch{ nfs~c~ {g mcfrohe ~naggm tyclf{sycm( Is{ fnmg~cy mggj f{ {ac oh{cytcy~ghfm fhk ~gnognsm{syfm chroyghlch{~ oh uaona yc~tgh~c~{g gshe tcgtmc‟~ chefeclch{ oh {ac~c fn{oro{oc~ fyc lfkc ycrcfm~ {af{ {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk f{{o{skc~ {af{ cqo~{ uo{aoh {ac aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk ohbmschnc{ac uf~ oh uaona gshe tcgtmc rocu tfy{onsmfy fn{oro{oc~ f~ co{acy ngltf{oimc gy

ohngltf{oimc uo{a ~naggmohe- fhk {acoy f{{o{skc~ {gufyk~ ~naggm- {acoy f{{chkfhncfhk {acoy fnaocrclch{(

[cchfec tycehfhn yf{c~ oh fycf~ gb Nftc [guh mojc Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc ~olomfy{g {ag~c oh fycf~ mojc Gncfh Rocu- is{ o{ o~ lgyc ngllgh bgy gshe lg{acy~ oh{ac bgylcy {g yc{syh {g ~naggm {afh bgy {ag~c oh {ac mf{{cy fycf~( Gsy yc~cfyna oh{ac Rfmmc ~seec~{~ {af{ {ac lf`gyo{ gb tycehfhnoc~ fyc shtmfhhck- is{ ~glc eoym~‑nagg~c‟ tycehfhn f~ f lcfh~ gb lfjohe {ac {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk !~cc Naft{cy 5/([ac lfhhcy oh uaona ~naggm~ fhk tfych{~ {ycf{ tycehfh{ tstom~ fhk gshe lg{acy~ycncorck lsna lckof f{{ch{ogh oh cfym 9445 „ f kcif{c ~tfyjck i {ac f{{clt{ckycbs~fm gb ghc ~naggm oh Nftc [guhfhk {ac eoym‟~ tfych{~- {g fmmgu f tstom ifnj {g

~naggm fb{cy ~ac afk f ifi fhk eg{ lfyyock- fhk i f tygtg~ck hcu ysmc tygaoio{ohetycehfh{ tstom~ bygl yc{syhohe {g ~naggm bgy ghc gy {ug cfy~ fb{cy eorohe ioy{a(

Tycehfh{ tstom~ oh ig{a Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc {ac gi`cn{~ gb {cf~ohebygl tccy~ fhk {fno{ ko~fttygrfm bygl fksm{~( Fhk uaomc ~glc fyc oh~{ysn{ck i tfych{~ {g mcfrc ~naggm oh gykcy {g ~ccj ugyj fhk tf bgy {acoy ohbfh{~‟ hcck~- lfh afrc uokcy gt{ogh~( F hslicy gb eoym~ uo{a uagl uc ugyjck oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {ggj ~crcyfm lgh{a~ gbb ~naggm grcy {ac tcyogk gb {ac ifi‟~ ioy{a- {ach yc{syhck {g {ac~flc nmf~~ fhk ngh{ohsck {g cqtyc~~ aoea cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb {acoy cksnf{oghfm nfyccy0

Oh{cyrocucy0 Agu kok {cfnacy~ fhk gsy bcmmgu ~{skch{~ yc~tghk {g

gsy tycehfhn7




9;6

Hg~fheg0 ^{skch{~ nycf{ck `gjc~ gh lc- ~fohe- ‑Agu nfh f naomk gb f ~frck tcy~gh ec{ tycehfh{7‟ O `s~{ oehgyck {acl( [ac {cfnacy~ ~fokhg{aohe- f~ ob hg{aohe afttchck(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Uaf{ fyc gsy agtc~'kycfl~ bgy gsy bs{syc7

Hg~fheg0 O ufh{ l ~gh {g ec{ lgyc cksnf{oghbgy aol {g ic cksnf{ckfm{agsea O‟l hg{ ~syc uaf{ O ufh{ aol {g ic oh {ac bs{syc( O ufh{ aol {gmggj fb{cy lc icnfs~c hgu O‟l mggjohe fb{cy fhk {fjohe nfyc gb aol( Bgyl~cmb- O ufh{ {g ic f lckonfm kgn{gy( L ~si`cn{~ fyc ta~on~- lf{a~ fhkiogmge fhk O fl rcy eggk f{ {acl(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Uaf{ kg gs {aohj o~ hcnc~~fy {g chfimc gs {g fnaocrcgsy kycfl~7

Hg~fheg0 [g ugyj afyk f{ ~naggm ~g {af{ O nfh ec{ rcy eggk yc~sm{~f{ eyfkc 69 fhk {af{‟~ {ac uf {g shorcy~o{ {g ~{sk lckonohc- {g ic flckonfm tyfn{o{oghcy(

Oh{cyrocucy0 Kg gs afrc fh nghncyh~ figs{ gsy guh gy gsynaomk‟~ bs{syc7

Hg~fheg0 Hg- O fl hg{ ugyyock figs{ l bs{syc hgy figs{ l naomk‟~icnfs~c O jhgu ac uomm ec{ uaf{ ac ufh{~ fhk ic uaf{ ac ufh{~ {g ic oh{ac bs{syc( !Hg~fheg- feck 62- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

_gshe lg{acy~ uag lfhfeck {g yc{syh {g ~naggm uo{ags{ yctcf{ohe f eyfkc kc~nyoick

{ac tyfn{onfm fhk clg{oghfm ~sttgy{ tygrokck i tfy{hcy~- byochk~- bflom fhk {cfnacy~(Oh Hg~fheg‟~ nf~c- acy lg{acy mggjck fb{cy acy ohbfh{ ksyohe ~naggm agsy~: acy igbyochkngh{yois{ck {g {ac ng~{ gb ifi nmg{ac~ fhk ohbfh{ bgylsmf: ncy{foh {cfnacy~ fhk bcmmgutstom~ ch~syck {af{ aglcugyj {f~j~ ucyc {fjch {g fhk bygl acy aglc: fhk acy byochk~cqtmfohck {ac ~naggm ugyj uach hcnc~~fy( ^sna cqfltmc~ gb tyfn{onfm ~sttgy{ fycnyo{onfm oh {acoy guh yoea{ fhk eorc gshe lg{acy~ f ~ch~c {af{ g{acy~ fyc ~{fhkohe i {acl oh {ac bfnc gb ~gnofm hgyl~ {af{ ycefyk tycehfhn ksyohe ~naggm cfy~ f~ ‑f lo~{fjc‟([as~ tycehfhn fhk cfym tfych{ohe fyc oh {ac lckosl {cyl gb{ch ohngytgyf{ck oh{g-fhk crch hgylfmo~ck i- cqo~{ohe kglc~{on fhk tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~ !~cc Naft{cy 5/( Uach{ao~ o~ {ac nf~c- {ac ~naggmohe gb fkgmc~nch{ eoym~ o~ hg{ hcnc~~fyom ngltyglo~ck(

Nghrcy~cm- tycehfh{ {cchfecy~ gy gshe lg{acy~ {chk {g mcfrc ~naggm uachf ngliohf{ogh gb mgnfm f{{o{skc~ fhk cnghglon ngh~{yfoh{~ lcfh~ {af{ bflom lclicy~- byochk~ fhk igbyochk~ fyc shuommohe gy shfimc {g gbbcy {acl ~sna ~sttgy{(Fkgmc~nch{ eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocu ~fok {af{ f bfoym ngllgh ycfn{ogh bygl tfych{~ uf~{g kch {acoy yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ uo{a ycefyk {g f ‑nagonc‟ lfkc i f gshe tcy~gh fhkmcfrc {acl {g ngtc uo{a {ac ngh~cvschnc~0 ‑âc o~ eyguh st hgu ~g ~ac ls~{ mggj fb{cy acy~cmb fhk acy ifi-‟ gy ‑âc‟~ lfkc acy ick- ~g hgu ~ac ls~{ moc gh o{‟( Uach~sna tfych{fm f{{o{skc~ fyc ngliohck uo{a f echcyfm hcoeaigsyaggk ko~ngsy~c {af{tg~o{ogh~ fkgmc~nch{~ f~ mojcm {g bfom f{ ~naggm fhk oh {ac cltmglch{ fychf- {acyc o~mo{{mc ohnch{orc bgy eoym~ uag nghncorc {g ~{f oh ~naggm(




9;9

Uaomc {ac nghncyh o~ s~sfmm koycn{ck f{ {ac oltfn{ gb naomkioy{a gh eoym~‟ cksnf{ogh-gsy kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ gshe tfych{aggk af~ f ~oehobonfh{- fhk gb{ch eycf{cy- oltfn{ gh~naggmohe flghe fkgmc~nch{ ig~ fhk gshe lch( _gshe bf{acy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc-

fhk ~glc{olc~ oh Gncfh Rocu- fyc cqtcn{ck hg{ ghm {g tf ‑kflfec~‟ bgy lfjohe{acoy eoymbyochk~ tycehfh{- is{ {g lfjc ycesmfy bohfhnofm ngh{yois{ogh~ {g {ac ifi‟~stjcct( [ac {tonfm nafyec bgy ‑kflfec~‟ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ fttygqolf{cm Y3 444!cvsorfmch{ {g figs{ 34 kf~‟ ugyj bgy ~glcghc oh nf~sfm- sh~jommck cltmglch{/(Uc kg hg{ afrc fnnc~~ {g tycno~c boesyc~- is{ o{ o~ nmcfy {af{ uaomc lfh gshe bf{acy~ko~{fhnc {acl~cmrc~ fhk crfkc {ac~c ks{oc~ !~cc Naft{cy 5/- f ~opcfimc tygtgy{oghmcfrc ~naggm fhk ~ccj bsmm,{olc ugyj oh gykcy {g bsmbom {acl(

Fkgmc~nch{~‟ kcno~ogh~ fyc ohbmschnck i {acoy tccy~ oh g{acy uf~ {gg( [aygseags{{ao~ rgmslc- uc afrc ~aguh {af{ ghc gb {ac ycf~gh~ byochk~aot~ gtcyf{c ~gtgucybsmm oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ morc~ ig{a uo{aoh fhk icghk ~naggm o~ icnfs~c byochk~fyc hg{oghfmm cvsfm oh {cyl~ gb fec ~{f{s~( [acycbgyc- uach {ac ~{yon{syc~ gb {accksnf{ogh ~~{cl kobbcych{of{c tccy~ !bgy cqfltmc i tf~~ohe ~glc fhk bfomoheg{acy~/- gshe tcgtmc fyc nghbygh{ck uo{a shnglbgy{fimc nafhec~ oh okch{o{ uo{aoh{acoy noynmc~ gb byochk~( [ac cqtcyochnc gy crch {ac tyg~tcn{ gb {ac~c nafhec~ kc{cy~fkgmc~nch{~ bygl ngh{ohsohe f{ ~naggm0

F mg{ gb tcgtmc kg hg{ nglc ifnj {g ~naggm fb{cy bfomohe( Byochk~ uomm mfseaf{ gs ob gs kg- fhk gs‟k afrc {g ~cc gsy byochk~ icohe facfk gb gs(!Tstom~ feck 62„61 oh eyfkc 64- Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm/

_gshe tcgtmc uag bfmm icaohk f{ ~naggm fyc hg{ ghm nghbygh{ck uo{a {ac ohkoeho{

gb bfomsyc fhk {ac hcck {g yctcf{ {ac cfy- is{ fyc ~ctfyf{ck bygl {acoy tccy eygstuo{a uagl {ac afrc bgylck nmg~c f{{fnalch{~( Oh fkko{ogh {g {ac ngh~cvschnc~gb fmochf{ogh uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst- gsy kf{f ~agu {af{ kcno~ogh~ figs{ uac{acy{g ngh{ohsc oh gy mcfrc ~naggm fyc ohbmschnck i nafhec~ oh ygmc~ fhk fn{oro{oc~{af{ fnngltfh lf{syf{ogh fhk {ac {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk- fhk {af{ {ac~c fyckclfynf{ck oh f hslicy gb uf~(

Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- bgylfm oho{of{ogh oh{g lfhaggk s~sfmm gnnsy~ ic{ucch {ac fec gb 62 fhk 94( Lfh ig~ fyc {fjch {g {ac ‑is~a‟ !s~sfmm {acoy tf{cyhfm fhnc~{yfm aglc oh{ac Cf~{cyh Nftc/ {g ic noynslno~ck oh {ac ~naggm agmokf~ ksyohe {acoy tchsm{olf{c

gy bohfm cfy( Ycnch{ oho{of{c~ ~tgjc gb {ac ohngheyso{oc~ gb yc{syhohe {g Nftc [guh{g ngh{ohsc ~{skohe oh f nmf~~ ngltyo~ohe lg~{m ‑ig~‟ !uag lf gy lf hg{ icgshecy {afh {ac fyc/( F mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb aoea,~naggm tstom~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmcbfnc {ao~ {ch~ogh icnfs~c bycvsch{ eyfkc yctc{o{ogh ksyohe {acoy cfymocy ~naggm cfy~af~ lcfh{ {af{ lfh fyc ~{omm f{ ~naggm oh {acoy cfym gy crch lok,94~(3

Ugyj icnglc~ f tyogyo{ bgy ig~ fhk eoym~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc uach {ac ycfna mf{cfkgmc~nchnc- f ~aob{ {af{ {ac cqtmfoh oh {cyl~ gb {ac hcck bgy ~tchkohe tgucy fhkf uo~a {g icnglc ohkctchkch{ bygl {acoy tfych{~( Afrohe f ko~tg~fimc ohnglc o~mohjck {g ch~syohe ohnms~ogh oh {ac tccy eygst i tsynaf~ohe bf~aoghfimc nmg{ac~gy {cnahgmge- fhk {g tcy~ghfm oh{ceyo{ f~~gnof{ck uo{a ch{cyohe fksm{aggk( Oh

Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu gshe tcgtmc fyc gb{ch fm~g ycvsoyck {g bsmbom bflom




9;>

yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ !~sna f~ {ag~c gb gshe bf{acy~ kc~nyoick figrc/( Ig~ bccm {actyc~~syc lg~{ jcchm {g cfyh lghc- oh tfy{ icnfs~c gb {ac tcyrf~orc fhk tgucybsmechkcy hgyl~ {af{ tg~o{ogh {acl f~ tygrokcy~ {g uglch fhk naomkych(

Lfh gmkcy {cchfecy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu {y {g bohk ugyj {af{ {ac nfh kg uaom~{ ngh{ohsohe f{ ~naggm( Rcy bcu ~snncck( Oh 9443- ghm 2 tcy nch{ gb fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh yctgy{ck ngliohohe ~{sk fhk ugyj- fhk rcy bcu gb {ac~c ucyc co{acy tggy gy Fbyonfh( Boesyc 2(66 ~agu~ {ac ~{sk fhk ugyj ~{f{s~gb fkgmc~nch{~ i fec oh yona hcoeaigsyaggk~ !ohnmskohe ig{a uao{c fhk ngmgsyckghc~/- tggy ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~( Oh tggyFbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fmlg~{ crcyghc o~ ~{skohe fhk fmlg~{ hg ghc o~ ugyjohegy af~ ugyjck ycnch{m !kcbohck acyc f~ oh {ac tf~{ 69 lgh{a~/( Oh tggy ngmgsyckfycf~ bcucy fkgmc~nch{~ fyc ~{skohe- fhk f aoeacy tygtgy{ogh gb {ag~c uag fyc hg{~{skohe fyc ugyjohe „ fm{agsea shcltmglch{ o~ aoea flghe {ac hgh,tstom~( O{o~ ghm oh yona hcoeaigsyaggk~ {af{ fkgmc~nch{~ ~{sk fhk ugyj( Flghe {ac gmkcyfkgmc~nch{~ !o(c( feck 61 fhk 6?/- fttygqolf{cm cvsfm hslicy~ fyc ~{skohe fhk hg{ugyjohe- ~{skohe fhk ugyjohe !ohnmskohe {ag~c uag afrc ugyjck ycnch{m/- fhk hg{~{skohe( [ac~c kf{f ohkonf{c {ac cq{yclc ~nfyno{ gb cltmglch{ gttgy{sho{oc~ bgytggy „ fhk c~tcnofmm tggy Fbyonfh „ gs{a~(

Lg~{ gshe tcgtmc uag mcfrc ~naggm {g bohk ugyj- gy bcm{ {ac afk hg fm{cyhf{orcis{ {g kg ~g- ~{yseemc {g ec{ f `gi( Shcltmglch{ yf{c~ flghe 94, {g 9;,cfy,

Boesyc 2(66 ^{sk fhk ugyj ~{f{s~- i fec fhk hcoeaigsyaggk {tc


Tggy Fbyonfh 61„6?

Tggy Fbyonfh 62„65

Tggy Fbyonfh 6;„63

Tggy ngmgsyck 61„6?

Tggy ngmgsyck 62„65

Tggy ngmgsyck 6;„63

Yona 61„6?

Yona 62„65

Yona 6;„63

4 94 ;4 24 14 644

Tcynch{fec

^{skohe fhk ugyjohe hgu ^{skohe fhk afrc ugyjck ycnch{m

^{skohe fhk afrc hg{ ugyjck ycnch{m Hg{ ~{skohe fhk ugyjohe hgu

Hg{ ~{skohe fhk afrc ugyjck ycnch{m Hg{ ~{skohe fhk afrc hg{ ugyjck ycnch{m




9;;

gmk~ oh 9446 ucyc f~ aoea f~ >6 tcy nch{ flghe uglch oh Gncfh Rocu: >5 tcynch{ flghe lch {acyc: 21 tcy nch{ flghe lch fhk f lf~~orc 5> tcy nch{ flgheuglch- oh Lf~otaslcmcmc !f~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy 6/( Oh g{acy ugyk~- bgy crcy gshe

uglfh oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uo{a f `gi- {acyc ucyc {aycc g{acy gshe uglch uagucyc shcltmgck(2 Cltmgcy~ tycbcy fksm{~ uo{a ~olomfy vsfmobonf{ogh~ is{ lgyccqtcyochnc {afh gshe tcgtmc( Gb {ag~c uag kok bohk cltmglch{- o{ uf~ lg~{m nf~sfm gy oyycesmfy ugyj „ ohnmskohe c~tcnofmm lchofm ugyj oh {ac ~cyronc ~cn{gy „{af{ {ac ngh~okcyck acmtbsm oh bsmbommohe fh ollckof{c hcck {g cfyh lghc- is{ohfkcvsf{c oh ycmf{ogh {g {acoy f~toyf{ogh~ bgy f aoea,~{f{s~ `gi oh {ac bs{syc(

[ac kobbonsm{oc~ gb bohkohe ugyj cqtcyochnck i gshe lch oh Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc nfh afrc fh ohkoycn{ cbbcn{ gh {ac kcno~ogh~ gb eoym~ ycefykohe{acoy ~naggmohe0

Z_gshe uglch\ fyc ifkm ohbmschnck i {ac ig~•gs ufh{ {g eg {g~naggm lfic- gs ~{f {acyc Zf{ gsy igbyochk‟~ ags~c\ grcyhoea{ {achuach gs ufh{ {g eg {g ~naggm oh {ac lgyhohe- {ach ac kgc~h‟{ ufh{gs {g eg {g ~naggm icnfs~c•ac kgc~h‟{ shkcy~{fhk( Icnfs~c ac kgc~h‟{aol~cmb eg {g ~naggm( ^g ac kgc~h‟{ shkcy~{fhk {af{( !Pfhcmc- eoym- eyfkc69- Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm/

[ac ko~lfm cltmglch{ tyg~tcn{~ kc~nyoick figrc shkcymoc {ac kcno~ogh~ gb ~glcgshe tcgtmc ~ccjohe ~gnofm ~{f{s~ fhk fh ohnglc {g chefec oh g{acy fn{oro{oc~{af{ {ac gi~cyrc f~ f bcf~oimc fm{cyhf{orc oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~- ~sna f~ efhelclicy~aot fhk nyolc( Gsy c{ahgeyftaon ~{sk echcyf{ck rcy mo{{mc kf{f gh {ac~c

fn{oro{oc~ guohe {g gsy s~c gb ~naggm~ f~ fh ch{y tgoh{- {ac fec eygst uo{a uaona ucugyjck fhk icnfs~c efhe~{cyo~l o~ uokcm icmocrck i mgnfm yc~okch{~ {g ic mc~~ yobc oh{ac Rfmmc {afh g{acy fycf~ gb Nftc [guh- ~sna f~ {ac Nftc Bmf{~( Is{ icnfs~c efhelclicy~aot o~ f nagonc lfkc i f tygtgy{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc- lg~{m fkgmc~nch{ig~- oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- uc ohnmskc f nf~c ~{sk echcyf{ck oh fvsfmo{f{orc ~{sk nghksn{ck oh {ac ~flc tcyogk oh Jafcmo{~af- f ~c{{mclch{ gh {acNftc Bmf{~ {af{- fm{agsea lsna mfyecy- o~ kclgeyftaonfmm ~olomfy fhk oh{olf{cm nghhcn{ck {g Lf~otaslcmcmc(5 [ac kcno~ogh~ {fjch i {ao~ gshe lfh fhk ao~bflom ycbmcn{ {ac tfy{onsmfy ohbmschnc~ gb {ac aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk ko~ns~~ckcfymocy oh {ac naft{cy- fhk ~agu {ac lfhhcy oh uaona {ac~c cqtcyochnc~ fy{onsmf{c

uo{a ko~ngsy~c~ {af{ rfmsc cksnf{ogh oh ~aftohe kcno~ogh,lfjohe oh {ac {yfh~o{ogh{g fksm{aggk(

Hohc{cch,cfy,gmk Hcpomc ~tgjc gb ao~ ~tgyfkon ~naggm f{{chkfhnc {aygseags{ao~ {cch~ fhk- f{ {ac {olc gb icohe oh{cyrocuck- ac afk icch gs{ gb ~naggm bgy fbcu lgh{a~( Ac ycnfmmck icnglohe ohrgmrck oh {acb{ bygl {ac fec gb 6>- ao~ vsonj fkkon{ogh {g kyse~- `gohohe efhe~ fhk ao~ cfym bf~nohf{ogh uo{a ucftgh~( Mggjoheifnj- ac ycngeho~c~ {af{ ac c~{fimo~ack ao~ guh efhe tyolfyom oh gykcy {g fnaocrc~gnofm ~{f{s~ fhk tgucy uo{aoh ao~ hcoeaigsyaggk fhk flghe ao~ tccy~0

[ac {aohe o~ {af{ uc ufh{ck {g ec{ jhguh•mojc uach uc ch{cy oh f tmfnc

uacyc {ac !fhg{acy efhe/ fyc jhguh- crcyghc ugsmk `s~{ bcfy- {ac fyc




9;3

~nfyck( Uc ufh{ck o{ {g ic mojc {af{ uo{a l efhe•Uc ufh{ck {g ic {aclg~{ bcfyck•

Efhe lclicy~aot gbbcy~ gshe lch ~gnofm ~{f{s~ bygl {ac lglch{ {ac `goh !Iomo{ 6???: Johhc~ 9444/( Fhk ~crcyfm cfy~ mf{cy- uaomc Hcpomc f~~cy{~ {af{ ac o~ {yohe {gmcfrc efhe mobc fhk ‑ifk‟ nyolohfm fn{oro{ icaohk- ac ~{omm ch`g~ cqcy{ohe ao~ tg~o{oghgb tgucy flghe gshecy byochk~0

•{ac eghhf kg o{ fhk O‟l hg{ eghhf ~{gt {acl( O mojc o{ uach {ac kg o{fm~g•mojc- mc{‟~ ~f yoea{- laa•mc{‟~ ~f gs fyc ufmjohe kguh {ac ~{ycc{-O nglc fhk ygi gs( L byochk~ fyc ~{omm acyc0 {ac kgh‟{ jhgu figs{ygiiohe- {ac kgh‟{ jhgu {af{ ~{sbb( O ygi gs( O‟l eghhf {cmm {acl {g kgo{ fhk bgync {acl {g kg o{- ~ccohe f{ {ac ~flc {olc {af{ o{ o~ uyghe- is{ Oufh{ {acl {g kg o{(

Hcpomc cqtcyochnck efhe mobc f~ cqno{ohe fhk ycufykohe oh {cyl~ gb ao~ tg~o{ogh uo{aoh{ac tccy eygst fhk ~ch~c gb ~cmb,cbbonfn( Oh ngh{yf~{- ac bgshk ~naggm ‑f igyohe tmfnc‟uacyc {cfnacy~ ucyc gb{ch fi~ch{- cf~om oyyo{f{ck- rcy ~mgu gy fmuf~ st~c{- ohg{acy ugyk~ fh chroyghlch{ uacyc ac bcm{ shkcy,~{olsmf{ck fhk ko~cltgucyck( Acyctgy{ck icohe shfimc {g bgns~ gy {g shkcy~{fhk vsc~{ogh~- fhk f~ f yc~sm{ s~sfmm bfomck {c~{~( Ac ngh~okcy~ {af{ ac ‑ghm tf~~ck tygtcym sh{om eyfkc ;‟- oltmohe {af{ac bcm{ nmg~c {g bfomsyc {aygseags{ ao~ aoea,~naggm cfy~( F{ aglc- ao~ lg{acy fhk~{ctlg{acy ugsmk nfmm aol ‑~{stok‟- bsy{acy shkcylohohe ao~ ~ch~c gb ao~ guh fiomo{ fhk ao~ lg{orf{ogh0

Fhk {ach- ob ~glcghc fmuf~ nfmm~ gs ~{stok- ua ugsmk gs ~{omm lfjcfh cbbgy{7

[ac nch{yfm ygmc gb efhe~ oh {ac okch{o{oc~ fhk crcykf morc~ gb gshe lch- fhk i f~~gnof{ogh ~glc uglch- oh mfyec ~cn{ogh~ gb Nftc [guh af~ icch fltm kgnslch{ck!Tohhgnj 6?19f- 6?19i: ^{cohicye 9443/( ^sna efhe~ cqcy{ f tgucybsm ohbmschnc gh~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh oh lfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ {af{ o~ gb{ch co{acy icghk {ac ycfna gb- gyohngytgyf{c~- mgnfm tgmonc( Tcyaft~ ~ch~ohe {ac eyot {af{ efhe mobc afk gh acy ~gh- Hcpomc‟~lg{acy {yock {g acmt aol i chygmmohe aol f{ f igfykohe ~naggm gs{~okc Nftc [guh(Fm{agsea eyf{cbsm gb ao~ lg{acy‟~ ngh~okcyfimc cbbgy{~ {g lfjc cksnf{ogh fhk f nfyccyfrfomfimc {g aol- Hcpomc yctgy{~ {af{ ac ngsmk hg{ ~c{{mc {acyc( Ac uf~ cqtcmmck fb{cy f

bcu lgh{a~ fhk ao~ lg{acy chygmmck aol f{ f kobbcych{ igfykohe ~naggm oh Tyc{gyof([acyc ac uf~ fefoh cqtcmmck- afrohe cqtcyochnck {ac ~flc tygimcl~0 tcy~o~{ch{ ifkicafrogsy crch uach ac uf~ lfkc f tycbcn{ gy eorch g{acy yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~- fhk bccmohe‑~{yc~~ck gs{‟ i {ac bfn{ {af{ ac uf~ ~g bfy fuf bygl ao~ lg{acy fhk ngsmk hg{ nacnj ob ~ac uf~ lfhfeohe bohfhnofmm( Yc{syhohe {g Nftc [guh- Hcpomc yc,chygmmck f{ {ac mgnfmaoea ~naggm- is{ mcb{ mf{cy {af{ cfy( Ac uf~ ugyjohe f~ f ufo{cy f{ {ac {olc gb icoheoh{cyrocuck- f `gi {af{ ac kc~nyoick f~ ‑bohc‟ icnfs~c o{ lcfh{ {af{ ac uf~ hg{ ~o{{ohe f{aglc kgohe hg{aohe( Agucrcy- f bcu uccj~ mf{cy ac ufmjck gs{ gb {ao~ `gi(

Hcpomc o~ ghc gb lfh tggy fkgmc~nch{~ bgy uagl {olc f{ ~naggm af~ icch tygbgshkm ko~~f{o~bfn{gy fhk {olc ~tch{ oh ommono{ gy hgylf{orcm ‑fh{o~gnofm‟ fn{oro{oc~ af~




9;2

gbbcyck f{ mcf~{ ~glc f~tcn{~ gb {ac ~gnofm fhk tcy~ghfm kcrcmgtlch{ ac ~gsea{ f{{ac ns~t gb fksm{aggk( F{ ~crcyfm tgoh{~ oh Hcpomc‟~ hfyyf{orc ac fttfych{m yc`cn{~ fhcksnf{oghfm nfyccy bgy aol~cmb !‑{acyc o~ hg{aohe oh cksnf{ogh bgy lc‟/- is{ ac yclfoh~

cvsorgnfm figs{ {ac tg{ch{ofm ichcbo{~ gb {ac ~naggmohe ac ngsmk afrc afk( Uachycnfmmohe ao~ bccmohe~ gb yceyc{ cfna {olc ac uf~ cqtcmmck- Hcpomc fttcfy~ {g yclohkaol~cmb gb {ac ycf~gh~ ac ngsy{ck cqtsm~ogh0 ‑F{ {ac ~flc {olc- {ao~ tcy~gh kgc~hg{ mojc ~naggm(‟ Kc~to{c {ac~c tcy~ghfm ycfmo~f{ogh~- ac hcrcy koycn{m nafmmchec~ {achg{ogh {af{ ~naggmohe o~ {ac ic~{- fhk ohkcck ghm- ygs{c {g f eggk `gi fhk {g ~snnc~~oh mobc lgyc iygfkm( Ua {ach kgc~ ac lfoh{foh f icmocb {af{ cksnf{ogh nfh chfimcgshe tcgtmc {g bsmbom {ac~c f~toyf{ogh~ uach ac af~ afk ~sna hcef{orc cqtcyochnc~7

[ac fh~ucy {g {ao~ vsc~{ogh fttcfy~ {g moc- f{ mcf~{ oh tfy{- oh {ac tygimcl~ ohacych{ oh{ac fm{cyhf{orc~ {g ~naggmohe( Mfnj gb cltmglch{ gttgy{sho{oc~ yclgrc~ {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb ngliohohe ~naggm fhk ugyj- fhk gb bohkohe f `gi {af{ tygrokc~ ohnglc fhk ~gnofm~{f{s~( Fhk efhe mobc o~ vso{c mo{cyfmm mobc,{aycf{chohe0 Hcpomc af~ uo{hc~~ck {ac kcf{a~gb ~crcyfm byochk~- kcmoicyf{c gy fnnokch{fm- f~ f yc~sm{ gb efhe,ycmf{ck fn{oro{oc~( Fhkoh {ac moea{ gb {ac lgy{fmo{ ~{f{o~{on~ bgy gshe lch morohe oh Nftc [guh‟~ tggycyhcoeaigsyaggk~- ac af~ ycf~gh {g ughkcy figs{ ao~ guh nafhnc~ gb ~syrorfm0

_gs nfh‟{ jhgu uaf{ {glgyygu o~ eghhf iyohe- ~g O tyctfyc l~cmb bgycrcy{aohe•O `s~{ uo~a O nfh lfjc o{ {g 9464 lfic icnfs~c O jhgu ghcgb {ac~c kf~ ~glc{aohe o~ eghhf afttch•

Oh moea{ gb {ac ycfm ng~{~ gb ohrgmrclch{ oh nyolohfm fhk efhe,ycmf{ck fn{oro{oc~- vso{cftfy{ bygl {ac ~gnofm ng~{~ gb icohe ngh~okcyck lgyfmm ‑ifk‟- Hcpomc kgc~ hg{ ngh~okcy

f nfyccy oh {ac~c fn{oro{oc~ {g ic f bcf~oimc fm{cyhf{orc {g {af{ gb ~naggmohe( O{ o~ fmlg~{f~ ob- oh {ac rfnssl gb gttgy{sho{oc~ mcb{ i lf~~orc shcltmglch{- ac af~ {g icmocrcoh f{ mcf~{ ghc ygs{c {g ~snnc~~ bgy aol~cmb fhk fmm ao~ tccy~ oh f ~olomfy tg~o{ogh( Acagmk~ gh{g {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb bgmmguohe {ao~ ygs{c fhk fnaocrohe o{~ tyglo~ck gs{nglccrch {agsea ac jhgu~ o{ {g ic shycfmo~{on eorch ao~ fec fhk ~naggmohe ao~{gy0

O bccm ifk Zfigs{ kygttohe gs{ gb ~naggm\ ‟nfs~c ~glcigk gh [R- gs ~cc-gs ~cc mojcgs ~cc tcgtmc gh {ac [R- fhk O ~fu {ao~ fkrcy{ c~{cykf-{ao~ es uag af~ f iyocbnf~c fhk f ~so{ fhk ac uf~ kyorohe( ^g O‟l mojc- ob O boho~ack l ~{fhkfyk~ fhk crcy{aohe- ugsmk O afrc icch {af{ tcy~gh

ollckof{cm gy ugsmk O afrc {g ~{yseemc {g ic {af{ tcy~gh7 _gs ~cc7•^g O{agsea{ lfic hcq{ cfy O uomm {y fefoh- {y {g ic {af{ tcy~gh gh [R(

Oh {ac cqncyt{ figrc- Hcpomc gtchm ughkcy~ agu mghe o{ ugsmk {fjc {g fnaocrc ftg~o{ogh oh fh gbbonc afrohe ngltmc{ck ~naggmfhk- ohkcck- uac{acy {ac tygnc~~ic{ucch ugsmk afrc icch ~lgg{a gy hg{( [ac bfn{ {af{ ~sna vsc~{ogh~ fyc emfyohem fi~ch{ bygl {ac hfyyf{orc~ gb ~naggm tstom~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu o~tcyaft~ cqtmfohck i {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac afk hg{ lfkc f kcno~ogh {g mcfrc- fhk {af{icnfs~c {ac ~fu {acl~cmrc~ gh {ac tf{a {af{ mcfk~ bygl ~naggmohe {g ugyj fhk~snnc~~- o{ uf~ hg{ acmtbsm {g vsc~{ogh {ac cbbonfn gb {ao~ ygs{c( [ac fi~chnc gb rgonckkgsi{~ kgc~ hg{ lcfh {af{ {ac~c fkgmc~nch{~ f~~slc {af{ {acoy tygeyc~~ fmghe {ao~ tf{a

uomm ic shtygimclf{on( Uc ~fu cfymocy {af{ lclicy~ gb {ac fy{ nmsi oh Lf~otaslcmcmc




9;5

ugyyock {af{ {acoy tfych{~ ugsmk hg{ ic fimc {g fbbgyk {ac ng~{~ gb bsy{acy cksnf{oghgy {af{ {acoy ~snnc~~ ugsmk ic shkcylohck i `cfmgs~ hcoeaigsy~ gy tccy~(

Uaf{ {ac ~omchnc kgc~ ~seec~{ o~ {af{ f mfyec tgy{ogh gb tggy fkgmc~nch{~ oh ~naggmafrc f rcy loholfm shkcy~{fhkohe gb {ac cksnf{oghfm- {yfohohe fhk ycnyso{lch{tygnc~~c~ icghk {acoy crcykf cqtcyochnc gb ~naggm fhk {ac nf~sfm mfigsy lfyjc{(Uc ngltfyck eyfkc,69 tstom~‟ cqtg~syc {g ohbgylf{ogh gh aoeacy cksnf{ogh fhknfyccy~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc0 mgnfm shorcy~o{oc~ fhk {cnahojgh~ ko~tmfck ~{fhk~ oh Bo~aAgcj ^chogy Aoea ~naggm: f ro~o{ {g {ac Shorcy~o{ gb {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc uf~ gyefho~cki Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm: fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm f~jck tstom~ {gtf Y>4 bgy f {yot {g {ac Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh- {ach nfhncmmck {ac {yot icnfs~c{gg bcu afk ngh{yois{ck {g tf bgy {ac {yfh~tgy{( Oh {ao~ ngh{cq{- o{ o~ aoeam mojcm {af{ tggy fkgmc~nch{~ uag nsyych{m f{{chk ~naggm tyorf{cm vsc~{ogh uac{acy {ac uomm fnaocrc {acoy egfm~- is{ nfhhg{ fbbgyk {g rcyifmo~c {acoy kgsi{~ icnfs~c {ac afrcohrc~{ck ~g acfrom oh ~naggmohe fhk ycefyk {acl~cmrc~ f~ bgmmguohe {ac ‑yoea{‟ tf{a(

^{yojohe oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ hfyyf{orc~ fnyg~~ {ac ucfm{a fhk nsm{syfm ~tcn{yf o~ {acfi~chnc gb fh fh{o,~naggmohe okcgmge gy ~sinsm{syc- ~sna f~ uf~ bgshk flghe{cchfec ig~ bygl tggy bflomoc~ oh Chemfhk !Uommo~ 6?55/( Shmojc oh 6?54~Chemfhk- uc acfy mo{{mc gb {ac gttgy{sho{ ng~{~ gb cksnf{ogh- hflcm {ac ~sttg~ck‑bycckgl‟- cfyhohe~ fhk cqtchko{syc f~~gnof{ck uo{a ugyj( Oh {ac moea{ gb aoeayf{c~ gb shcltmglch{- o{ o~ shkcy~{fhkfimc {af{ Nftc{ghofh fkgmc~nch{~ cvsf{cmcfrohe ~naggm uo{ags{ f lf{yon tf~~ uo{a ngh{ohsohe tgrcy{- fhk {af{ cksnf{ogho~ ~cch f~ ~glc{aohe {af{ ~agsmk lfjc f kobbcychnc( Crch fkgmc~nch{~ morohe uo{a

AOR,tg~o{orc lg{acy~ gy uag~c lg{acy~ afrc kock bygl FOK^,ycmf{ck ~onjhc~~-kc~nyoic cksnf{ogh f~ {ac ygs{c {g ~snnc~~- fh gtohogh {af{ o~ shkcy~{ggk f~ycrcfmohe {ac aoea rfmsc tmfnck gh cksnf{ogh crch uach mobc cqtcn{fhn icnglc~lgyc shncy{foh !Kc Mfhhg 9441/( Uaf{ o~ tcyaft~ lgyc ~sytyo~ohe o~ {ac mfnj gb ycicmmogh „ f{ mcf~{ f{ {ac mcrcm gb tsimon ko~ngsy~c „ fefoh~{ {ac nsm{syc gb lfoh~{ycfl cksnf{oghfhk {ac tcy~o~{ch{ rchcyf{ogh gb cksnf{ogh f~ {ac tygtcy!gy ghm/ ~gms{ogh uach crcykf cqtcyochnc~ ~agu o{ {g ic f aoeam tygimclf{ontygnc~~ uo{a ksiogs~ ycufyk~(

[ac ngltmc{ogh gb ~naggmohe- ohnmskohe f{ mcf~{ {ac hg{ogh gb tf~~ohe lf{yon- o~ ghcgb ~crcyfm {yfh~o{ogh~ oh{g fksm{aggk {af{ gshe tcgtmc chro~fec fhk cqtcyochnc oh f

tcyogk ~tfhhohe {acoy lok,{cch~ {g cfym 94~( ^glc gb {ac~c {yfh~o{ogh~ fyc ngh~okcycki uokcy ~gnoc{ f~ ngh~o~{ch{ fhk ngltf{oimc uo{a ~naggmohe !~sna f~ oho{of{ogh/- is{cqtcyochnck i gshe tcgtmc f~ tygimclf{on( G{acy~ fyc ngh~okcyck ohngltf{oimc !mojctycehfhn fhk cfym tfych{aggk/- is{ nfh- uo{a ncy{foh tygro~ogh~- ic ohngytgyf{ckoh{g fh cksnf{oghfm nfyccy( Oh fmm nf~c~- agucrcy- {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac~c {yfh~o{ogh~ fycgnnsyyohe oh tfyfmmcm {g {ac nsmlohf{ogh gb ~naggmohe lcfh~ {af{ gshe tcgtmc fycmojcm {g nghbygh{ f hslicy gb tgoh{~ uacyc kobbonsm{ kcno~ogh~ hcck {g ic lfkc(

[cchfecy~ oh {ac bohfm {aycc cfy~ gb aoea ~naggm oh ig{a Gncfh Rocu fhkLf~otaslcmcmc fyc fufyc {af{ f rcy mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb {acoy byochk~ afrc mcb{

~naggmuo{a gy uo{ags{ f lf{yon tf~~- fhk afrc hg{ bgshk ugyj( _c{ ghm oh Gncfh




9;1

Rocu kok gshe tcgtmc cqtyc~~ f tc~~olo~{on rocu gb {ac tg{ch{ofm gb cksnf{ogh- fhkgb {acoy f~~gnof{ck oh{ch{ogh {g bgmmgu {acoy tccy~ oh mcfrohe ~naggm cfym0

Uach gs mggj fygshk oh Gncfh Rocu {acyc fyc tcgtmc uo{a lf{yon {af{fyc ~o{{ohe fygshk f{ aglc uo{ags{ `gi~- ~g o{ kgc~h‟{ ~ccl {g lfjc lsnakobbcychnc( !Iofhnf- eoym oh eyfkc 64 f{ Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm/

Oh {ac moea{ gb crch aoeacy shcltmglch{ yf{c~ flghe gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc-uc ls~{ f~j ua fkgmc~nch{~ oh {ao~ ngllsho{ kg hg{ tgoh{ {g {ac bs{omo{ gb cksnf{oghf~ kg {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu( Gsy kf{f tgoh{ {g {ug ko~{ohn{ is{ ycmf{ck ohbmschnc~gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ tcynct{ogh~ gb {acoy gttgy{sho{oc~ oh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh([ac boy~{ ycmf{c~ {g {ac ~gnofm fhk tgmo{onfm okch{o{oc~ gb gshe tcgtmc f~ lclicy~ gb ngllsho{oc~ {af{ ucyc- fhk oh lfh yc~tcn{~ ~{omm fyc- fbbgykck kobbcych{ gttgy{sho{oc~([ac ~cnghk tcy{foh~ tfy{onsmfym {g Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~- fhk ~tyohe~ bygl f yc~tgh~c

{g morohe oh ghegohe ~{ysn{syfm tgrcy{ uacyc {acyc fyc hg rofimc fm{cyhf{orc~ {aygseauaona {g ycfmo~c- gy ~tcfj figs{ ycfmo~ohe- {ac f~toyf{ogh~ ghc agmk~ f~ f lclicy gb fechcyf{ogh uo{a eycf{cy gttgy{sho{oc~ {afh {ag~c gb ghc‟~ bgyicfy~(

Ksyohe nghrcy~f{ogh uo{a Iyofh- fh 61,cfy,gmk tstom oh Gncfh Rocu- uc ~tgjc figs{ao~ f{{clt{~ {g ~cnsyc {yfohohe gy ugyj bgy uach ac lf{yonsmf{ck( Ac cqtmfohck {af{{acyc ucyc ~glc `gi~ ac ngsmk afrc fttmock bgy- is{ {ac ucyc mggjohe bgy ‑imfnj‟nfhkokf{c~( Ac- mojc lfh gshe tcgtmc oh Gncfh Rocu- okch{obock aol~cmb f~ ‑ngmgsyck‟~g uyghem f~~slck {af{ {ac~c ̀ gi~ ugsmk hg{ ic frfomfimc {g aol( Ghc gb ao~ nmf~~lf{c~~fok {af{ {acyc fyc tcgtmc oh Gncfh Rocu uag icmocrc {af{ fbboylf{orc fn{ogh tgmonoc~fyc {fjohe ̀ gi~ fuf bygl {aclfhk {af{ ‑imfnj tcgtmc fyc ec{{ohe crcy{aohe fhk {af{

{ac Zngmgsyck tcgtmc\ fyc hg{ ec{{ohe lsna‟( [ao~ rocu uf~ yco{cyf{ck i ghc {cchfecyfhk mohjck uo{a ao~ ~cmb,tcynct{ogh f~ icohe lfyeohfmo~ck fhk ohfkcvsf{c0

O ls~{ ~f- uc kok f eycf{ `gi f~ bfy f~ {ac {ch cfy~ gb kclgnyfn o~nghncyhck is{ O ycfmm {aohj {af{ ftfy{acok o~ egohe oh ycrcy~c- c~tcnofmm uo{a {ao~ imfnj cnghglon cltgucylch{ {aohe egohe f~ bfy f~ gs ls~{ec{ f `gi fnngykohe {g gsy ~joh ngmgsy•O kgh‟{ ufh{ {g ic mggjck f{ f~f ngmgsyck {af{‟~ hg{ uao{c chgsea {g ic imfnj chgsea- ~g O nfh‟{ ec{ {ac `gi( ^g O {aohj {af{ uc ~gy{ gb- bccm rcy kceyfkck i {af{- lfjohe lc f~ ftcy~gh bccm {af{ O‟l hg{ eggk chgsea bgy {ao~ ngsh{y( !Orfh- ig- feck 62-

Gncfh Rocu/F mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc uc ugyjck uo{a oh Bo~a Agcj ~tgjc gb {acoyoh{ch{ogh~ {g {yfrcm fhk ugyj grcy~cf~ fb{cy {ac afk ngltmc{ck ~naggm( Lfh ~fu {ao~f~ fh gttgy{sho{ bgy iygfkchohe {acoy cqtcyochnc icghk {ac Rfmmc gy bgy nghhcn{oheuo{a ycmf{orc~ gy byochk~( Is{ ~glc fm~g ycbcyyck {g {acoy tcynct{ogh gb {acl~cmrc~ f~icohe {ac ‑uyghe ngmgsy‟ bgy {ac nsyych{ fhk bs{syc cltmglch{ lfyjc{(

_gshe tcgtmc oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ucyc mfyecm ~omch{ gh {ac {gton gb okch{o{ fhkcltmglch{ tyg~tcn{~( !Gsy ~{sk- agucrcy- kok hg{ bgns~ gh ugyj,~ccjoheicafrogsy oh mf{c fkgmc~nchnc „ f {gton {af{ kc~cyrc~ bsy{acy ohrc~{oef{ogh oh moea{gb {ac bohkohe~ tyc~ch{ck oh {ao~ rgmslc(/ [acoy ~{f{ck oh{ch{ogh~ {g chygm oh f




9;?

aoeacy,cksnf{ogh oh~{o{s{oghgy {g ~ccj ugyj oh {ac yc{fom gs{mc{~ fhk yc~{fsyfh{~oh {ac Rfmmc- nghrc f tcynct{ogh {af{ {ac~c `gi~ fyc frfomfimc {g {acl fhk {af{ i ngltmc{ohe {acoy ~naggmohe {ac nfh fnaocrc {ac~c egfm~( [acoy fi~chnc gb jhgumckec

gb bsy{acy cksnf{ogh- tms~ {ac loholfm crokchnc gb ohnycf~ohe cltmglch{ tyg~tcn{~oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk- tcyaft~ cqtmfoh ua gshe tcgtmc lfkc mo{{mc ycbcychnc {gfh cyf gb gttgy{sho{ {aygsea fbboylf{orc fn{ogh(

F bsy{acymc~~ girogs~ ohbmschnc gh fkgmc~nch{ cqtcyochnc~ gb ~naggmohe- {acoy ~ch~cgb uaf{ ~naggm nfh gbbcy {acl fhk- {acycbgyc- {acoy kcno~ogh~ {g ~{f gy mcfrc o~ {accq{ch{ {g uaona {ac hcoeaigsyaggk tcylcf{c~ {ac ~naggm( ̂ naggm~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmcfhk Gncfh Rocu ucyc gi~cyrck {g ic tgygs~0 ig{a fksm{~ fhk naomkych lgrckgh fhk gbb {ac tyclo~c~ bfoym byccm( Gs{~okcy~- gb{ch kc~nyoick i naomkych f~‑efhe~{cy~‟- nflc oh{g ~naggm fhk tcy~o~{ch{ ‑ishjohe‟ i tstom~ uf~ mfyecm oehgyck i {cfnacy~( Ghm oh 9442 ucyc {ac ef{c~ oh Gncfh Rocu ^cnghkfy ^naggm mgnjck fhkngllsho{ tgmonc iygsea{ oh {g ygshk st {ag~c ‑ishjohe‟ nmf~~ fhk cqtcm gs{~okcy~bygl {ac tyclo~c~( Fhk oh {ac ~flc cfy- Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm oh~{fmmckef{c~ fhk bchnc~ fhk cltmgck f ~cnsyo{ esfyk bgy ~olomfy ycf~gh~( I ngltfyo~gh-~naggm~ oh Bo~a Agcj {chk {g ic chnmg~ck fhk fh lgrclch{ oh gy gs{ nmg~cm lgho{gyck( Mghe,c~{fimo~ack oh {ac Rfmmc fhk hgu cksnf{ohe tstom~ bygl icghk{ac ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk- {ac~c ~naggm~ afrc okch{o{oc~ {af{ fyc mohjck {g- is{ko~{ohn{ bygl- {ac Bo~a Agcj ngllsho{( [ac okch{o{oc~ gb ycmf{orcm hcu ~naggm~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh rocu fyc {g f lsna eycf{cy cq{ch{ igshk st uo{a {ag~c gb {ac ~syygshkohe ngllsho{( Oh {ac~c ~c{{ohe~- o{ o~ lgyc kobbonsm{ bgy gshe tcgtmc{g lfoh{foh f ~ch~c gb icmgheohe {g fh oh~{o{s{ogh {af{ gbbcy~ ~glc{aohe kobbcych{ {guaf{ cqo~{~ oh {ac iygfkcy hcoeaigsyaggk(

Rcy yfycm kok fkgmc~nch{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc f{{yois{c {ac aoea bfomsyc yf{c~ {g {acvsfmo{ gb {acoy ~naggmohe( ^glc cqtmfohck o{ f~ fyo~ohe bygl {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac aoea~naggm o~ gshe fhk af~ ghm ysh {ac lf{yon cqfl bgy {ug cfy~- fhk {af{ {cfnacy~fhk tstom~ fyc ~{omm ec{{ohe s~ck {g {ac ~~{cl( Is{ lfh lfkc hg ycbcychnc {g {acbfomsyc gb {ac ~~{cl- tg~~oim icnfs~c- kc~to{c o{~ ucfjhc~~c~- o{ o~ ~{omm cqtcyochnckf~ gbbcyohe f ic{{cy,vsfmo{ cksnf{ogh {afh {af{ uaona {ac cqtcyochnck oh ~naggm~oh {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc(

Nghnms~ogh

Cfymocy oh {ac naft{cy uc yfo~ck {ac vsc~{ogh~ gb ua ~sna f aoea rfmsc o~ tmfnck ghcksnf{ogh i tggy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~- tfy{onsmfym {ag~c morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(Uc fm~g f~jck ua- oh {ac bfnc gb mgu tf~~ yf{c~- ~g lfh tggy Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~fnyg~~ Nftc [guh yclfoh oh ~naggm- uacycf~ f mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb {acoy ~moea{m mc~~tggy ngmgsyck ngsh{cytfy{~ mcfrc bygl {ac fec gb 63 fhk stufyk~(

Fnyg~~ {ac ~gnofm fhk kclgeyftaon ~tcn{ysl gb tg~{,ftfy{acok Nftc [guh- icohe f~naggm tstom o~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a kgohe uaf{ o~ ‑eggk‟ fhk ‑yoea{‟( [ac rfmsc tmfnck ghcksnf{ogh „ tfy{onsmfym oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ tgtsmf{ck i fksm{~ uag ucyc {acl~cmrc~

kchock vsfmo{ cksnf{ogh „ fbbgyk~ f tg~o{orc ~gnofm ~{f{s~ bgy {ac ohkoroksfm naomk fhk




934

ao~ gy acy bflom( O{ eorc~ gshe tcgtmc f ~ch~c „ fmico{ gb{ch fh omms~ogh „ gb ohrc~{ohechcye oh uf~ {af{ uomm oltygrc {acoy guh bs{syc fhk {af{ gb {acoy bflom( Fhk- oh{cyl~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ kfom cqtcyochnc~- ~naggmohe oh fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ mfyecm

figs{ {ac bgylf{ogh- kcrcmgtlch{ fhk yclgkcmmohe gb byochk~aot~ fhkgb{ch- kf{oheycmf{ogh~aot~( Uaomc {ac~c ngllghfmo{oc~ tygrokc tstom~ uo{a f ~ch~c gb f ~afyckokch{o{ fhk mobc tf{a- {ac lf~j mfyec ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh cksnf{oghfm tygro~ogh- ~sttgy{bygl {ac aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk fhk tcynct{ogh~ gb bs{syc gttgy{sho{oc~(

Tstom~ oh Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ ~{yseemc uo{a {ac tyc~~syc hg{ ghm {g tf~~- is{ {g cqncmoh {acoy ~naggm ugyj( Lg~{ yceyc{- fhk ~glc bfom {g ngtc uo{a- {acoy tcynct{ogh{af{ {ac lfyj~ {ac efoh f{ ~naggm kcbohc {acoy rfmsc {g {acoy tfych{~( Oh ~naggm~oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~- ~sna f~ Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- tccy,eygstkhflon~ f~~slc f eycf{cy oltgy{fhnc oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc gb ~naggmicnfs~c {ac afrc f{ mcf~{ ~glc lcf~syc gb ngh{ygm grcy {ac~c- uaona {ac kg hg{afrc grcy oltgy{fh{ f~tcn{~ gb {acoy bgylfm mcfyhohe fhk fnfkclon tygeyc~~( [acfn{orc f~~o~{fhnc fhk oh{cyc~{ gb bflom lclicy~ o~ nyo{onfm {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ fiomo{oc~{g tcybgyl ucmm fhk {g ~{f lg{orf{ck oh ~naggm~ uacyc tcybgylfhnc o~ echcyfmm tggy( Agucrcy- rcy mgu tfych{fm cksnf{ogh mcrcm~ lcfh {af{ o{ o~ cqnct{oghfm bgy~cnghkfy,~naggm tstom~ oh {ac~c mf{{cy hcoeaigsyaggk~ {g afrc tfych{~ uo{a {ac~naggmohe {g f~~o~{ {acl uo{a {acoy guh aglcugyj- gy crch tcyaft~ {g shkcy~{fhk{ac kclfhk~ gb ~cnghkfy ~naggmohe fhk {ac gttgy{sho{oc~ {af{ bgmmgu( Tf~~yf{c~ fyc mgu fhk {ac tcy~o~{ch{m aoea f{{chkfhnc yf{c~ oh {ac sttcy cfy~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm {acycbgyc ~sytyo~ohe( F jc ngh{yois{gy o~ {ac ~sttgy{bygl tccy~- f~ ucmm f~ bygl tfych{~ fhk ~glc {cfnacy~- f~ f yc~sm{ gb f ~{yghe ~gnofmngh~ch~s~( Fksm{~ fhk naomkych fmojc icmocrc {af{ {ao~ o~ f echcyf{ogh uo{a rf~{m ohnycf~ck gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy ~gnofm fhk cnghglon ~{f{s~ {aygsea cksnf{ogh( [ac fyc mfyecm shfufyc {agsea gb {ac molo{~ gb {acoy jhgumckec ycefykohe uaf{ o~ycvsoyck {g tf~~ {acoy bohfm tsimon cqflohf{ogh( Oh Gncfh Rocu- i ngltfyo~gh-tfych{fm ko~chefeclch{ bygl ~naggm o~ gb{ch fnngltfhock i tc~~olo~{on f{{o{skc~{gufyk~ gshe tcgtmc‟~ bs{syc tg{ch{ofm( Kgsi{ohe {acoy fiomo{oc~ {g tf~~ cqfl~fhk gi~cyrfh{ gb aoea shcltmglch{ flghe {ag~c uag afrc- f mfyec tgy{ogh gb fkgmc~nch{~ gt{ {g mcfrc ~naggm cfym(

[acyc fyc ~si{mc- is{ ~oehobonfh{- kobbcychnc~ oh {ac rfmsc f{{fnack {g cksnf{ogh

ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk {ac jhgumckec shkcytohhohe {ac~c rfmsc~- uaonaacmt~ cqtmfoh ~syrc yc~tgh~c~ figs{ cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~( Oh Bo~a Agcj fhkLf~otaslcmcmc- cksnf{ogh o~ ~cch f~ {ac ygs{c {g ~snnc~~- uacycf~ oh Gncfh Rocuo{ o~ ~cch f~ f ygs{c {g ~snnc~~ bgy {ac ~lfmm lohgyo{( [ac shvsc~{oghck rfmsc gb cksnf{ogh oh Bo~a Agcj o~ ~sttgy{ck i {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb tstom~ lgrc{aygsea ~naggm f{ {ac cqtcn{ck tfnc- tf~~ {acoy lf{yon fhk ch{cy bsy{acy cksnf{oghgy g{acy bgyl~ gb {yfohohe( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- agucrcy- o{~ rfmsc tcy~o~{~ oh {acngh{cq{ gb shbflomofyo{ gh {ac tfy{ gb tfych{~ fhk naomkych ycefykohe {ac lo~lf{naic{ucch uaf{ o~ afttchohe oh nmf~~yggl~ fhk uaf{ o~ ycvsoyck {g tf~~ lf{yon fhklgrc oh{g bsy{acy cksnf{ogh fhk aoea,~{f{s~ cltmglch{( Acyc- fkgmc~nch{~ ~cc

{acoy ngh{cltgyfyoc~ fhk fksm{ ycmf{orc~ ~{yseemc {g bohk crch lchofm gy nf~sfm ugyj-




936

is{ f{ {ac ~flc {olc lfoh{foh {acoy guh f~toyf{ogh~ {g aoea,~{f{s~ `gi~( [ac fycfimc {g kg ~g icnfs~c {ac ngh~okcy {ac nf~sfm- lfhsfm cltmglch{ ~tacyc gb {acoytfych{~ {g ic {g{fmm ~ctfyf{c {g {af{ gb uao{c,ngmmfy tygbc~~ogh~- fhk {ac gi~cyrc

{ac gnnf~oghfm mgnfm yc~okch{ ec{ oh{g shorcy~o{ gy fnvsoyc f ucmm,tfok `gi- is{ jhgumo{{mc figs{ uaf{ o~ ycvsoyck {g gi{foh ~sna tg~o{ogh~( Bgy- kc~to{c {ac yckoycn{ogh gb yc~gsync~ ~ohnc 6??;- bcu Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh afrc fnnc~~ {g bgylfmohbgylf{ogh gh aoeacy cksnf{ogh gy nfyccy~- gy {g {ac jhgumckec {af{ o~ tf~~ck{aygsea tcy~ghfm hc{ugyj~(

Oh Gncfh Rocu- uacyc bgylfm cksnf{ogh o~ uokcm ycefykck f~ f tg~~oimc ygs{c {g ~snnc~~-{ac f~toyf{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ ucyc lgyc ngh~cyrf{orc fhk {cltcyck i fh{onotf{ckgi~{fnmc~ {g bsy{acy cksnf{ogh fhk ~ccjohe cltmglch{( [ac gi~cyrc gshe fksm{~uag afrc lf{yonsmf{ck is{ afrc hg{ bgshk ugyj- fhk afrc lgyc koycn{ fhk ohkoycn{jhgumckec gb {ac mgnfm mfigsy lfyjc{ {afh {acoy ngsh{cytfy{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmcicnfs~c {acoy bflomoc~ afrc tfy{onotf{ck oh o{ bgy ~crcyfm echcyf{ogh~ !~cc fm~g Ics{cm" Fhkcy~gh 9441/( Bsy{acylgyc- ~glc gshe tcgtmc ycefyk {acl~cmrc~ f~ icohe ohf ucfj tg~o{ogh {g ch{cy bsy{acy cksnf{ogh fhk aoea,~{f{s~ cltmglch{ icnfs~c {ac shkcy~{fhk fbboylf{orc fn{ogh tgmonoc~ f~ bfrgsyohe imfnj Fbyonfh tcgtmc(

F bsy{acy ngh{yois{gy {g {ac ko~ngsy~c {af{ rchcyf{c~ cksnf{ogh o~ lf{cyofm tgrcy{( Ohngh{cq{~ uacyc cnghglon yc~gsync~ fyc ~nfync fhk shtyckon{fimc- gshe tcgtmc uagafrc echsohcm tg~o{orc f{{o{skc~ {gufyk~ cksnf{ogh bfnc rfyogs~ tyc~~syc~ fmghe~okc{af{ gb cksnf{oghfm ~snnc~~- uaona shkcylohc {acoy fiomo{ {g fnaocrc f{ ~naggm( [acoltfn{ gb kglc~{on kclfhk~- ommhc~~- ohnglc byfeomo{ fhk {ac ~gnofm lfhobc~{f{ogh~

gb tgrcy{ fhk ko~cltgucylch{- ~sna f~ fmngagmo~l fhk kyse s~c flghe tfych{~-afrc icch kgnslch{ck figrc( Tgrcy{ fm~g ngh{yois{c~ {g {ac {ch~ogh~ fkgmc~nch{~cqtcyochnc oh {acoy ~gnofm okch{o{oc~( Tggy fkgmc~nch{~ ~{f{c agu kobbonsm{ o{ o~ {g ic f~snnc~~bsm tstom fhk ~olsm{fhcgs~m ngh~okcyck {ychk fhk f{{yfn{orc uo{aoh {ac tccyeygst( Aoea ~{f{s~ oh {ac tccy eygst ycvsoyc~ ucfyohe fhk guhohe ng~{m o{cl~( Fhkeorch {af{ tggy tfych{~ nfh yfycm fbbgyk {ac~c fhk kg hg{ fmuf~ uo~a {g tygrokc{acl- gshe tcgtmc hcck {g cfyh co{acy {aygsea ugyj- kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ gy nyolc(Bgy lg~{- {ac~c tsy~so{~ fyc ohngltf{oimc uo{a ~naggmohe gh tyfn{onfm fhk ~gnofmeygshk~ !~cc fm~g Naft{cy 1/(

Ghc uf oh uaona gshe tcgtmc nfh lfhfec {ac~c ohngltf{oiomo{oc~ o~ {g {aohj fhk

{fmj oh {cyl~ gb f lgyfm konag{gl ic{ucch {ac ‑eggk‟ nfyccy {aygsea ~naggm fhkoh{g aoea,~{f{s~ ugyj- fhk f ‑ifk‟ nfyccy ch{fomohe cksnf{oghfm bfomsyc( Ko~ngsy~cgb {ao~ hf{syc af~ ngh~okcyfimc nsyychn fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- is{ o~ f tfy{onsmfym tgucybsm uf gb gyefho~ohe fhk cqtmfohohe {ac ugymk oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Fhk o{ nfhghm ic bscmmck i {ac fi~chnc gb rofimc fhk ~s~{fohfimc fm{cyhf{orc~ bgy fkgmc~nch{~-~sna f~ mgnfm fttych{onc~aot gy cltmglch{- uaona lfjc~ o{ ~oltm {gg kycfkbsm{g ngh{cltmf{c {ac hg{ogh {af{ cksnf{ogh lf hg{ tygksnc ~snnc~~( [aygsea {ac~clcnafho~l~- gshe tcgtmc fyc shjhguohem ~{yche{achohe f nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ckko~ngsy~c {af{ rchcyf{c~ cksnf{ogh fhk fn{~ f~ f ygis~{ rchccy grcy g{acy okcf~ fhkycfmo{oc~ {af{ tcy{foh {g ~naggm cqtcyochnc(




939

Uc ugyjck uo{a ~crcyfm fkgmc~nch{ tstom~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc uagf{ ghnc c~tgs~c {ac rocu {af{ cksnf{ogh uomm mcfk {acl oh{g ~snnc~~bsm nfyccy~ fhktyorf{cm vsc~{ogh uac{acy {ac uomm fnaocrc {acoy egfm~( Agucrcy- {ac ngsmk hg{

fbbgyk {g rcyifmo~c {acoy kgsi{~ icnfs~c {ac afrc ohrc~{ck tcy~ghfm cbbgy{ fhk bflom yc~gsync~ ~g acfrom oh {acoy ~naggmohe {af{ {ac ngh~cvsch{m ycefyk {acl~cmrc~ „fhk fyc ~cch i {acoy bflomoc~ fhk byochk~ „ f~ bgmmguohe {ac ‑yoea{‟ tf{a( Is{ ohlfoh{fohohe {ao~ ~omchnc- gshe tcgtmc tycnmskc {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb ycncorohe fkronc gy~sttgy{ {af{ ngsmk acmt {acl uo{a {acoy ~naggm ugyj fhk igm~{cy {acoy ~cmb,c~{ccl([ac kcno~ogh i ghc aoeam ngltc{ch{ eyfkc,69 tstom f{ Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggmfyg~c gs{ gb {ao~ komcllf fhk yc~sm{ck oh acy bfomohe acy lf{yon(

Namgc afk tcybgylck ucmm {aygseags{ acy nfyccy oh Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm fhklfkc fh cbbgy{ {g ~{sk f{ aglc fhk oh {ac moiyfy( F{ {ac iceohhohe gb acy eyfkc,69cfy- ~ac {gmk s~ {af{ ~ac cqtcn{ck {g tf~~ acy lf{yon cqflohf{ogh fhk afk tmfh~ {gchygm oh ngmmcec( [g gsy ~sytyo~c- ~ac bfomck- is{ ycncorck f ‑~sttmclch{fy cqfl‟ !fnafhnc {g yc~o{ lf{aclf{on~ fhk fnngsh{ohe/( ^crcyfm lgh{a~ mf{cy- o{ clcyeck ohnghrcy~f{ogh {af{ Namgc afk cmcn{ck hg{ {g f{{chk {ac lf{a~ cqfl- jhguohe {af{ o{ugsmk ̀ cgtfyko~c acy nafhnc~ gb tf~~ohe( ̂ ac ~fok {af{ ~ac kok hg{ icmocrc ~ac ugsmk icfimc {g shkcy~{fhk fhk ngltmc{c {ac vsc~{ogh~ ~g {agsea{ o{ ic~{ hg{ {g {y( âc ~tgjc{g hg ghc figs{ acy kcno~ogh fhk mf{cy ~fok {af{ ‑tyc{chkohe O uf~ gh {ac yoea{ {yfnj uf~ kyorohe lc nyfp‟( Namgc uf~ mf{cy {gmk i f {cfnacy {af{ acy lfyj~ oh g{acy ~si`cn{~ucyc aoea chgsea {g afrc chfimck acy {g tf~~ ob ~ac afk f{{chkck {ac lf{a~ cqfl(

Crokch{ oh Namgc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ o~ {ac bfn{ {af{ oh ngh{cq{~ uacyc cksnf{ogh o~ aoeam

rchcyf{ck- {acyc o~ ngh~okcyfimc ~ligmon- ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm rfmsc oh fkgmc~nch{~lfoh{fohohe f ko~ngsy~c {af{ korokc~ {ac ugymk ic{ucch {ag~c uag fyc ‑gh {ac yoea{{yfnj‟ fhk {ag~c uag fyc hg{( [ac ycfmo{ o~ lsna lgyc hcismgs~( _gshe tcgtmclgrc vsonjm fhk ~glc{olc~ crch shngh~nogs~m bygl {ac bgylcy {g {ac mf{{cy-fhk ~glc ronc rcy~f !bgy cqfltmc- ~glc gshe lg{acy~/- fm{agsea {ao~ o~ lsnalgyc kobbonsm{ uo{ags{ f aoea mcrcm gb ~sttgy{ bygl bflom- {cfnacy~ fhk byochk~(Oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ uo{a tggym bshn{oghohe ~naggm~ uacyc gshe tcgtmc fycbfnck uo{a ‑bfomsyc‟ !co{acy lokuf {aygsea gy f{ {ac chk gb {acoy ~naggm nfyccy/- ghcycf~gh ua gshe tcgtmc tcy~o~{ch{m stagmk {ac rfmsc gb bgylfm cksnf{ogh f~ fygs{c {g ~snnc~~ o~ {af{ o{ yctyc~ch{~ f ‑kcboho{c‟- fhk {acycbgyc fmmgu~ {acl {g yc{foh

f ~ch~c gb oh{ceyo{ f~~gnof{ck uo{a tyckon{fiomo{- oh uaf{ fycoh ycfmo{- aoeam shtyckon{fimc noynsl~{fhnc~(

_gshe tcgtmc‟~ fn{orc tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~sna ko~ngsy~c ~cyrc~ oltgy{fh{ ~agy{,{cyltsytg~c~- ohnmskohe bsmbommohe gimoef{ogh~ {g bflom fhk igm~{cyohe ~cmb,c~{ccl- uaona-oh {syh- ~cyrc {g ~{yche{ach {acoy nafhnc~ gb grcynglohe gi~{fnmc~ f{ ~naggm( Oh {ac mghe{cyl- agucrcy- o{~ tcytc{sf{ogh o~ ko~cltgucyohe gb {ac gshe icnfs~c o{ ls{c~ g{acyko~ngsy~c~ uo{aoh fhk ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~ {af{ fnjhgumckec {ac ko~~ghfhnc ic{ucchokcfm~ fhk ycfmo{oc~( [ac ifmk ycfmo{ gb tggy cltmglch{ tyg~tcn{~ fhk kobbonsm{oc~ch{cyohe bsy{acy cksnf{ogh fyc mcb{ shcqflohck- fhk gshe tcgtmc lfjc hg ~cyogs~kclfhk~ gh {ac ~{f{c gy ngh{cltgyfy norom ~gnoc{ {g nafhec {ao~ ~nchfyog(



93>

Bycckgl- ‑bo{{ohe oh‟ fhk bgycoeh {cyyo{gyoc~0[ac ugymk gb byochk~- kf{ohe fhk ~cq

Uach O uf~ gshecy•ifnj {ach- o{ uf~ `s~{ mojc0 lc( _gs jhgu7 L bccmohe~ fhk l lohk fhk l ~{sbb•Is{ hgu- gs‟yc {aohjohe gb crcyghc fygshk gs•o{‟~ `s~{- mojc- ~hguifmmck oh{g {ao~ asec ioeton{syc gb- mojc- crcyigk {af{ O jhgu0 l bflom- l ~naggm- l byochk~-igbyochk~- uacyc fl O egohe {g ugyj ghc kf- uaf{ lghc uomm O ec{oh•_gs jhgu- fmm {ac~c {aohe~•_gs afrc {g mcfyh agu {g lfhfec gsybccmohe~ fhk ~{sbb( Gy cm~c o{ `s~{ ec{~ shlfhfecfimc•!Mcfhhc- eoym- feck 65-Bo~a Agcj- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

Ghc gb {ac lg~{ kclfhkohe fhk gb{ch {yfslf{on nafhec~ bgy fkgmc~nch{~ oh crcy tfy{ gb {ac Rfmmc o~ {acoy ch{y oh{g {ac ugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~(Uaf{ lfyj~ gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ gs{ bygl g{acy~ {yfrcy~ohe {ao~ ‑hgylfm‟ {cyyfohgb fkgmc~nchnc o~ f ao~{gy gb mceo{olo~ck tgucy ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch eygst~nf{cegyo~ck i ‑yfnc‟- {ac cbbcn{~ gb uaona- fy{onsmf{ck uo{a nsm{syfmm oh~nyoick echkcyygmc~ fhk fec,if~ck aocyfynaoc~- tygksnc fkko{oghfm nafmmchec~ {g fkgmc~nch{~( Oh{ao~ naft{cy uc cqflohc {ac tg~{,ftfy{acok ugymk gb {ac tccy eygst- o{~ ohnycf~oheoltgy{fhnc fhk ohbmschnc uo{a fec- {ac hgylf{orc chroyghlch{ oh uaona gshe

tcgtmc lfjc kcno~ogh~ fhk {acoy oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a fksm{~ gh {ac {gton gb ~cq( Ao~{gyoc~gb ~ceycef{ogh ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc mojcm {g afrc yc~sm{ck oh kobbcychnc~ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac uf {af{ ig~ fhk eoym~ cqtcyochnc ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk~cq( Is{ uaf{ o~ {ac hf{syc gb {ac~c kobbcychnc~ fhk gb {ac mc~~ cqtmgyck ~olomfyo{oc~7Oh uaf{ uf~ fyc fkgmc~nch{ byochk~aot~ fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fbbcn{ck i {acohnycf~ohem tcyrf~orc ngh~slcy nsm{syc fhk emgifm olfecy gb ~{f{s~ tyc~ch{ oh {aclckof7 Fhk- cnagohe Lfhkcmf‟~ !6??3/ ro~ogh vsg{ck f{ {ac iceohhohe gb Naft{cy6 gb {ao~ iggj- kgc~ ngh{cltgyfy ~gnoc{ nycf{c fhk hsy{syc ohbgylfm gy bgylfmoh~{o{s{ogh~ {af{ fyc ‑cmgvsch{ uo{a nfycyc~tcn{ fhk mgrc‟- hcnc~~fy {g yckyc~~ tf~{uyghe~ fhk tyctfyc {ac gs{a bgy f bs{syc ohrgmrohe acfm{a oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~7

Ghc gb {ac lg~{ ~cyogs~ nafmmchec~ {g ^gs{a Fbyonfh gs{a o~ {af{ gb AOR fhk FOK^([ac tyc~chnc gb FOK^ bsy{acy oh{ch~oboc~ o~~sc~ gb jhgumckec- tgucy fhk ~cmb,nfyc6 {af{ tcyrfkc ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch gshe tcgtmcfhk {ag~c ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~([ac tfhkclon af~ tyglt{ck ngh~okcyfimc yc~cfyna gh fkgmc~nch{ ~cq- is{ lg~{ cfym ~{skoc~ ucyc tyolfyom vsfh{o{f{orc- {cmmohe s~ lgyc figs{ uaf{ gshe tcgtmc fyc kgohe{afh ua- fhk hcemcn{ohe {ac ‑~gnoc{fm- hgylf{orc fhk nsm{syfm ngh{cq{~‟ !LfnTafom "Nflticmm 94460 626;: ~cc fm~g Nflticmm 944>: Jcmm " H{mfif{o 9449: Tfyjcy 6??3/( [acyc~sm{ o~ f tygmobcyf{ogh gb cqtmfhf{ogh~ gb gs{a ~cqsfm icafrogsy {af{ ucyc kchskck gb ~gnofm lcfhohe fhk korgynck bygl {ac ~tcnobono{oc~ gb ao~{gyonfm- ~gnog,cnghglon fhknsm{syfm ngh{cq{~( Ghm ycnch{m af~ yc~cfyna {syhck {g fkgmc~nch{~‟ guh shkcy~{fhkohe~

fhk cqtcyochnc gb {acoy icafrogsy uo{aoh eorch ngh{cq{~ !Isyh~ 9449/(

5




93;

Ycnch{ ^gs{a Fbyonfh yc~cfyna af~ ~{fy{ck {g cqflohc {ac ~gnofm tygnc~~c~ fhktyc~~syc~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~cqsfm tyfn{onc~ !Fmcqfhkcy " S~ 9449/(Ig{a ig~ fhk eoym~ cqtcyochnc {acoy ~cqsfm ~gnofmo~f{ogh oh ngh{yfkon{gy {cyl~(

Achkcy~gh !6???/ ko~ns~~c~ {ac ngh{yfkon{gy tyc~~syc~ gh eoym~ morohe oh HcuNyg~~ygfk~- f~ {acoy bflomoc~ cltaf~o~c {acoy eoymaggk fhk chngsyfec {acl {gtyc~cyrc {acoy royeoho{- uaom~{ ig~ f{ ~naggm fhk oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk kclfhk~cq( ̂ fmg !944;/ hg{c~ {ac oltgy{fhnc {g lg{acy~ oh Lfhchicye {af{ {acoy kfsea{cy~yclfoh naf~{c !fhk ic ‑eggk kfsea{cy~‟/- is{ {ao~ nfh {yft {acoy kfsea{cy~ oh ftg~o{ogh gb ngh{ohsohe kctchkchn( Bgy {acoy tfy{- ig~ fyc cqtcn{ck {g nghbgyl{g f yoeok kcboho{ogh gb lf~nsmoho{( Oh {ac fi~chnc gb `gi~- lfh lch {syh {g rogmchnc {g kclgh~{yf{c lf~nsmoho{ !Ifyjcy " Yonfykg 9443: Achkcy~gh 9442:âcbcy " Tg{eoc{cy 9442/( Vsfmo{f{orc yc~cfyna ~agu~ {af{ rogmchnc fefoh~{ uglch o~uokc~tycfk oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ ac{cyg~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ !Rfyef " Lfjsifmg 6??2:

Uggk " @cujc~ 6??5: Uggk c{ fm( 6??1/( [ao~ o~ hg{ uo{ags{ ng~{~ {g ~glc gshelch uag~c clg{oghfm rsmhcyfiomo{- kgsi{~ fhk oh~cnsyo{oc~ fyc f{ gkk~ uo{a {actyckglohfh{- lfnag olfec gb ~cqsfm iyfrfkg- cqtcyochnc fhk tgucy !Ifyjcy "Yonfykg 9443: Agmmfhk c{ fm( 6??;/( Fhk gs{ gb {ao~ ko~~ghfhnc nfh clcyec kcbch~orc~{yf{ceoc~ gh {ac tfy{ gb lch- uaona yctygksnc fhk ycohbgync lfmc kglohfhnc!Ifyjcy " Yonfykg 9443: Agmmfhk c{ fm( 6??;/(

Ig~‟ rgonc~ fhk cqtcyochnc~ fyc ~{omm mfyecm ~omchnck uo{aoh {ac tycrfomohe yc~cfynafechkf- fhk ig~ {chk {g ic yctyc~ch{ck shnyo{onfmm f~ ‑tygimcl~‟ !Tf{{lfh " Nacec944>/- uo{a eoym~ nf~{ f~ ‑ron{ol~‟ gb lfmc ~cqsfmo{( F tyglo~ohe ~aob{ oh bgns~ o~ crokch{oh ycnch{ yc~cfyna gh agu gshe lch fhk uglch yc~o~{ tyc~~syc {g nghbgyl {gechkcyck cqtcn{f{ogh~( Bgy cqfltmc- ghc ~{sk gb gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Fbyonfh lohohe{guh~aot gb Jas{~ghe- ~gs{a,uc~{ gb @gafhhc~isye- bgshk {af{ f lohgyo{ gb gshelch acf{ckm kcbchkck {ac yoea{~ gb uglch oh ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk nafmmcheck{ac okcf gb ngcynorc ~cq- uaomc f lohgyo{ gb bclfmc tfy{onotfh{~ ~tgjc gb ~snnc~~bsmm bchkohe gbb ngcynorc ~cqsfm fkrfhnc~ bygl lfmc~ gy cqtyc~~ck fkloyf{ogh {gufyk~ {ag~cuag {ggj st fn{orc ~{yf{ceoc~ gb yc~o~{fhnc !LfnTafom " Nflticmm 9446/(

‑Tygimcl~‟ ~sna f~ ~cqsfm rogmchnc fhk {cchfec tycehfhn fyc gb{ch f{{yois{ck {g‑{yfko{ogh‟ fhk ‑nsm{syc‟( ^sna cqtmfhf{ogh~ fyc gb{ch nyskc- ~glc{olc~ rcyeohe ghyfno~{ !Lfnmcgk " Ksyyacol 9449/- fhk ~cyrc {g cqns~c tygimclf{on lfmc icafrogsy

fhk tgucy !âcbcy " Tg{eoc{cy 9442/( Kcmos~ fhk Emf~cy !9449/ fyesc {af{ rogmchnc o~sh{yfko{oghfm oh {af{ o{ ycbmcn{~ f tygbgshk ao~{gyonfm ~aob{ oh lfmc tccy tyc~~syc bygllfhfeohe fhk yc~{yfohohe fkgmc~nch{ ~cqsfmo{ {g f ncmciyf{ogh gb {ac ngllgkobonf{oghfhk ngh{ygm gb uglch( Bsy{acylgyc- eorch {ac grcymft ic{ucch yfnc nf{cegy fhknmf~~- ~cqsfm rogmchnc loea{ f~ ycfkom ycbmcn{ ~gnog,cnghglon f~ nsm{syfm bfn{gy~!Cf{gh c{ fm( 944>/( Ohkcck- ghc c{ahgeyftaon ~{sk oh f tggy {guh~aot oh {ac Cf~{cyhNftc ~seec~{ck {af{ {ac mfnj gb cnghglon fhk ycnycf{oghfm gttgy{sho{oc~ frfomfimc{g gshe lch fhk uglch mck {g ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~ icohe s~ck f~ f lcfh~ bgy efohoheyc~tcn{ fhk ~gnofm ~{f{s~ !Uggk " @cujc~ 9446/( Lf{cyofm bfn{gy~ fyc fm~g oh{ceyfm{g {ac tachglchgh gb ‑{yfh~fn{oghfm‟ ~cq- uo{a gshe uglch cqnafheohe ~cq bgy

lf{cyofm ~sttgy{ !Fkfl~ " Lfy~afmm 6??1: fhk „ bgy f ~{sk fnyg~~ ‑yfnc‟ eygst~ „



b y c c k g l - ‑ b o { { o h e o h ‟ f h k b g y c o e h { c y y o { g y o c ~

933

Jfsblfh " ^{frygs 944;/( Oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- {yfh~fn{oghfm ~cq echcyfmm ch{fom~ngh~tonsgs~ ngh~slt{ogh yf{acy {afh ~si~o~{chnc hcck~ !McNmcyn,Lfkmfmf 9449-944>/( Oh {ao~ ngh{cq{- ‑uglch {tonfmm ~cc lsm{otmc igbyochk~ f~ f lcfh~ gb efohohe

ngh{ygm grcy {acoy morc~- yf{acy {afh fn{~ gb kc~tcyf{ogh•fm{agsea {ac {ug gb ngsy~cfyc mohjck‟ !Ash{cy 94490 669/( Ash{cy‟~ tgoh{ kc~cyrc~ f{{ch{ogh0 gshe uglch lf ~ccj ~cqsfm cqnafhec~ gb {ac johk {af{ cqtg~c {acl {g rogmchnc- fhk fm{agsea {acoylg{orf{ogh o~ rcy yfycm ta~onfm ~syrorfm- {acyc fyc ~oehobonfh{ ngh~cvschnc~ bgy {acoy~gnofm okch{o{ fhk ~ch~c gb ~cmb,cbbonfn !~cc fm~g Naft{cy~ ; fhk 1/(

Oh {ao~ naft{cy uc acck {ac nfmm~ {g cqflohc gshe lch fhk uglch morohe oh fmmjohk~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk~- {g chefec uo{a {ac tg~o{orc f~ ucmm f~ {ac hcef{orc f~tcn{~gb ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk {g yc~o~{ ~{cycg{tc~ !Fmcqfhkcy " S~ 9449: Mc~na "Jysecy 944;: LfnTafom " Nflticmm 9446/(

Uc ycbcy {g ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch ig~ fhk eoym~ f~ ‑kf{ohe‟( Uc kg hg{ lcfh i {ao~{ac fn{oro{ gb egohe gh f kf{c !f~ oh Flcyonfh fnfkclon fhk tgtsmfy ko~ngsy~c/- is{yf{acy {ac ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch ig~ fhk eoym~( Bcu gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc ~tgjcfigs{ egohe gh bgylfm gy ~{ysn{syck ‑kf{c~‟ uo{a {acoy igbyochk~ gy eoymbyochk~- fhkoh{cyfn{ogh ic{ucch ig~ fhk eoym~ uag fyc tfoyck gbb gb{ch {fjc~ tmfnc oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb eygst,if~ck ~gnofmo~ohe uo{a tccy~( Uc cltmg {ao~ oltgy{ck nghnct{ icnfs~c- fnyg~~{ac Rfmmc- {acyc o~ hg ~ohemc {cyl s~ck i ig~ gy eoym~ {g kc~nyoic {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~uo{a {ac gttg~o{c ~cq( Uc ycbyfoh bygl s~ohe {ac {cyl ‑~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot‟ {g kc~nyoic~sna ycmf{ogh~aot~- f~ hg{ fmm gshe tcgtmc uag afrc igbyochk~ gy eoymbyochk~ fyc~cqsfmm ohrgmrck( Uc fyc fm~g ac~o{fh{ {g ycbcy {g ‑yglfh{on‟ gy ‑oh{olf{c‟ ycmf{ogh~aot~

icnfs~c- f~ ~afmm ic ~cch- ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {ac gttg~o{c ~cq nfh ic lg{orf{ck fhknafyfn{cyo~ck i bfn{gy~ g{acy {afh ‑yglfhnc‟ gy ‑oh{olfn‟(

Ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh fkgmc~nchnc

[ac oltgy{fhnc gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ icghk {ac bflom oh fkgmc~nchnc o~ ucmm ycngeho~ckuo{aoh fnfkclon mo{cyf{syc( Fnaocrohe ohkctchkchnc- lfyjck i fh ohnycf~ohe ~gnofmko~{fhnc ic{ucch fksm{~ fhk gs{a fhk {ac c~{fimo~alch{ gb ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~- o~gb{ch ~cch f~ f lfyjcy gb ‑hgylfm‟ fkgmc~nchnc !Lfy~afmm c{ fm( 6???/( Lsna mo{cyf{syc~syygshkohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh fkgmc~nchnc af~ bgns~ck gh {ac nafheohe ~fmochnc gb

ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh bflom fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a byochk~ !Eogykfhg 944>/( ^{skoc~gb tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc ngllgh uo{aoh {ac kglfoh gb kcrcmgtlch{fm t~nagmge-uaona nafyfn{cyo~c~ {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ f~ fh oh{ceyfm tfy{ gb ~gnofm kcrcmgtlch{ ohfkgmc~nchnc( ^gnofm kcrcmgtlch{ oh fkgmc~nchnc o~ nafyfn{cyo~ck i fh ohnycf~oheoh{cyc~{ fhk ohrgmrclch{ oh {ac tccy eygst- lg{orf{ck i fh oh{ch~c kc~oyc {g ‑icmghe‟![agl c{ fm( 6??1/( Ohnycf~ohe oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a {ac tccy eygst tygrokc~ oh{cytcy~ghfmngh{fn{ icghk bflom ycmf{ogh~aot~- tmfohe fh oltgy{fh{ ygmc oh fkgmc~nch{~‟t~nag~gnofm kcrcmgtlch{- ngh{yois{ohe {g {acoy clg{oghfm hcck~ fhk ~cyrohe f~ fholtgy{fh{ ~gsync gb ohbgylf{ogh fhk gttgy{sho{ bgy ~gnofmo~f{ogh( ^{skoc~ kgnslch{nafhec~ oh {ac tccy,eygst ~{ysn{syc {af{ gnnsy ksyohe fkgmc~nchnc- ohnmskohe

nmovsc~- nyguk~- byochk~aot~ fhk {ac kcrcmgtlch{ gb ‑yglfh{on‟ ycmf{ogh~aot~ ![agl




932

c{ fm( 6??1/( [ac~c okcf~ afrc echcyfmm icch kcrcmgtck uo{aoh {ac kglfoh gb kcrcmgtlch{fm t~nagmge- uaona gb{ch oehgyc~ {ac ygmc {af{ ngh{cq{sfm tygnc~~c~tmf oh ~aftohe {ac ngh{gsy~ gb ~sna ycmf{ogh~aot~( Yc~cfynacy~ afrc ufyhck fefoh~{

lfjohe shorcy~fmo~{on f~~slt{ogh~ figs{ ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh fkgmc~nchnc f{ {ac cqtch~cgb chefeohe uo{a ~gnofm ~tcnobono{oc~ {af{ ~aftc fkgmc~nch{~‟ ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh f rfyoc{ gb uf~ !Lfy~afmm c{ fm( 6???/( Oh{cyhf{oghfmm- ~gnogmgeonfm ugyj af~ tygrokck fiygfkcy mch~ {aygsea uaona {g rocu {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh fkgmc~nchnc fhk kyfu~f{{ch{ogh {g {ac lfhhcy oh uaona fkgmc~nch{~‟ ~gnofm fkkyc~~c~ fhk mgnf{ogh~ !echkcy-yfnc fhk ~gnofm nmf~~/ ohbmschnc lfh f~tcn{~ gb {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~- ohnmskohe {acoyoh{olfn fhk ohbmschnc !Eogykfhg 944>/( F~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy ;- ao~{gyonfm tf{{cyh~gb yfnofm ~ceycef{ogh oh ^gs{a Fbyonf fyc ~{omm f tgucybsm lckof{gy oh ~aftohe gshetcgtmc‟~ byochk~aot~- tf{{cyh~ gb oh{ceyf{ogh fhk ~gnofmo~ohe(

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- gshecy {cchfecy~ {chk {g afrc byochk~ gb ig{a ~cqc~( ‑Ic~{ byochk~‟fyc echcyfmm gb {ac ~flc ~cq: byochk~aot eygst~ gy nmovsc~ f{ ~naggm fyc mfyecm ~ceycef{ck i echkcy( Bcu gb {ac~c gshecy {cchfecy~ afrc igbyochk~ gy eoymbyochk~([ac yfycm lch{ogh ‑kf{ohe‟ ycmf{ogh~aot~- fhk uach {ac kg- {ac kg hg{ ycbcy {g {aclf~ ob {ac ucyc gb tyolfy oltgy{fhnc oh {acoy nsyych{ morc~( Bgy cqfltmc- oh fy{ nmsi~c~~ogh~- igbyochk~ fhk eoymbyochk~ ucyc yfycm !ob crcy/ lch{oghck oh ko~ns~~ogh~ fhkkyfuohe ~c~~ogh~ figs{ oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~- ~sttgy{ fhk nafmmchec~( Uaomc kf{oheycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc crokch{ ksyohe mf{c naomkaggk- {ac~c kg hg{ c{ ohrgmrc {ac mcrcm gb oh{olfn gy kct{a cqtcyochnck oh bflomofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk byochk~aot~(

F{ {ac ~flc {olc- nghrcy~f{oghfm ifh{cy fhk {cf~ohe ksyohe fy{ ~c~~ogh~ uo{a gshe

tcgtmc feck 66 {g 6> bygl fmm tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc ~aguck {acoy eyguohe oh{cyc~{ oh{ao~ {gton- fhk oh {ac gttg~o{c ~cq- f~ ucmm f~ f eycf{cy ~cmb,ngh~nogs~hc~~ figs{fttcfyfhnc( [gufyk~ {ac chk gb {ac bocmkugyj- lfh gb {ac eoym~ oh {ac Gncfh Rocufy{ nmsi afk ~{fy{ck {g afrc igbyochk~( Uc gi~cyrck {ao~ eygst {cf~c {ag~c uo{aigbyochk~- is{ fmuf~ uo{a fh shkcymohe ~ch~c gb chr( [ac khflon~ ic{ucch{ac eoym~ kclgh~{yf{ck {ac flioeso{ f{ {ao~ ~{fec gb {acoy morc~ f~ {ac kcrcmgt fhcu oh{cyc~{ oh ig~( Eoym~ ugsmk {y {g clifyyf~~ cfna g{acy i {cmmohe figs{ ^L^lc~~fec~ g{acy~ afk ~ch{ {g gy ycncorck bygl ig~: agucrcy- clifyyf~~lch{ uf~ fm~gloqck uo{a tyokc oh {ac f{{ch{ogh {ac ucyc ycncorohe bygl ig~( ‑Uag mgrc~ uag‟uf~ gb{ch f {gton gb lsna oh{cyc~{ fhk {cf~ohe oh gsy eygst ~c~~ogh~ uo{a {ao~ fec

eygst( Kfyych f{ Bo~a Agcj Tyolfy ^naggm oh{ygksnck f ‑hflc~ fhk hslicy~ {c~{‟{af{ yc~sm{~ oh f tcynch{fec ohkonf{ohe agu lsna ~glcghc ‑mgrc~‟ fhg{acy tcy~gh([ao~ uf~ f nfs~c gb lsna {cf~ohe fhk mfsea{cy „ fhk f ~cnyc{orc is~ohc~~0 uach o{uf~ Fhhoc‟~ {syh {g kg {ao~ {c~{ bgy ~glc ig~ ~ac mojck- ~ac ugsmk {ach nyg~~ gs{{ac hflc~ bsyogs~m( Kfyych lfhfeck {g ~{cfm acy tftcy fhk ~{fy{ck nfmmohe gs{ {achflc~- uaona yc~sm{ck oh f ~nycflohe fhk yshhohe ~c~~ogh oh {ac ngyyokgy(

Tyc,cqo~{ohe byochk~aot hc{ugyj~ fyc oltgy{fh{ oh ~aftohe {ac lfhhcy oh uaonagshe tcgtmc tfoy gbb( Flghe gshe tcgtmc oh {acoy cfym {cch~- uc gi~cyrck {af{~flc,echkcy nmovsc~ fyc ~glc{olc~ f{{fnack {g nmovsc~ gb gshe tcgtmc gb {acgttg~o{c echkcyfhk {af{ {ac~c nmovsc~ lcyec grcy {olc( O{ o~ uo{aoh {ao~ ngh{cq{

{af{ gshe tcgtmc ~{fy{ bgylohe f{{fnalch{~ uo{a lclicy~ gb {ac gttg~o{c ~cq( Bgy




935

cqfltmc- ^flfh{af- Lohf fhk {acoy byochk~ oh Gncfh Rocu „ fmm oh {acoy cfym {cch~ „efrc {acl~cmrc~ ‑efhe‟ hflc~- mojc ‑[ac _gshe Mo{{mc If~{fyk~‟ fhk ‑[ac Boc~{f Eoym~‟(![ac {cyl ‑efhe‟ ycbcy~ {g f eygst gb byochk~ oh {ao~ ngh{cq{- hg{ f eygst gb ‑nyolohfm~‟(/

[ac~c efhe~ ucyc f{{fnack {g ~olomfy efhe~ gb ig~- fhk ohkoroksfm eoym~ fhk ig~ugsmk bgyl kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh {ac~c igshkfyoc~( [ac eoym~‟ efhe ugsmk{fjc gh fkko{oghfm hflc~ {g lfyj {acoy nghhcn{ogh {g {ac ig~‟ efhe( Bgy cqfltmc-Lohf ycbcyyck {g acy efhe f~ ig{a {ac ‑Boc~{f Eoym~‟ fhk {ac ‑Hfsea{ i Hf{syc‟ eoym~icnfs~c f hslicy gb {acl ucyc kf{ohe ig~ bygl {ac ‑Hfsea{ i Hf{syc‟ efhe(Byochk~aot~ fyc fm~g fbbcn{ck i kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~0 gshe tcgtmc gb{ch ~tgjc figs{boea{~ f{ ~naggm ic{ucch bgylcy byochk~ grcy igbyochk~ fhk eoymbyochk~(

Flghe gshecy fhk gmkcy {cchfecy~- ig{a ig~ fhk eoym~ ec{ nfsea{ st oh {ac okcfgb ‑mgrc‟( [ac ~{fy{ {g cqtcyochnc hcu fhk nghbs~ohe bccmohe~ bgy {ac gttg~o{c ~cq-gb{ch fnngltfhock i cqtcyochnc~ gb yc`cn{ogh( Bgy eyfkc,66 gshe tcgtmc oh Bo~aAgcj- {ac {gton~ gb igbyochk~- eoymbyochk~- iycfj,st~- acfy{fnac~ fhk ycmf{ogh~aottygimcl~ nflc st ycesmfym oh {acoy {olcmohc~ gb lclgyoc~ gb eyguohe st- fhkoh kofeyfl~ gb nsyych{ ~sttgy{~ fhk nafmmchec~( ‑Ycmf{ogh~aot~‟ fhk ‑mgrc‟ lg~{m fttcfyck f~ ‑nafmmchec~‟: bcu tcgtmc lch{oghck {acoy igbyochk~ gy eoymbyochk~ f~~gsync~ gb ~sttgy{( F~ {cchfecy~‟ oh{cyc~{ oh kf{ohe fhk ~cq ohnycf~c~- {ac fm~gyctgy{ {af{ ~naggm ec{~ afykcy fhk {ac tyc~~syc {g kg ucmm fhk {aohj figs{ {ac bs{sycohnycf~c~ ~si~{fh{ofmm( [ac ohkonf{ck {af{ ifmfhnohe ~gnofm morc~ fhk ~{skohe bgy~naggm uf~ {acoy lfoh ~{yseemc( [syismch{ bccmohe~ fhk crch{~ ycmf{ck {g ycmf{ogh~aot~!ig{a gb f yglfh{on hf{syc f~ ucmm f~ ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a bflom fhk byochk~/ ucyc ts{bgy{a f~ lf`gy o~~sc~ {ac afk {g kcfm uo{a(

Oh f ko~ns~~ogh figs{ lclgyoc~ figs{ eyguohe st- eyfkc,? ig~ oh Bo~a Agcj feycck {af{- bygl figs{ {ac fec gb 6>- ~cq icnglc~ f lf`gy oh{cyc~{ bgy {acl( [ac ycngeho~c {ao~ oh{cyc~{ {g ic f ngliohf{ogh gb ta~onfm nafhec~ fhk f kc~oyc bgy f‑nggm‟ ~gnofm olfec( Ig~ fhk eoym~ kc~nyoick ohnycf~ohe ~gnofm tyc~~syc {g kf{c fhkafrc ~cq ksyohe aoea ~naggmfhk bcm{ {af{ {ao~ uf~ fh oltgy{fh{ tfy{ gb ‑bo{{ohe oh‟fhk ‑icohe nggm‟( Fm{agsea gshe tcgtmc gb{ch cqtyc~~ck {ac rocu {af{ kf{ohe fhk ~cqfyc ‑{ac hgyl‟ fhk {af{ ‑crcyghc o~ kgohe o{‟- flghe {ac gmkcy {cchfecy~ uo{a uagluc ugyjck nmg~cm- eoym~ fhk ig~ fmojc- {acyc ucyc ngh~okcyfimc rfyof{ogh~ oh {acoycqtcyochnc gb kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~( Oh bfn{- f ~oehobonfh{ tygtgy{ogh ucyc

hg{ kf{ohe fhk afk hg{ afk ~cq(Boesyc~ 5(6 fhk 5(9 ~agu {ac tygtgy{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{ eoym~ fhk ig~ oh Nftc [guhuag yctgy{ {af{ {ac afrc afk ~cq- i fec- s~ohe Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/kf{f( ![ac~c boesyc~ fm~g ~agu {ac tygtgy{ogh~ gb yc~tghkch{~ uag yctgy{ afroheicch tycehfh{ gy afrohe lfkc f eoym tycehfh{- uaona uc ko~ns~~ bsy{acy icmgu(/[ac kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch eoym~ fhk ig~ fyc ~lfmm( Figs{ ghc oh borc 62,cfy,gmk~ fhkfigs{ afmb gb 61,cfy,gmk~ yctgy{ck afrohe afk ~cq( F{ {ac fec gb 99- bgsy gs{ gb borctcgtmc afrc afk ~cq( [ac~c kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ o{ o~ shs~sfm bgy f {cchfecy {g ic ~cqsfmm fn{orc sh{om {ac fec~ gb 65- 61 fhk 6?- o(c( f{ figs{ {ac fec f{ uaona ~{skch{~ ngltmc{c{acoy ~naggmohe- shmc~~ !f~ o~ gb{ch {ac nf~c oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~/ {ac afrc

yctcf{ck eyfkc~ fhk bfmmch icaohk(




931

Boesyc 5(6 ^cqsfm fn{oro{ fhk tycehfhn flghe eoym~- Nftc [guh

Boesyc 5(9 ^cqsfm fn{oro{ fhk oltycehf{ogh flghe ig~- Nftc [guh



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924

Boesyc 5(; ^cqsfm fn{oro{ fhk oltycehf{ogh flghe ig~- i {tc gb hcoeaigsyaggk fhk fec-

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Tfych{„naomk oh{cyfn{ogh~ fhk {acoy ohbmschnc gh ~cq

•~cnycn oh aslfh ~gnoc{ o~ gb{ch fh oh{ceyfm f~tcn{ gb- fhk•f lf`gylcnafho~l bgy- lfoh{fohohe cqo~{ohe ycmf{ogh~ gb tgucy fhk tf{{cyh~ gb yc~tcn{( ^g o~ fh ohnycf~ohe ~gnofm ko~{fhnc ic{ucch {ac echcyf{ogh~ f~naomkych ‑eygu st‟( Fh f~tcn{ gb {ao~ lf ic {ac ‑~omchnc~‟ grcy ~cq fhk

yctygksn{ogh ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~•{tonfm gb lfh ~gnoc{oc~ fnyg~~ {acemgic( !Tyc~{gh,Ua{c 944>0 ?4/

[ac lfhhcy oh uaona fksm{~ ~tcfj {g {acoy gshe figs{ kf{ohe fhk ~cq- f~ ucmm f~{ac ~omchnc~ {af{ {ac jcct- fyc nch{yfm {g {ac lcfhohe fhk rfmsc {af{ gshe tcgtmcf{{fna {g kf{ohe fhk ~cqfhk {acoy tyfn{onc~ oh {ac~c fycf~(

f 0 yr j- r

•L lgll af~h‟{ ycfmm ~tgjch {g lc figs{ tcyogk~- tsicy{-igbyochk~- ~cq- ^[O~ fhk ~{sbb mojc {af{( O afk {g bohk {ac ~{sbb gs{ bgy

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4 94 ;4 24 14 644Tcynch{fec

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Hcrcy afk ~cq Afk ~cq- is{ hcrcy lfkc f eoym tycehfh{ Lfkc f eoym tycehfh{




926

byochk~•Icnfs~c l lgll kgc~h‟{ Z{cmm lc\- O kgh‟{ jhgu ua gyuaf{ gy uach gy agu•O nfh‟{ eg {g l lgll fhk ~f- ‑O eg{ {ao~ nys~agh ~glc gs{òc Zes\ fhk O‟l ycfmm st~c{ figs{ o{- icnfs~c ac kgc~h‟{

bccm {ac ~flc uf(‟ Uc kgh‟{ afrc {af{ {tc gb ycmf{ogh~aot( O kgh‟{ jhguob ~ac‟~ ~nfyck {g ~tcfj {g lc gy uaf{ - is{ ~ac kgc~h‟{ {fmj {g lc figs{fh{aohe•!Rcyghovsc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu- ohbgylfm nghrcy~f{oghuo{a yc~cfynacy/

Lg~{ fksm{~ „ ohnmskohe tfych{~- {cfnacy~ fhk tf~{gy~ „ jcct f tcyrf~orc ~omchnc~syygshkohe kf{ohe fhk ~cq( _gshe tcgtmc {gmk s~ {af{ uach fksm{~ kg {fmj {g {aclfigs{ kf{ohe fhk ~cq- ~sna ko~ns~~ogh~ {chk {g ic byflck oh hcef{orc {cyl~- fhkngllshonf{ogh o~ ghc,uf- ngh~o~{ohe gb fksm{ fkronc fhk koycn{orc~ {g frgok kf{ohefhk {g fi~{foh bygl ~cq( Fksm{~ fyc ~fok {g cltaf~o~c {ac hcef{orc ngh~cvschnc~gb ~cq- ycbcyyohe bycvsch{m {g ko~cf~c fhk tycehfhn fhk fkrgnf{ohe fi~{ohchnc(

[ac ~tcfj gb kf{ohe fhk ~cq f~ ‑ohfttygtyof{c‟ fhk f~ ko~{yfn{ogh~ bygl uaf{ gshetcgtmc ‑~agsmk‟ ic kgohe „ o(c( ~naggm ugyj- nagyc~ f{ aglc gy fn{oro{oc~ gyefho~cki ~naggm~ gy nasynac~( [acyc o~ fm~g f ~{yghe ycmoeogs~ gy lgyfm ngltghch{ {g fksm{lc~~fec~ ~syygshkohe kf{ohe fhk ~cq0 ~cq icbgyc lfyyofec o~ ‑ifk‟ gy f ‑~oh‟: afroheigbyochk~ gy eoymbyochk~ o~ f {clt{f{ogh {af{ lf mcfk {g ‑~ohbsm‟ icafrogsy(

Yctyc~~orc fksm{ {fmj o~ fnngltfhock i yctyc~~orc tyfn{onc~- c~tcnofmm bgy eoym~(Eoym~ bygl fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc kc~nyoick {ac fkrch{ gb {acoy {cchfec cfy~ f~ f {olc ohuaona tfych{,boesyc~ icnflc ohnycf~ohem ‑~{yon{‟- ycesmf{ohe fhk lgho{gyohe {acoyfn{oro{oc~ nmg~cm( Tfych{~ ~ccl {g bcfy {af{ {acoy naomkych loea{ ic ‑ifkm ohbmschnck‟

i byochk~ fhk ec{ nfsea{ st oh ‑naf~ohe ig~‟( Oh f ko~ns~~ogh uo{a eyfkc,69 eoym~oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {ac eygst lfoh{fohck {af{ uachcrcy {ac lgrc icghk {acnghbohc~ gb {ac aglc- tfy{onsmfym f{ hoea{- tfych{~ ‑f~~slc‟ {af{ {ac fyc ‑naf~oheig~‟ fhk ‑afrohe ~cq‟( Fksm{ lgho{gyohe fhk ycesmf{ogh gb eoym~ icnfs~c gb kf{ohefhk ~cq fttcfy {g ic tfy{ gb f lgyc echcyfm fksm{ lgho{gyohe gb eoym~‟ fn{oro{oc~fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ kg hg{ {fjc tmfnc shkcy ~tacyc~ gb fksm{ ~stcyro~ogh( [ao~lgho{gyohe fttcfy~ {g ~cyrc {ac tsytg~c gb jcctohe eoym~ ‑~fbc‟ bygl {ac hcef{orcohbmschnc gb byochk~ fhk ig~- fhk jcctohe {acl ‑eggk‟ „ jcctohe {acl byglchefeohe oh ~gnofmm kcrofh{ gy lgyfmm ohfttygtyof{c fn{oro{oc~- fhk lfjohe ~syc {af{{acoy chcyeoc~ fyc ohrc~{ck oh fec,fttygtyof{c fn{oro{oc~ fhk tsy~so{~- ~sna f~ ~naggmugyj- ags~cugyj fhk ycmoeogh(

Eoym~ ycngeho~c {ac echkcyck kgsimc ~{fhkfyk~ ~syygshkohe tfych{fm ycesmf{ogh(Uaomc {acoy guh ~cqsfmo{ o~ nmg~cm lgho{gyck fhk o~ ~tgjch figs{ oh hcef{orc-yctyc~~orc {cyl~- ig~‟ ~cqsfmo{ {chk~ {g ic ‑oehgyck‟- fhk {acoy ~gnofm lgrclch{~fyc bfy mc~~ ~si`cn{ {g fksm{ ycesmf{ogh( Eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ngltmfohck{af{ {acoy gshecy iyg{acy~ fyc fmmguck {g eg gs{ sh{om mf{c f{ hoea{ uo{ags{ icohevsc~{oghck( Ob {ac ucyc {g kg {ao~- {acoy tfych{~ ugsmk ny- ‑_gs‟mm ec{ tycehfh{&_gs‟mm ec{ FOK^&‟ Ghc ngh~cvschnc gb {ac ~nfync lgho{gyohe gy cqtyc~~ogh~ gb nghncyh i tfych{~ {gufyk~ ig~‟ ~cqsfmo{ o~ {af{ ig~ „ tcyaft~ crch lgyc ~g {afheoym~ „ fyc jct{ oh {ac kfyj figs{ ‑{ac bfn{~ gb ~cq‟(




929

~-

Achkcy~gh ~s~tcn{~ {af{ {ac ~omchnc~ ic{ucch Fbyonfh naomkych fhk fksm{~ oh Hcu

Nyg~~ygfk~ nghncyhohe ~cq kg hg{ ~g lsna kchg{c ‑clt{ohc~~‟ f~ ‑lfyj mohc~ gb tgucy fhk lf icnglc {ac ~ligmon lcfh~ uacyci yc~tcn{ o~ kclgh~{yf{ck i gshe eoym~ fhk ig~ {gufyk~ {acoy tfych{~( Mfnj gb rcyifm cqtyc~~ogh nghncyhohe~cqsfmo{ noynsl~nyoic~ {ac igshkfyoc~ ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~‟ !6???0 6>2„6>5/(Tyc~{gh,Ua{c fyesc~- oh f ~olomfy rcoh- {af{ ~omchnc fhk ~cnycn tmf fh oltgy{fh{ygmc f~ oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ‑igshkfy jcctcy~‟ !944>0 ?6/( âc fyesc~ {af{ {ac ~omchncfhk ~cnycn {af{ fksm{~ chbgync ~syygshkohe kf{ohe fhk ~cq ~cyrc {g ngh~{ysn{ fhklfoh{foh {ug tfyfmmcm ugymk~ uacyc kf{ohe fhk ~cq fyc nghncyhck0 ‑{af{ gb fksm{~-uag jhgu crcy{aohe‟ fhk ‑{af{ gb naomkychuag- tfych{~ tyc~slc- kg hg{‟ !Tyc~{gh,Ua{c 944>0 ?4/( Gsy lf{cyofm ~seec~{~ {af{ fksm{~ f~ ucmm f~ gshe tcgtmc fycngltmono{ oh stagmkohe {ao~ tyc~slt{ogh(

Lfh gshe tcgtmc kc~nyoic tfych{~ gy tfych{,boesyc~ f~ yc~o~{fh{- shnglbgy{fimcfhk crch bcfybsm oh ko~ns~~ohe kf{ohe fhk ~cq uo{a {aclis{ fm~g {fmj gb {acoyguh shncy{foh{ oh iygfnaohe {ac~c o~~sc~ uo{a {acoy tfych{~( [acyc ~ccl {g ic hgnghrch{ogh~ gy ~nyot{~ frfomfimc {g esokc oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ngllshonf{ogh gh ~snalf{{cy~( F~ ghc eoym cqtyc~~ck o{0 ‑O kgh‟{ jhgu ob uc‟yc {ac ghc~ {af{ fyc ~sttg~ck{g ic gtch uo{a {acl- gy {ac fyc {ac ghc~ {af{ fyc ~sttg~ck {g ic‟ !Hgish{s-feck 61- Lf~otaslcmcmc/( Eoym~ gb{ch frgokck ~sna ko~ns~~ogh~ uo{a tfych{,boesyc~icnfs~c {ac {agsea{ {af{ {ac ugsmk hg{ ‑shkcy~{fhk‟ {acoy bccmohe~ fhk cqtcyochnc~([ao~ echcyf{ogh eft uf~ cqtcyochnck oh tfy{onsmfym bgyncbsm {cyl~ i eoym~ oh

Lf~otaslcmcmcuag~c lg{acy,boesyc~ fyc gb{ch {acoy eyfhklg{acy~ !~cc Naft{cy 9/(Ig{a fksm{~ fhk gshe tcgtmc fttcfy {g bccm f eycf{ hcck {g tyc~cyrc f ~ch~c gb lgyfm oh{ceyo{ oh {acoy oh{cyfn{ogh~ uo{a ghc fhg{acy( Fnngykohe {g ~glc gshetcgtmc- tfych{~ vsoc{m fnnct{ {af{ {acoy ~gh~ fhk kfsea{cy~ uomm afrc eoymbyochk~ fhkigbyochk~ !fhk lf ic afrohe ~cq/- fhk {syh f imohk cc {g {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhktyfn{onc~ f~ mghe f~ {ac fyc jct{ ~ctfyf{c bygl {ac tfych{„naomk ycmf{ogh~aot fhk- bgyeoym~- f~ mghe f~ {ac kg hg{ bfmm tycehfh{(

Bgy eoym~ lgyc ~g {afh bgy ig~- {acyc fttcfy~ {g ic eycf{cy yc~{yon{ogh stgh gtchko~tmf~ gb oh{cyc~{ oh kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm lf{{cy~- fhk gb ~cqsfm jhgumckec fhk

cqtcyochnc oh {acoy oh{cyfn{ogh~ uo{a fksm{~ „ fhk tfych{,boesyc~ oh tfy{onsmfy( [ao~yc~ghf{c~ uo{a {yfko{oghfm hgyl~ ~syygshkohe fttygtyof{c cqtyc~~ogh~ gb bclohoho{-uacyc bclohoho{ o~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a ~cqsfm hforc{ fhk naf~{o{ !Uco~~ c{ fm( 6??2- 9444/(Oh {ac Rfmmc- fksm{~ ~ccl ycmsn{fh{ {g tcylo{ eoym~ {g iyohe {acoy igbyochk~ aglc gy{g ohngytgyf{c {acl oh{g {acoy bflom morc~( Eoym~ ls~{ nfyy gs{ {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh~tfnc~ icghk {ac aglcgy uo{aoh {ac aglc~ gb {acoy igbyochk~( Eoym~ nfh ghm iyohe{acoy igbyochk~ aglc uach {acoy tfych{~ fyc gs{- fhk {ac ~f {af{ {ac ugsmk ic~crcycm yctyolfhkck ob {ac ucyc nfsea{( Eoym~ afrc {g aokc {acoy kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfmtyfn{onc~( [ac {gmk s~ {ac bcfyck {af{ ~agsmk {ac {fmj figs{ gy iyohe {acoy kf{ohe oh{g rocu gb {acoy tfych{~- {ao~ ugsmk iycfj kguh {ys~{ fhk nfs~c tfych{fm ko~fttgoh{lch{(

[afg !feck 6?- Bo~a Agcj/ {gmk s~ {af{ lfh eoym~ ‑kgh‟{ fmmgu {acoy lgl~ {g ~cc {acl






92;

jct{ aokkch bygl {acl( Bgy Nafyhc !eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/- ‑o{‟~ hg{ cqfn{m {acycfm ~{sbb - mojc- {ac tcy~ghfm kc{fom~- agu gs bccm- fhk ~{sbb mojc {af{•fmm {aohe~ {af{gshe~{cy~ cqtcn{- {aohj o{‟~ mojc‟( Fksm{ ~cnycn fhk igshkfy,jcctohe o~ cqtcyochnck

uo{a f ~ch~c gb bys~{yf{ogh i gshe tcgtmc- is{ fm~g uo{a f ~ch~c gb fh{onotf{ckcqno{clch{ figs{ fnaocrohe ch{y oh{g {ao~ bgycoeh fhk bgyiokkch {cyyo{gy( Fnngykohe{g Tyc~{gh,Ua{c !944>0 ?6/0 ‑[aohe~ aokkch- {aohe~ hg{ hgylfmm ~tgjch figs{-nfyy {ac oyyo{f{ogh gb cqnms~ogh is{ fm~g {ac cqno{clch{ gb fnaocrohe ch{y•Fmm {ac~ccmclch{~•ngliohc•oh {ac ~cnycn ~syygshkohe yo{sfm~ nch{yohe fygshk ~cq gy yo{c~gb tf~~fec- ic {ac oh{g fksm{aggk gy ~cnyc{ ~gnoc{oc~(‟ _gshe tcgtmc gb{ch ~tgjcfigs{ kf{ohe fhk ~cq f~ tfy{ gb f tfnjfec gb bgyiokkch fn{oro{- uaona ~glc{olc~~cclck ‑kfhecygs~‟ gy ~gnofmm kcrofh{- is{ ~glc{olc~ fm~g „ gy crch icnfs~c gb {ao~ „ ollch~cm cqno{ohe fhk f{{yfn{orc( [ao~ tfnjfec gb fn{oro{ ohnmskck ‑afheohegs{ uo{a byochk~‟- ~{fohe st fhk icohe gs{ mf{c f{ hoea{- ‑tfy{ohe‟- kyohjohe fmngagm-

~lgjohe noefyc{{c~ fhk cqtcyolch{ohe uo{a kyse~( [ac~c ucyc gb{ch ~tgjch figs{oh gttg~o{ogh {g uaf{ uf~ ~cch f~ f tfnjfec gb ‑fksm{,tyc~nyoick‟ tsy~so{~- uaonaohnmskck tfy{onotf{ohe fhk kgohe ucmm oh nmf~~: kgohe aglcugyj fhk nagyc~: fhkec{{ohe ohrgmrck oh fn{oro{oc~ gyefho~ck i ~naggm~ gy nasynac~( Acyc- uc bohk f nmg~cfmoehlch{ ic{ucch {ac lfhhcy oh uaona fksm{~ fhk gshe tcgtmc yc~tcn{orcm {fmj figs{ {cchfec kf{ohe- ~cq fhk ~gnofm tsy~so{~0 ig{a echcyf{ogh~ ~tcfj figs{ {ac~ctyfn{onc~ uo{a ycbcychnc {g f ~{fyj lgyfm konag{gl ~syygshkohe uaf{ gshe tcgtmc‑~agsmk‟ fhk ‑~agsmk hg{‟ ic kgohe !~cc fm~g Naft{cy 2/( Uaomc {ac {fmj gb gshetcgtmc ycbmcn{~ {af{ gb fksm{~- gshe tcgtmc ngh~{ysn{ {acoy rfmsc~ ~syygshkohe {ac~ctsy~so{~ oh gttg~o{ogh {g {ac fksm{,kcbohck rfmsc ~~{cl(

Fkgmc~nch{~ rocuck {ac tsy~so{ gb {ac ‑kcrofh{ tfnjfec‟ gb fn{oro{oc~ f~ fh oltgy{fh{tfy{ gb ‑icohe f {cchfecy‟ „ uaona- f~ Namgc !feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc/ kc~nyoick- o~igshk st uo{a ‑icohe bycc- afrohe bsh- fhk kgohe uaf{crcy O ufh{ {g kg‟- ngltmfohohe{af{ tfych{,boesyc~ kg hg{ ycngeho~c {ao~( Eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Bo~a Agcj feycck {af{{ac {cchfec cfy~ fyc f {olc oh uaona ‑gs {fjc ifnj gsy mobc bygl gsy tfych{~‟:eyfkc,? ig~ oh Bo~a Agcj kc~nyoick {ao~ tcyogk f~ f {olc gb cqtcyolch{f{ogh fhkycicmmogh( [ac~c okcf~ yc~ghf{c uo{a {acgyoc~ bgshk oh kcrcmgtlch{fm t~nagmge mo{cyf{syc- uaona ngh~{ysn{ ohkctchkchnc fhk fs{ghgl f~ ‑shorcy~fm egfm~‟ gb fkgmc~nch{ kcrcmgtlch{ ![agl c{ fm( 6??1/( Oh {ac Rfmmc- {cchfecy~ fhk fksm{~ gb{ch~fu {ac~c tsy~so{~ f~ f uf oh uaona gshe tcgtmc ycfn{ fefoh~{ hcef{orc cmclch{~

oh {acoy bflomoc~ !~sna f~ tfych{fm nghbmon{ fhk hcemcn{/ fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ !~snaf~ tgrcy{- rogmchnc fhk molo{ck gttgy{sho{oc~/: lfjc f ~ligmon c~nftc bygl {acoyollckof{c ~o{sf{ogh~: fhk f{{foh f yfyc ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm grcy {acoy morc~(

[ac f{{yfn{ogh gb ‑kcrofh{‟ tsy~so{~ moc~ oh {ac yc`cn{ogh gb fksm{ fs{agyo{- {ac ~ch~cgb ch{y oh{g {ac ugymk gb fksm{~ !fhk nghnglo{fh{ c~nftc bygl {ac tg~o{ogh gb fkctchkch{ naomk/ fhk {ac ~ch~c gb ohkctchkchnc- tgucy fhk fs{agyo{ {af{ nglc~uo{a {ac~c( Lfh gb {ac~c tsy~so{~ afrc mcefmm kcbohck fec yc~{yon{ogh~0 ~cq- ~lgjohefhk kyohjohe yctyc~ch{ f ~ligmon ch{y oh{g bgycoeh- fksm{ {cyyo{gy( Eyfkc,? ig~oh Bo~a Agcj {gmk s~ {af{ {ac nafmmchec flghe ig~ o~ {g afrc ~cq icbgyc {ac mcefm

fec gb 62- fhk {af{ ~snnc~~bsm ngltmc{ogh gb {ao~ nafmmchec cfyh~ ghc {ac yc~tcn{ fhk




923

fkloyf{ogh gb g{acy ig~( !Bcu ig~ ngltmc{c {ao~ nafmmchec&/ Oh {ao~ ~ch~c- kf{ohe-fhk ~cq oh tfy{onsmfy- fyc ~cch f~ f yo{c gb tf~~fec „ ghc {af{ eyfh{~ ghc vsf~o,fksm{~{f{s~ uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst( Oh f ko~ns~~ogh uo{a eyfkc,69 eoym~ figs{ ua gshe

tcgtmc afrc ~cq- {ac ~fok {af{ {ao~ o~ icnfs~c {ac ufh{ {g ic ~cch f~ ‑iyfrc‟- ‑~{fhkgs{‟ fhk ‑~agu gbb ‟ {g g{acy eoym~ fhk ig~0 ‑O{ ~agu~ tcgtmc {af{ {ac jhgu tfoh fhk{af{ {ac‟rc icch {aygsea o{(‟ _gshe tcgtmc uag afrc cqtcyochnc oh {ac ugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cq gb{ch iygfknf~{ {acoy cqtcyochnc~ tsimonm- flghe tccy~0

O {aohj {af{ f mg{ gb eoym~ fhk es~ {aohj {af{ ob gs ufh{ {g ic tgtsmfygs ls~{ mg~c gsy royeoho{ gy ~glc{aohe- O {aohj icnfs~c {ac {aohj o{‟~nggm {g ~mcct fygshk uo{a tcgtmc•^glc tcgtmc- crch {agsea {ac kgh‟{ufh{ {g- `s~{ {g ic tgtsmfy uomm ~mcct uo{a ~glcigk( Fhk {ac‟mm {cmm{acoy byochk~- fhk fmlg~{ crcyigk {ac jhgu uag {ac nglc fnyg~~-{ac {cmm•!Kcho~c- eoym- feck 61- Bo~a Agcj- oh{cyrocu/

F~ Kcho~c‟~ ngllch{ ~seec~{~- kf{ohe fhk ~cq- f~ f yo{c gb tf~~fec {g icohe ‑tgtsmfy‟fhk ‑nggm‟- fyc fm~g f~~gnof{ck uo{a lsna tyc~~syc( Uc bgshk {af{- fm{agsea kf{ohefhk ~cq fyc rfmsck i gshe tcgtmc- {ac fm~g ohbgyl oh{yfechcyf{oghfm igshkfy,jcctohe grcy ohbgylf{oghfhk tygnc~~c~ gb ohnms~ogh fhk cqnms~ogh(

Mfnjohe jhgumckec figs{ uaf{ o~ tcyncorck f~ {ac ‑ycfm ~{sbb‟ gb kf{ohe fhk ~cq-gshe tcgtmc ycm gh {acoy tccy~ bgy ohbgylf{ogh( Lsna gb {ac nghrcy~f{ogh ic{ucchgshe tcgtmc gb {ac ~flc ~cq- oh fmm tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc- ycrgmrck fygshk kf{ohefhk ~cq( Gmkcy {cchfec eoym~ cqtmfohck {af{ nmg~c byochk~aot~ fyc oltgy{fh{ icnfs~cuo{aoh {acl {ac nfh nghbokc {acoy cqtcyochnc~- bccmohe~ fhk nghncyh~ ~syygshkohe

kf{ohe fhk ~cq: f~j vsc~{ogh~: fhk bohk okch{obonf{ogh fhk fbboylf{ogh( [ac tyoncgb ohbgylf{ogh fhk ~sttgy{- agucrcy- o~ gb{ch chngsyfeclch{ gy tyc~~syc {gcqtcyolch{( Oh lfh nf~c~- uc bgshk- gshe tcgtmc uag afrc hg cqtcyochnc oh {acugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cq fyc cqnmskck bygl nghrcy~f{ogh gh {ao~ ~si`cn{ i {ag~c uagkg- fhk ohbgylf{ogh gh {ac~c lf{{cy~ o~ gb{ch ghm eorch gh nghko{ogh {af{ ghc af~cqtcyochnc~ gb ghc‟~ guh {g ‑~afyc‟ gy cqnafhec( Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- fm{agsea kf{ohe fhk~cq fyc ~si`cn{~ gb lsna ko~ns~~ogh flghe gshe tcgtmc- uc bgshk {af{ igshkfy,jcctohe- ~cnycn fhk cqnms~ogh gtcyf{c ic{ucch gshe tcgtmc oh lsna {ac ~flcuf f~ ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~( _gshe tcgtmc uag afrc kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm cqtcyochncicnglc ‑ef{cjcctcy~‟ gb {ao~ jhgumckec oh {ac ~flc uf f~ fksm{~(

Eoym~ kok hg{ ~cc ig~ f~ fh fm{cyhf{orc ~gsync gb ohbgylf{ogh ~syygshkohe ~cq- f~{ac bcm{ {af{ oho{of{ohe ~sna ko~ns~~ogh~ ugsmk lfjc {acl {ac ~si`cn{~ gb nyskc `gjc~fhk ~cqsfm yclfyj~- fhk ugsmk ic {fjch i ig~ f~ f ~cqsfm fkrfhnc( Ig~- o{ loea{ic ~sylo~ck- afrc kobbonsm{ oh chefeohe uo{a eoym~ gh {ac~c o~~sc~ oh fm{cyhf{orc uf~icnfs~c gb tyc~~syc {g jcct st fh olfec gb lfhm iyfrfkg( Igshkfyoc~ fyc {as~ fm~glfoh{fohck ic{ucch ig~ fhk eoym~ !~cc fm~g Achkcy~gh 6???: Tyc~{gh,Ua{c 944>/(

G{acy ~{skoc~ afrc gi~cyrck {af{- oh Fbyonf fhk ugymkuokc- gshe lch fyc cqtcn{ck{g ic jhgumckecfimc figs{ ~cq fhkngh~cvsch{m- ig~ bcfy fklo{{ohe oehgyfhncgh {ac~c lf{{cy~ !Yorcy~ " Feemc{gh 6??1/( [ao~ lf bscm {ac kobbonsm{ {af{ ig~

cqtcyochnc oh gi{fohohe ohbgylf{ogh gh ~cq,ycmf{ck lf{{cy~ bygl byochk~( [gg




922

gb{ch- gshe tcgtmcfhk c~tcnofmm ig~- ch{cy oh{g {ac ugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cqoehgyfh{ fhk clg{oghfmm shycfk( [ac hcck {g ko~tmf ~cqsfm iyfrfkg fhk tyguc~~~o{~ shcf~om uo{a clg{oghfm rsmhcyfiomo{oc~- kgsi{~- shncy{foh{oc~ fhk oh~cnsyo{oc~

!Ifyjcy " Yonfykg 9443: Agmmfhk c{ fm( 6??;/(

_gshe tcgtmc uag kg hg{ kf{c gy afrc ~cq lf bccm fhqoc{ gy cqtcyochnc cqnms~oghuach oh {ac ngltfh gb lgyc cqtcyochnck byochk~( Nafyhc- ycbmcn{ohe gh fhcqtcyochnc f{ f gs{a nflt- {gmk s~ {af{ ‑fmm {ac eoym~ ucyc ighkohe‟ i {fmjohe figs{{ac igbyochk~ {ac afk afk- fhk {af{ uach o{ nflc {g acy {syh {g nghbokc- ~ac ‑afkhg{aohe {g {cmm‟( âc afk icch bgynck {g fklo{ {g {ac g{acy eoym~ {af{ ~ac afk ‑hcrcy afkf igbyochk‟ fhk {af{ ~ac kok hg{ ‑crch jhgu agu {g bmoy{ uo{a f es‟( [ao~ fklo~~oghuf~ lc{ uo{a mfsea{cy bygl {ac g{acy eoym~- fhk afk mcb{ Nafyhc bccmohe ‑cqnmskck‟bygl {ac eygst ighkohe tygnc~~( [ao~ johk gb cqtcyochnc ohnmohc~ gshe tcgtmc {g‑eyfi {ac nafhnc‟ {g tfoy gbb uach f ig gy eoym cqtyc~~c~ oh{cyc~{ oh {acl ‑`s~{ {g bo{ oh‟-yf{acy {afh icnfs~c {ac fyc tfy{onsmfym f{{yfn{ck {g {ac tcy~gh( Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- cfym f{{yfn{ogh o~- {g f mfyec cq{ch{- igshk st oh {ac ~gnofmm f{{yfn{orc f~tcn{~ gb afroheigbyochk~ fhk eoymbyochk~( _gshe tcgtmc uag afrc hg{ afk ~cq afrc hg{ shkcyeghc{ao~ ‑yo{c gb tf~~fec‟ fhk fyc kchock ch{y oh{g- fhk lclicy~aot gb- {ac ‑cmo{c‟ ~gnofmeygst( [ac lf cqtcyochnc bccmohe~ gb ohbcyogyo{0

_gs fn{sfmm bccm mc~~ {afh {acl icnfs~c {ac ~f ‑hg- gs fyc ~{omm f jok‟-fhk {ac fyc fksm{~( Fhk gs fn{sfmm ufh{ {g ic gh {ac ~flc mcrcm f~{ac fyc( Icnfs~c- ob {ac fyc egohe ~glcuacyc- {ac mojc- ‑hg- uc‟yc hg{egohe uo{a jok~: uc‟yc gmkcy {afh gs‟•crch ob {ac‟yc gshecy {afh gs

i fec- ~ohnc {ac‟yc hg{ royeoh~ {ac‟yc gmkcy {afh gs( Hgu gs‟yc {ao~jok - gs ls~{h‟{ eg uo{a {acl: gs ls~{h‟{ eg ufmj fygshk uo{a {acl f{~naggm gy ~glc{aoheicnfs~c gs‟yc {ao~ jok ( [ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g {fmj gb ~sna {aohe~ uo{a {ac jok •!Namgc- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

^cq yctyc~ch{~ f yo{c gb tf~~fec oh{g tcyncorck fksm{aggk( [ao~ o~ ghc ycf~gh ua ~glsna ‑ig,{fmj‟ ohrgmrc~ ~cq- ohnmskohe igf~{ohe figs{ ~cqsfm nghvsc~{~- fhk ua ig~ gb{ch afrc bsh lfjohe ~cqsfm `gjc~ fhk nyskc yclfyj~( [aygsea !nmfolck/~cq- ig~ ~agu {acl~cmrc~ {g ic ‑lfhm‟( [ag~c uag afrc hg ~cqsfm cqtcyochnc bccmohbcyogy fhk naomko~a( Fnngykohe {g ghc eoym0

Es~- {ac‟yc rcy oh~cnsyc figs{ icohe f royeoh: {ac `s~{ ufh{ {g bohk

f naonj fhk mg~c {acoy royeoho{ fhk crcy{aohe( Icnfs~c o{‟~ f ioe lfh {aohe {af{ gs afrc {g ~mcct uo{a ~glcghc: gs afrc {g bccm mojc f lfh:gs afrc {g ic mojc f lfh: gs afrc {g ~lcmm mojc ghc•[ac kgh‟{ ufh{{g lch{ogh {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac‟yc royeoh~•icnfs~c {af{ uomm iyfhk {aclf mg~cy0 o{‟~ ghc gb {ac shuyo{{ch ~gnofm ysmc~- {af{ ob gs‟yc f royeoh- {achgs‟yc f mg~cy( !Jol- feck 65- Bo~a Agcj- oh{cyrocu/

_gshe tcgtmc uag kg hg{ kf{c- fhk {ag~c uag afrc hg{ afk ~cq- gb{ch ~fu{acl~cmrc~ f~ oh {ac lohgyo{- gy f~ {ac ‑gkk ghc gs{‟ flghe byochk~( [ac tcynct{ogh{af{ gshe tcgtmc uag kg hg{ kf{c fhk uag afrc hg{ afk ~cq fyc oh {ac lohgyo{-fhk {ac bccmohe~ gb ~gnofm o~gmf{ogh {af{ fnngltfh {ao~- ~ccl~ {g ycbmcn{ lgyc {ac




925

tycrfmchnc gb cqnms~oghfy ko~ngsy~c~ !fhk ~omchnc~/ {afh fh icafrogsyfm ycfmo{(Icnfs~c gb {ac ~gnofm ~{oelf f{{fnack {g icohe ~ohemc gy f royeoh- ~sna gshe tcgtmc{chk {g jcct vsoc{: o{ o~ {ag~c uag kf{c fhk afrc afk ~cq uag {chk {g iygfknf~{ {ac~c

cqtcyochnc~ tsimonm( Jol {gmk s~ {af{ ~glc gb acy nmg~c~{ byochk~ {cf~c acy oh tsimonfigs{ {ac bfn{ {af{ ~ac o~ f ‑royeoh‟- kc~to{c {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac {acl~cmrc~ fyc ~cqsfmm fi~{ohch{ fhk kg hg{ afrc igbyochk~ fhk- ksyohe lgyc oh{olf{c nghrcy~f{ogh~-lfoh{foh {af{ {ac fyc ‑tygsk {g ic royeoh~‟( Jol bcm{ {af{ {ac {cf~ck acy tsimonm {g ngrcy grcy {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac {gg fyc ~cqsfmm fi~{ohch{ „ fhk oh~cnsyc figs{ {ao~(Lfh gb {ac gshe tcgtmc uo{a uagl uc ugyjck nmg~cm nghbokck ksyohe ohkoroksfmoh{cyrocu~ fhk ohkoroksfm kofy ugyj {af{ {ac ucyc hg{ kf{ohefhk lfh {gmk s~{af{ {ac ucyc ~cqsfmm fi~{ohch{- is{ ksyohe eygst ko~ns~~ogh~ {ac gb{ch ngrcyckgrcy {ao~ bfn{ „ tg~~oim shfufyc {af{ fh gb {ac g{acy tfy{onotfh{~ oh {ac ko~ns~~oghucyc oh {ac ~flc tg~o{ogh& ômchnohe fhk ~cnycn kch fi~{ohch{ gshe tcgtmc {ac

tg~~oiomo{ gb okch{obonf{ogh uo{a tccy~- uaona oh {syh loea{ fmmcrof{c ~glc gb {actyc~~syc gh gshe tcgtmc {g nghbgyl i kf{ohe fhk afrohe ~cq- ‑crch {agsea {ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g‟(

Uaomc eoym~ fhk ig~ fmojc cqtcyochnc tyc~~syc bygl {ac tccy eygst {g chefec ohkf{ohe fhk ~cq- uc bgshk {af{ {acyc fyc echkcyck kgsimc ~{fhkfyk~ f{ tmf uo{aoh {acgs{a tgtsmf{ogh( Uaomc o{ o~ fnnct{fimc „ fhk crch cqtcn{ck fhk fttmfskck „ bgyig~ {g afrc lfh eoymbyochk~ !crch f{ ghc tgoh{ oh {olc/- eoym~ uag kg {ac ~flc fyc `skeck hcef{orcm i ig~ fhk g{acy eoym~( Eoym~ lf ~cc {ac~c kgsimc ~{fhkfyk~ f~shbfoy- is{ {ac {acl~cmrc~ fyc ngltmono{ oh tcytc{sf{ohe {acl( Jol {gmk s~ {af{ f!~cqsfmm ‑tyglo~nsgs~‟/ eoym oh acy nmf~~- [c~~f- afk nfmmck acy f ‑hsh‟- icnfs~c Jolo~ f royeoh( Jol yc{gy{ck {af{ [c~~f lf {aohj ~ac o~ figrc acy icnfs~c ~ac af~ ~cqsfmcqtcyochnc- is{ ‑tcy~ghfmm- O `s~{ {aohj o{‟~ f uf gb {cmmohe tcgtmc {af{ gs‟yc f ~ms{( Olcfh- ~mcctohe fygshk uo{a ~g lfh es~ girogs~m uomm iyfhk gs f ag Zuagyc\‟( ̂ acbcm{ {af{ [c~~f ghm nfmmck acy f ‑hsh‟ icnfs~c ~ac uf~ tcyrcy~cm ‑`cfmgs~ gb {ac bfn{‟{af{ Jol afk hg{ ~mct{ uo{a fhghc- uacycf~ ~ac ‑efrc st {af{ ohhgnchnc mghe feg‟( Oh{ao~ yc~tcn{- eoym~ bccm ngltc{ohe tyc~~syc~ ~syygshkohe {acoy ~cqsfmo{0 {ac fyc ig{atyc~~syo~ck {g ko~tmf {acoy cqtcyochnc oh {ac ugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cq- ob {ac fyc {g icfnnct{ck fhk bccm rfmsck flghe {acoy tccy~- c{ nfh bfnc yc`cn{ogh fhk ~{oelf{o~f{ogh „bygl eoym~- ig~ fhk fksm{~ „ ob {ac ko~tmf {ao~ {gg grcy{m( O{ fttcfy~ {g ic f bohcmohc bgy eoym~ {g hfroef{c- fhk cf~ {g bfmm co{acy uf( O{ o~ fm~g oltgy{fh{ {g hg{c {af{

{ac~c echkcyck kgsimc ~{fhkfyk~ kg hg{ {yfh~mf{c ~oltm oh{g cqtcyochnc~ gb ~cqsfmbycckgl bgy ig~0 {ao~ ‑bycckgl‟ o~ fnngltfhock i tgucybsm ~gnofm cqtcn{f{ogh~ fhktyc~~syc {g tygrc ghc~cmb f~ f ‑lfh‟ {aygsea lfnag ko~tmf~ gb ~cqsfm tyguc~~ „ gy {gyo~j icohe ~cch f~ ‑shlfhm‟( [ac~c echkcyck kgsimc ~{fhkfyk~- fhk {ac cqtcn{f{ogh~fhk tyc~~syc~ {af{ ~syygshk {acl- ~{yghem ~aftc {ac khflon~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~- uaona uomm ic ko~ns~~ck mf{cy(

^{mc fhk ~{f{s~

_gshe tcgtmc lf yc{ycf{ oh{g f ~glcuaf{ ‑nmg~ck ugymk‟ oh {ac bfnc gb fksm{ fhk

crch tccy tyc~~syc~- is{ {ac lcfhohe fhk rfmsc {af{ {ac f{{fna {g kf{ohe fhk ~cq




921

fyc hg{ ngh~{ysn{ck oh f rfnssl( Icghk {ac ~syygshkohe ohbmschnc gb ycmf{ogh~aot~uo{a fksm{~ o~ f iygfkcy fhkoh ~glc yc~tcn{~- lgyc tgucybsm ugymk gb tgtsmfynsm{syc( Cqtmono{ fhk ch{onohe ycbcychnc~ {g fhk olfec~ gb ~cq tygmobcyf{c gh yfkog

fhk {cmcro~oghoh tgtsmfy lfefpohc~- fhk fyc ~tmf~ack fnyg~~ fkrcy{o~ohe iommigfyk~(_gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ fttcfy {g mggj {g- cliyfnc fhk {fjc guhcy~aot gb {ao~ ‑ugymkgb ~cq‟ oh {ac oh{cyc~{ gb ig{a ~{f{s~ fnvso~o{ogh fhk gb f~~cy{ohe fs{ghgl fhkbycckgl oh ycmf{ogh {g {ac ‑ugymk gb fksm{~‟( ‑[ac ugymk gb ~cq o~ hgu {ac ugymk gb {ac gshe „ gb {ac {cchfec echcyf{ogh bgy uagl o{ af~ icnglc f ~ligm gb ~snnc~~-gb {acoy ohkctchkchnc bygl {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh fhk {ac ~cnyc{~ {af{ ghnc efrc {acmf{{cy ngh{ygm grcy {ac gs{a- fhk gb {ac ugymk‟ !Tyc~{gh,Ua{c 944>0 ?4/(

Agu gshe tcgtmc tyc~ch{ {acl~cmrc~ fhk fyc ~cch uo{aoh {ao~ tsimon ugymkicnglc~ lgyc fhk lgyc oltgy{fh{ {g {acl( _gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc feycck{af{ {ac {cchfec cfy~ fyc f {olc uach o~ icnglc~ oltgy{fh{ {g ‑mggj eggk‟( F~Namgc {gmk s~- ‑bgy fmm gshe tcgtmc- gs{~okc olfec o~ rcy- rcy oltgy{fh{‟( ‑Mggjoheeggk‟ o~ igshk st uo{a ngh~tonsgs~ ngh~slt{ogh fhk emgifm ~{mc0 kc~oehcy nmg{ac~-hoea{nmsi~- cqtch~orc icrcyfec~ fhk {ac mf{c~{ ncmmtaghc( Kf{ohe fhk ~cq fttcfy {gic fh oltgy{fh{ tfy{ gb ‑mggjohe yoea{‟ bgy gshe tcgtmcfhk {ao~ lcfh~ hg{ ghm f~~cy{ohe bycckgl bygl fksm{ fs{agyo{- is{ fm~g {yfh~nchkohe {ac ~gnofm igshkfyoc~gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh uaona {ac morc oh gykcy {g ko~tmf {acoy nghhcn{ogh uo{afhk ycngeho{ogh uo{aoh {ac uokcy ugymk(

C~{fimo~aohe {ao~ nghhcn{ogh ~ccl~ {g ic tfy{onsmfym oltgy{fh{ bgy gshe tcgtmcmorohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu icnfs~c o{ ch{fom~ f ~ligmon c~nftc bygl

bccmohe~ gb ~gnofm fhk cnghglon lfyeohfmo~f{ogh( Tg~cm !944;/ gi~cyrc~ {af{- flok {actg~{,ftfy{acok kclgiomo~f{ogh gb tgmo{onfm lgrclch{~- ~cq af~ icnglc ‑{ac‟ ~tacyc ohuaona hcu,bgshk bycckgl~ fyc f~~cy{ck fhk ncmciyf{ck( âc fyesc~ {af{- bgy ‑imfnj‟gs{a !{ac fs{agy tygifim lcfh~ uaf{ uc {cyl ‑Fbyonfh‟/- f~~cy{ohe f ~cqsfmo~ckbycckgl o~ f ~{f{clch{ gb {ac yst{syc ic{ucch ftfy{acok fhk tg~{,ftfy{acokechcyf{ogh~- f~ lsna f~ f ~lt{gl gb cyg~ogh gb tfych{fm fs{agyo{( Oh {ao~ ~ch~c-f~~cy{ohe fhk gtchm ko~tmfohe f igmk ~cqsfmo{ o~ f jc uf bgy imfnj gs{a~ {gngh~{ysn{ {acoy okch{o{oc~ oh {ac ‑hcu‟ ^gs{a Fbyonf( Cnghglon ko~cltgucylch{ fhk{ac fi~chnc oh lfh fycf~ gb ycnycf{oghfm bfnomo{oc~ tygifim ngh{yois{c bsy{acy {g {acoltgy{fhnc gb ~cq f~ f ~gsync gb yc~tcn{ fhk ~{f{s~ !Ifyjcy " Yonfykg 9443: Uggk

" @cujc~ 9446/( F~ Tg~cm hg{c~- ‑~cq o~ ngh~slck- f{ {ac ~flc {olc f~ ngh~slt{ogho~ ~cqsfmo~ck‟- lfjohe bgy fh ‑grcy{ ~cqsfmo~f{ogh gb ~{mc- ~{f{s~ fhk tgucy‟ !944;0 32:~cc fm~g McNmcyn,Lfkmfmf 944;/(

Fnngykohe {g Nafyhc bygl Gncfh Rocu- f tfy{hcy !uo{a uagl ghc o~ f~~slck {gic afrohe ~cq/ nfh icnglc f bf~aogh fnnc~~gy0

Ob {ac es af~ {ao~ rcy bohc eoym fhk ~ac‟~ ~cq•fhk ac‟~ afrohe ~cq uo{aacy- ac ec{~ ~{f{s~•Fhk eoym~ fm~g ec{ ~{f{s~ bygl {acoy igbyochk~ ob {ac afrc f ashj gy ~glc{aohe•^g o{‟~ if~onfmm {acoy ceg~•[g {acl- figbyochk o~ `s~{ mojc fh fnnc~~gy( Mojc- gs jhgu- gs is gsy~cmb f ife gy f ifhemc gy ~glc{aohe- ~glc{aohe {g lfjc gs mggj eggk gy honc gy




92?

tyc{{ gy ~glc{aohe( Mojc- `s~{ fhg{acy fnnc~~gy {af{ iyohe~ {acl fnyg~~f~ icohe nggm- nghbokch{ gy ~cq gy ~glc{aohe „ icnfs~c gb {ac flgsh{ gb igbyochk~- gy {ac {tc gb igbyochk~ {af{ {ac‟rc afk(

Bgy gshe tcgtmc- icohe ~cq gy f{{yfn{orc- nf{naohe {ac f{{ch{ogh gb {ac gttg~o{c~cqfhk ko~tmfohe ~snnc~~ oh {ac ugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cq fyc ~ligm~ gb tcy~ghfm~snnc~~( Eoym~ fhk ig~ ~tgjc figs{ kfohe fhk ~cq f~ fh oltgy{fh{ uf bgy gshetcgtmc {g ngltc{c uo{a lclicy~ gb {ac ~flc ~cq bgy tgtsmfyo{( Ig~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Gncfh Rocu feycck {af{ afrohe f eoymbyochk o~ ‑nggm‟- fhk {af{ f ig uag kf{c~{ac lg~{ icfs{obsm eoym~ f{ ~naggm fs{glf{onfmm icnglc~ tgtsmfy( Eoym~ fnyg~~ {acRfmmc feycck {af{ afrohe f igbyochk- tfy{onsmfym ghc uag o~ eggk,mggjohe- o~ fh‑fnnc~~gy‟ {af{ ko~tmf~ ~snnc~~( Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- gshe tcgtmc feycck {af{ okcf~figs{ uaf{ o~ ngh~okcyck ~cq fyc kyfuh bygl tgtsmfy nsm{syc fhk {ac lckof ohtfy{onsmfy- fhk {af{ gshe tcgtmc {fjc {acoy nsc~ bygl tgtsmfy lgroc ~{fy~- lgkcm~fhk ls~onofh~( Bgy ig{a eoym~ fhk ig~- {ao~ fttcfy~ {g {syh {g f mfyec cq{ch{ stghbf~aogh- ~{mc fhk fnnc~~gyo~ohe( Ucfyohe cqtch~orc kc~oehcy nmg{ac~- guhoheemgifmm kc~oyck iyfhk,hflc tygksn{~ !c(e( Hojc- Mcro- Koc~cm/ gy afrohe {ac mf{c~{ncmmtaghc lgkcm~ fyc fh oltgy{fh{ tfy{ gb nsm{orf{ohe ‑~cq fttcfm‟- fhk ngltc{oheuo{a ~flc,~cq tccy~ bgy {ac f{{ch{ogh gb {ac gttg~o{c ~cq „ fhkoh {syh- {ac ~{f{s~{af{ o~ nghbcyyck i {ao~ f{{ch{ogh(

•Oh ~glc nf~c~- `s~{ ufmjohe kguh {ac ~{ycc{- gs‟mm ~cc f eygst gb eoym~ucfyohe `s~{ ncy{foh iyfhk~- mojc Koc~cm gy Hojc- gy ~glc{aohe( O {aohj {acyc o~ ngltc{o{ogh ic{ucch eoym~ figs{ {ac uf {ac kyc~~( Fhk {ac

{aohj {af{ uaf{ es~ eg bgy o~ {ac iyfhk fhk {af{( !Kcho~c- oh{cyrocu/_gshe tcgtmc fttcfy {g ~ccj gs{ oh{cyhf{oghfmm kc~oyfimc iyfhk,hflc nmg{ac~ fhkfnnc~~gyoc~ oh {ac oh{cyc~{ gb cligkohe ~glc gb {acoy cqnms~oro{ fhk kc~oyfiomo{(Oh {syh- lclicy~ gb {ac gttg~o{c ~cq uag cligk {ao~ mobc~{mc fyc ~gsea{ gs{f~ igbyochk~ gy eoymbyochk~- f~ nghbcyycy~ gb ~{mc fhk ~{f{s~( Bgy eoym~- uc fm~gbgshk {af{ igbyochk~ fyc hg{ ghm ‑gi`cn{~‟ gb ngh~slt{ogh- is{ fm~g rcaonmc~ bgyngh~slt{ogh0 fnyg~~ {ac ucfm{a fhk yfnofm ~tcn{yf gb {ac Rfmmc- o{ uf~ ngh~okcyckhgylf{orc fhk cqtcn{ck {af{ ig~ uomm ‑tygrokc‟ bgy {acoy eoymbyochk~( Ig~ uag fycoh f bohfhnofm tg~o{ogh {g tygrokc {acoy eoymbyochk~ uo{a ngh~slcy tygksn{~ fhk tf bgy ch{cy{fohlch{ {af{ fok~ {ac ko~tmf gb f ngh~slcy mobc~{mc fyc ~gsea{ fb{cy f~

igbyochk~( Igbyochk~ fyc oltgy{fh{ bgy eoym~- ig{a f~ nghbcyycy~ gb ~gnofm ~{f{s~!{aygsea {acoy guh ko~tmf gb ~{mc/- fhk {aygsea {ac tygro~ogh gb eggk~ fhk fmobc~{mc {af{ nghbcy {ao~ ~{f{s~(

Icohe ~cch gs{ fhk figs{- ko~tmfohe ~{mc {aygsea ngh~slcy o{cl~- s~ohe ~{mc f~ flcfh~ gb ko~tmfohe ~snnc~~ oh {ac ugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cq fhk s~ohe kf{ohe fhk ~cq f~f lcfh~ gb fnvsoyohe ngh~slcy o{cl~ fyc fmm uf~ {af{ gshe tcgtmc tyc~ch{ {acl~cmrc~{g {ac ugymk f~ ohkoroksfm ‑~snnc~~c~‟( Agucrcy- uaomc kf{ohe- ~cq fhk ~{mc afrc f ~olomfy rfmsc {g gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- uc bgshk {af{ cnghglon ko~tfyo{oc~ ~{yghem ~aftc gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ fhk tyc~~syc~- fhk bcck oh{g echkcyck tygnc~~c~-tyc~~syc~ fhk khflon~ gb tgucy uo{aoh gshe tcgtmc‟~ kf{ohe cqtcyochnc~(




954

Uaomc bf~aoghfimc- iyfhk,hflc tygksn{~ fhk ko~tmfohe f mobc~{mc gb ngh~tonsgs~ngh~slt{ogh fyc oltgy{fh{ f~tcn{~ gb agu gshe tcgtmc ngh~{ysn{ {acoy ~gnofm fhk~cqsfm okch{o{oc~- {ac fm~g bcck oh{g tygnc~~c~ gb cqnms~ogh fhk igshkfy,jcctohe

flghe {ac gs{a( _gshe tcgtmc bccm cqnmskck- ig{a bygl {ac ‑tgtsmfy‟ nmovsc~ fhkbygl {ac ngltc{o{orc ugymk gb kf{ohe- uach {ac fyc shfimc {g fbbgyk {ac~c tygksn{~0‑^glc{olc~ gs `s~{ bccm- ga& lfic ob O afk {af{ Mcro `cfh~- ac‟k mojc lc•{ach O‟k ec{f igbyochk-‟ ~f~ Nafyhc( _gshe tcgtmc uag nfhhg{ fbbgyk {ac~c tygksn{~ ~glc{olc~bccm shkc~oyfimc {g {ac gttg~o{c ~cq fhk shkc~oyfimc flghe {acoy tccy~( [ao~ tmfnc~tfy{onsmfy tyc~~syc stgh gshe tcgtmc uag morc oh mc~~ fbbmsch{ hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk~afyc {ac f~toyf{ogh~ gb f ngh~slcy mobc~{mc uo{a {acoy ucfm{aocy tccy~ oh Bo~a Agcj-is{ afrc bcucy lcfh~ {g fnaocrc o{( [acoy f~toyf{ogh~ lf- ohkcck- ic lgyc tyghgshncktycno~cm icnfs~c gb {ac fi~chnc gb fm{cyhf{orc uf~ gb ko~tmfohe tcy~ghfm ~snnc~~(

Nmf~~ ~{ysn{syc~ {ac ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch ig~ fhk eoym~( Bgy eoym~ fhk ig~ morohe oh{ac lgyc fbbmsch{ hcoeaigsyaggk gb Bo~a Agcj- tfych{~ gb{ch tygrokc hg{ ghm {ackf,{g,kf hcnc~~o{oc~- is{ fm~g ~gsea{,fb{cy ngh~slcy ngllgko{oc~ fhk iyfhk~( Oh {acngh{cq{ gb lf{cyofm cqnafhec~ uo{aoh kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~- {ac~c eoym~ kg hg{ ycm gh {acoyigbyochk~ {g tygrokc {acl uo{a ngh~slcy ngllgko{oc~ gy tf bgy {acoy ch{cy{fohlch{(Oh~gbfy f~ ig~ fyc cqtcn{ck {g tygrokc- lg~{ afrc {ac lcfh~ {g kg ~g( Bgy eoym~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- agucrcy- igbyochk~ fyc ~glc{olc~ {ac ghm ygs{c{aygsea uaona {ac fyc fimc {g fnnc~~ f mobc~{mc gb ngh~tonsgs~ ngh~slt{ogh(

Lg~{ gb {ac {olc- eoym~ ufh{ lghc bygl f ycmf{ogh~aot•[ac ~f- ‑O nfh‟{eg gs{ uo{a ~glcghc uag‟~ ~{omm f{ ~naggmicnfs~c ac‟~ hg{ egohe {g tygrokc

bgy lc0 uach O hcck {ac `cfh~- uag‟~ eghhf is f `cfh~ bgy lc7 ^g O afrc{g afrc ~glcghc uag‟~ ugyjohe‟•O {aohj {acyc‟~ f tygimcl icnfs~c Zeoym~\kgh‟{ afrc lghc oh {acoy bflomoc~- ~g uach gs ufh{ ~glc{aohe byglgsy tfych{~- {ac‟yc egohe {g {cmm gs Z{ac\ kgh‟{ afrc {ac lghc•^g{ac {aohj o{‟~ f eggk okcf {g afrc ~glcghc uag‟~ egohe {g ~sttgy{ gsbygl gs{~okc( !Pfhcmc- eoym- feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc- oh{cyrocu/

Icnfs~c gb {ao~- echkcyck cqtcn{f{ogh~ ~syygshkohe lf{cyofm tygro~ogh oh kf{oheycmf{ogh~aot~ gtcyf{c uo{a tfy{onsmfy bgync uo{aoh {ac mc~~ fbbmsch{ hcoeaigsyaggk~(^glc gshe tcgtmc morohe oh {ac~c fycf~ {gmk s~ {af{ eoym~ ufh{ ‑hg{aohe {g kg‟ uo{a ig~uag kg hg{ afrc lghc {g {acoy hflc- fhk bccm {af{ ~sna ig~ fyc ‑hg{ ugy{a egohe gs{

uo{a‟( [ac tgoh{ck {g {ac bfn{ {af{ eoym~ shf~aflckm ‑s~c ig~‟ oh {ao~ yc~tcn{( McNmcyn,Lfkmfmf !9449- 944>/ fhk Ash{cy !9449/ fyesc- gh {ac if~o~ gb yc~cfyna oh JufPsms,Hf{fm- {af{ {ac uf oh uaona gshe uglch ‑cqtmgo{‟ {acoy ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ {g lcc{‑hcu‟ ngh~slcy hcck~ ~agsmk ic ~cch f~ f lcfh~ uacyci gshe uglch ngh~nogs~m fhk kcmoicyf{cm f~~cy{ fechn oh ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ afrc icch {yfko{oghfmm f ~o{c gb bclfmc ko~cltgucylch{( Eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu yctgy{{af{ g{acy eoym~ gb{ch ~ccj gs{ gmkcy- ~glc{olc~ lfyyock- lch „ gy ‑~sefy kfkkoc~‟ „icnfs~c {ac fyc ic{{cy fimc {g tygrokc lf{cyofm ichcbo{~( Ob gshecy lch nfhhg{ngltc{c- {ac lf chk st bccmohe clf~nsmf{ck !Ifyjcy " Yonfykg 9443/(

_gshe tcgtmc fhk fksm{~ ugyy {af{ eoym~ fyc crch f{{yfn{ck {g ‑efhe~{cy~‟ icnfs~c gb

{acoy tcyncorck ucfm{a- ~{f{s~ fhk tgucy( Yc~cfyna oh @gafhhc~isye bgshk {af{ {ac




956

aceclghon shkcy~{fhkohe gb lf~nsmoho{ o~ cligkock oh {ac hg{ogh gb {ac ohefefyf-hflcm ~glcghc uag o~ ucmm yc~tcn{ck fhk ngh~okcyck lfnag( [ao~ o~ f~~gnof{ckuo{a afrohe lfh eoymbyochk~- fh cqtch~orc nfy fhk bf~aoghfimc nmg{ac~- fhk uocmkohe

tgucy grcy uglch- uag fyc ~cch f~ tg~~c~~ogh~( F{ {ac gttg~o{c cq{yclc o~ {aco~o{aotf !~o~~/- uag kgc~ hg{ afrc lfh eoymbyochk~- kgc~ hg{ ucfy bf~aoghfimcnmg{ac~- o~ hg{ ohrgmrck oh nyolc fhk ufh{~ {g fnaocrc cksnf{oghfmm( Ig~ fyc-{acycbgyc- shkcy tyc~~syc {g fnvsoyc ollckof{c ucfm{a fhk ~snnc~~ „ ob hcnc~~fy-{aygsea kcrofhnc fhk nyolohfmo{ „ fhk fyc ko~ngsyfeck bygl tsy~sohe cksnf{ogh!^cmojgu c{ fm( 9449: ~cc fm~g Naft{cy 2/(

Uaomc {acyc fyc fkkck tyc~~syc~ gh ig~ {g ic tygrokcy~ bgy {acoy eoymbyochk~ oh mc~~fbbmsch{ ngllsho{oc~- {ac~c ig~ fm~g f{{fna eycf{cy rfmsc {g icohe f tygrokcy {afh{acoy tccy~ oh lgyc fbbmsch{ hcoeaigsyaggk~( Uc bgshk {af{- bgy ig~- icohe fimc{g tygrokc bgy f eoymbyochk o~ fh oltgy{fh{ ~{yf{ce bgy fnaocrohe fhk ko~tmfohe~{f{s~ fhk lfhmohc~~( Eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc kc~nyoick {ac~c cqnafhec~f~ f uf oh uaona ig~ ‑tf {acoy eoymbyochk~ {g mggj honc‟ „ ~g {af{ uach {ac~c ig~oh{ygksnc {acoy eoymbyochk~ {g {acoy byochk~ ro~o{ohe bygl g{acy fycf~- {ac nfh kg ~guo{a tyokc( [ac~c eoym~ hg{ck {af{ f ig uag af~ f eoymbyochk uag ‑kgc~ hg{ mggj honc‟gy ‑ucfy honc nmg{ac~‟ uomm ‑tyc{chk‟ {af{ ac kgc~ hg{ afrc f eoymbyochk- gy ‑tgoh{ gs{fhg{acy eoym‟ uag o~ ic{{cy kyc~~ck( [ao~ ~seec~{~ {ac oltgy{fhnc {af{ gshe lchf{{fna {g eoymbyochk~ f~ rcaonmc~ bgy ko~tmfohe {acoy lf{cyofm fhk ~gnofm ~snnc~~( Oh {actggycy tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc- ko~tmfohe ~cqsfm fnaocrclch{ fhk nmfolohe guhcy~aotgb icfs{obsm uglch o~ ghc gb {ac bcu ygs{c~ {aygsea uaona gshe lch nfh ko~tmf lfhmohc~~ fhk tcy~ghfm ~snnc~~(

Ig~‟ nmfol~ {g guhcy~aot grcy {acoy eoymbyochk~ {aygsea {ac tygro~ogh gb lf{cyofmeggk~ cq{chk~ {g {ac f~~cy{ogh gb ngh{ygm fhk tgucy- tfy{onsmfym uach o{ nglc~ {g~cq( Eoym~ lf cqcyno~c fechn oh hceg{of{ogh~ grcy lf{cyofm tygro~ogh- is{ {ac tyonc o~{af{ {ac tygrokc {acoy lch uo{a ~cq uachcrcy {ac lch ufh{ o{( Eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocufhk Lf~otaslcmcmc {gmk s~ {af{ eob{~ gy lghc fyc fmlg~{ fmuf~ eorch i igbyochk~uo{a fh sh~tgjch cqtcn{f{ogh gb „ gy ch{o{mclch{ {g „ ~cq( Eoym~ uag ycncorc {aohe~bygl {acoy igbyochk~ fyc ohkci{ck fhk shfimc {g kch ~cq {g {acoy tygrokcy~(

•ob ac ~f~ {af{ ac ufh{~ {g ~mcct uo{a gs- gs ugh‟{ ic fimc {g ~f ‑hg-O nfh‟{‟- icnfs~c gs uomm {aohj figs{ {ac {aohe~ {af{ ac igsea{ gs- {ac

{aohe~ {af{ ac‟~ eorch {g gs( O{ ugsmk ic mojc- gj- mc{ lc kg o{( !Hgish{s-eoym- feck 61- Lf~otaslcmcmc- oh{cyrocu/

[ao~ ~seec~{~ {af{ hg{ ghm kg ig~ afrc f ~ch~c gb ‑guhohe‟ {acoy eoymbyochk~- is{ eoym~oh{cyhfmo~c {ao~ fhk nglc {g ~cc {acl~cmrc~ f~ ‑guhck‟- fhk f{ {ac !~cqsfm/ ~cyronc gb {acoy igbyochk~( Bsy{acylgyc- eoym~ nfh nglc {g oh{cyhfmo~c {ac okcf {af{ {ac ‑hcck‟f lfh {g ~sttgy{ {acl bohfhnofmm( Eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu {gmk s~{af{ !g{acy/ eoym~ eorc st {acoy cksnf{ogh fhk nfyccy flio{ogh~ oh {ac cqtcn{f{ogh{af{ {ac uomm bohk as~ifhk~ {g tygrokc bgy {acl( F~ eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocu {acl~cmrc~gi~cyrck- fksm{ uglch oh {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk uag chk st bohfhnofmm kctchkch{fyc ko~cltgucyck( Fnngykohe {g [fmof !feck 61- Gncfh Rocu/0 ‑Lch bccm {af{ {ac




959

afrc {ac yoea{ {g ngh{ygm {ac mfk- icnfs~c ~ac o~ f{ aglc0 ”O iyohe oh {ac lghc- ~g Ouomm ngh{ygm(“ O {aohj {af{ o{‟~ {ac lghc(‟ Gncfh Rocu eoym~ fm~g shkcy~{ggk {af{ {ao~gb{ch ngh{yois{ck {g rogmchnc- uaona ig~ mcfyh{ bygl {acoy bf{acy~0

Oh lg~{ nf~c~- {ac es- ob ac ~cc~ ao~ lg{acy icohe icf{ch i ao~ bf{acy-{ach ac uomm icnglc mojc ao~ bf{acy: ac uomm chk st fis~ohe ao~ uobc(!Hongmf- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

Fis~ck eoym~- mojc uglch- loea{ hg{ ic fimc {g c~nftc icnfs~c gb {acoy lf{cyofmkctchkchnc0

O{ ngsmk ic {af{ {ac fyc ~g kctchkch{ gh {ac tcy~gh „ O lcfh- ob gs fycf eoym oh aoea ~naggm fhk gs afrc f igbyochk uag‟~ ugyjohe- girogs~m ac‟~ eghhf is lc {aohe~- fhk•eob{~•fhkgs {aohj {g gsy~cmb- gs‟ychg{ eghhf ec{ {af{ fhuacyc cm~c- ~g gs loea{ f~ ucmm `s~{ ~{f fhk ec{

{ao~( Icnfs~c gs‟yc ec{{ohe ~glc{aohe( !Nafyhc- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

!Lo~/{ys~{ fhk ohbokcmo{

[acyc o~ {ao~ {aohe f{ ~naggm {af{ tcgtmc ~f0 hg ghc mgrc~ fhghc: o{‟~ `s~{ f ioe eflc& O{‟~ f mgrc eflc•O{‟~ lgyc mojc uc‟yc `s~{ tmfohe: o{‟~ feflc( Icnfs~c tcgtmc tmf uo{a g{acy tcgtmc‟~ bccmohe~: {af{‟~ {ac uf o{o~•C~tcnofmm es~: ga- {ac‟mm tmf uo{a eoym~‟ bccmohe~•{ac kgh‟{ bccmf~aflck {g afrc bgsy gy borc eoymbyochk~( !Namgc- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

O{‟~ afyk {g bohk f es gs nfh ycfmm {ys~{•gs nfh‟{ ycfmm {ys~{ ig~( O

afrc icch asy{ ~g lfh {olc~( ^g- o{‟~ hg{ mojc ~g cf~ {g {ys~{ f es- crchob ac o~ aghc~{ gy fh{aohe( O{‟~ hg{ {af{ cf~( _gs‟rc icch {acyc- kghc o{:o{‟~ mojc o{‟~ egohe {g yctcf{ o{~cmb fefoh( !Hgish{s- oh{cyrocu/

Fkgmc~nch{ ig~ fhk eoym~ chefec oh kf{ohe fhk ~cq flok tyc~~syc fhk ngltc{o{ogh-cqfncyif{ck i {ac ko~fkrfh{fec~ gb nmf~~ fhk !bgy uglch/ echkcy( Oh {ao~chroyghlch{- kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk cqo~{ohe byochk~aot~ icnglc {chsgs~ fhkgb{ch {yfh~och{(

Eoym~ mggj bgy- is{ yfycm bohk- {ys~{- bokcmo{ fhk ngllo{lch{ oh {acoy kf{oheycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac echcyfm rocu !gb{ch f tygksn{ gb cqtcyochnc/ uf~ {af{ ig~ fyc

mojcm {g nacf{ gy ‑s~c‟ eoym~ fhkngh~cvsch{m- eoym~ afrc {g ic ufy gb {ao~( Eoym~fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc gb{ch ~tgjc figs{ {ac kobbonsm{ gb bohkohe mgrc fhk oh{olfn ohkf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac gb{ch ~fu ig~ f~ f ‑ifyyocy‟ {g isomkohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ gh{ac~c {cyl~ „ fhk bcm{ {af{ ~cq o~ tfy{ gb {ac tygimcl( Eoym~ {chkck {g agmk {ac rocu{af{- uaomc {ac ‑ufh{ mgrc‟ fhk ngllo{lch{ bygl {acoy kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~- ig~‑ghm ufh{ ~cq‟( [ac feycck {af{ ig~ {chk {g ‑s~c‟ eoym~ bgy ~cqfhk {ach {chk {g‑kslt‟ {acl ghnc {ac afrc eg{ {ao~( [ac~c eoym~ ~fok {af{ ig~ {aohj ~cq o~ f ‑`gjc‟fhk f uf gb ‑afrohe bsh‟ „ uaona gb{ch mcfrc~ eoym~ bccmohe asy{- yc`cn{ck fhk s~ck([ac fm~g ~fok {af{ ig~ nacf{ gh eoymbyochk~ uag ycbs~c {g afrc ~cq uo{a {aclfhk{af{ ig~ fyc ‑hg{ ~f{o~bock‟ i ghc eoymbyochk( F~ f ngh~cvschnc- eoym~ bcm{ {af{ kf{ohe

ycmf{ogh~aot~ {chk {g ic {yfh~och{ fhk mfnjohe oh {ys~{- oh{olfn fhk ngllo{lch{(




95>

Fm{agsea eoym~ ~fu ig~‟ ~cqsfm ‑hcck~‟ f~ fh gi~{fnmc {g isomkohe ngllo{{ck kf{oheycmf{ogh~aot~- o{ fttcfy~ {af{ {ac fyc ngltmono{ oh ~s~{fohohe {ao~ ~nchfyog( Fnyg~~ {acRfmmc- eoym~ kg hg{ bccm {af{ ig~ nfh ic acmk yc~tgh~oimc bgy {acoy fn{ogh~ uach o{

nglc~ {g kf{ohe fhk ~cq( Eoym~ f~~oeh {acl~cmrc~ fhk ghc fhg{acy {ac yc~tgh~oiomo{ fhk imflc bgy {acoy igbyochk~‟ {yfh~eyc~~ogh~( Mfyf !feck 65- Bo~a Agcj/ ~tgjc gb fbyochk‟~ ycmf{ogh~aot0

âc kgc~h‟{ {ys~{ aol f{ fmm•âc {aohj~ {af{ ac o~ ~ccohe ~glcghc cm~c•âc ec{~ ycfmm fhey uach ac crch mggj~ f{ fhg{acy eoym( ZO {cmm acy\ eorcaol f io{ gb bycckgl: kgh‟{ ~tchk fmm gsy {olc uo{a aol- icnfs~c ob gs~tchk fmm gsy {olc {gec{acy gs uomm ec{ oyyo{f{ck uo{a cfna g{acy( O {cmmacy hg{ {g ic nmohe fhk hg{ {g cqtcn{ ~g lsna gb aol0 ac o~ ghm lfmc(

[ac tayf~c {af{ eoym~ ~agsmk hg{ ‑cqtcn{ {gg lsna‟ gb {acoy igbyochk~ nflc st

yctcf{ckm oh nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a eoym~ bygl fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc( Eoym~‟ cqtcn{f{ogh~ fhkfnnct{fhnc gb lfmc ohbokcmo{ kgrc{fom uo{a kglohfh{ echkcy hgyl~ fnyg~~ {ac uagmcRfmmc( Lfhko~f !feck 6?- Lf~otaslcmcmc/ {gmk s~ {af{ ~ac o~ fufyc {af{ acy igbyochko~ nacf{ohe gh acy- is{ {af{ ~ac o~ ‑`s~{ {fjohe o{‟ icnfs~c ~ac ‑kgc~ hg{ ufh{ {g st~c{ {acycmf{ogh~aot‟( âc `s~{obock {ac ~o{sf{ogh i {cmmohe s~ {af{ acy igbyochk o~ ‑~{omm gshefhk f{ {af{ ~{fec gb mobc gb ufh{ohe {g afrc lfh eoymbyochk~•[ac nfh afrc fmm {ag~c{aohe~ hgu uach {ac fyc gshe- is{ uach {ac fyc gmkcy {ac nfh ic f~jck lgyc gb‟(

I bfomohe {g nghbygh{ shbfo{absm igbyochk~- eoym~ acmt ~s~{foh {ao~ nsm{syc gb lfmcohbokcmo{ !fhk {acoy guh shafttohc~~/( Eoym~ frgok nghbygh{ohe igbyochk~ icnfs~c{ac kg hg{ ufh{ {g `cgtfyko~c {ac ycmf{ogh~aot- uaona- oh {syh- o~ ksc {g {ac ~gnofm

kc~oyfiomo{ gb afrohe fhk jcctohe f igbyochk fhk {ac fnngltfhohe lf{cyofm~sttgy{( [ac ~{f{s~ vsg o~ lfoh{fohck- eorohe ig~ mo{{mc ohnch{orc {g vsc~{ogh {acoyfttygfna {g ycmf{ogh~aot~ gy lgkob {acoy icafrogsy(

Eoym~ fm~g {chk {g imflc g{acy eoym~ bgy {yohe {g iycfj st {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ yf{acy{afh {acoy shbfo{absm igbyochk~( [ac cqtcn{ {af{ g{acy eoym~ nfhhg{ ic {ys~{ck {gyc~tcn{ {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk uomm {y {g ~{cfm {acoy igbyochk~ „ fhk bycvsch{m ~snncck( Eoym~ fyc ~cch f~ nghhorohe fhk sh{ys~{ugy{a- ig~ f~ imflcmc~~( Ig{agshecy fhk gmkcy {cchfec eoym~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc ~fok {acyc fyc gb{ch boea{~ ic{ucch eoym~ grcy ig~( Ob f eoym bohk~ gs{ {af{ acy igbyochk o~ ohrgmrck uo{a fhg{acy eoym- ~acegc~ {g ‑ec{ acy‟- fhk ob ~ac ~snncck~- uomm fm~g {y {g ‑uoh‟ ifnj {ac cyyfh{ igbyochk(Gnnf~oghfmm- eoym~ uomm ifhk {gec{acy {g nghbygh{ shbfo{absm igbyochk~( [afg {gmkgb f ~o{sf{ogh uacyc {aycc eoym~ ‑ugyjck gs{ {af{ {ac es {ac ucyc ~ccohe uf~ {ac~flc ghc- {ach {ac fmm efheck st fhk uch{ {g ec{ aol&‟ Eoym~ uomm ~glc{olc~ jcct{fi~ gh {acoy byochk~‟ igbyochk~ fhk ohbgyl {acoy byochk~ ob {acoy igbyochk~ fycnacf{ohe( ![ao~ nfh ~glc{olc~ ifnjboyc ob {ac byochk ~s~tcn{~ {af{ {ac ohbgylfh{o~ {yohe {g iycfj st {ac ycmf{ogh~aot(/ Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- ob f eoym nafmmchec~ fhshbfo{absm igbyochk gy {yoc~ {g mcfrc {ac ycmf{ogh~aot- ac o~ mojcm {g icf{ acy( Eoym~ ohg{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ kok hg{ lch{ogh {ao~ johk gb ~fhn{ogh(

Ohbokcmo{ o~ hg{ {ac kglfoh gb ig~ ghm( ^glc eoym~ fm~g afrc lsm{otmc igbyochk~- gy

tsy~sc ig~ uach {ac fyc fmycfk oh ycmf{ogh~aot~( O{ uf~ ~seec~{ck {g s~ {af{ eoym~




95;

ucyc nafmmcheohe kglohfh{ echkcy hgyl~ i fn{orcm {fjohe st lsm{otmc tfy{hcy~ f{ghc {olc- {g ‑ec{ ifnj‟ f{ ig~0

Es~•{ac tmf uo{a eoym~‟ bccmohe~•{ac kgh‟{ bccm f~aflck {g afrcbgsy gy borc eoymbyochk~•~g O {aohj eoym~ fyc ycfmo~ohe {af{- icnfs~c- hgu-crch eoym~ fyc tmfohe uo{a es~‟ bccmohe~( !Namgc- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

Mcfhhc ~fok ~ac {aohj~ ‑lgyc tgucy {g gs- eoym: {af{ o~ agu es~ icafrc- ~g ua hg{{ac eoym~ {gg7‟ Is{ ~sna fh gtch nafmmchec {g kglohfh{ echkcy hgyl~ fttcfy~ {g icmolo{ck {g {fmj !gb ‑eoym tgucy‟/ yf{acy {afh fn{sfm tyfn{onc( Ohkcck- oh ycfmo{- f~ ghc gb {ac eoym~ {gmk s~- ec{{ohe ifnj f{ ig~ ‑kgc~ hg{ ycfmm ugyj‟( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {acyco~ f ycfm {aycf{ gb rogmchnc( Eoym~ {acyc {gmk s~ {af{ ob f ig bohk~ gs{ ao~ eoymbyochkaf~ nacf{ck gh aol ac o~ mojcm {g icf{ acy( [ao~ fttcfy~ {g ic ig{a f lcfh~ uacyci ig~ tsho~a {acoy eoymbyochk~ fhk ycnmfol ‑guhcy~aot‟ grcy {acl- ~g {af{ {ac uomm

ic shmojcm {g ‑~{yf‟ fefoh( G{acy ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~{skoc~ afrc kgnslch{ck ~sna rogmch{ tsho~alch{ gb gshe uglch bgy fmmceck ohbokcmo{ !Cf{gh c{ fm( 944>/( Lgycechcyfmm- eoym~ yo~j {acoy ycts{f{ogh( Ig~ oh Bo~a Agcj kc~nyoick {ao~ echkcyckycfmo{ oh ugyk~ {af{ ugsmk fttm {g crcy tfy{ gb {ac Rfmmc0

O{‟~ nggm bgy f es {g ic f ‑tmfcy‟ fhk afrc lfh eoymbyochk~- fhk ‑tmfcy~‟{fmj f mg{ figs{ eoym~ fhk ycngllchk eoym~ {g cfna g{acy- is{ eoym~ uagafrc lgyc {afh ghc igbyochk fyc nfmmck ~ms{~( !Ig~‟ ngh~ch~s~ oh feyfkc,? ko~ns~~ogh- Bo~a Agcj/

Gmkcy {cchfecy~ feycck {af{ o{ uf~ ngh~okcyck ‑bohc‟ bgy ig~ {g ic ~ccohe lgyc{afh ghc eoym f{ f {olc „ crch ‑eggk‟- f~ ac‟mm ic ngh~okcyck f ‑ycfm lfh‟ i ao~ lfmcbyochk~( Eoym~- gh {ac g{acy afhk- fyc mggjck kguh gh- fhk ~cch f~ ‑agc~‟ !uagyc~/ob {ac kg {ao~(

[ac~c echkcyck hgyl~ hg{ ghm tmfnc ngh~{yfoh{~ stgh eoym~- is{ fm~g tyc~~syc~ ghig~ {g nghbgyl {g kglohfh{ hg{ogh~ gb uaf{ o{ lcfh~ {g ic f ‑ycfm lfh‟( Lfhk !feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/ cqtmfohck {af{- uach acy igbyochk nacf{ck gh acy- acf{{yois{ck ao~ icafrogsy {g {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac eoym oh vsc~{ogh afk tygtg~o{oghck aolfhk- f~ f ‑lfh‟- ac ngsmk hg{ {syh acy kguh( Ac cqtmfohck {af{ ac ‑afk‟ {g fnnct{ acygbbcy gy {ac g{acy ig~ ugsmk afrc mfseack f{ aol fhk {agsea{ {af{ ac uf~ f lgbboc !aglg~cqsfm/( Oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- echcyfmm0

•lfhaggk fttcfy~ {g ic yoeokm f~~gnof{ck uo{a ac{cyg~cqsfmo{ fhk{ac fiomo{ {g ic ~cqsfm uo{a lsm{otmc uglch( [as~- {ag~c uag kghg{ nghbgyl gy fyc hg{ ~snnc~~bsm oh {ao~ ycfml lf ic tsho~ack gy~{oelf{o~ck( Fm{cyhf{orc ~cqsfmo{oc~- co{acy aglg~cqsfm gy {ag~c yc~o~{fh{{g {yfko{oghfm lfnag lf~nsmoho{- fyc ~{omm hg{ ucmm {gmcyf{ck oh ^gs{aFbyonfh ngllsho{oc~( !âcbcy " Tg{eoc{cy 94420 665: ~cc fm~g Ifyjcy "Yonfykg 9443/

Oh lfh ~c{{ohe~- ob f ig kgc~ hg{ afrc ~cq uo{a f eoym- ao~ ycts{f{ogh ~sbbcy~flghe ao~ tccy~ !LfnTafom " Nflticmm 9446/( Afrohe lsm{otmc tfy{hcy~ acmt~ {gkclgh~{yf{c lf~nsmoho{- c~tcnofmm oh tggycy fycf~ !Ifyjcy " Yonfykg 9443: Lgyycmm




953

9442: ômicy~nalok{ 9446/( Oh~gbfy f~ ~cq o~ lgyc figs{ f ko~tmf gb ngltc{chnc fhkfnaocrclch{ {afh fh fn{ gb oh{olfn !Ifyjcy " Yonfykg 9443/- eoym~ icnglc lcyc~cqsfm gi`cn{~ gy nghvsc~{~( Mojc lfh eoym~ uo{a uagl uc ~tgjc- Lfhk ~fok ~ac

uf~ mcb{ bccmohe f~ ob acy igbyochk afk `s~{ icch {yohe {g ec{ acy oh{g ick0 ac afk‑`s~{ {fjch uaf{ ac ufh{ck‟ „ ~cq „ ‑fhk mcb{‟(

Ig~ fyc fm~g oltmonf{ck oh {yohe {g iycfj st cfna g{acy‟~ ycmf{ogh~aot~( Nghbmon{ic{ucch ig~ fttcfyck {g ~{cl bygl nacf{ohe fhk ohbokcmo{- fhk ig~ fyc gb{chohrgmrck oh ta~onfm fm{cynf{ogh~ uo{a g{acy ig~ uag fyc {yohe {g ‑ec{‟ {acoyeoymbyochk~( Ig~ ~ccl {g efoh ~{f{s~ ob {ac fyc ohrgmrck oh fhk uoh ~sna f boea{-fhk eoym~ fyc lgyc f{{yfn{ck {g {ac~c ig~( Agucrcy- ob f ig ~{fy{~ f boea{ fhk {achmg~c~- ao~ nyckoiomo{ !flghe ig~/ fhk f{{yfn{orchc~~ !{g eoym~/ koloho~ac~( Flgheig~ fhk eoym~ fmojc- ohbokcmo{ o~ igshk st uo{a ~gnofm ~{fhkohe fhk ycts{f{ogh- hg{uo{a {ys~{ fhk oh{olfn( Fhecy !koycn{ck fefoh~{ ngltc{o{gy~/ ko~{yfn{~ ig{a eoym~ fhkig~ bygl ngllshonf{ogh fhk isomkohe {ys~{ uo{aoh ycmf{ogh~aot~( Fhqoc{- `cfmgs~ fhk ~s~tonogh icnglc tcyrf~orc- lfjohe {cchfecy~ ngh{ygmmohe fhk kclfhkohe uo{a{acoy tfy{hcy~ fhk bsy{acy shkcylohohe ycmf{ogh~aot~(

_gshe tcgtmc bcm{ {af{ {ac kobbonsm{ {af{ eoym~ fhk ig~ afrc oh isomkohe ngllo{{ck-oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ fm~g f tygksn{ gb {ac bfn{ {af{ gshe tcgtmc afrc bcu ygmclgkcm~ gb ycmf{oghfm oh{olfn fhk ngllo{lch{ frfomfimc {g {acl(

O jhgu {af{ ~glc eoym~ ~mcct fygshk•O {aohj {ac kgh‟{ fn{sfmm nfyc•icnfs~c lg~{ tfych{~ fyc korgynck acyc- gy {acoy kfk gy {acoy lgl o~afrohe fh fbbfoy uo{a ~g fhk ~g- fhk {ac‟rc afk fh fbbfoy uo{a ~g fhk ~g(

![afg- oh{cyrocu/

_gshe tcgtmc lch{oghck {ac aoea yf{c~ gb korgync fhk cq{yflfyo{fm fbbfoy~ flghefksm{~( Bsy{acylgyc- kf{ohe fhk ~cq fyc ngllghm yctyc~ch{ck uo{aoh {ac lckof „tfy{onsmfym uo{aoh {ac kfom ~gft gtcyf~ {af{ lfh eoym~ uf{na bfo{absmm „ f~ohcro{fim {slsm{sgs~ fhk hgh,ngllo{{fmfhk fyc crch rfmgyo~ck {ao~ uf( _gshetcgtmc ~fok {af{ naomkych eyguohe st uf{naohe {ac~c ~agu~ fhk ~ccohe {ac fksm{ycmf{ogh~aot~ fygshk {acl fyc ~gnofmo~ck oh{g f ugymk oh uaona kf{ohe fhk ~cq fycko~tmfck f~ nf~sfm fhk {yfh~och{ fhk- f~ f yc~sm{- {fjc st f ~olomfy fttygfna {g kf{ohefhk ~cq uach {ac ec{ gmkcy(

Oh yfyc oh~{fhnc~- ~glc ig~ fhk eoym~ uo{a uagl uc ugyjck nmg~cm ucyc ohrgmrckoh mghe,{cyl- ngllo{{ck kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~- uaona fttcfyck {g ic bgshkck stgh{ys~{( Uc okch{obock f tf{{cyh gb nafyfn{cyo~{on~ ngllgh {g ~sna ycmf{ogh~aot~(Bgyclg~{- uaf{ fttcfy~ {g ~c{ ~sna ycmf{ogh~aot~ f~okc bygl {ac hgylf{orc nafyfn{cygb kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ flghe gshe tcgtmc o~ {ac hf{syc gb ngllshonf{ogh ic{ucchigbyochk fhk eoymbyochk( [ac~c gshe tcgtmc gb{ch afrc nghrcy~f{ogh~ uo{a {acoytfy{hcy~ {af{ nch{yc gh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac~c ohrgmrc rgonohe {acoy bcfy~- ugyyoc~fhk nghncyh~ figs{ {ac ycmf{ogh~aot: ko~ns~~ogh~ figs{ tg{ch{ofm {aycf{~ {g {acycmf{ogh~aot uo{a {acoy tfy{hcy~: fhk ngllshonf{ohe uaf{ {ac ufh{ bygl {acoyycmf{ogh~aot fhk bgy {ac bs{syc(




952

Bgy cqfltmc- Tf{yonj !feck 61- Gncfh Rocu/- uag afk icch egohe gs{ uo{a ao~eoymbyochk bgy figs{ f cfy f{ {ac {olc gb {ac bocmkugyj- ~fok {af{ ac fhk ao~ eoymbyochkafk ig{a yfo~ck bcfy~ figs{ ohbokcmo{ fhk nghncyh~ figs{ {ac f{{ch{ogh {af{ {ac

g{acy ec{~ bygl g{acy ig~ fhk eoym~( Ac fm~g {gmk s~ {af{ ksyohe {ac cfym ~{fec~ gb {ac ycmf{ogh~aot- g{acy ig~ s~ck {g ‑eg fb{cy‟ ao~ eoymbyochk fhk {y {g iycfj {acl st(Grcy {olc {ao~ afk ~{gttck afttchohe- f~ tcgtmc ycfmo~ck {af{ {acyc uf~ ‑hg nafhnc‟gb iycfjohe st {ac ycmf{ogh~aot( _gshe tcgtmc uag isomk mghe,{cyl- ngllo{{ckycmf{ogh~aot~ nfh cfyh vsoc{ yc~tcn{ bygl byochk~( Isomkohe {ys~{ uf~ ~glc{olc~ f{chsgs~ tygnc~~- fhk {acyc ucyc oh~{fhnc~ oh ~glc gb {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ uacyc fig afk ic{yfck ao~ tfy{hcy- gy ronc rcy~f( Agucrcy- oh~{fhnc~ gb ohbokcmo{ ghm nafyfn{cyo~ck {ac cfym ~{fec~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot,isomkohe( [aygsea gtch kofmgesc- {ac~co~~sc~ ucyc yc~gmrck- fhk ~glc{olc~ gshe tcgtmc bcm{ {af{ {ac tygnc~~ gb ugyjohe{aygsea ~sna tygimcl~ afk fn{sfmm ~{yche{achck {ac ycmf{ogh~aot( Oh {ao~ uf-

gshe tcgtmc nfh isomk ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ fyc bsmbommohe fhk nafyfn{cyo~ck i ~afyohe-~sttgy{ fhk ngllo{lch{(

Fh oh{cyc~{ohe ngllghfmo{ flghe gshe tcgtmc uag ~tgjc gb isomkohe {ys~{ohefhk oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ uf~ {af{ {ac ucyc gb{ch tyfn{o~ohe ~cqsfm fi~{ohchnc gyafk kcmfck ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~ sh{om fb{cy c~{fimo~aohe {ys~{ fhk oh{olfn( [ao~ ~{yf{ce lf ~cyrc {g frgok ~glc gb {ac echkcyck tgucy khflon~ {af{ fnngltfh ~cqfhk{acyci lfjc yggl bgy isomkohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ shkcy ls{sfmm hceg{of{ck {cyl~( Ohg{acy yc~tcn{~- uaf{ fttcfy~ {g ic jc {g {ac chksyohe hf{syc gb {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~o~ {af{ uach afrohe tygimcl~ uo{a f eoymbyochk gy igbyochk- {ac~c gshe tcgtmcfkkyc~~ {ac o~~sc uo{a {acoy tfy{hcy~- yf{acy {afh mggjohe gs{ufyk~ bgy ~sttgy{ gyimflohe g{acy~ bgy {ac tygimcl~- uaona- f~ uc afrc ~cch- o~ lgyc ngllghm {ac nf~c(Agucrcy- ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ lf{na gshe tcgtmc‟~ okcfm~ fyc yfyc- fhk gb{ch ~ccl {gic rsmhcyfimc {g f{{fnj bygl tccy~ lg{orf{ck i `cfmgs~( _gshe tcgtmc uag ~{f ohngllo{{ck ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc ~glc{olc~ ~cch f~ ‑igyohe‟ i byochk~- uag chngsyfec{acl {g lgrc gh( ^s~{fohohe oh{olf{c fhk {ys~{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ f kobbonsm{ tygnc~~{af{ o~ aoeam kclfhkohe gb tcy~ghfm yc~gsync~(

Tycehfhn fhk tfych{aggk

Oh Nftc [guh f~ f uagmc- ghc oh bgsy 6?,cfy,gmk eoym~ af~ icch gy o~ tycehfh{ !~cc

Boesyc 5(6/( Tycehfhn o~ mc~~ ngllgh- is{ hg{ shjhguh- flghe gshecy {cchfecy~([cchfec tycehfhn o~ rcy shs~sfm oh uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~( O{ o~lg~{ ngllgh hg{ oh {ac tggyc~{ Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~- is{ oh tggy ngmgsyckhcoeaigsyaggk~- uacyc lgyc {afh ghc oh {aycc 6?,cfy,gmk eoym~ af~ icch gy o~tycehfh{ !~cc Boesyc 5(>/( Ohkcck- {cchfec eoym~ oh tggy ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~uag afrc afk ~cq fyc lgyc mojcm {g afrc icch tycehfh{ {afh hg{( Boesyc~ 5(9 fhk5(; ~agu {af{ ghm f {oh tygtgy{ogh gb ig~ feck mc~~ {afh 94 yctgy{ck afrohe lfkcf eoym tycehfh{(

[ac ~{yojohe kobbcychnc~ ~aguh oh Boesyc~ 5(6 fhk 5(> bgy Nftc [guh f~ f uagmc fyc

hg{ ycbmcn{ck oh uaf{ eoym~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Gncfh Rocu ~f( Oh ig{a hcoeaigsyaggk~-




955

eoym~ ~f {af{ {cchfec tycehfhn o~ yobc( Eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Bo~a Agcj ycbcyyck {g fh‑ctokclon‟ gb {cchfec tycehfhn( [acoy Gncfh Rocu tccy~ lfoh{fohck !uo{a oygh/ {af{tycehfhn uf~ ‑oh bf~aogh‟0 ‑Oh {ac tf~{- o{ uf~ kobbcych{- is{ hgu- oh gsy ngllsho{-

o{‟~ fh crcykf gnnsyychnc(‟ Is{ ko~ns~~ogh~ uo{a fksm{~ !fhk g{acy gshe tcgtmc/oh Bo~a Agcj ~seec~{ck {af{ cfym tycehfhn o~ hg{ ngllgh mgnfmm- uacycf~ ~olomfynghrcy~f{ogh~ oh Gncfh Rocu nghboyl {af{ o{ o~ fmm {gg ngllgh {acyc(

Vsc~{ogh~ gb tycrfmchnc f~okc- o{ o~ nmcfy {af{ uach eoym~ kg bfmm tycehfh{- o{ nfh icf {yfslf{on cqtcyochnc- fhk o{ ncy{fohm af~ f eycf{ oltfn{ ig{a gh {acoy guh fhkg{acy~‟ morc~( ^sna cqtcyochnc- ngstmck uo{a {ac uf {cchfec tycehfhn o~ yctyc~ch{ckf~ f ~gnofm yst{syc oh bflom fhk ngllsho{ mobc fhk f{{yfn{~ cqnc~~orc eg~~ot fhk~tcnsmf{ogh- lf ngh{yois{c {g {ac okcf {af{ {cchfec tycehfhn o~ f ‑ioe o~~sc‟ !crchuach o{ o~ hg{ fh ‑crcykf gnnsyychnc‟/ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc(

u ‑ ‟

Lg~{ gb {acl ufh{ {g ic eyguh,st~ icbgyc {acoy {olc( Icnfs~c {ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g ic {gmk uaf{ {g kg- fhk {ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g kg {ao~- fhk{ac kgh‟{ ufh{ {g kg {af{( Fhk uach gs‟yc tycehfh{ gy afrc f naomk-o{‟~ mojcgs‟yc gmkcy {afh uaf{ gs ycfmm fyc•Icnfs~c gs {aohj gs‟rceg{ f naomk- gs‟yc hg{ f naomk fh lgyc•[ac ufh{ {g kg {aohe~ {af{fksm{~ kg- fhk hg{ ic mojc fmm naomko~a- fhk eg {g ~naggmfhk ic eggk(!Rcyghovsc- eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

_gshe Fbyonfh lch fhk uglch- tfy{onsmfym {ag~c morohe oh {yfko{oghfm,lohkck

ysyfm fycf~- lf ~ccj {g nghncorc oh gykcy {g kclgh~{yf{c royomo{ gy bcy{omo{ fhk {as~lfhaggk gy uglfhaggk !Tyc~{gh,Ua{c " Pghko 6??6: Rfyef " Lfjsifmg 6??2/(Ycnch{ ~{skoc~ ~seec~{ {af{ cksnf{ogh o~ tyogyo{o~ck grcy cfym naomkicfyohe oh syifhngh{cq{~ !Jfsblfh c{ fm( 9444: McNmcyn,Lfkmfmf 9449: LfnTafom " Nflticmm 9446/(Kf{f bygl NFT^ fhk g{acy ~syrc~ !c(e( Tc{{obgy c{ fm( 944;/ ~seec~{ {af{ lg~{ eoym~uag afrc icch tycehfh{ afk hg{ ufh{ck {g ic( Oh 9449- NFT^ f~jck gshe uglchfnyg~~ Nftc [guh uac{acy {ac cqtcn{ck {g afrc f naomk oh {ac hcq{ {aycc cfy~( Crchflghe 6?,cfy,gmk eoym~- ghm 6 oh 64 ~fok {af{ {ac cqtcn{ck {g kg ~g !~cc Boesyc 5(3/(Uach uc yc,oh{cyrocuck cqfn{m {ac ~flc eoym~ {aycc cfy~ mf{cyoh 9443- uc bgshk{af{ lfh lgyc eoym~ afk icch tycehfh{ {afh afk cqtcn{ck {g ic( Tycehfhn o~ hg{

shs~sfm bgy eoym~ oh {acoy mf{c {cch~- is{ o{ o~ f mfyecm shfh{onotf{ck cqtcyochnc(

Hghc gb {ac eoym~ oh {ac Rfmmc uo{a uagl uc ugyjck nmg~cm ~fok {af{ {ac ufh{ck{g bfmm tycehfh{ fh {olc ~ggh( Is{- ngh{yfy {g uaf{ o~ ~seec~{ck i ~syrc kf{f-{ac ~seec~{ {af{ g{acy eoym~ uag kg bfmm tycehfh{ gb{ch kg ~g oh{ch{oghfmm- f~ f uf gb f~~cy{ohe tgucy( F~ {ac vsg{f{ogh bygl Rcyghovsc f{ {ac iceohhohe gb {ao~ ~cn{ogh~seec~{~- bfmmohe tycehfh{ o~ ~glc{olc~ ~cch f~ f ~{yf{ce uacyci eoym~ ycicm fefoh~{gy shkcylohc {ac fs{agyo{ gb tfych{~- fhk f{{clt{ {g {fjc st f hcu tg~o{ogh gb tcyncorck ~chogyo{ fhk ohkctchkchnc uo{aoh {ac aglc( ^fmg !944;/- oh acy ~{sk gb Lfhchicye- f hcoeaigsyaggk hg{ shmojc Gncfh Rocu- kc~nyoic~ agu tggygshe

ngmgsyck uglch uag nfhhg{ fbbgyk f ~jggh {ygsc !nmcfh lfyyofec/ nagg~c {g afrc f{




951

Boesyc 5(3 _gshe uglch‟~ cqtcn{ck fhk fn{sfm fec~ gb lf{cyho{ !9449„9443/

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc 6 !9449/ fhk ufrc > !9443/Hg{c0 [ac~c kf{f cqnmskc eoym~ uag ucyc gy afk icch tycehfh{ f{ {ac {olc gb {ac oho{ofm 9449 ~syrc(

mcf~{ ghc naomk icbgyc lfyyofec f~ f uf gb gi{fohohe f lgyc ~chogy ~{f{s~ {afh {af{gb f kctchkch{ naomk0 ‑F gshe tycehfh{ uglfh o~ tcyncorck {g afrc s~sytck {aclg{acy‟~ tgucy ommcefmm {g nghbcy ~chogyo{ stgh acy~cmb- f~ ~ac fhk acy tfy{hcy afrcoho{of{ck {acoy guh tf~~fec oh{g f hcu taf~c gb mobc‟ !^fmg 944;0 62>/( [ac okcf {af{

bfmmohe tycehfh{ o~ ~glc{aohe eoym~ kg ‑{g‟ {acoy lg{acy~ yc~ghf{c~ uo{a lf{cyofm ucef{acyck bygl eoym~ uag kg hg{ ufh{ {g bfmm tycehfh{0

Uc- f~ gshe eoym~- uc kgh‟{ morc gsy morc~ {ac uf uc ufh{ {g( Uc `s~{ morcgsy morc~ {g oltyc~~ gsy tfych{~( [af{‟~ fmm( [g ic uaf{ gsy tfych{~ ufh{s~ {g ic( ^g- uach gs ec{ tycehfh{- gs {aohj ‑~g uaf{ o~ l lg{acyegohe {g {aohj7‟ !Hgish{s- oh{cyrocu/

Crcy{aohe O kg- O ufh{ {g ~f{o~b l lg{acy: O mojc {g oltyc~~ l lg{acy(Uach O kg afrc ~cq- O {y fmm {ac {olc {g s~c nghkgl~( Icnfs~c O kgh‟{ufh{ {g icnglc tycehfh{•Uach f eoym bfmm~ tycehfh{- {ac ~f gs‟rcko~fttgoh{ck gsy lg{acy( !Hgpfpo- feck 6?- Lf~otaslcmcmc- oh{cyrocu/

6;

63

62

65

61

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94

96

99

4 3 64 63 94 93 >4 >3 ;4 ;3

Tcynch{fec

# uag cqtcn{ck oh 9449 {g afrc f naomk oh {ac hcq{ {aycc cfy~

# uag afk f naomk i 9443Fec oh 9449




95?

[ao~ lf{cyofm ~seec~{~ {af{ eoym~ gb{ch ~cc {acoy nagonc~- tfy{onsmfym ~syygshkohe ~cqfhk yctygksn{ogh- f~ ‑hg{ {acoy~ {g lfjc‟- icnfs~c gb grcyyokohe ~gnofm tyc~~syc~( Eoym~{fjc ~{ct~ {g frgok tycehfhn ob {ac ufh{ {g lfoh{foh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {acoy

tfych{~ f~ ucmm f~ !gy yf{acy {afh/ bgy {acoy guh ycf~gh~(

^glc eoym~ fm~g ~seec~{ {af{ tycehfhn nfh ic tfy{ gb f kcmoicyf{c f{{clt{ {gec{ f{{ch{ogh bygl tfych{,boesyc~ „ f~ oh ‑lfic l lgll uomm {fjc hg{onc gb lc hgu {af{ O‟l tycehfh{‟( Fm{cyhf{orcm- bfmmohe tycehfh{ loea{ ic f ycicmmogs~ycfn{ogh( Gmkcy eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocu ko~ns~~ck agu f eoym loea{ bfmm tycehfh{ ‑gs{ gb ~to{cbsmhc~~‟- {g ‑ec{ ifnj f{ tfych{~‟ !bgy f korgync- tcyaft~/ gy crch {g iyohe ~gnofmko~eyfnc stgh tfych{~( [ac~c khflon~ fnngyk uo{a ^fmg‟~ !944;/ ko~ns~~ogh gb agufh shnaf~{c kfsea{cy oh Lfhchicye kc{yfn{~ bygl {ac yc~tcn{fiomo{ gb acy lg{acy(Fksm{~ oh Gncfh Rocu- agucrcy- fyesc {af{ hg{ fmm tycehfh{ eoym~ nglc bygl ‑{ygsimckaglc~‟- f~ {ac fyeslch{~ figrc ugsmk ~seec~{( [ac ~f {af{ lfh eoym~ uag afrcbfmmch tycehfh{ nglc bygl ~{fimc fhk ~sttgy{orc bflomoc~(

Tycehfhn uf~ fm~g ~cch f~ f lcfh~ i uaona eoym~ f{{clt{ {g {fjc ngh{ygm fhkcqcy{ fechn uo{aoh {acoy ac{cyg~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~( F~ hg{ck- eoym~ ngllghm cqtcyochnc ic{yffm- fhk ~glc{olc~ fis~c- uo{aoh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a ig~( Oh fko~ns~~ogh uo{a eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocu- {ac eygst lfoh{fohck {af{ eoym~ {y {gbfmm tycehfh{ oh fh f{{clt{ {g ‑agmk gh{g f igbyochk‟ uag ‑af~ f ufhkcyohe cc‟: ec{‑ycrchec‟ gh f igbyochk uag af~ ksltck {acl !i ~fkkmohe {acl uo{a {ac isykchgb f naomk/: gy icmocrc {af{ {ao~ uomm ~{gt fh fis~orc igbyochk bygl ‑icf{ohe‟ acy(Agucrcy- {ac eygst uf~ nyo{onfm gb eoym~ uag {agsea{ {af{- ~agsmk {ac bfmm tycehfh{-

{acoy igbyochk~ ugsmk ‑nafhec‟ bgy {ac ic{{cy( O{ ugsmk ic ic{{cy- {ac ~fok- ob {ac eoym‑`s~{ mg~{ {ac mg~cy fhk `s~{ eg{ gh uo{a acy mobc‟( [ao~ f~~cy{ogh kgc~ hg{- agucrcy- {fjcoh{g fnngsh{ {af{ eoym~ gb{ch bccm {yfttck uo{aoh fis~orc ycmf{ogh~aot~- gy bccm shfimc{g mcfrc igbyochk~ stgh uagl {ac fyc lf{cyofmm kctchkch{(

Uaomc {ac okcf {af{ eoym~ ufh{ {g bfmm tycehfh{ uf~ f ngllgh ghc- o{ o~ fm~g crokch{{af{ eoym~ bfmm tycehfh{ shoh{ch{oghfmm- gb{ch icnfs~c {ac kg hg{ s~c gy fyc shfimc{g ec{ fnnc~~ {g ngh{yfnct{orc~( Ngh{yfnct{orc s~c o~ lfkc kobbonsm{ bgy lfh eoym~i {acoy tfych{~‟ cbbgy{~ {g ‑lfhfec‟ !gy kch/ {acoy kfsea{cy~‟ ~cqsfmo{( ^glceoym~ {gmk s~ {af{ uach tfych{~ fyc ‑{gg ~{yon{‟ uo{a {acoy kfsea{cy~ fhk kg hg{ fmmgu{acl {g ‑~cc ig~‟- eoym~ gb{ch asyyockm {fjc {ac gttgy{sho{ {g afrc ~cq uach tfych{~

fyc gs{- gy ns{ ~naggm {g lcc{ {acoy igbyochk~( [ac shtmfhhck hf{syc gb ~sna ~cqsfmchngsh{cy~ lcfh~ {af{ eoym~ gb{ch kg hg{ afrc nghkgl~ uo{a {acl( Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{-f~ g{acy ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~{skoc~ !c(e( LfnTafom " Nflticmm 9446/ ~seec~{- tfych{fm~stcyro~ogh nfh afrc f hcef{orc cbbcn{ gh ngh{yfnct{orc s~c- c~tcnofmm uach o{ o~ngstmck uo{a f mfnj gb ngllshonf{ogh figs{ ~cq( Eoym~ {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc ~fok{af{ o{ uf~ ngllgh bgy tfych{~ {g bgyiok {acoy kfsea{cy~ bygl s~ohe ioy{a ngh{ygm-~sna f~ {ac gyfm tomm gy {ac oh`cn{ogh- icnfs~c {ao~ ugsmk ‑chngsyfec‟ {acoy kfsea{cy~{g afrc ~cq( [ao~ fttcfyck {g ic {ac nf~c crch uach tfych{~ jhcu {acoy kfsea{cy~ucyc ~cqsfmm fn{orc( Tfych{fm kchofm gb {acoy kfsea{cy~‟ ~cqsfmo{ fttcfy~ {g ictgucybsm chgsea {g grcyyokc {ac crokchnc oh bygh{ gb {acl „ fhk {acoy ycmsn{fhnc {g

fnjhgumckec {acoy kfsea{cy~‟ ~cqsfmo{ nfh ngh{yois{c {g {acoy bfmmohe tycehfh{(




914

Bohfmm- ko~ns~~ogh~ uo{a gmkcy {cchfec eoym~ bygl fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc ~seec~{ck {af{ o{ o~kobbonsm{ bgy eoym~ {g fnvsoyc ngh{yfnct{orc~ bygl {ac mgnfm nmohon icnfs~c gb {ac ~gnofm~{oelf f{{fnack {g icohe ~cch {acyc( [ac {gmk s~ {af{ eoym~ uag fyc ~cch egohe oh{g

{ac nmohon icnglc {ac ~si`cn{ gb ~tcnsmf{ogh fhk eg~~ot( Oyghonfmm- eoym~ frgok ec{{ohengh{yfnct{orc~ bygl {ac nmohon bgy bcfy gb icohe tyc~slck tycehfh{- is{ lf {ach bfmmtycehfh{ f~ f yc~sm{( Eoym~ nfh fm~g ec{ f ag~{omc ycfn{ogh bygl nmohon ~{fbb ob {ac eg{acyc bgy ngh{yfnct{orc~ !Cf{gh c{ fm( 944>/( Eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocu tgoh{ckgs{ {af{ {ac mgnfm moiyfy ko~tmfck tg~{cy~ chngsyfeohe eoym~ {g eg {g {ac nmohon bgyngh{yfnct{orc~- is{ uach eoym~ eg {acyc {ac fyc lfkc {g bccm shnglbgy{fimc fhkshucmnglc- fhk {af{ nmohon ~{fbb {acl~cmrc~ lf oho{of{c eg~~ot fhk yslgsy(

u 7

_gshe tcgtmc {chkck {g f~~gnof{c {cchfec tycehfhn uo{a hcef{orc gs{nglc~( Eoym~fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc yfycm ~fu figy{ogh f~ fh gt{ogh- f~nyoiohe {ao~ rocu {g lgyfm fhkycmoeogs~ ngh~okcyf{ogh~- fhk ~gnofm ~{oelf( Oh f ko~ns~~ogh uo{a eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh GncfhRocu- {ac eygst ~fok {af{ eoym~ ghm yc~gy{ {g figy{ogh oh {ac bfnc gb ta~onfm {aycf{~ i igbyochk~ uag kg hg{ ufh{ {ac naomk( Ghc eoym afk yctgy{ckm eghc {g {ac mgnfm nmohonbgy fh figy{ogh- ghm {g yc{ycf{ oh bcfy afrohe icch {gmk i {ac kgn{gy {af{ ~ac ugsmk ic‑afsh{ck i {ac ~gshk gb {ac ~sn{ogh fhk {ac ifi‟~ nyoc~ bgy {ac yc~{ gb acy mobc‟(

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- gshe tcgtmc ~fok {af{ tycehfh{ {cchfec eoym~ ~sbbcy f mg~~ oh ~gnofm~{fhkohe- fhk cqtcyochnc kobbonsm{oc~ uo{aoh {acoy oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac icnglc {ac ~si`cn{ gb eg~~ot fhk fyc ~cch f~ iyoheohe ~aflc stgh {acl~cmrc~ fhk

{acoy bflomoc~( Tcgtmc fyc ngh{ch{ {g eg~~ot figs{ tycehfh{ {cchfecy~- is{ hg{ {gtygrokc ~sttgy{( Tycehfh{ {cchfecy~ fyc fm~g ~cch f~ ‑cf~‟ i ig~ fhk lch( Tycehfh{eoym~ lf ycncorc ~sttgy{- fkronc fhk fnnct{fhnc bygl g{acy eoym~- tfy{onsmfym byglbyochk~ uag afrc fm~g afk ifioc~ !bsy{acy ko~ns~~ck oh ycmf{ogh {g ~naggmohe ohNaft{cy 2/( Is{ gh {ac uagmc- o{ ~ccl~ {af{ lg~{ tycehfh{ eoym~ bccm yc`cn{ck i {acoytccy~- yc~sm{ohe oh cqtcyochnc~ gb ~gnofm o~gmf{ogh( Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- eoym~ tgoh{ck {g{ac bonjmc hf{syc gb byochk~aot~ uach o{ nglc~ {g tycehfhn0 ‑[ac lf ic {ac tcgtmcuag chngsyfec gs {g gtch gsy mce~ „ fhk uach gs bfmm tycehfh{- {ach {ac‟yc {actcgtmc {af{ fn{sfmm {syh {acoy ifnj~ gh gs‟ !Rcyghovsc/(

[ac ycfn{ogh gb tfych{~ {g {cchfec kfsea{cy~ uag bfmm tycehfh{ uf~ fm~g ~cch {g afrcf kcrf~{f{ohe oltfn{ gh {ac morc~ gb {ac~c gshe uglch( _gshe tcgtmc ycngsh{ckkyflf{on {fmc~ gb eoym~ uag afk bfmmch tycehfh{ fhk- gh {acoy tfych{~‟ ko~ngrcy-afk icch yc`cn{ck fhk {ayguh gs{ gb {ac aglc( Fm{cyhf{orcm- fhk lgyc ngllghm-gshe tcgtmc bcm{ {af{ tfych{~ gb{ch yckoycn{ nfyc fhk f{{ch{ogh {gufyk~ {ac ifi- fhkfuf bygl {acoy kfsea{cy0

[ac tfych{~ uomm mggj fb{cy {ac naomk fhk hg{ gs•[ac ugh‟{ mggj fb{cygs fh lgyc- icnfs~c {ac afrc {g mggj fb{cy gsy naomk( ^g gs‟yc hgmghecy {acoy naomk- yoea{7 !Hgish{s- oh{cyrocu/

Uaomc eoym~ lf uo~a {g bfmm tycehfh{ f~ f lcfh~ gb icnglohe f ‑eyguh,st icbgyc {ac

ycfmm fyc‟- {ac nafhec oh fec ~{f{s~ {af{ fnngltfhoc~ tycehfhn fhk naomkicfyohe nfh




916

{fjc fh shcqtcn{ckm isykch~glc bgyl- fhk o~ gb{ch hg{ ucmnglck i {cchfec eoym~(Hg~fheg cqtmfohck ua ~ac kok hg{ ch`g icohe f lg{acy0

Uach {ac ifi o~ nyohe l lg{acy ~ags{~ f{ lc- ~fohe o{ o~ fmm l bfsm{fhk O afrc {g bfnc o{ Zacy tfych{aggk\- {af{ O ls~{ hg{ mc{ {ac naomk ny icnfs~c ac o~ ko~{syiohe {acl( Uach ~ac o~ ~ags{ohe O `s~{ vso{ {ac ags~cfhk ~{f f{ hcfyi hcoeaigsy~- mcfrohe {ac ifi nyohe uo{a l lg{acyfhk O nglc ifnj uach ~ac o~ nggm•O‟mm hcrcy afrc f ifi fefoh icnfs~co{ o~ tfohbsm {g eorc ioy{a- fhk O kgh‟{ afrc yoea{~ f~ O s~ck {g oh l aglc(((L lg{acy kgc~h‟{ is nmg{ac~ bgy lc: ~ac ghm is~ {acl bgy l ~o~{cy~ fhk iyg{acy~- c~tcnofmm Ififmmuf( âc o~ l lg{acy‟~ bfrgsyo{c(!Hg~fheg- feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc- oh{cyrocu/

Fnngykohe {g eoym~ oh ig{a Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- clg{oghfm nfyc fhk

lf{cyofm yc~gsync~ fyc ig{a yckoycn{ck {g {ac hcu ifi( Eoym~ ~cc {ao~ f~ f lcfh~ bgytfych{~ {g tsho~a kfsea{cy~- bgy cqfltmc i isohe acy hfttoc~ uaomc acy ~oimohe~fyc igsea{ hcu nmg{ac~( F~ Hg~fheg ~seec~{~- ~tchkohe kcno~ogh~ ucyc fm~g ~cch f~f ~oehfm {g {ac {cchfec kfsea{cy {af{ ~ac nfh hg mghecy agmk {ac tg~o{ogh gb ‑naomk‟-fhk achnc f ‑kctchkfh{‟( Oh ~glc nf~c~- tfych{~ oh~{ysn{ kfsea{cy~ uag bfmm tycehfh{{g mcfrc ~naggm fhk bohk ugyj {g ~sttgy{ {ac naomk( Tycehfh{ eoym~ fhk {cchfeclg{acy~ fyc vsonjm isykchck uo{a hcu- fksm{ yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~- lf ic bgynck {g ~{f f{ aglc !uach hg{ ugyjohe/ fhk fyc gb{ch shfimc {g tfy{onotf{c oh {ac fn{oro{oc~ {af{{cchfecy~ fygshk {acl fyc {tonfmm ch`gohe( Fk`s~{ohe {g {ac hcu yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~fnngltfhohe tfych{aggk fhk {ac ch~sohe ~aob{ oh ~{f{s~ oh {ac bflom fhk flghebyochk~ fyc gb{ch kc~nyoick f~ {ac lg~{ nafmmcheohe f~tcn{~ gb cfym lg{acyaggk(

Agucrcy- uaomc {ac~c hcu yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ fyc gb{ch ~tgjch figs{ i eoym~ f~ ghc~{af{ fyc chbgynck gh tycehfh{ {cchfecy~ i tfych{~- fhk f~ ‑tsho~alch{‟- {ao~ fttcfy~{g ic fh oltgy{fh{ tfy{ gb f tygnc~~ oh uaona tf{{cyh~ gb tfych{„naomk fs{agyo{ fhk yc~tcn{ fyc ycoh~{f{ck- yst{syc~ oh {ac tfych{„naomk ycmf{ogh~aot yctfoyck fhkeoym~ ~gnofmo~ck oh{g f yc~tgh~oimc fhk yc~tcn{fimc fksm{aggk( ^fmg !944;/ hg{c~{af{ uach {cchfec eoym~ oh Lfhchicye bfmm tycehfh{- {ao~ o~ oho{ofmm cqtcyochnckf~ f ‑~gnofm nyo~o~‟ uo{aoh {ac ags~cagmk fhk ngllsho{( Agucrcy- ~gnofm afylgh nfh ic yc~{gyck fhk eoym~ nfh ‑ycnstcyf{c {acoy ~{fhkohe oh {ac ngllsho{ f~ {ac ko~{oheso~a {acl~cmrc~ f~ lgyc lf{syc fhk yc~tgh~oimc {afh {acoy naomkmc~~ tccy~•

i cqaoio{ohe {acoy eyguohe yctcy{goyc gb tfych{ohe ~jomm~ fhk f~ {ac f~~o~{ {ac gmkcyuglch oh tgmonohe fhk tyg{cn{ohe {ac cnghglon fhk ~gnofm yc~tcn{fiomo{ gb {acoyags~cagmk~‟ !^fmg 944;0 >69/( Acy bohkohe~ cnag lf{cyofm uc ef{acyck oh gsy guhgi~cyrf{ogh~ gb fhk ko~ns~~ogh~ uo{a eoym~ uag afk bfmmch tycehfh{( Uaomc tfych{~gb{ch ycfn{ oho{ofmm uo{a ~agnj- fhecy fhk ko~fttgoh{lch{- {ac kg hg{ yc`cn{ {acoytycehfh{ {cchfec kfsea{cy~- f~ o~ {ac kglohfh{ icmocb- is{ uo{a {olc nglc {g fnnct{fhk crch ucmnglc {ac okcf gb f eyfhknaomk( Bsy{acylgyc- ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a tfych{,boesyc~ nfh ycfna f hcu mcrcm gb nmg~chc~~ {af{ ~ccl~ {g yc~sm{ bygl {acl ~afyohe {actycehfhn `gsyhc fhk tyctfyf{ogh bgy {ac ifi‟~ fyyorfm(

F~ {olc tf~~ck i•{ac ~sttgy{ O eg{ bygl l bflom ycfmm acmtck lc(

L eyfhh ycfmm acmtck lcfhk uc fyc ~{fy{ohe {g isomk f ycfmm honc-




919

eggk fhk aghc~{ ycmf{ogh~aot( Uc {fmj f mg{ fhk ~afyc uaf{crcy uc fycbccmohe fhk ~ac nglbgy{~ lc f mg{( !Cq{yfn{ bygl Namgc‟~ mobc ~{gy- feck 65-Lf~otaslcmcmc/

k , 0 u 7

[ac gmk ~fohe gb ‑ig~ uomm ic ig~‟ o~ ~{omm rcy lsna fmorc „ uacyco{ ugsmk ic ~gnofmm fnnct{fimc ob f ig ~toyfm~ gs{ gb ngh{ygm gy ec{~~glcghc tycehfh{ „ ‑ga- ac‟~ ~guohe ao~ uomk gf{~‟ „ fhk {af{ johk gb {aohe( Fhk ac kgc~h‟{ afrc {g ycfmm {fjc bsmm yc~tgh~oiomo{( !Oh{cyrocu-~naggm ~gnofm ugyjcy- Gncfh Rocu/

F~ o~ crokch{ bygl {ao~ cq{yfn{- {acyc o~ ~omchnc ~syygshkohe {ac ygmc {af{ ig~ tmf oh oltycehf{ohe eoym~- ua ig~ lf uo~a {g nghncorc f naomk fhk {ac cbbcn{ {af{

nghncorohe naomkych fhk bf{acyaggk af~ stgh {ac morc~ gb {cchfec ig~( Boesyc~ 5(9fhk 5(; ~agu {af{- i {ac fec gb 6?- rcy bcu ig~ yctgy{ afrohe lfkc f eoym tycehfh{(Eoym~ {acl~cmrc~ {tonfmm yctgy{ {af{ {ac igbyochk~ uag lfkc {acl tycehfh{ucyc gmkcy {afh {acl( Crch uach gshe lch kg fklo{ {g icohe bf{acy~- {ac afrcmolo{ck ngh{fn{ uo{a {acoy naomkych( NFT^ bgshk {af{- oh Nftc [guh f~ f uagmc- ghm 5 tcy nch{ gb bf{acy~ shkcy {ac fec gb 94 ~fok {af{ {acoy naomkych morck uo{a {acl([ac cvsorfmch{ boesyc bgy lg{acy~ uf~ 15 tcy nch{( Naomkych igyh gb gshe tfych{~fmlg~{ fmuf~ morc uo{a {acoy lg{acy~ fhk {acoy lg{acy~‟ joh(

_gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc ngh~okcy {af{ bf{acyaggk lfjc~ lsna mc~~ kobbcychnc {gf ig‟~ crcykf mobc {afh tycehfhn gy lg{acyaggk {g f eoym‟~( ‑[ac eoym nfh‟{ eg gs{

fh lgyc- fhk g{acy es~ ugh‟{ eg hcfy acy- icnfs~c ~ac o~ tycehfh{- is{ {ac es nfhnfyy gh f~ hgylfm‟ !lfmc gs{a mcfkcy- gs{a lcc{ohe- Gncfh Rocu/( [ao~ ~ch{olch{uf~ ~sttgy{ck i Namgc- uag bcmm tycehfh{ ksyohe {ac ~{sk( Ycbcyyohe {g {ac bf{acygb acy naomk- ~ac ngltmfohck {af{0

Ao~ mobc o~ {ac ~flc- uacycf~ lohc af~ nafheck bgy eggk•ac `s~{ nfyyoc~gh f~ hgylfm- ~{omm egc~ {g tfy{oc~ fhk ~{sbb- uacycf~ O afrc {g ~{f aglcfhk bccm ~gyy bgy l~cmb•O{‟~ hg{ {af{ O imflc aol bgy {ac tycehfhn- f~ ucucyc ig{a oh o{ {gec{acy- is{ o{‟~ {af{ ac nfyyoc~ gh uo{a mobc- egohe {g tfy{oc~-kgohe uaf{ ac ufh{~ f~ ob hg{aohe af~ afttchck- uacycf~ l mobc af~ngltmc{cm nafheck( O{ kgc~h‟{ ~ccl bfoy( !Cq{yfn{ bygl Namgc‟~ mobc ~{gy/

Eoym~ fhk ig~ fmojc ~f {af{ bcu {cchfec bf{acy~ {fjc yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy {acoynaomkych( Hgy kg ig~ uag oltycehf{c eoym~ fttcfy {g ~sbbcy {ac ~flc hcef{orc~gnofm ngh~cvschnc~ oh {cyl~ gb eg~~ot( ‑Oyyc~tgh~oimc‟ eoym~ fyc imflck bgy bfmmohetycehfh{- fhk crch bgy iyoheohe ‑bf{acymc~~‟ naomkych oh{g {ac ugymk( F ~gnofm ugyjcyoh Gncfh Rocu {gmk s~ agu tycehfhnoc~ fyc ‑uyo{{ch gbb‟ i {ac tfych{~ gb f {cchfecbf{acy0 ‑[ac ugsmkh‟{ if{ fh ccmok•ugsmkh‟{ crch fnjhgumckec {ac naomk(‟ Oh {aclcfh{olc- ~ac ~fok- {acoy ~gh~ uomm afrc {acoy ‑hcq{ {ug gy {aycc ron{ol~‟( Oh ~glcnf~c~- bf{acy~ lf ic ohaoio{ck i tgrcy{( Lgyycmm hg{c~ {af{ bf{acy~ uag fyc ‑shfimc{g lcc{ uaf{ {ac ngh~okcy {g ic f bf{acy‟~ yc~tgh~oiomo{ {g tygrokc bgy {acoy bflom

fyc lgyc mojcm {g kch gy bmcc {ac bf{acyaggk ygmc‟ !94420 94: ~cc fm~g Kc~lghk "




91>

Kc~lghk 9442: Yfltacmc " Yona{cy 9442: Uom~gh 9442/( Is{ crch oh {ac bfnc gb molo{ck lcfh~- ~glc ig~ kg oh bfn{ {fjc gh {ac ygmc gb tygrokcy( [ac ~gnofm ugyjcyoh Gncfh Rocu {gmk s~ {af{- oh f bcu nf~c~- {ac tfych{~ gb {ac {cchfec bf{acy uomm {fjc

yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy naomk lfoh{chfhnc- fhk crch ngltcm {ac {cchfec bf{acy {g {fjc ghf nf~sfm `gi {g ngh{yois{c( Oh kcbchnc gb {acoy tccy~- ~glc eyfkc,66 ig~ oh GncfhRocu tgoh{ck gs{ {af{ o{ o~ gb{ch kobbonsm{ bgy ig~ {g bfnc st {g {acoy yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ycefykohe tycehfhn- f~ {ac fyc fbyfok gb {ac ycfn{ogh bygl {ac eoym‟~ tfych{~( Ig~fyc fm~g ~mgu {g {syh {g ~naggm ~gnofm ugyjcy~ fhk nmohon~- tcyaft~ icnfs~c {ac fycngh~okcyck ‑uglch‟~ ~tfnc~‟ fhk oh nghbmon{ uo{a f ‑lfnag‟ okch{o{( [ac- mojc eoym~-hcck- is{ gb{ch kg hg{ ycncorc- {ac ~sttgy{ gb {acoy tfych{~ oh {ao~(

Bsy{acylgyc- oh {ac cqtcyochnc~ gb ~glc eoym~ uag bfmm tycehfh{- {cchfec bf{acy~nfh ic ngllo{{ck fhk ohrgmrck tfy{hcy~ fhk bf{acy~- gh ig{a f tyfn{onfm fhkclg{oghfm mcrcm( [ao~ uf~ crokch{ oh {ac nf~c gb Hg~fheg- uag afk eorch ioy{a borclgh{a~ icbgyc {ac oh{cyrocu( âc {gmk s~ {af{ {ac ifi‟~ bf{acy is~ bggk fhk nmg{ac~bgy {ac ifi crcy lgh{a- ig{a uommohem fhk gs{ gb f ~ch~c gb ks{( Fnngykohe {gHg~fheg- ac ch`g~ icohe f bf{acy fhk ao~ bflom af~ ‑fnnct{ck‟ {ac tycehfhn- gb{chf~johe acy {g ro~o{ uo{a {ac ifi( ^fmg fyesc~ {af{- uach f gshe lfh fnjhgumckec~yc~tgh~oiomo{ bgy f tycehfhn i ro~o{ohe {ac aglc gb {ac eoym- fhk ftgmgeo~ohe bgyiyoheohe ~aflc gh {ac eoym fhk {ac ags~cagmk- {ao~ o~ fh oltgy{fh{ ~{ct oh chfimohe{ac gshe lg{acy {g ‑tycrfom f~ f hcu fksm{ uglfh•uaomc {acoy ags~cagmk‟~ fhk{acoy lg{acy‟~ lgyfm ycts{f{ogh~ fyc yc~{gyck‟ !944;0 625/( [ao~ yc~{gyc~ {ac ‑hf{syfmgykcy‟ gb {ac ags~cagmk fhk- bgy {ac gshe lfh- f{ {ac ~flc {olc ~cyrc~ {ac tsytg~cgb ~aguohe aol f~ aghgsyfimc( Oh {ao~ lfhhcy- bf{acyaggk icnglc~ ycnghnomck uo{aechkcyck cqtcn{f{ogh~ {af{ lch ~agsmk nmfol {acoy yoea{ {g ~cq- uaona o~ ‑ngh~okcyckfh f~tcn{ gb lch‟~ tcy~ghaggk fhk fechn‟ !^fmg 944;/(

AOR fhk FOK^

O{‟~ ~glc{aohe O kgh‟{ ycfmm- mojc- bgns~ f mg{ gh- FOK^ fhk AOR- icnfs~cO kgh‟{ {aohj O‟l ycfmm ugyyock figs{ o{ l~cmb ~g lsna( _gs jhgu7•Okgh‟{ {aohj o{‟~- mojc- ~sna f ioe o~~sc- icnfs~c O {aohj {ac lckof af~ ~gy{gb mojc- oh f ~ch~c- ~agrck o{ kguh crcyghc‟~ {aygf{~0 ~g- mojc- fmm {ac{cchfecy~ hgu fyc FOK^,fufyc•O lcfh o{‟~ ~g oh~fhc- icnfs~c {ac

{cfna o{ {g gs f{ ~naggm crcy ~ohemc cfy( Fhk mojc- o{‟~ ~g lsna {af{ o{icnglc~0 ga- ucmm& O{‟~ `s~{ FOK^: gs jhgu- hgigk nfyc~- gs jhgu7Fhk {ach {ac ~agu gs {ac~c tf{ac{on rokcg~ gh o{•[ac loea{ ~agugs ~glc ~jcmc{gh gb f tcy~gh „ is{ o{‟~ hg{aohe {g ~glcghc( Gy {ac eorc gs {ac ~{f{o~{on~0 uc kgh‟{ nfyc figs{ {ac ~{f{o~{on~( ![afg- feck 6?-Bo~a Agcj/

[ac tg~{,ftfy{acok echcyf{ogh gb gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ bfnc~ f nafmmchec hg{chngsh{cyck i fh tycrogs~ echcyf{ogh f{ {acoy fec0 FOK^( Kclgeyftaon lgkcm~gb {ac tfhkclon oh ^gs{a Fbyonf ~seec~{ {af{ figs{ 3(; lommogh tcgtmc !gs{ gb f{g{fm tgtsmf{ogh gb figs{ ;1 lommogh/ ucyc AOR,tg~o{orc oh lok,9442- fhk figs{

244 444 ucyc ~onj uo{a FOK^ !Kgyyohe{gh c{ fm( 9442/( Tycrfmchnc yf{c~ fyc mgucy oh




91;

{ac Uc~{cyh Nftc {afh cm~cuacyc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Lgkcmmohe ~seec~{~ {af{ 5 tcy nch{gb 63, {g 9;,cfy,gmk uglch oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc ucyc AOR,tg~o{orc oh 9442- f~ ucyc6(> tcy nch{ gb gshe lch( Uaom~{ {acyc fyc AOR,tg~o{orc tcgtmc oh crcy ‑yfnofm‟ eygst

oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- tycrfmchnc yf{c~ fyc lsna aoeacy flghe Fbyonfh tcgtmc- ohnmskoheoh Nftc [guh( Sh{om {ac tsimon acfm{a ~~{cl icefh tygrokohe fh{oyc{ygroyfm kyse~-{ac ohcro{fimc ngh~cvschnc gb {ac tfhkclon uf~ yftokm kcnmohohe mobc cqtcn{fhn([ac tsimon tygro~ogh gb FOK^ {ycf{lch{ af~ nafheck {ao~ ~glcuaf{- c~tcnofmm oh Nftc [guh- uaona toghccyck fhk ngh{ohsc~ {g mcfk {ac ygmm,gs{ gb {ycf{lch{(Hghc{acmc~~- {ac morc~ gb lfh gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc uomm ~sycm ic {yfh~bgylcki {acoy cqtcyochnc gb FOK^- co{acy koycn{m {aygsea ohbcn{ogh {acl~cmrc~ gy ohkoycn{m {aygsea ~onjhc~~ gy kcf{a flghe joh- hcoeaigsy~ fhk byochk~(

[ac AOR'FOK^ tfhkclon af~ tyglt{ck lf~~orc cksnf{oghfm nfltfoeh~ figs{ yo~j fhk tyg{cn{ogh folck c~tcnofmm f{ gshe tcgtmc( Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- agucrcy- ucgi~cyrck f tcyrf~orc ~omchnc ~syygshkohe AOR'FOK^( Uach f~jck koycn{m- gshetcgtmc ~cclck {g ic jhgumckecfimc figs{ AOR fhk tycrch{ohe ohbcn{ogh- ycbmcn{oheechcyfm cqtg~syc {g tsimon nfltfoeh~( Is{ bcu gshe tcgtmc okch{obock AOR'FOK^ f~f tcy~ghfm nghncyh( Nghncyh~ figs{ tycehfhn ucyc lgyc oltgy{fh{ {afh nghncyh~figs{ AOR oh ohbgylohe kcno~ogh~ figs{ ~cq fhk ngh{yfnct{oghfhk- oh fh nf~c-‑sh~fbc ~cq‟ uf~ uokc~tycfk flghe ~cqsfmm fn{orc ig~ fhk eoym~( Uaomc gshe tcgtmcnfh ‑{fmj {ac {fmj‟ uach o{ nglc~ {g AOR- {acyc fttcfy~ {g ic f mfyec ‑eft‟ ic{ucchjhgumckec fhk fufychc~~- gh {ac ghc afhk- fhk tcyncorck rsmhcyfiomo{ fhk tyfn{onc-gh {ac g{acyoh {ac Rfmmc f~ cm~cuacyc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf !Cf{gh c{ fm( 944>/(

Nmg~c ko~ns~~ogh~ uo{a gmkcy {cchfec eoym~ ycrcfmck ~glc gb {ac bfn{gy~ cqtmfohohe {ao~tfyfkgq( F{ {ac ngyc gb {ac~c moc~ {ac ohro~oiomo{ gb {ac roys~( Oh fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ gb {ac Rfmmc- gshe tcgtmc fyc ngh{ohsfmm {fyec{ck uo{a AOR cksnf{oghfm lc~~fec~ „oh {ac aglc- f{ ~naggm fhk i {ac lckof „ is{ {ac yfycm ~cc uaf{ {ac kc~nyoic oh{acoy guh ugyk~ f~ {ac ‑{ysc oltfn{ gb uaf{ FOK^ o~‟( Bcu gshe tcgtmc ~fok {af{ {ac afk afk tcy~ghfm ngh{fn{ uo{a ~glcghc uag uf~ ohbcn{ck uo{a {ac roys~- gy uagafk kock gb FOK^,ycmf{ck nfs~c~( NFT^ bgshk mgu mcrcm~ gb yc~tghkch{~ uag afktcy~ghfm jhgumckec gb tcgtmc uag ucyc AOR,tg~o{orc gy ~onj uo{a FOK^( Fm{agsealfh tcgtmc jhguh {g yc~tghkch{~ afrc kock- {ac ollckof{c nfs~c gb kcf{a o~gb{ch ko~cf~c~ ~sna f~ thcslghof gy {sicynsmg~o~- uaona ucyc fmycfk uokc~tycfk

!fm{agsea hg{ f~ uokc~tycfk/ icbgyc FOK^- fhk ~g kcf{a~ hcck hg{ ic tyc~ch{ck gyshkcy~{ggk oh {cyl~ gb FOK^( _gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc {gmk s~ {af{ ~{oelf yc~sm{~oh AOR,tg~o{orc tcgtmc jcctohe {acoy tg~o{orc ~{f{s~ ~cnyc{( Oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- ~gnofmugyjcy~ ohbgylck s~ {af{ o{ o~ ngllgh tyfn{onc {g jcct tcgtmc uag fyc ~onj uo{aFOK^ f{ aglc- ‑aokkch‟- gy bgy ~sna tcgtmc {g ic lgrck {g {ac Cf~{cyh Nftc- gb{ch{g koc {acyc( Eorch {ao~- o{ lf ic shkcy~{fhkfimc {af{ gshe tcgtmc afrc kobbonsm{ oh{cyhfmo~ohe {ac yo~j gb AOR'FOK^- oh {ac bfnc gb mo{{mc {fheoimc crokchnc gb o{~cqo~{chnc fhk ‑ycfm‟ ngh~cvschnc~(

[ao~ lf bcck oh{g {ac bgmmguohe ~nchfyog- uaona nflc st oh f ko~ns~~ogh uo{aeyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( [ac eygst ~fok {af{ lfh gshe tcgtmc icmocrc

{af{ ‑o{‟~ f l{a {af{ AOR cqo~{~‟- fhk crch {af{ tfych{~ ohrch{ck {ao~ l{a {g ‑~nfyc‟




913

{acoy naomkych ‑fuf‟ bygl ~cq- ‑icnfs~c {ac tfych{~ kgh‟{ ufh{ {acoy naomkych {g ec{tycehfh{ fhk {g afrc ~cq‟( [ac eoym~ ~fok {af{ tfych{~ ~glc{olc~ s~c {ac {aycf{ gb AOR'FOK^ oh fh f{{clt{ {g ngh{ygm fhk yc~{yon{ {ac lgrclch{~ gb {acoy gshe( Bgy

cqfltmc- ghc gb {ac tfy{onotfh{~ ~fok {af{ uach eoym~ afrc ‑kghc ~glc{aohe uyghe‟-~sna f~ egohe gs{ {gg mf{c f{ hoea{- {acoy tfych{~ {cmm {acl0 ‑_gs‟mm ec{ FOK^&‟ [ao~ngsmk bsy{acy ngltgshk eoym~‟ ~s~tonogh~ {af{ AOR'FOK^ o~ tfy{ gb f tfych{fm ~nfyc{fn{on fhk f lcfh~ gb ngh{ygmmohe {acl(

[ac o~~sc gb ro~oiomo{ fyg~c fefoh oh f ko~ns~~ogh uo{a eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Gncfh Rocu-uag {gmk s~ {af{ gshe tcgtmc {chk {g crfmsf{c {acoy tfy{hcy~‟ acfm{a ~{f{s~ gh {ac if~o~gb agu ac gy ~ac ‑mggj~‟ „ fhktfy{onsmfym- gh {ac if~o~ gb {ac fttcfyfhnc gb ucfm{a0

Ob {ac ~cc gs mggjohe honc- gs kyc~~ohe ucmm- {ac {aohj- ga- ac‟~kyc~~ohe ucmm- ac‟~ mggjohe ucmm: ua ugsmk ac afrc AOR7 [ac‟yc `s~{

mggjohe bygl {ac gs{~okc( ![fmof- eoym- feck 61- Gncfh Rocu/[ac ~fok {af{ ob ~glcghc nglc~ bygl f ‑tggy bflom‟ fhk mggj~ ‑koy{‟- {ach ‑tcgtmc{chk {g {aohj- GJ- gs mggj mojc ~glcghc uag af~ AOR „ icnfs~c ac‟~ f koy{ ghc‟([ac lfhhcy oh uaona gshe tcgtmc crfmsf{c f tg{ch{ofm igbyochk gy eoymbyochk „f{{fnaohe rfmsc {g ao~ gy acy nmg{ac~ fhk ko~tmf~ gb ucfm{a „ fttcfy~ {g ohbmschnc{ac lfhhcy oh uaona {ac crfmsf{c ao~ gy acy acfm{a ~{f{s~( [ac okcf {af{ ucfm{a o~ fkc{cylohfh{ gb acfm{a ~seec~{~ agu- tfy{onsmfym oh {ac mc~~ fbbmsch{ fycf~ gb GncfhRocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- ig{a ~gnofm fhk ta~onfm oh{ceyo{ fyc kcctm igshk st ohghc‟~ tyc~ch{f{ogh f~ f lf{cyofmm ~snnc~~bsm tcy~gh(

[ac bohfm ~nchfyog uc cqtmgyc ~seec~{~- oh {syh- {af{ gshe tcgtmc {chk {g tmfncf aoeacy rfmsc gh {acoy ~gnofm oh{ceyo{ {afh {acoy ta~onfm acfm{a fhk ucmm,icohe(F~ hg{ck icbgyc- uaomc eoym~ cqaoio{ck nghncyh figs{ bfmmohe tycehfh{- fhk {ggj sttyfn{onc~ {g tycrch{ {ao~- {ac ko~tmfck ngh{yf~{ohem mo{{mc nghncyh figs{ AOR( Oh fko~ns~~ogh uo{a eyfkc,69 eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {ac eygst feycck {af{ ob f eoym af~afk shtyg{cn{ck ~cq- ~ac ugsmk ic ~nfyck {af{ ~ac loea{ bfmm tycehfh{ „ fhk lf eg{g {ac nmohon bgy {ac ‑lgyhohe,fb{cy tomm‟ „ is{ {af{ ~ac ugsmk ‑hg{ crch {aohj figs{AOR‟( Uach f~jck ua {ao~ uf~ {ac nf~c- {ac bgmmguohe yc~tgh~c~ ucyc tyglt{ck0

AOR o~ hg{ f ioe o~~sc( Icnfs~c ob gs afrc AOR'FOK^- ~glc tcgtmcugh‟{ crch hg{onc gs afrc {ac ko~cf~c( Ob gs fyc tycehfh{- tcgtmc uomm

~cc {af{ gs‟yc tycehfh{( !Tycnogs~- eoym- feck 61- Lf~otaslcmcmc/[ac {aohe o~- ob gs ec{ tycehfh{- {ach crcyghc uomm ~cc {af{ gs fyctycehfh{( Is{ uach gs fyc ohbcn{ck Zuo{a AOR\- o{ uomm {fjc f uaomc bgytcgtmc {g ~cc( Icnfs~c ob gs‟yc AOR,tg~o{orc- hg ghc nfh ycngeho~c sh{omgs‟yc oh {ac mf{cy ~{fec~: gs egohe {g koc( ^g O {aohj {af{‟~ {ac tygimcl-gs kgh‟{ ufh{ tcgtmc {g jhgu( !Namgc- eoym- feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

[ac~c yc~tgh~c~ tgoh{ {gufyk~ {ac aoea tyogyo{ {af{ gshe tcgtmc f{{fna {g ~gnofmycts{f{ogh fhk ~{fhkohe „ {g {ac tgoh{ {af{ ~gnofm ucmm,icohe o~ rfmsck figrc ta~onfmucmm,icohe( [ac ~gnofm yctcyns~~ogh~ gb shtyg{cn{ck ~cq fyc gb eycf{cy nghncyh{g eoym~ {afh fyc o{~ oltmonf{ogh~ bgy ta~onfm acfm{a( [ac lgyc ollckof{c {aycf{




912

{g ~gnofm oh{ceyo{ {af{ tycehfhn tg~c~ fttcfy~ {g gs{ucoea {ac lgyc mghe,{cyl{aycf{ gb AOR'FOK^ {g ta~onfm oh{ceyo{( Ig{a ‑igkom nghko{ogh~‟ fyc ~cch f~ tg~ohe{aycf{~ „ hg{ oh {acl~cmrc~- is{ icnfs~c gb {ac tg{ch{ofm hcef{orc ~gnofm ycfn{ogh

{af{ cfna nghko{ogh lf tygrgjc( [ac ‑tygimcl‟ o~ figs{ aokohe bygl g{acy~ ghc‟~~cqsfm ‑{yfh~eyc~~ogh‟ „ ‑gs kgh‟{ ufh{ tcgtmc {g jhgu‟ „ yf{acy {afh {ac ta~onfmoltmonf{ogh~ gb {ao~ ‑{yfh~eyc~~ogh‟( _gshe tcgtmc fttcfy {g cltmg f byflc gb mgeon{af{ nghncyh~ o{~cmb uo{a uaf{ tcgtmc uomm {aohj uach ucoeaohe st {ac acfm{a fhkyctygksn{orc yo~j~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a ~cq( [ac oltgy{fhnc {af{ gshe tcgtmc f{{fna {g‑gs{~okc olfec‟- ‑jcctohe st fttcfyfhnc~‟ fhk ~gnofm ycts{f{ogh „ tfy{onsmfym oh {acngh{cq{ gb molo{ck g{acy lcfh~ {g ko~tmf ~snnc~~ „ fttcfy~ {g tmf f {ygsimohe ygmcuach o{ nglc~ {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~cqsfm acfm{a,ycmf{ck nghncyh~(

Olfec- nagonc~ fhk ~cmb,nfyc

Z^glc tcgtmc uomm\ nafhec {acoy uagmc ~cmb {g icnglc tgtsmfy- fhk {af{‟~if~onfmm uaf{ gs fyc0 gs mg~c gsy ~cmb,okch{o{•_gs mojc mg~c gsy~cmb oh {ao~ uagmc lc~~ nnmc gb tgtsmfyo{•[af{‟~ uaf{ afttch~0 o{‟~ mojc fygnj ~{fy( !Mcfhhc- feck 65- Bo~a Agcj- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

Bgy gshe tcgtmc- ghc‟~ cq{cyhfm olfec o~ f jc rcaonmc bgy ko~tmfohe ~gnofm ~snnc~~(Lfyjcy~ gb ~sna ~snnc~~ ohnmskc icohe ~cch gs{ fhk figs{: ~gnofmo~ohe oh ~gsea{,fb{cy tmfnc~: tsy~sohe f mobc~{mc gb ch{cy{fohlch{: guhohe bf~aoghfimc nmg{ac~ fhkfnnc~~gyoc~: icohe ~syygshkck i byochk~ uag fyc kyc~~ck fhk fnnc~~gyo~ck oh f~olomfym bf~aoghfimc lfhhcy: fhk icohe ~cch f{ {ac aot gb {ychk igbyochk~ gy

eoymbyochk~( Agucrcy- {ac ugymk gb ~gnofm ~snnc~~ o~ fm~g f aoeam ngltc{o{orc ghc- uaonalfjc~ ig{a byochk~aot~ fhk kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ {chsgs~- fhk tgtsmfyo{ afyk {glfoh{foh( O{ o~ hg{ ~sytyo~ohe {ach {af{ {ac gshe tcgtmc uo{a uagl uc ugyjck {chkck{g ~cc {ao~ ugymk oh fliorfmch{ {cyl~0 uaomc o{ o~ ch{onohe fhk cqno{ohe- o{ o~ fm~g aoeam tyc~~syck- fhk cf~ {g ec{ nfsea{ st oh f{ {ac cqtch~c gb g{acy egfm~ fhk tyogyo{oc~(

Fkko{oghfmm- {ao~ ugymk o~ !~glcuaf{ kcmoicyf{cm gh {ac tfy{ gb gshe tcgtmc/ ghc{af{ o~ ~ctfyf{c bygl {ac ohbmschnc~ gb {ac fksm{ echcyf{ogh( Bgy lg~{- ch{cyohe {ao~ugymk ycvsoyc~ yc`cn{ohe uaf{ gshe tcgtmc tyc~ch{ f~ ‑fksm{‟ okcf~ gb uaf{ {ac ‑~agsmk‟ ic kgohe0 tfy{onotf{ohe oh nmf~~- kgohe ~naggm ugyj- ~{fohe f{ aglc kgohe

nagyc~ fhk ycmoeogs~ tsy~so{~( [ag~c uag chefec oh ~sna tsy~so{~ fyc gb{ch ~cch f~‑igyohe‟ fhk ‑hg{ nggm‟( _gshe tcgtmc fttcfy- oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- {g ic nfsea{ oh f rcy ~{fyj lgyfm konag{gl uacycoh ‑bo{{ohe oh‟ fhk ‑icohe nggm‟ lcfh~ yc`cn{ohe tsy~so{~fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh uaona- oh lfh nf~c~- {ac fyc kcctm ohrc~{ck- is{ bfomsyc {gyc`cn{ {ac~c nglc~ f{ {ac cqtch~c gb ‑bo{{ohe oh‟ fhk ‑icohe nggm‟(

_gshe tcgtmc fm~g kycu f{{ch{ogh {g {ac bfn{ {af{ ‑icohe nggm‟ o~ lgyc gb fh ‑f{{o{skc {gjcct st‟- fhk {af{ ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a fksm{~- ycmoeogh fhk ~naggmohe fyc fm~g oltgy{fh{bgy lfh- c~tcnofmm ob ghc ufh{~ {g ‑ec{ ~glcuacyc oh mobc‟( Agucrcy- o{ o~ kobbonsm{ bgygshe tcgtmc {g ‑jcct st {ac f{{o{skc‟ uaomc kgohe ~glc{aohe kobbcych{ oh tyfn{onc(Bgy lg~{ gshe tcgtmc- jcctohe st f nggm f{{o{skc ycvsoyc~- oh tyfn{onc- {fjohe st {ac

uagmc tfnjfec gb ‑nggm‟ tsy~so{~ „ fhk ~snnsliohe {g tyc~~syc oh ghc fychf lfjc~




915

ghc lgyc ~s~nct{oimc {g tyc~~syc {g ~snnsli oh g{acy fychf~( Mojcuo~c- {ag~c uagfyc kc{cylohck {g ‑ec{ ~glcuacyc oh mobc‟ bccm {af{ {ac afrc {g jcct {acl~cmrc~ gh{ac ~{yfoea{ fhk hfyygu fhk yc~o~{ nghbgylo{ {g fmm {af{ o~ ngh~okcyck ‑nggm‟ !~cc fm~g

^gskoch 9445/(

Ko~ns~~ogh~ uo{a gmkcy {cchfec eoym~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc ycrcfmck {ac ~ch{olch{ {af{gshe tcgtmc gb{ch eg ‑gbb {yfnj‟ uach {ac ~snnsli {g tccy tyc~~syc {g ‑afhegs{ uo{a byochk~‟- ‑tfy{‟ fhk ‑afrc bsh‟( [ao~ tf{auf gb ‑kcrofhnc‟- uaomc tygrokoheollckof{c ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh fhk ~{f{s~ flghe tccy~- o~ ~cch f~ f ‑kcfk chk‟( Lfh gshe tcgtmc ~tgjc figs{ ‑bo{{ohe oh‟ fhk ‑icohe nggm‟ f~ tfy{ gb f ‑nnmc gb kcrofhnc‟oh uaona gshe tcgtmc ec{ nfsea{ st „ fhk oh {ac tygnc~~ chk st ‑mg~ohe {acl~cmrc~‟oh {ac ‑lc~~ nnmc gb tgtsmfyo{‟( Icohe nggm fhk bo{{ohe oh ucyc gb{ch ~tgjch figs{f~ nglohe f{ {ac cqtch~c gb ‑icohe !fhk ic{{cyohe/ ghc~cmb‟ oh g{acy yc~tcn{~(

_gshe tcgtmc ~fu {ac tsy~so{ gb tgtsmfyo{ f~ ng~{ohe {acl cksnf{oghfm f{{fohlch{oh tfy{onsmfy( [ac gb{ch ~fok {af{ afrohe bsh oh nmf~~ yf{acy {afh bgns~ohe gh ~naggmugyj uf~ ~cch f~ nggm- uaomc {ag~c uag tfy{onotf{ck oh nmf~~ ucyc ~cch f~ igyohe(Uaomc kf{ohe o~ ~cch f~ nggm- o{ o~ fm~g f~~gnof{ck uo{a hcef{orc ngh~cvschnc~ bgycksnf{oghfm fkrfhnclch{( _gshe tcgtmc ~tgjc gb icohe ko~{yfn{ck bygl {acoy nmf~~ugyj uach {ac afk eoymbyochk~ gy igbyochk~ oh nmf~~- fhk fm~g bcm{ {af{ ‑icohe ohmgrc‟- fhk {ac cqno{ohe is{ nghbs~ohe clg{ogh~ {af{ fnngltfh {ao~ cqtcyochnc-nfh ic f ko~{yfn{ogh bygl ~naggm ugyj( Nafyhc !eoym- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu/ ~fok{af{ uach kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ chk- gshe tcgtmc {aohj {af{ ‑fmm {acoy kycfl~ fycs~cmc~~‟ fhk ‑bccm {acyc o~ hg tsytg~c- fhk {syh {g ~cq fhk kyse~‟( [ao~ ~agsmk ic

~cch f~ f tfy{onsmfym mojcm gs{nglc icnfs~c gb {ac {yfh~och{ hf{syc gb ycmf{ogh~aot~-shkcytohhck i ngltc{o{ogh grcy igbyochk~ fhk eoymbyochk~- fhk {ac yob{~ ohbyochk~aot~ {af{ fnngltfh {ao~( [ao~ clg{oghfm {sylgom ~agsmk fm~g ic shkcy~{ggkf~ clickkck oh f ngh{cq{ gb ngltmcq ~gnofm tygimcl~ fhk molo{ck gttgy{sho{oc~ bgygshe tcgtmc {g fnaocrc fhk ko~tmf ~snnc~~( O{ lfjc~ agmkohe gh{g kycfl~ kobbonsm{-fhk asy{ fhk ko~fttgoh{lch{ nfh cf~om mcfk {g nagonc~ {af{ lf afrc f hcef{orcoltfn{ gh {ac {tc gb bs{syc gshe tcgtmc nfh fnaocrc(

Gmkcy {cchfec eoym~- tfy{onsmfym {ag~c morohe oh {ac mc~~ fbbmsch{ hcoeaigsyaggk~ gb Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- bcm{ {af{ kf{ohe af~ tfy{onsmfym hcef{orc oltmonf{ogh~bgy eoym~( Mchgyc !feck 62- Gncfh Rocu/ gi~cyrck {af{ lfh eoym~ ~fu igbyochk~

fhk as~ifhk~ f~ fh fm{cyhf{orc ygs{c {g lf{cyofm ~snnc~~ „ {g {af{ gb cksnf{ogh fhktsy~sohe f nfyccy „ fhk {chk {g eorc st flio{ogh~ bgy ohkoroksfm fnaocrclch{ ghnc{ac afrc bgshk f ngllo{{ck tfy{hcy fhk ~cc lfyyofec oltchkohe( âc ~fok {af{icnfs~c eoym~ afrc ~g lsna ohrc~{ck oh {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~- {ac {chk {g ts{ {acoytfy{hcy~ boy~{ fhk ‑hcemcn{ {acl~cmrc~‟ fhkoh {ac tygnc~~- mg~c ~oea{ gb {acoy egfm~fhk kycfl~( âc bcm{ {af{ {ao~ mcfk~ {g lfh uglch icohe oh shbsmbommohe lfyyofec~uacyc {ac fyc ‑{yfttck‟- gb{ch oh fis~orc noynsl~{fhnc~( Eoym~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmcfeycck {af{ gshe uglch fyc ‑ifkm ohbmschnck i {acoy igbyochk~‟( [ac ~fok {af{lfh ig~ ucyc ‑kgohe hg{aohe‟ uo{a {acoy morc~- fhk chngsyfeck {acoy eoymbyochk~ {gmcfrc {acoy aglcugyj fhk eg gs{ mf{c f{ hoea{ tfy{ohe(




911

Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- gshe tcgtmc‟~ {fmj ycbmcn{~ {af{ kf{ohe fhk ~cq- f~ tfy{ gb f tfnjfecgb tsy~so{~ {af{ tygrokc {ac ollckof{c lcfh~ {g bo{{ohe oh fhk icohe nggm- sm{olf{cm mcfk {g f kcfk chk( Gh {ac g{acy afhk- hg{ nghbgylohe {g tccy tyc~~syc fhk oh~{cfk

nagg~ohe {ac ~gnofmm fnnct{ck gy ~{yfoea{,fhk,hfyygu ygs{c gb cksnf{ogh fhk gb{chycmoeogh o~ ~cch f~ f ~glcuaf{ mghcm ygfk( Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- gshe tcgtmc ~cc {acnagonc~ frfomfimc {g {acl f~ molo{ck fhk yc~{yon{ohefhk fmuf~ fnngltfhock i mg~~gy ~fnyobonc oh ~glc bgyl( Tonjohe fhk nagg~ohe ic{ucch frfomfimc tsy~so{~ o~ hg{~cch f~ fh gt{ogh(

{ 0 kr

Fmm l byochk~ ucyc afrohe ~cq( [af{ uf~ {ac lfoh {aohe {af{ uf~ tsmmohelc {g kg {af{( [ac ucyc ~{yc~~ohe lc „ {fmjohe figs{ ~cq fhk fmm gb {af{(

Fhk {ac ucyc mojc- ‑Namgc- uc mojc eoym~ uag afrc ~cq‟•Tccy tyc~~syc o~{ac lg~{ tgucybsm {aohe( _gs ufh{ {g bo{ oh( ^g ob tcgtmc mojc tcgtmc uagfyc hg{ royeoh~- o{‟~ ic{{cy bgy gs {g hg{ ic f royeoh ~g gs nfh bo{ oh•^g-uaf{ {ac acmm- O ls~{ `s~{ kg o{ fhk ec{ o{ grcy uo{a fhk ic {ac ~flc uo{a{acl( !Namgc- oh{cyrocu/

Uach gs mg~c gsy royeoho{- o{‟~ lgyc mojc gs‟rc gtchck {ac ef{c {g „hgu O‟l hg{ f royeoh „ ~g O nfh ~mcct fygshk uo{a fhghc {af{ O ufh{(Is{ uach gs ucyc ~{omm f royeoh- gs ucyc mojc- hg- O‟l ~nfyck {g kg {ao~:O ~agsmkh‟{ kg o{: o{‟~ uyghe•Is{ hgu- ghnc gs‟yc hg{- o{‟~ mojc- ‑Uaf{ {acacmm& O kok o{- ~g mc{ lc ngh{ohsc(‟ !Namgc- oh{cyrocu/

Namgc‟~ mobc,~{gy- uaona uc ngh~{ysn{ck uo{a acy grcy lfh lgh{a~ fhk uaonacq{chkck icghk {ac gbbonofm chk gb {ac bocmkugyj- omms~{yf{c~ {ac komcllf~ gshetcgtmc bfnc- fhk {ac molo{ck hf{syc gb {ac nagonc~ frfomfimc {g {acl( Acy ~{gy {cmm~gb acy ngltc{ohe kc~oyc {g lfjc f ~snnc~~ gb acy mobc- i ngltmc{ohe acy cksnf{ogh~snnc~~bsmm fhk tsy~sohe f nfyccy- gh {ac ghc afhk- fhk bo{{ohe oh fhk icohe nggmgh {ac g{acy( Acy ~{gy o~ omms~{yf{orc gb agu gshe tcgtmc ‑morc‟ {ac ko~ngsy~c gb ‑kcrofhnc fhk kcfk chk~‟(

âc {gmk s~ ksyohe {ac cfym ~{fec~ gb {ac bocmkugyj {af{ ~ac afk lfkc f ‑tyglo~c‟{g acy~cmb {g tg~{tghc afrohe ~cq sh{om ~ac afk boho~ack ~naggm- f~ ~ac kok hg{ uo~a{g ngltyglo~c acy cksnf{ogh i bfmmohe tycehfh{ fhk molo{ohe acy tg~~oiomo{oc~ gb tsy~sohe f nfyccy( I acy guh fklo~~ogh- agucrcy- Namgc ychceck gh {ao~ tyglo~cf{ {ac fec gb 62 uach- shkcy eycf{ tyc~~syc bygl byochk~- ~ac afk ~cq( âc ~tgjcfigs{ acy bccmohe~ fb{cyufyk~ oh fliorfmch{ {cyl~( âc {gmk s~ {af{- afrohe afk ~cq-~ac efohck {ac fnnct{fhnc fhk yc~tcn{ gb acy byochk~- fhk uf~ hg mghecy ‑mfseackf{ oh ~naggm‟ fhk ~cch f~ f ‑naomk‟ i acy ~cqsfmm cqtcyochnck byochk~( Gh {ac g{acyafhk- agucrcy- ~ac afk fm~g bcm{ ‑koy{‟ fhk ‑fhey‟ uo{a acy~cmb- f~ ~ac afk iygjch acytyglo~c {g acy~cmb {g tg~{tghc afrohe ~cq sh{om ~ac afk ngltmc{ck acy ~naggmohe0 ‑O{gmk l~cmb {af{ O ufh{ {g mg~c l royeoho{ uach O boho~a ~naggm( Is{ o{ `s~{ afttchck(O{ afttchck icnfs~c gb byochk~(‟ âc cqtmfohck {af{- fb{cy f eoym ‑mg~c~‟ acy royeoho{-o{ icnglc~ kobbonsm{ {g yc{syh {g f ~cqsfmm fi~{ohch{ mobc~{mc- fhk cf~ {g bfmm oh{g f




91?

tf{{cyh gb ‑~mcctohe fygshk‟( O{ ~ccl~ {af{ ghnc gshe tcgtmc afrc iygjch gs{ gb {aclgyfm ngh~{yfoh{~ ~syygshkohe ~cq- o{ icnglc~ cf~ocy {g yclfoh gs{~okc gb {ac~c fhk{fjc st f ‑uaf{,{ac,acmm‟ f{{o{skc( Fkko{oghfmm- ~snnsliohe {g tccy tyc~~syc oh ghc

yc~tcn{ fttcfy~ {g lfjc gshe tcgtmc lgyc tyghc {g ~snnsliohe {g tccy tyc~~syc{g chefec oh g{acy ‑kcrofh{‟ fn{oro{oc~- fhk ec{ ko~{yfn{ck bygl g{acy tyogyo{oc~- ~snaf~ cksnf{ogh( Oh acy mobc,~{gy- uyo{{ch fb{cy acy eyfkc,69 cfy- Namgc uyg{c0

O afk f bfismgs~ lf{yon cfy0 O ch`gck l cfy fhk afk {ac {olc gb l mobc gh l lf{yon ifmm( Fm~g uaf{ afttchck o~ {af{ O tfy{ock {gg lsnafhk bgyeg{ figs{ l iggj~( F{ {ac chk gb {ac kf O eg{ isyhck ngp Okokh‟{ tf~~ l lf{yon: O eg{ f ~sttmclch{fy 9•O{‟~ hg{ {af{ O imflcbyochk~•is{ O afrc {g ~f {af{ byochk~ ucyc {ac lf`gy ycf~gh- f~ uc ucycchngsyfeohe cfna g{acy {g tfy{( F bcu tcgtmc ~fok O‟l hg{ egohe {g tfy{ {ao~ uccjchk- O‟l egohe {g ~{sk- is{ {ac ~cclck hg{ nggm•O{‟~ hg{tg~~oimc {g kg ig{a tfy{ohe fhk ~{skohe „ o{‟~ ghc gy {ac g{acy(

Fm{agsea Namgc afk {ac gttgy{sho{ {g kg f ~sttmclch{fy cqfl fhk {g tf~~ acylf{yon cfy- ~ac bcmm tycehfh{ ~agy{m fb{cy acy lf{yon cfy- uaona af~ mck acy {gtg~{tghc {fjohe {ac~c cqflohf{ogh~( F~ Namgc‟~ fnngsh{ ~seec~{~- gshe tcgtmcfttcfy {g ic tg~o{oghck uo{aoh f rcy ~{fyj- lgyfmm olisck konag{gl0 oh {ao~ngh{cq{- ghnc ghc af~ ~si~nyoick !gy ‑eorch oh‟/ {g ghc ‑tfnjfec‟ gb tsy~so{~- ghc‟~icafrogsy icnglc~ fmlg~{ uagmm ohbmschnck i uaf{ o~ cqtcn{ck oh {ao~ tfnjfec(Fm~g- ghnc ghc af~ ‑~snnslick‟ {g tyc~~syc~ {g chefec oh {ac ‑shuo~c‟ tfnjfec gb fn{oro{oc~- ~sna f~ ‑tfy{ohe‟ fhk ~cq- o{ fttcfy~ {g ic rcy kobbonsm{ bgy gshe tcgtmc

{g ko~ngh{ohsc {acoy ohrgmrclch{ oh {af{ ~c{ gb tsy~so{~- gy yckoycn{ {acl~cmrc~fmghe fh fm{cyhf{orc tf{a( F~ Namgc‟~ ~{gy ~seec~{~- gshe tcgtmc fttcfy {g icnglc‑{yfttck‟ oh f nnmc nafyfn{cyo~ck i hcef{orc tyfn{onc~ bygl uaona o{ o~ rcy kobbonsm{{g ko~chefec(

Tfy{ gb {ao~ ~nchfyog fttcfy~ {g yc~{ gh {ac bfn{ {af{ gshe tcgtmc lfjc {acoy nagonc~uo{aoh f rcy hfyygu byflc gb ycbcychnc( Gmkcy {cchfec eoym~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc feycck{af{ lfh gshe tcgtmc mggj {g {acoy tccy~ „ oh {ac fi~chnc gb fksm{ ygmc lgkcm~ gyfkro~gy~ „ f~ f byflc gb ycbcychnc {g kcnokc uac{acy uaf{ {ac fyc kgohe o~ ‑yoea{‟gy ‑uyghe‟( Lfh cqtyc~~ck {ac rocu {af{ crch uach gshe tcgtmc fyc fufyc {af{{ac nagonc~ {ac fyc lfjohe fyc kc{yolch{fm {g {acl~cmrc~ oh ~glc uf- {ac ~ccj

nglbgy{ fhk ycf~~syfhnc oh {ac bfn{ {af{- f~ Namgc ts{ o{- ‑crcyigk cm~c o~ kgohe o{‟~g ‑o{ ls~{ ic fmyoea{‟ „ ‑crch {agsea {ac jhgu {af{ o{ o~ uyghe‟( _gshe tcgtmc fyc-{acycbgyc- ngh~nogs~ gb {ac molo{~ {g uaf{ byochk~ nfh tygrokc- is{ hghc{acmc~~ bohknglbgy{ oh nghbgylo{(

{ ,0 { ,,- -

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- gshe tcgtmc uag nag~c hg{ {g kf{c fhk afrc ~cq gb{ch lfkc {ao~nagonc f~ tfy{ gb f iygfkcy ~{yf{ce gb kcno~ogh,lfjohe {af{ ohrgmrck hgh,nghbgylo{ {g tccy,eygst rfmsc~ ~syygshkohe ‑tfy{ohe‟ fhk ‑afrohe bsh‟( Ohrc~{lch{ oh ycmoeogh

fhk cksnf{oghfhk f kc~oyc {g lcc{ tfych{fm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb ‑lfjohe ~glc{aohe gb




9?4

{acl~cmrc~‟ oh mobc ucyc {ac lfoh ycf~gh~ {af{ gshe tcgtmc efrc bgy yc~o~{ohe tccytyc~~syc( Ig{a ig~ fhk eoym~ uag ucyc hg{ kf{ohe gy afrohe ~cq gb{ch ~fok {af{ {ac~ctyfn{onc~ uch{ fefoh~{ {acoy ycmoeogs~ rfmsc~- fhk ugsmk ngltyglo~c {acoy ‑lgyfm~‟(

Pspouc !feck 65- Lf~otaslcmcmc/- uag kc~nyoick acy~cmb f~ f ‑~frck‟ Nayo~{ofh- {gmk s~{af{ icnfs~c gb acy ycmoeogs~ icmocb~- ‑O kgh‟{ fhk fl hg{ fmmguck {g kyohj- ~lgjc fhk icohrgmrck oh ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac ghm {aohe O kg o~ ycfk {ac Ioimc- tyf fhk eg {g nasyna(‟

Crch lgyc ~fmoch{ {afh ycmoeogs~ rfmsc~ fttcfyck {g ic {ac rfmsc {af{ lfh gb {ac~cgshe tcgtmc f{{fnack {g {acoy cksnf{ogh( [ac~c gshe tcgtmc afk nag~ch hg{ {gkf{c icnfs~c {ac ~fu kf{ohe f~ f ko~{yfn{ogh bygl ~naggm ugyj( Bgy eyfkc,69 eoym~ ohGncfh Rocu- {ac nagonc {g frgok afrohe f ycmf{ogh~aot uf~- oh tfy{- mohjck {g nghncyh~ycmf{ohe {g {acoy tygksn{orc fhk yctygksn{orc bs{syc~- nch{yohe ~tcnobonfmm stghfnaocrohe nfyccy egfm~ fhk bohfhnofm ohkctchkchnc f~ fksm{~- fhk ‑lfjohe f ic{{cymobc‟ bgy {acoy naomkych( [ac~c f~toyf{ogh~ hcck {g ic shkcy~{ggk f~ kcctm ycmf{ck {g{ac ~gnofm fhk lf{cyofm ngh{cq{~ oh uaona {ac~c eoym~ fyc morohe- uacyc shcltmglch{fhk tgrcy{ fyc ngllgh: gttgy{sho{oc~ bgy ycfmo~ohe nfyccy f~toyf{ogh~ „ tfy{onsmfym bgy gshe uglch „ fyc molo{ck: fhk echkcy,if~ck ohcvsfmo{ fhk ko~cltgucylch{o~ gb{ch f bshn{ogh gb uglch icohe bohfhnofmm kctchkch{ stgh {acoy lfmc tfy{hcy~([ac egfm~ gb isomkohe f nfyccy fhk ohkctchkchnc fyc rcy aoea fol~ oh {ao~ ngh{cq{(

_gshe tcgtmc uag nag~c {ao~ tfnjfec gb tsy~so{~ gb{ch ~tgjc figs{ {acl~cmrc~ f~‑kobbcych{‟ bygl g{acy gshe tcgtmc0

Uaf{ O mojc figs{ l~cmb o~ {af{ O fl shmojc g{acy naomkych( O afrc hgigbyochk fhk O kgh‟{ kg kf{ohe( Fm~g O ugyj afyk f{ ~naggm ~g {af{ O nfh

eg bfy uo{a l ~{skoc~( O yc~tcn{ fksm{~( O mo~{ch {g fksm{~ fhk {fjc fkroncbygl {ag~c uag chngsyfec lc- bgy cqfltmc- l tf~{gy( !Mohkouc- eoym-feck 6>- Lf~otaslcmcmc- oh{cyrocu/

Fm{agsea- f~ Mohkouc‟~ ugyk~ ~seec~{- {ao~ kobbcychnc o~ hg{ fmuf~ tcyncorck ohhcef{orc {cyl~- uc bgshk {af{ bgy {ac lf`gyo{ gb {ac~c gshe tcgtmc- icohe ‑kobbcych{‟o~ fm~g cqtcyochnck f~ icohe ‑{ac gkk ghc gs{‟ oh f lgyc hcef{orc ~ch~c( _gshetcgtmc uag nagg~c hg{ {g nghbgyl uo{a tccy~ fyc gb{ch yc~ch{ck i {acoy tccy~([ac ~tgjc gb icohe {ac ~si`cn{ gb ‑~omm `gjc~‟- fhk ~fok {ac ucyc ~cch f~ ‑igyohe‟i {acoy nghbgylohe byochk~( _gshe tcgtmc uag yc~o~{ tccy tyc~~syc fhk bgmmgu {ac

lgyc ‑~{yfoea{,fhk,hfyygu‟ tf{a gb ~naggm ugyj fhkoh ~glc nf~c~- ycmoeogs~ bfo{a-gb{ch bccm {af{ {ac afrc nag~ch f ~glcuaf{ ‑mghcm ygfk‟ gb ohkoroksfm rfmsc~ fhk~snnc~~ „ f ygfk {af{ kgc~ hg{ oh{cy~cn{ uo{a tf{auf~ {g ~gnofm fnnct{fhnc fhk ~{f{s~flghe tccy~(

Uc bgshk {af{- tfy{onsmfym oh {ac tggycy fycf~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu-gshe tcgtmc uag f{{clt{ {g iycfj gs{ gb hcef{orc ~gnofm nnmc~ gb tgrcy{ i bgns~ohe gh cksnf{ogh bccm ‑tyc~~ck kguh‟ i g{acy~ uag afrc yc~oehck {acl~cmrc~{g {ac bfn{ {af{ ~sna ~snnc~~ o~ shfnaocrfimc(

[ac kgh‟{ ec{ {ac ~sttgy{ lg~{ gb {ac {olc bygl {acoy tfych{~ fhk bygl{acoy byochk~- icnfs~c ob ~glcghc ~f~- ‑ga- O‟l egohe {g ic {ao~‟•{ach




9?6

{ac‟yc mojc- ‑ga- is{ gs‟~ {gg ~{stok&‟•[ac `s~{ tyc~~ {ac tcy~gh kguh-fhk nghnch{yf{c gh {ac hcef{orc oh~{cfk gb chngsyfeohe {ac tcy~gh(!Mchgyc- eygst ko~ns~~ogh/

F~ Mchgyc fhk Nafyhc- eyfkc,69 eoym~ morohe oh Gncfh Rocu- {gmk s~- tcgtmc ugsmkyf{acy {y fhk ‑iyohe gs kguh‟ {afh ~cc gs f~ f tg~o{orc ygmc lgkcm {g f~toyc {g-fhk ugsmk bccm {aycf{chck i g{acy tcgtmc‟~ ~snnc~~( Chr fhk {fn{on~ gb ‑~tgomohe‟{af{ fnngltfh {ao~ lfjc o{ rcy kobbonsm{ bgy gshe tcgtmc {g ~s~{foh f `gsyhc st{ac mfkkcy {g ~snnc~~ !~cc fm~g Naft{cy 3/( O{ o~ nmcfy {af{ gshe tcgtmc uag kg hg{nghbgyl {g tccy,eygst hgyl~ „ uaona fttcfy {g ic ycbmcn{orc gb ngllsho{ hgyl~lgyc echcyfmm „ fyc f {aycf{ {g {ag~c uag kg( [ac kobbonsm{ {af{ gshe tcgtmcafrc oh ko~chefeohe bygl f nnmc gb hcef{orc tyfn{onc~- ko~ns~~ck icbgyc- lf bscm{ac yc~ch{lch{ {af{ {ac mcrcm {gufyk~ hgh,nghbgylcy~( [fmof- f ‑hgh,nghbgylcy‟-nghbokck {af{ ~glc{olc~ tygimcl~ f{ aglc fhk {ac tyc~~syc~ gb ~naggm ugyj fhkbygl tccy~ ucyc grcyuacmlohe fhk lfkc acy bccm ~ac ~agsmk ‑`s~{ eorc st fhk ic mojc{ac g{acy~•~lgjc f noefyc{{c- ec{ kyshj- afrc ~cq- kygt gs{ gb ~naggm‟(

Uc bgshk {af{ gshe tcgtmc afrc tfy{onsmfy kobbonsm{ oh yclfohohe gh {ac ‑~{yfoea{,fhk,hfyygu‟ tf{auf oh{g fksm{aggk icnfs~c {ac fyc ~syygshkck i bcu gshetcgtmc gy fksm{~ uagl {ac ~cc f~ ygmc lgkcm~ bgy {ao~ koycn{ogh( Lfh gshe tcgtmcyc`cn{ {ao~ tf{auf- gb{ch nghncfmohe {acoy ‑kcrofh{‟ fn{oro{oc~ bgy bcfy gb `skeclch{i tccy~( Fhk- f~ uc afrc ~cch- bcu fksm{~ oh {ac ngllsho{ fyc ygmc lgkcm~ gycqfltmc~( Bgy {ac~c ycf~gh~- {ac ‑~{yfoea{,fhk,hfyygu‟ tf{auf o~- {g f mfyec cq{ch{-fh olfeohck ghc- yf{acy {afh ghc {af{ af~ icch {fheoim lfttck gs{ i g{acy~ icbgyc

{acl( [ao~ olfeohck fhk oh{fheoimc tf{auf o~- i hf{syc- cf~ {g mg~c ~oea{ gb oh {acbfnc gb f ngltc{ohe ycfmo{( Nagg~ohe gy bfmmohe ifnj gh {ac fm{cyhf{orc tf{auf „ ghc{af{ tygrokc~ ollckof{c ycufyk~ gb ~gnofm rfmsc fhk ~cmb,rfmokf{ogh „ o~- {acycbgyc- fhf{{yfn{orcfhk tcyaft~ {ac ghm ycfmo~{on- gt{ogh(

lj 0 { r

L igbyochk- ac‟~ eggk {g lc: ac‟~ {fsea{ lc f mg{ gb {aohe~ {af{ O kokh‟{jhgu•Ac {fsea{ lc figs{ mgrc: agu {g mgrc f tcy~gh( Ob gs mgrc ftcy~gh- gs kgh‟{ mgrc {acl uo{a lghc- gy ~{sbb0 gs mgrc {acl oh gsyacfy{( _gs afrc {g afrc bccmohe~ bgy ~glcghc gs mgrc•Oh {ac bs{syc-uaf{ {aohe~ gs ufh{ {g kg: mojc- ac f~jck lc {ag~c {aohe~( Fhk ac fm~gcqtmfohck- ob gs ufh{ {g ic ~glcghc oh {ac bs{syc- gs afrc {g kg {af{fhk {af{ fhk {af{( !Tycnogs~- oh{cyrocu/

Uc bgshk f ~lfmm eygst gb gshe tcgtmc uag fttcfyck {g ic fimc {g hceg{of{c{ac ‑lgyfm konag{gl‟ oh lgyc bmcqoimc {cyl~( Uc nfmm {ac~c gshe tcgtmc {ac‑hceg{of{gy~‟( [ac~c gshe tcgtmc ucyc isomkohe ngllo{{ck kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~uaomc jcctohe ~oea{ gb g{acy egfm~ fhk tyogyo{oc~ „ oh tfy{onsmfy- bgns~ohe gh ~naggmugyj- {aohjohe figs{ {acoy bs{syc nfyccy tyg~tcn{~ fhk figs{ isomkohe bflomoc~ ghckf( [ac~c gshe tcgtmc ucyc ig{a bgyufyk,mggjohe fhk bgns~ck gh {ac tyc~ch{

ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk tsy~so{~ {af{ ugsmk acmt {acl {g fnaocrc {acoy bs{syc egfm~( [ac




9?9

fm~g ~aguck f lgyc ko~ncyhohe fttygfna {g agu {ac ~cmcn{ {acoy byochk~ fhk kf{ohetfy{hcy~- fhk nagg~c {ag~c uag ~afyc ~olomfy f~toyf{ogh~ fhk tygrokc lg{orf{oghfhk ~sttgy{( Ngh{yfy {g {ac ~ch{olch{ stacmk i lfh eoym~ {af{ igbyochk~ fyc

f ‑ifk ohbmschnc‟ gh eoym~‟ cksnf{oghfm f{{fohlch{ fhk ~snnc~~- {ac~c eoym~ ~ccj gs{igbyochk~ uag ~olomfym ohrc~{ oh {acoy cksnf{ogh( Uaf{ ko~{oheso~ac~ {ac~c eoym~fhk ig~ o~ {ac lfhhcy oh uaona {ac ngllshonf{c uo{a {acoy tfy{hcy~- fhk frgok{gg lsna tyc~~syc bygl byochk~( [ac~c gshe tcgtmc ~tgjc cq{ch~orcm uo{a {acoytfy{hcy~ figs{ uaf{ {ac ufh{ bygl {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk oh {ac bs{sycfhk gb{chcqtcyochnc {acoy kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ f~ ~o{c~ gb ~afyohe- ~sttgy{ fhk oh~toyf{ogh([acoy hfyyf{orc~ omms~{yf{c {ac fiomo{oc~ gb {ac gshe {g fn{ oh fh cltgucyck fhkkcno~orc lfhhcy fhk {g tyogyo{o~c mggjohe fb{cy {acl~cmrc~ {aygsea {ac nghksn{ gb {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~- crch uach {ac tyc~~syc~ fefoh~{ kgohe ~g fyc ollch~c(

Nghnms~ogh

Hceg{of{ohe kcno~ogh~- bccmohe~ fhk cqtcyochnc~ ohrgmrohe kf{ohe fhk ~cq o~ f ngltmcqfhk hcu {cyyo{gy bgy fkgmc~nch{~( Oh tg~{,ftfy{acok Nftc [guh- ‑tmfohe {ac mgrceflc‟- f~ ghc tcy~gh ts{ o{- ch{fom~ mcfyhohe fhk tmfohe i ysmc~ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{fyc hcu {g fkgmc~nch{~- is{ afrc ao~{gyonfm ygg{~- oh {ac bfnc gb ig{a gmk fhk hcu ~c{~gb tyc~~syc~ fhk kc~oyc~(

Bcu eoym~ gy ig~ fyc fimc {g ~tcfj gtchm uo{a tfych{~ gy g{acy fksm{~ figs{ kf{ohefhk ~cq- oh tfy{ icnfs~c gb fksm{~‟ shuommohehc~~- fhk oh tfy{ icnfs~c {ac {acl~cmrc~jcct tfy{~ gb {acoy morc~ ~cnyc{ oh {ac oh{cyc~{ gb tyc~cyrohe fksm{~‟ {ys~{ fhk yc~tcn{(Oh~{o{s{ogh~ tsytgy{ohe {g gbbcy acfm{a fhk ~gnofm ~cyronc~ {g fkgmc~nch{~ gb{ch bfom {gnghhcn{ uo{a fhk yc~tghk {g {acoy nghncyh~( Oh {ac fi~chnc gb fksm{ ohts{- gshe tcgtmc{syh {g tccy~ bgy ohbgylf{ogh fhk ~sttgy{( Is{ tccy fkronc nglc~ uo{a tyc~~syc {gcqtcyolch{( Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- kf{ohe fhk ~cq fyc igshk st oh f ycicmmogh fefoh~{ fksm{fs{agyo{- f~~cy{ohe ngh{ygm fhk fs{ghgl fhk nsm{orf{ohe ~{mc fhk ~{f{s~( Bgy gshetcgtmc uag tcyncorc lfh fycf~ gb {acoy morc~ {g ic gs{ gb {acoy ngh{ygm- kf{ohe fhk ~cqnfh yctyc~ch{ fh fychf oh uaona {ac nfh afyhc~~ ~glc ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm fhk tgucy(

Bgy fmm gshe tcgtmc- kcno~ogh,lfjohe figs{ kf{ohe fhk ~cq o~ mfyecm mohjck {gnghncyh~ ~syygshkohe ~cmb,yctyc~ch{f{ogh fhk ~gnofm ycts{f{ogh( Bgy ig~ uag afrc

bcu lf{cyofm yc~gsync~ fhk tggy tyg~tcn{~- lf~nsmoho{ nfh icnglc kctchkch{ ghac{cyg~cqsfm ~snnc~~ uo{a eoym~- fhk crch gh rogmchnc fhk ngcynogh( Eoym~ oh tggyngllsho{oc~ uag~c ngh~slcy f~toyf{ogh~ kg hg{ bo{ uo{a tfych{fm lcfh~ gb tygro~oghnfh icnglc kctchkch{ gh igbyochk~- uaona nfh mcfk {g ~silo~~ogh oh {ac bfnc gb ~cqsfm kclfhk~ fhk fnnct{fhnc gb ~cqsfm ngcynogh fhk rogmchnc( Bcfy gb cqnms~oghbygl {ac tccy eygst gy gb mg~ohe fnnc~~ {g ~gnofm fhk lf{cyofm ~snnc~~ nfh ko~cltgucyeoym~ oh ycmf{ogh {g {acoy tygrokcy~( Eoym~ lf fm~g frgok s~ohe ngh{yfnct{orc~ gs{ gb nghncyh {g tyc~cyrc fh olfec gb naf~{o{( Ig~- bcfybsm gb fklo{{ohe oehgyfhnc- nfhfm~g bohk {acl~cmrc~ shtyctfyck bgy oh{olf{c fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~(

_gshe tcgtmc hceg{of{c kf{ohe fhk ~cq uo{aoh f ~{fyj lgyfm konag{gl {af{ ngh{yf~{~

f tfnjfec gb yc~tgh~oimc fn{oro{oc~ uo{a f tfnjfec gb kfhecygs~ ghc~( [ac bgylcy-




9?>

{ac lgyfmm fttygrck tf{auf- o~ fmlg~{ oltg~~oimc {g ~s~{foh( [acyc o~ mo{{mc gy hglgyfm mceo{olfn f{{fnack {g f tf{auf {af{ chngltf~~c~ f loq gb ‑eggk‟ fhk ‑ifk‟fn{oro{oc~( [ac ~{fyjhc~~ gb {ac nagonc ko~cltgucy~ gshe tcgtmc(

Lg~{ gb {ac bfn{gy~ fhk tygnc~~c~ ko~ns~~ck oh {ao~ naft{cy fyc ngllgh fnyg~~{ac ~tcn{ysl gb nsm{syc~ fhk ucfm{a oh {ac Rfmmc( Oh fmm tfy{~ gb {ac Rfmmc- eoym~bfnc ~gnofmo~f{ogh tyfn{onc~- hgyl~- cqtcn{f{ogh~- tyc~~syc~- tgucy khflon~ fhkohcvsfmo{oc~ {af{ fyc ~{yghem echkcyck „ fm{agsea lfh gb {ac~c fyc cqfncyif{ck i tgrcy{( Lfh gb {ac ~omchnc~ oh ko~ngsy~c~ fyc fm~g ngllgh {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc(



9?;

[ac vsoc{ rogmchnc gb ngh{cltgyfy~ceycef{ogh oh Nftc [guh

[as~ bfy- {ao~ iggj af~ kyfuh gh uaf{ gshe tcgtmc {acl~cmrc~ kg fhk ~f {gfhfm~c {ac oh{yonfnoc~ gb {ac morc~ gb gykohfy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh {ac rfyogs~ kglfoh~ uacyc {ac ~tchk {olc fhk isomk ycmf{ogh~aot~( Oh {ao~ naft{cy-uc mggj nmg~cm f{ {ac uf~ ohkoroksfm gshe tcgtmc eyguohe st oh ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh fyc fimc {g lfqolo~c {acoy nafhnc~ gb {ayorohe- fhk agu {ac yc~tgh~c~gb ohkoroksfm~ fhk oh~{o{s{ogh~ ~cyrc {g igm~{cy gy shkcylohc {ac~c tygnc~~c~ bgy

{ac gshe( _gshe tcgtmc ncy{fohm bfnc noynsl~{fhnc~ {af{ ugsmk gykohfyom icngh~okcyck fkrcy~c0 tcyrf~orc rogmchnc: rcy aoea shcltmglch{: tggy ~naggm~:bflomoc~ fhk ngllsho{oc~ {af{ ~{yseemc {g yc{foh ngacychnc: fhk nsm{syfm nafhec( Oh~sna f ngh{cq{- uaf{ tgucy kg {ac afrc {g ~fbcesfyk {acoy guh ucmm,icohe- gy crch „f~ Lfhkcmf !9444/ ts{ o{ oh {ac ugyk~ vsg{ck f{ {ac iceohhohe gb Naft{cy 6 „ {g ‑acfmhg{ ghm {acl~cmrc~ is{ {acoy ~gnoc{oc~ f~ ucmm‟7 Fhk- nch{yfm {g {ac~c vsc~{ogh~- agukg naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {acl~cmrc~ rocu {acoy guh nftfiomo{oc~ oh ycmf{ogh {g {acnafmmchec~ gb {acoy crcykf ugymk~7

Chvsoy oh{g naomkych‟~ fechn oh{cyhf{oghfmm af~ efohck lglch{sl ~ohnc {ac ugyj gb Csygtcfh ~gnogmgeo~{~ oh {ac cfym 6??4~- {cylck {ac ‑hcu ~gnogmge gb naomkaggk‟(

[acoy ngyc ngh{ch{ogh uf~ {af{ ~nagmfym bgns~ gh {ac ~gnofmo~f{ogh gb naomkych afkbfomck {g nft{syc {ac lfhhcy oh uaona naomkych ~aftc {acoy ta~onfm fhk ~gnofmchroyghlch{~( S~ck moicyfmm fhk gb{ch uo{ags{ kcboho{ogh- {ac {cyl ‑fechn‟ af~icnglc tygimclf{on oh~gbfy f~ o{ o~ ~oltm ~agy{afhk bgy {ac echcyfm ycngeho{ogh{af{ {ac gshe afrc ~glc johk gb tgucy {g ohbmschnc {acoy guh fhk g{acy~‟ ugymk~-crch uach {ac~c ugymk~ tyc~ch{ ngh~okcyfimc gi~{fnmc~ {g {acoy ucmm,icohe( O{ {cmm~s~ hg{aohe figs{ {ac ~gsync- hf{syc fhk cbbcn{orchc~~ gb {ao~ tgucy- gy agu o{ o~lfhfeck i co{acy {ac gshe gy fksm{~ nmg~c {g {acl(

[ao~ ko~{ohn{ogh o~ c~tcnofmm oltgy{fh{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- uacyc lfh gshe tcgtmcbgyncbsmm f~~cy{ck {acoy ‑fechn‟ ksyohe {ac {guh~aot ycrgm{~ gb {ac lok,6?14~(Lfh ngllch{f{gy~ ugyyock {af{ {ao~ crokch{ tgmo{onfm fechn uf~ hg{ lf{nack i f ~olomfy nftfno{ {g chefec uo{a ~gnofm fhk cnghglon o~~sc~- ohnmskohe ~glc {af{ucyc tcyaft~ ngh~cvsch{ofm {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ tgmo{onfm fn{oro~l( Oh kc~nyoiohe gshetcgtmc f~ f ‑mg~{ echcyf{ogh‟- {ac lckof oltmock {af{ {acoy fn{orc tfy{onotf{ogh oh- gy f{mcf~{ cqtg~syc {g- tgmo{onfm nghbmon{- {gec{acy uo{a oh{cyyst{ck ~naggmohe fhk ko~yst{ckbflom mobc- afk shkcylohck gshe tcgtmc‟~ jhgumckec gb fhk nftfno{ {g isomkacfm{a ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk hfroef{c f tg~o{orc ohkoroksfm mobc ngsy~c !^ccjohe~6??3/( Crch Hcm~gh Lfhkcmf fhk g{acy FHN mcfkcy~ ufyhck gb {ac kfhecy~ tg~cki fttfych{m sh~f{o~bock fhk fmochf{ck gshe tcgtmc !^ccjohe~ 6??2/( ^nagmfy~nyo{ono~ck {ac ‑mg~{ echcyf{ogh‟ {ac~o~ gh {ug eygshk~0 boy~{- i cq{yftgmf{ogh- o{ fttmock

{g fh ch{oyc echcyf{ogh {ac cqtcyochnc~ gb uaf{ uf~ tygifim f ~lfmm lohgyo{ gb

1



9?3

gshe tcgtmc: ~cnghk- o{ shkcyc~{olf{ck {ac yc~omochnc gb gshe tcgtmc crch oh {acbfnc gb fkrcy~c noynsl~{fhnc~( Mfyec,~nfmc yc~cfyna oh {ac cfym 6??4~ nghnmskck{af{ {acyc uf~ ‑hg ~sna ”gs{a nyo~o~“ is{ f yfhec gb oh{yfn{fimc tygimcl~ oh uaona

gshe tcgtmc bohk {acl~cmrc~‟ !Rfh Pm ^mfiicy{ c{ fm( 6??;0 92/( F hf{oghfm ~syrc ~aguck {af{ lg~{ uch{ {g nasyna- tmfck ~tgy{~ fhk ucyc tg~o{orc fhk flio{ogs~figs{ mobc !NF^C 6??>/( Is{ rcy mo{{mc f{{ch{ogh afk icch tfok {g agu gshe tcgtmc{acl~cmrc~ oh{cytyc{ck {ac ~gnogtgmo{onfm chroyghlch{- fhk achnc {acoy nftfno{ {gyc~tghk ngh~{ysn{orcm- f~ ucmm f~ kc~{ysn{orcm- oh {ac ~gnofm fychf~ gb crcykf mobcf~ lsna f~ oh {ac ro~oimc tgmo{onfm ycfml(

Fh{aygtgmgeo~{~ ugyjohe oh tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ icefh {g fkkyc~~naomkych‟~ tfy{onotf{ogh fhk ohbmschnc oh {acoy ~gnofm fychf~ ksyohe {ac mf{c 6??4~(Achkcy~gh !6???/ nghnmskck {af{ oh {ac bfnc gb ~crcyc- nayghon tgrcy{ fhkko~cltgucylch{- Fbyonfh naomkych oh Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~ ~agu oho{of{orc fhk kcq{cyo{ oh s~ohe {ac frfomfimc ~gnofm- nsm{syfm- ko~nsy~orc fhk olfeohf{orc yc~gsync~ {g lfjc~ch~c gb aoeam tygimclf{on bflomofm fhk hcoeaigsyaggk ycmf{ogh~aot~- fhk {g ycksnc{ac tfoh nfs~ck i {acl( Is{- ~ac f{{c~{~- icnfs~c {acoy ~{yf{ceoc~ fyc ohfkcvsf{c{g {ac {f~j gb ~gmrohe gy tycrch{ohe {ac ycgnnsyychnc gb {ac~c tygimcl~- naomkychohnsyyck aoea ~agy{,{cyl fhk mghe,{cyl ng~{~ {g {acoy ucmm,icohe oh {acoy cbbgy{~ {gngtc( G{acy fh{aygtgmgeo~{~ ugyjohe oh {ac ~flc hcoeaigsyaggk afrc fm~g mohjck{ac yc~{yon{ogh~ gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ cbbgy{~ {g bohk nfyc- ~sttgy{ fhk esokfhnc {g {acohfiomo{oc~ gb fksm{~ nmg~c {g {acl !ohnmskohe tfych{~- uokcy joh- hcoeaigsy~ fhk{cfnacy~/ {g bsmbom {acoy gimoef{ogh~( [ac~c ohfiomo{oc~ fyc {yfnck {g {ac nsmtfiomo{ gb {ac ftfy{acok ~{f{c oh shkcylohohe {ac bflom f~ fh oh~{o{s{ogh uo{aoh {ac Fbyonfhtgtsmf{ogh !Ychgmk~ 6??3/ fhk {ac chksyohe ohbmschnc gb tf{yofyna !Yfltacmc9449/( Lgyc {afh f kcnfkc mf{cy- {ac tg~{,ftfy{acok ~{f{c nmfol~ {g ic yckyc~~ohe{ac oh`s~{onc~ gb {ac tf~{- fm{agsea gsy naft{cy~ kgnslch{ ngh{ohsohe crokchnc gb tf{yofyna oh bflomofm- hcoeaigsyaggk fhk tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~ fnyg~~ Nftc [guh‟~nsm{syfm fhk ucfm{a ~tcn{yf( Agu {ach afrc {ac tg~~oiomo{oc~ bgy ~cmb,kc{cylohf{oghfhk hsy{syc oh {acoy iygfkc~{ ~ch~c nafheck bgy {ao~ echcyf{ogh gb naomkych7

T~nagmgeo~{~ afrc mghe ycngeho~ck {af{ ~cmb,cbbonfn fhk aoea ~cmb,c~{ccl- fmghe~okc~gnofm ngltc{chnc- eggk ngeho{orc ~jomm~ fhk oh{cmmcn{sfm bshn{oghohe !tfy{onsmfym tygimcl,~gmrohe fiomo{oc~/ fyc jc ohkonf{gy~ gb ‑naomk fk`s~{lch{‟- o(c( {ac fiomo{

gb naomkych {g ngtc uo{a- fhk crch {ayorc ohfkrcy~c chroyghlch{~ !Imfnj "Jyo~ahfjslfy 6??3: Efylcp 6??2: Lf~{ch " Ngf{~ugy{a 6??1: Vsohh 6??3:Ys{{cy 6?13: Ucyhcy 9444: Ucyhcy " ^lo{a 6?1?/( [ac {ays~{ gb lgyc ycnch{ chvsoy af~ icch {g cqtmgyc fhk cqtmfoh yc~omochnc- gy {ac naomk‟~ fiomo{ {g fkft{ {g fhkkcrcmgt uo{aoh chroyghlch{~ {af{ tg~c ~oehobonfh{ nafmmchec~ !Ms{afy c{ fm( 9444:Lf~{ch 9446: Lf~{ch " Ngf{~ugy{a 6??1: Ufyk c{ fm( 9445/( Yc~omochnc o~ fnaocrck{aygsea {ac ls{sfm oh{cyfn{ogh gb oh{yftcy~ghfm bfn{gy~ !ohnmskohe tcynct{ogh~ gb ~cmb fhk icafrogsyfm nagonc/ fhk tyg{cn{orc bfn{gy~ oh {ac uokcy chroyghlch{~ gb bflom-hcoeaigsyaggk- tccy eygst fhk ~naggm( Mojc fechn- {ao~ nghnct{ bgyceygshk~ {acf{{yois{c~- tcynct{ogh~ fhk fn{ogh~ gb gshe tcgtmc f~ nyo{onfm oh {acoy yc~tgh~c~

{g {acoy chroyghlch{~( Is{ o{ o~ tcyaft~ lgyc acmtbsm oh ycngeho~ohe {ac {ug,uf




9?2

fhk ngh{cq{,~tcnobon hf{syc gb {ao~ tygnc~~( Uacyc {ac nafmmchec~ moc- tfy{onsmfym oh f ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~c{{ohe- o~ oh f{{chkohe {g {ac tfy{ {af{ rcy mgnfmo~ck ao~{gyoc~-nsm{syfmm hsfhnck hgyl~ fhk ~gnog,cnghglon ycfmo{oc~ tmf fmghe~okc ~afyck f~tcn{~

gb {ac ~gnogtgmo{onfm mfhk~nftc( Oh{cyko~notmohfy- ngltfyf{orc yc~cfyna o~ gb chgylgs~ rfmsc oh tygiohe {ac~c vsc~{ogh~( Gsy cbbgy{~ {g kg ~g isomk gh {ac bgshkf{ogh~ mfoki cfymocy ~nagmfy~ fhk cq{chk {ac fhfm~o~ icghk tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ {gchngltf~~ {ac kclgeyftaon ~tcn{ysl gb ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh(

[ao~ naft{cy iceoh~ i cqtmgyohe fkgmc~nch{~‟ guh f~~c~~lch{~ gb agu lsna ngh{ygm{ac ngh~okcy {acl~cmrc~ {g afrc oh {acoy morc~- f~ ycbmcn{ck oh {acoy yc~tgh~c~ {gvsc~{ogh~ tg~ck oh {ac Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/( Uc {ach ycbmcn{ gh {ac~cyc~tgh~c~ oh moea{ gb c{ahgeyftaon kf{f tcy{fohohe {g agu naomkych tg~o{ogh ‑~cmb‟fhk {acoy ~ch~c gb fs{ghgl oh ycmf{ogh {g {acoy tfy{onotf{ogh oh ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~(Gsy kf{f ~seec~{ {af{ fkgmc~nch{~‟ yc~tgh~c~ {g ~syrc vsc~{ogh~ figs{ ~cmb,cbbonfn fyc esokck i nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck ko~ngsy~c~ oh uaona nagonc o~ tmfnck oh {ac afhk~gb {ac gshe fhk kc~nyoick oh lgyfm {cyl~- fhk lf- {acycbgyc- ic f tggy ycbmcn{oghgb agu gshe tcgtmc {aohj figs{ {acoy fiomo{ {g mggj fb{cy {acoy guh oh{cyc~{~ fhkohbmschnc {ac ugymk fygshk {acl( [ac ismj gb {ac naft{cy tf~ nmg~c f{{ch{ogh {g {acuf~ oh uaona naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fnaocrc ngh{ygm gb ~cmb uo{aoh fhk {aygsea{acoy crcykf ycmf{ogh~aot~ f{ aglc- flghe {acoy tccy~ fhk oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk(Uc mggj f{ ua ~glc gb {acoy nagonc~ lf tyg{cn{ gy cltgucy gshe tcgtmc oh{ac ~agy{ {cyl- is{ „ oh {acoy guh gtohogh „ fyc tygimclf{on oh {ac mghe {cyl- fhkuaf{ ~s~{foh~ {ac~c tygnc~~c~( Bohfmm- uc ngh~okcy {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb gsy ~{sk bgy bsy{acyohe shkcy~{fhkohe gh {ac {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk- fhk tygrokc ~glc~seec~{ogh~ bgy lgyc yc~cfyna(

Fkgmc~nch{~‟ yc~tgh~c~ {g vsc~{ogh~ figs{ tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm

_gshe NFT^ tfy{onotfh{~ ucyc f~jck {g yf{c {ac kceycc gb ngh{ygm {ac ngh~okcy{acl~cmrc~ {g afrc grcy {acoy guh morc~( Fhfm~o~ gb {acoy yc~tgh~c~ tygksnc~f ~glcuaf{ shcqtcn{ck ton{syc( Boesyc 1(6 ~agu~ {ac yc~tgh~c~ i {tc gb hcoeaigsyaggk oh Nftc [guh bgy fkgmc~nch{~ feck 65„94 oh 9443( _gshe tcgtmcbygl tggy fhk rcy tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc lgyc mojcm {g ~f {af{{ac afrc {g{fm ngh{ygm grcy {acoy morc~ {afh gshe tcgtmc bygl ngmgsyck gy uao{c

hcoeaigsyaggk~( _gshe tcgtmc bygl ucfm{a hcoeaigsyaggk~- co{acy tyckglohfh{m uao{c gy ngmgsyck- fyc mcf~{ mojcm {g ~f {ac afrc {g{fm ngh{ygm grcy {acoy morc~( Agubfy gshe tcgtmc bccm {ac fyc fimc {g ~aftc {acoy crcykf morc~ ~ccl~ {g rfy ohrcy~cm uo{a {ac kceycc gb ao~{gyonfm tyoromcec fhk fkrfh{fec( Lsm{orfyof{c yceyc~~ogh fhfm~o~~seec~{~ {af{ {acyc fyc hg ~oehobonfh{ kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch uao{c fhk ngmgsyck gshetcgtmc gh {ac if~o~ gb yfnc fmghc- is{ {af{ nmf~~ lf{{cy~( Agucrcy- {acyc fyc ioekobbcychnc~ ic{ucch uao{c fhk ngmgsyck gshe tcgtmc- gh {ac ghc afhk- fhk Fbyonfhgshe tcgtmc- gh {ac g{acy( Bcu gb {ac bgylcy yctgy{ {af{ {ac afrc ngh{ygm grcy fmmf~tcn{~ gb {acoy morc~- uacycf~ lgyc gb {ac mf{{cy yctgy{ icohe ‑{g{fmm oh ngh{ygm‟( [ac~ckobbcychnc~ fyc ~{f{o~{onfmm ~oehobonfh{ crch uach uc ngh{ygm bgy nmf~~(



{ a c v s o c { R o g m c h n c g b n g h { c l t g y f y ~ c e y c e f { o g h o h n f t c { g u h

9?5

Agu {ach ~agsmk uc oh{cytyc{ {ac~c bohkohe~7 Lg~{ ollckof{cm ~{yojohe o~ {af{ {ac rf~{ lf`gyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc fnyg~~ Nftc [guh kc~nyoic {acl~cmrc~ f~ oh ngh{ygmgb lg~{ {aohe~- gy crcy{aohe- oh {acoy morc~( G{acy ~{skoc~ afrc bgshk ~olomfym aoeamcrcm~ gb gt{olo~l fhk ~cmb,f~~syfhnc flghe gshe tcgtmc hf{oghfmm- crch flokhcef{orc cqtcyochnc~ oh {acoy aglc~ fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ !Bohnaomc~ns " Kfuc~ 6??1:Mcg~nas{ " Isy{gh 9442/( [ac~c lfyj f ~aob{ fuf bygl {ac aoea mcrcm~ gb kctyc~~oghyctgy{ck oh {ac kcnfkc icbgyc {ac {yfh~o{ogh {g kclgnyfn !^gskoch 9445/(

F{ boy~{ emfhnc- {ac~c ̂ gs{a Fbyonfh kf{f fttcfy {g bm oh {ac bfnc gb lg~{ t~nagmgeonfmyc~cfyna oh{cyhf{oghfmm {af{ bohk~ f mgu mgns~ gb ngh{ygm oh rcy tggy tcgtmc- fhkf aoea ghc oh ucfm{a tcgtmc !Mfnalfh " Ucfrcy 6??1/( O{ o~ shs~sfm {g bohk {actggyc~{ fhk ao~{gyonfmm lg~{ ko~chbyfhnao~ck ~cn{ogh gb {ac tgtsmf{ogh yctgy{oheaoeacy mcrcm~ gb ngh{ygm grcy {acoy morc~ {afh {acoy ucfm{aocy ngsh{cytfy{~( [ac

ko~nyctfhn loea{ guc ~glc{aohe {g {ac tycno~c ugykohe gb {ac vsc~{ogh~( Mfnalfhfhk Ucfrcy !6??1/- bgy cqfltmc- yctgy{ gh ~{skoc~ {af{ tygic yc~tgh~c~ {g ~{f{clch{~~sna f~ ‑O nfh kg ̀ s~{ figs{ fh{aohe O ycfmm ~c{ l lohk {g‟: ‑Uach O ycfmm ufh{ {g kg~glc{aohe- O s~sfmm bohk f uf {g ~snncck f{ o{‟: fhk ‑Uac{acy gy hg{ O fl fimc {g ec{uaf{ O ufh{ o~ oh l guh afhk~‟( [ac ugykohe oh NFT^- agucrcy- o~ ~glcuaf{ lgycechcyfm- fhk loea{ {ft oh{g ~ch{olch{~ gb gt{olo~l figs{ {ac bs{syc lgyc {afh ~cmb,ngh{ygm( [ac ugykohe uf~ fm~g ~glcuaf{ flioesgs~ uo{a yc~tcn{ {g {olc- fhk loea{afrc icch shkcy~{ggk f~ ycbcyyohe co{acy {g nsyych{ crcykf morc~ gy mobc tf{a~ oh {acbs{syc( [ao~ vsc~{ogh uf~- agucrcy- bgmmguck i ghc f~johe- ‑Uaf{ gttgy{sho{oc~ kgtcgtmc mojc gs bfnc oh {ac bs{syc7‟ [ac tf{{cyh gb yc~tgh~c~ ~aguh oh Boesyc 1(6 uf~

ghm tfy{ofmm yctmonf{ck0 gshe tcgtmc bygl tggy ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~ f~~c~~ck

Boesyc 1(6 Ngh{ygm grcy mobc- i hcoeaigsyaggk !65„94,cfy,gmk~- Nftc [guh/

^gsync0 Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk ufrc > !9443/Hg{c~0 [ac~c boesyc~ fyc hc{ gb f rcy ~lfmm hslicy gb ‑kgh‟{ jhgu~‟( ‑Hcoeaigsyaggk‟ ycbcy~ {g ‑hcoeaigsyaggk gb gyoeoh‟- o(c(o{ o~ {ac hcoeaigsyaggk uacyc {ac tfy{onotfh{~ morck f{ {ac {olc gb {ac boy~{ NFT^ oh{cyrocu~ oh 9449: {ac lf afrc mcb{ {ag~chcoeaigsyaggk~ ~ohnc {ach(

[g{fm Nftc [guh

Uao{c fycf~

Yona ngmgsyck fycf~


Tggy ngmgsyck fycf~

Tggy Fbyonfh fycf~


4 94 ;4 24 14 644

Tcynch{fec

[g{fmm oh ngh{ygm Ngh{ygm lg~{ {aohe~ Mo{{mc gy hg ngh{ygm




9?1

{acoy gttgy{sho{oc~ lg~{ tc~~olo~{onfmm- uacycf~ {acyc ucyc oh~oehobonfh{ kobbcychnc~ic{ucch gshe tcgtmc bygl Fbyonfh- uao{c gy yona ngmgsyck hcoeaigsyaggk~- uagfmlg~{ fmm f~~c~~ck {acoy gttgy{sho{oc~ {g ic ‑eggk‟( [ac bfn{ {af{ tggy Fbyonfh fhk

yona uao{c !gy ngmgsyck/ fkgmc~nch{~ ngh~okcyck {af{ {ac afk ~olomfy gttgy{sho{oc~kgc~ ~seec~{- agucrcy- {af{ {ac gt{olo~{on yc~tgh~c~ flghe tggy Fbyonfh tcgtmc fycygis~{( Crch {agsea tggy Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~ bfnc tyc{{ eyol tyg~tcn{~ oh ycfmo{-lg~{ afrc eyfhk flio{ogh~ fhk cqtcn{f{ogh~ fhk {aohj {af{ {acoy nafhnc~ gb ycfmo~ohe{ac~c moc oh {acoy guh afhk~(

Oh~gbfy f~ ‑yfnc‟ lf{{cy~- o{ tyc~slfim ycbmcn{~ oh tfy{ {ac tycrfmch{ ko~ngsy~c~gb fbboylf{orc fn{ogh fhk imfnj cnghglon cltgucylch{- uaona ~seec~{ {af{gttgy{sho{oc~ fyc gtchohe st bgy Fbyonfh tcgtmc fhk !fyesfim/ nmg~ohe kguhbgy uao{c fhk ngmgsyck tcgtmc „ c~tcnofmm tggycy ngmgsyck tcgtmc( Fkgmc~nch{~morohe oh tggy ngmgsyck fycf~ fyc {ac mcf~{ agtcbsm figs{ {ac bs{syc gb tcgtmc mojc{acl~cmrc~- is{ yfhec lg~{ uokcm oh {acoy yc~tgh~c~ ycefykohe ngh{ygm oh {acoy morc~(F eycf{cy tygtgy{ogh yctgy{ afrohe mo{{mc gy hg ngh{ygm oh {acoy morc~- is{ ~moea{m lgyc yc~okch{~ gb tggy ngmgsyck fycf~ ~f {ac fyc oh {g{fm ngh{ygm {afh kg yc~okch{~gb ucfm{aocy ngmgsyck gy uao{c fycf~( F~~cy{ogh~ gb ngh{ygm oh crcykf mobc nfhhg{ghm tcy{foh {g tcyncorck ~gnofm okch{o{ fhk o{~ oltmonf{ogh~ bgy fnaocrohe bs{sycegfm~( O{ o~ mojcm {af{ fkgmc~nch{ NFT^ tfy{onotfh{~‟ yc~tgh~c~ {g {ac boy~{ vsc~{oghfigs{ ngh{ygm oh {acoy morc~ fm~g ycbmcn{ f rfyohe ~ch~c gb kcno~ogh,lfjohe tgucyuo{aoh crcykf kglc~{on- tccy fhk hcoeaigsyaggk oh{cyfn{ogh( [ac bfn{ {af{ uao{cfhk ngmgsyck fkgmc~nch{~ bygl yonacy hcoeaigsyaggk~ ycngeho~c {af{ {ac bfnc eggkgttgy{sho{oc~- c{ bfy bcucy f~~cy{ {g{fm ngh{ygm grcy {acoy morc~- tyc~slfim ycbmcn{~ f~ch~c gb yc~{yon{ogh {g {acoy ngh{ygm oh gykohfy fhk crcykf lf{{cy~ !~sna f~ uag{ac morc uo{a- uac{acy fhk uacyc {ac eg {g ~naggm fhk uacyc {ac ~gnofmo~c/ yf{acy{afh ngmmcn{orc ‑yfnofm‟ ko~cltgucylch{(

Uc fyc mcb{- agucrcy- uo{a {ac tfyfkgq gb eycf{ gt{olo~l fhk ~{yghe tcyncorck ~cmb,ngh{ygm flghe gshe lch fhk uglch oh tggy Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~( F~ uc~fu oh Naft{cy~ 2 fhk 5- {ao~ echcyfm gt{olo~l o~ fm~g ycbmcn{ck oh cqtcn{f{ogh~ {af{fkgmc~nch{~ ugsmk fnaocrc cksnf{oghfm ~snnc~~ fhk ugsmk hg{ bfmm tycehfh{ sh{om lsnamf{cy oh mobc( ^glc{olc~ {ac~c cqtcn{f{ogh~ fyc ycfmo~ck- is{ o{ o~ lsna lgyc gb{ch {acnf~c {af{ {ac fyc kf~ack( ̂ syrc kf{f tygrokc s~ uo{a mo{{mc shkcy~{fhkohe gb tycno~cm

agu fhk ua ~g lfh gshe tcgtmc oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc ~g gt{olo~{on fhktg~o{orc bgy ~g mghe- fhk uaf{ afttch~ uach {ac ysh st fefoh~{ {ac iys{fm ycfmo{( Uckgh‟{ jhgu uac{acy ‑ngh{ygm grcy ghc‟~ mobc‟ „ f~ lcf~syck oh vsc~{ogh~ oh ~syrc~ ~snaf~ NFT^ „ lf{{cy~ {g gshe tcgtmcfhk ob o{ kgc~- oh uaf{ uf~(

Shkcy~{fhkohe tcy~ghfm cbbonfn

Clcyeohe bygl {ac vsfmo{f{orc kf{f o~ f jcch ~ch~c flghe gshe tcgtmc gb {acoltgy{fhnc gb ~glc mcrcm gb ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh {g {acoy ucmm,icohe lgyc echcyfmm-fhk gb {ac rfyogs~ ifyyocy~ {g kcrcmgtohe fhk cqcyno~ohe o{ uaona- uaomc rfyohe oh

bgyl- fyc chngsh{cyck fnyg~~ {ac nmf~~- nsm{syfm fhk ecgeyftaonfm ~tcn{yf( Naomkych




9??

fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc feycck {af{ icohe fimc {g lfjc kcno~ogh~ fhkoh~{oef{c nafhec lf{{cyck {g {acoy ucmm,icohe- is{ {ac iygfkcy ko~ngsy~c oh uaonatg~~oiomo{oc~ bgy kgohe ~g ucyc byflck kobbcyck ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk

ycbmcn{ck {ac tfy{onsmfy ngh~{yfoh{~ {g {acoy fnaocrohe {ac mcrcm fhk hf{syc gb ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh {ac kc~oyck(

_gshe naomkych fhk {cchfecy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc bycvsch{m ycbcyyck {g {acoy guhnagonc~ fhk fn{ogh~ f~ oh~{yslch{fm oh tyg{cn{ohe {acl~cmrc~ fhk ch~syohe {acoyngh{ohsck ucmm,icohe( Hohc,cfy,gmk tfy{onotfh{~ oh f bgns~ eygst ~tgjc gb {acoy guhyc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ {g cf{ acfm{a bggk- jcct {acl~cmrc~ nmcfh fhk yc~o~{ {ac {clt{f{ogh{g ~{cfm bygl ~stcylfyjc{~( ^sna f~~cy{ogh~ ngsmk ic oh{cytyc{ck f~ gshe naomkychyctcf{ohe {ac ysmc~ ~c{ i fksm{~ oh {ac aglc- is{ {acoy ngh~o~{ch{ tyc~chnc oh {acko~ngsy~c gb gshecy fhk gmkcy {cchfecy~ ~seec~{~ f ngeho~fhnc gb ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh{af{ af~ kcrcmgtck uo{aoh fh chroyghlch{ uacyc lf{cyofm yc~gsync~ fyc gb{ch rcy ~nfync „ f~ fyc ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm ghc~( Tstom~ feck ic{ucch 63 fhk 6? f{Lf~otaslcmcmc Aoea ^naggm ucyc f~jck {g lft fhk uyo{c figs{ {ac nafmmchec~{ac bfnc fhk {ac lcfh~ i uaona {ac ~fu bo{ {g fkkyc~~ {ac~c( Yc~tgh~c~ {g {acmf{{cy cltaf~o~ck oltygrohe tcy~ghfm f{{o{skc~ fhk kcno~ogh,lfjohe figrc fttcfm~bgy yc~gsync~ gy f~~o~{fhnc- fhk ohnmskck0 ‑[aohj icbgyc gs kg {aohe~: lfjc eggknagonc~: mgrc gsy~cmb fhk nfyc figs{ uaf{ gs kg: ~afyc crcy{aohe gs afrc:ngllshonf{c uo{a g{acy~ fhk ugyj {gec{acy f~ f {cfl: bgns~ gh gsy bs{syc: icaftt fmm {ac {olc: bgyec{ figs{ ~{yc~~(‟ Uaf{ uc ~cc oh {ao~ ko~ngsy~c o~ f yctcy{goycgb ~cmb,cbbonfn f~ ig{a tyc~ch{ fhk torg{fm oh lfhfeohe crcykf mobc( [ac cq{ch{{g uaona gshe tcgtmc fhk {acoy tccy~ yc~tghk {g nafmmchec~ oh {ao~ lfhhcy o~ hg{nmcfy0 f{ uaf{ tgoh{ kgc~ {ac okcfm bfom {g agmk {ac ycfmo{- fhkoh ycfnaohe {af{ tgoh{-kgc~ o{ shkcylohc {ac ko~ngsy~c7

Uaomc bgyceygshkohe tcy~ghfm fn{ogh~ oh ~gmrohe tygimcl~- gshe yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc ~fok {af{ {ac lf`gy ngh~{yfoh{ {g {acoy lfjohe ic{{cy kcno~ogh~ bgy{acl~cmrc~ uf~ mfnj gb jhgumckec( Oh {ac uyo{ohe cqcyno~c kc~nyoick figrc- tstom~uyg{c {af{ {ac lcfh~ {g lcc{ nafmmchec~ ohnmskck ‑Zafrohe\ lgyc jhgumckec figs{mobc: Zjhguohe\ agu {g afhkmc nafmmchec~ fhk kcfm uo{a chcloc~: Zjhguohe\ uaf{ o~uyghe fhk uaf{ o~ yoea{: Zmcfyhohe\ figs{ agu {g ngtc gh l guh fhk agu {g {fjcngh{ygm gb ~cmb ‟( Fhk uacyc {ac~c {cchfecy~ okch{obock f hcck bgy f~~o~{fhnc fhk ~sttgy{

bygl bflom lclicy~- ~naggm~ gy ~cyronc~ lgyc iygfkm oh lcc{ohe nafmmchec~- ucucyc ~{ysnj i {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac tmfnck lgyc ~{gyc gh fnvsoyohe jhgumckec fhkcqtcy{o~c {aygsea {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {ac~c boesyc~ gy oh~{o{s{ogh~ {afh gh{acoy tygro~ogh gb eycf{cy lf{cyofm yc~gsync~ oh {ac aglc fhk ~naggmgy ic{{cyhcoeaigsyaggk ohbyf~{ysn{syc(

Oh f ~olomfy lfttohe cqcyno~c- {cchfecy~ oh Gncfh Rocu ucyc f~jck {g ~agu {acoy~gsync~ gb ~sttgy{- nafmmchec~ fhk ~seec~{ck yc~tgh~c~ {g nafmmchec~ !~cc Lft ?/([ac fm~g kycu f{{ch{ogh {g {ac oltgy{fhnc gb ngh{ygm grcy ~cmb- ig{a ghc‟~ f{{o{skc~fhk fn{ogh~- f~ nyo{onfm {g ucmm,icohe- is{ shmojc {acoy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc-nghnmskck {af{ rcy bcu gshe tcgtmc tg~o{ogh {acl~cmrc~ f~ aoeam ohbmsch{ofm

grcy {acoy nsyych{ fhk bs{syc morc~( Bgy lg~{- {ac ifyyocy~ {g kgohe ~g oh {ao~




>44

hcoeaigsyaggk fttcfy {g ic {gg eycf{ {g ~s~{foh crch {ac hg{ogh {af{ f gshetcy~gh nfh afrc ngltmc{c ngllfhk gb {acoy guh mobc tf{a( Ghc gb {ac~c ifyyocy~-~f {cchfecy~- o~ {af{ mgnfm naomk,ycfyohe tyfn{onc~ kg hg{ {cfna gshe tcgtmc {g ic

fnngsh{fimc {g {acl~cmrc~0

Uaf{ tcgtmc ycfmm hcck {g kg o~ ~{gt mggjohe bgy ~glcghc cm~c {gimflc fhk {fjc guhcy~aot gb {acl~cmrc~- {g bfnc st {g uaf{ {ac‟rcicch kgohe uyghe fhk ~{gt imflohe ~glcghc cm~c bgy {acoy lo~{fjc~•Ob gs hg{ eggk f{ f ~si`cn{ gs egohe {g ~f o{‟~ {ac {cfnacy‟~ bfsm{-is{ gs hg{ kgohe fh{aohe cqfn{m {g oltygrc gsy~cmb ~g {af{ gsnfh oltygrc( O lcfh o{‟~ ~g cf~ {g imflc ~glcghc cm~c oh~{cfk gb imflohe gsy~cmb icnfs~c {ach gs kgh‟{ afrc {af{ esom{( !Nafyhc-eoym- fec 65- Gncfh Rocu/

Fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc uc uo{hc~~ck rfyogs~ nsm{syfmm ohbgylck tyfn{onc~ ycmf{ohe {gyfo~ohe naomkych fhk {g hg{ogh~ gb tcy~ghaggk lgyc echcyfmm {af{ cbbcn{orcm molo{gshe tcgtmc‟~ fiomo{oc~ {g cqcyno~c tgucy oh {acoy guh morc~( Gb{ch kc~nyoiohe bccmohe~gb kc~tfoy- kc~tghkchn fhk bys~{yf{ogh oh ycmf{ogh {g tygimcl~ {ac ucyc nsyych{m bfnohe- lokkmc,nmf~~ fkgmc~nch{~ oh Bo~a Agcj ucyc fm~g eyfttmohe uo{a agu {gfnaocrc {acoy kc~oyck mcrcm gb ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh( [ac mohjck {acoy nghbokchnc oh{ao~ fychf {g {ac vsfmo{ gb {acoy crcykf oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~- tgoh{ohe~tcnobonfmm {g agu {acoy guh ycmf{orc~ fhk {cfnacy~ yc~tghkck {g {ac echcyfmcqtcn{f{ogh {af{ fksm{~ ~agsmk ic {ac ghc~ lfjohe kcno~ogh~ bgy {acoy naomkych sh{om{ac ycfnack {acoy 61{a ioy{akf( Uo{aoh {ao~ hgylf{orc byflcugyj- ~glc tfych{~mfyecm cqnmskck {acoy naomkych bygl kcno~ogh~ sh{om {ac ycfnack ‑fksm{aggk‟ {ach mcb{{acl {g {acoy guh kcronc~- uacycf~ g{acy~ chngsyfeck {acoy naomkych {g {aohj fhk fn{lgyc ohkctchkch{m f~ {ac eycu gmkcy !crch ob {ac gb{ch grcyysmck {acoy kcno~ogh~/([ag~c gshe tcgtmc uag ch`gck gtch fhk ngh~sm{f{orc ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a tfych{,boesyc~ cqtyc~~ck {acoy fttycnof{ogh gb ig{a tfych{fm ~sttgy{ fhk esokfhnc- f~ ucmmf~ {acoy fiomo{ {g eorc {acl f ncy{foh flgsh{ gb ohkctchkchnc( ^glc ~tgjc gb icohechngsyfeck i tfych{~ ‑{g lfjc l guh lo~{fjc~‟(

Ua- uc loea{ f~j- ob ngeho~fhnc gb ~cmb o~ oh ~sna ~agy{ ~sttm- kok ~sna mfyectygtgy{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ yctgy{ oh f ~syrc vsc~{oghhfoyc {af{ {ac ucyc ohngh{ygm gb fmm gy lg~{ {aohe~ oh {acoy morc~7 Fhk ua kg imfnj Fbyonfh~ f~~cy{ eycf{cy

nghbokchnc oh {ao~ ycefyk {afh {acoy ngmgsyck gy uao{c tccy~- uag fyc lsna lgycmojcm {g fnaocrc {acoy tcy~ghfm egfm~7 Oh {ac tycrogs~ ~cn{ogh uc hg{ck {af{ ngmmcn{orc‑yfnofm‟ cltgucylch{ !gy g{acyuo~c/ fttcfy~ {g ohbmschnc fkgmc~nch{ yc~tgh~c~ {g~syrc vsc~{ogh~ figs{ ngh{ygm oh {acoy morc~- is{ o{ kgc~ hg{ cqtmfoh fmm {ac rfyof{ogh(Uc ~seec~{ck {af{ nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck ko~ngsy~c~ figs{ {ac gshe fhk {acoy bs{syctyg~tcn{~ lf fm~g ~aftc {ac uf gshe tcgtmc yc~tghkck {g {ac~c vsc~{ogh~( [acycfkcy uomm ycnfmm {ac tgucybsm fhk tcyrf~orc hf{syc gb ko~ngsy~c~ mohjohe bgylfmcksnf{ogh {g tcy~ghfm ~snnc~~- ucfm{a fhk ~gnofm ~{f{s~ kc~nyoick oh Naft{cy~ 2 fhk5( Oh {ao~ moea{- o{ o~ mojcm {af{ uach tg~ck f vsc~{ogh figs{ ngh{ygm grcy ghc‟~ mobc f~tfy{ gb f ~syrc- lfh gshe tcgtmc yc~tghkck oh mohc uo{a {ac ugymkrocu {af{ eorc~

tgucy {g ohkoroksfm~ uag bgmmgu {ac f~nyoick ygs{c( Ghm oh nghrcy~f{ogh~ {af{ {y {g




>46

lfjc ~ch~c gb crcykf cqtcyochnc- uaona uf~ gb{ch cvsf{ck {g bfomsyc uach `skeckoh ycmf{ogh {g ~sna ugymkrocu~- kg gshe tcgtmc ~tcfj figs{ g{acy ycfmo{oc~- ohnmskohe{acoy ohngltmc{c jhgumckec- ko~omms~oghlch{ fhk bccmohe~ gb ko~cltgucylch{(

Ghc tmfs~oimc atg{ac~o~ o~ {af{ ~sna mfyec tygtgy{ogh~ gb fkgmc~nch{~ f~~cy{ aoeamcrcm~ gb ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh oh {acoy ~syrc yc~tgh~c~ icnfs~c {ac ~si~nyoic {g{ac ko~ngsy~c gb fnaocrclch{ {aygsea tcy~ghfm fkacychnc {g cksnf{ogh fhk nfyccykcrcmgtlch{- fhk co{acy lf hg{ afrc afk nfs~c {g nafmmchec o{ {aygsea tcy~ghfmcqtcyochnc gy nagg~c {g frgok ngh{cltmf{ohe g{acy tg~~oimc gs{nglc~( Gsynghnms~ogh yfo~c~ vsc~{ogh~ figs{ agu gshe tcgtmc ycefyk {ac fn{ogh~ gb ~cmb- {achf{syc fhk kceycc gb tgucy {ac f{{yois{c {g {acl~cmrc~ fhk {ac ~gsync~ gy nf{fm~{~gb {ao~ tgucy( Gsy nghnms~ogh fm~g tgoh{~ {g fh gttgy{sho{ bgy bsy{acy yc~cfyna oh{ao~ rcoh- hflcm {g cqtmgyc fh ngyycmf{ogh ic{ucch ohkoroksfm,mcrcm rfyofimc~ oh {acNFT^ kf{f fhk {ac yc~tgh~c~ ~aguh oh Boesyc 1(6(

Tcy~tcn{orc~ gh uaf{ ~aftc~ ngh{ygm grcy ~cmb

Crch oh {acoy tyc,{cch cfy~- gshe tcgtmc fyc fufyc {af{ f~tcn{~ gb ohkoroksfmtcy~ghfmo{- tfy{onsmfym {cltcyflch{- ~aftc {acoy yc~tgh~c~ {g kobbonsm{noynsl~{fhnc~( [ac ~tcfj figs{ byochk~ uag fyc cf~,egohe fhk ~gnofimc- cfecy {gkcrcmgt byochk~aot~ fhk shtcy{syick i icohe {cf~ck bgy icohe kobbcych{- crch uachnoynsl~{fhnc~ f{ aglc fyc `skeck {g ic sh~{fimc fhk ugyyohe( ^glc ycngeho~ck{af{ {acoy guh nafyfn{cy {yfo{~ kobbcyck oh ncy{foh uf~ bygl {acoy tccy~ fhk ngsmkcqtmfoh- f{ mcf~{ tfy{m- {acoy bccmohe~ gb ko~ngh{ch{ fhk tgucymc~~hc~~( Oh fh fy{ nmsicqcyno~c kc~oehck {g bfnomo{f{c {ac cqtyc~~ogh gb f tygimcl gshe tcgtmc fyc nsyych{m ~{yseemohe uo{a fhk agu o{ lfjc~ {acl bccm- 69,cfy,gmk Hcmo~uf gb Lf~otaslcmcmckycu f bocync eofh{( âc cqtmfohck acy kyfuohe f~ bgmmgu~0 ‑L tygimcl o~ mojc {ao~ioe eofh{( O bccm o{ oh l acfk- O fl shaftt- yskc- fhey fhk O ~ags{ f{ crcyghc ohl bflom fhk f{ l byochk~( O{ afttch~ uach ~glcghc kgc~ ~glc{aohe {af{ O kgh‟{mojc- fhk O ~f {g aol gy acy {af{ O kgh‟{ mojc o{ fhk {ac kg o{ fefoh(‟ Uaomc ycngeho~ohe{af{ ~ac o~ icohe tygrgjck i g{acy tcgtmc‟~ fn{ogh~- Hcmo~uf kcton{~ {ac tygimcl f~fh oh{cyhfm if{{mc fhk ycefyk~ acy guh {cltcyflch{ f~ tfy{m yc~tgh~oimc bgy ua ~ac ~cmkgl bccm~ ~f{o~bock fhk oh ngh{ygm gb ~cmb( Is{ oh lfh yc~tcn{~- Hcmo~uf o~ oh f~{yghecy tg~o{ogh {afh lfh gb acy tccy~ oh acy hcoeaigsyaggk0 ~ac o~ ghc gb ghm {ug

fy{ nmsi lclicy~ morohe oh f iyonj ags~c: acy lg{acy af~ f ~fmfyock hsy~ohe `gi: ~ac~tcfj~ gb mgrc fhk ~sttgy{ bygl bflom fhk byochk~: fhk ~ac gb{ch nglc~ {gt gb acynmf~~( Is{ oh ~to{c gb !gy tcyaft~ icnfs~c gb/ acy ngltfyf{orcm ~cnsyc fhk tyglo~ohe~gnog,cnghglon tg~o{ogh fhk ~snnc~~ f{ ~naggm- Hcmo~uf ~f~ {af{ ~ac bccm~ ‑~lfmm fhkagyyoimc‟ f{ ~naggm- ~ccl~ ngh~o~{ch{m bys~{yf{ck figs{ uag ~ac o~ fhk uaf{ mobc gbbcy~fhk uf~ fufyc {af{ icnfs~c ~ac ~{fhk~ gs{ oh {ao~ ycefyk ~ac af~ {g lfoh{foh f bygh{(Shkcy acy ~cmb,tgy{yfo{ „ oh uaona {ac fi~chnc gb f ~lomc fhk fkko{ogh gb f [,~aoy{uo{a ‑Ifk Eoym‟ fnyg~~ {ac nac~{ lfjc fh fyyc~{ohe ngliohf{ogh „ Hcmo~uf uyg{c0 ‑Oh{ao~ ton{syc O bccm aftt- is{ hg{ {gg aftt( Tcgtmc {aohj {af{ O fl hg{ aftt- is{ Ofl aftt( O fl {aohjohe figs{ {ac {aohe~ O afrc {g kg f{ aglc(‟




>49

[cltcyflch{ o~ hg{ ngh~okcyck i {ac gshe f~ {ac ghm gy lg~{ oltgy{fh{ ohbmschncgh {acoy ~ch~c gb oh{cyhfm oh{ceyo{ fhk ngh{ygm grcy ~cmb( Yf{acy- {ac cltaf~o~ck fhslicy gb g{acy tcy~ghfm f{{yois{c~ {af{ fyc kcrcmgtck oh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a

g{acy~( [ac~c ohnmskc hsy{syohe f icmocb oh ghc~cmb {af{ clcyec~ oh {ac oh{cytcy~ghfmcqnafhec {af{ gnnsy~ uo{aoh aoea,vsfmo{ oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~- fhk tfy{onsmfym {ag~c oh {ac kglc~{on fhk bflomofm ~tacyc~( Ycmf{ogh~aot~ gb {ao~ hf{syc fyc fm~gycngeho~ck i {ac gshe f~ {ac fychf~ uacyc {ac mcfyh {ac ~jomm~ hcckck {gcltf{ao~c fhk ngllshonf{c uo{a g{acy~( Fhk- uach ngliohck uo{a nghbokchncoh ghc‟~ guh oh{ceyo{- ~gnofm fhk ngllshonf{ogh ~jomm~ fyc ~cch f~ nyo{onfm oh icohefimc {g hceg{of{c uo{a byochk~ uag tcy~sfkc {acl {g fn{ oh uf~ {af{ {ac ugsmkg{acyuo~c nagg~c hg{ {g- uaomc f{ {ac ~flc {olc ycksnohe {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb icohecqnmskck bygl {ac tccy eygst( [ac~c mohc~ gb nfs~c fhk cbbcn{ fyc fm~g yctgy{ck i t~nagmgeo~{~- uag bohk {af{ naomkych uo{a eggk ~gnofm fhk ngllshonf{ogh ~jomm~ fyc

lgyc yc~omoch{ icnfs~c {ac fyc lgyc fimc {g chefec g{acy tcgtmc fhk fnnc~~ ~gnofm~sttgy{ !Ucyhcy 9444/(

F ~cnghk oltgy{fh{ ~{olsms~ {g icmocb oh ~cmb flghe gshe tcgtmc {aygseags{ {acRfmmc o~ tcy~ghfm bfo{a oh Egk fhk {ac lgyfm esokfhnc gbbcyck i fksm{~ fhk tccy~uo{a f ~olomfy bfo{a ig{a uo{aoh fhk gs{~okc ycmoeogs~ oh~{o{s{ogh~( Bcu ̂ gs{a Fbyonfh~syrc~ tygic tcgtmc‟~ ~{yche{a gb- fhk ngllo{lch{ {g- ycmoeogs~ !gy g{acy lgyfm/icmocb~( ^syrc~ {tonfmm f~j ghm ‑uaf{ o~ gsy ycmoeogh7‟ fhk !~glc{olc~/ ‑agugb{ch kg gs f{{chk ~cyronc~7‟ NFT^ f~jck ghm {ac boy~{ vsc~{ogh( Eorch {af{ ghm 6oh 64 fkgmc~nch{~ oh Nftc [guh fh~ucyck ‑hghc‟- o{ tygrokc~ mo{{mc ohkonf{ogh gb {acycmcrfhnc gb ycmoeogh oh {ac morc~ gb gshe tcgtmc(6 F~ mghe feg f~ 6??>- f~ tfy{ gb fhchvsoy oh{g `s~{ agu ‑mg~{‟ {ac gshecy echcyf{ogh uf~- ghc ~syrc bgshk {af{ afmb gb gshe uglch fhk ghc,{aoyk gb gshe lch yctgy{ck f{{chkohe nasyna bycvsch{m !Crcyf{{ " Gyjoh 6??>0 1/( F lgyc ycnch{ ~syrc gb aoea,~naggm tstom~ oh Efs{chebgshk {af{ 11 tcy nch{ ~fok {af{ ycmoeogh uf~ co{acy oltgy{fh{ gy rcy oltgy{fh{ oh{acoy morc~ !Cllc{{ 944;/(9 Mo{cyfy fnngsh{~ gb ngh{cltgyfy fkgmc~nchnc fyc fm~gechcyfmm ~omch{ figs{ {ac~c o~~sc~( Ghc t~nagmgeonfm ~{sk i Lfy ^naufi,^{ghcbgshk {af{ tcy~ghfm ohrgmrclch{ oh ycmoeogh !~sna f~ tyorf{c tyfcy fhk ~nyot{sycycfkohe/ ycksnck kcmohvschn- is{ {ac cbbcn{~ ucyc hg{ ghm ~cch flghe naomkychuag f{{chkck nasyna- lg~vsc gy {cltmc !G‟Kghhcmm c{ fm( 9449/( Gsy c{ahgeyftaonyc~cfyna bsy{acy fnnch{sf{c~ {ac oltgy{fhnc gb {ao~ echcyfmm hcemcn{ck kolch~ogh

gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ morc~- fhk tgoh{~ {g {ac ~oehobonfhnc gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ tcy~ghfmohrc~{lch{ oh fhk guhcy~aot gb {acoy ycmoeogh oh ohbmschnohe {acoy fn{ogh~0

[ac ugymk uc morc oh {gkf fmmgu~ gshe~{cy~ {g kg fhk cqtcyochnc f mg{gb {aohe~ mojc kyse~- fmngagm- {g ic tyc~~ck kguh i tccy tyc~~syc fhk{cfnaohe gsy gshe~{cy~ gb ~fbc ~cq fhk hg{ gb fi~{ohchnc( _gs uomm bgycrcyafrc f nagonc fhk fmuf~ o{ uomm nghnmskc {g gs lfjohe {ac yoea{ nagonc(Egk lfkc s~ uo{a f nagonc ~g {af{ uc nfh lfjc st gsy guh lohk fhk{af{ lcfh~ {af{ ghm gs nfh lfjc {ac yoea{ nagonc fhk oh fmm l {olc{af{ O uf~ bfnck uo{a tccy tyc~~syc O fmuf~ yclclicyck {cfnaohe gb uaf{

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>4>

gs {ac~c tyohnotmc~ {ach ~ccj ~glcghc {gkf ~{omm icnfs~c o{ acmt~ f mg{(!Yghfmkg- ig- feck 65- Gncfh Rocu- mobc ~{gy fnngsh{/

[ac ghs~ gh ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh icnglc~ lgyc tgucybsm oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb flgyfmm olisck ko~ngsy~c oh uaona mobc tf{a~ fyc ngh~okcyck ‑yoea{‟ gy ‑uyghe‟(^sna f ko~ngsy~c o~ gb{ch ~sttgy{ck i f uokcy ycmoeogs~ ugymkrocu fhk lgyfmo{(Lg~{ gshe yc~okch{~ oh {ac Rfmmc kc~nyoic {acl~cmrc~ f~ Nayo~{ofh~- is{ {acyc fycfm~g Ls~mol~ !tfy{onsmfym oh Gncfh Rocu/- fhk {ac uokc rfyoc{ gb icmocb ~~{cl~chngltf~~ck uo{aoh {ac {cyl ‑Nayo~{ofh‟ ohnmskc ngh~cyrf{orc crfhecmonfmo~l {gbfo{a~ {af{ ohngytgyf{c {ac ycrcychnc gb fhnc~{gy~( [acyc o~ f ~{yghe ycmoeogs~ c{ag~oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk {ac icmocb~ fhk fn{oro{oc~ gb {ac gshe lfjc f~oehobonfh{ ngh{yois{ogh( F mfyec tygtgy{ogh gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ yctgy{ycfkohe {ac Ioimc gy g{acy ycmoeogs~ {cq{~ fhk f{{chkohe nasyna ~cyronc~ gy crch{~ycesmfym „ crch kfom( [acoy yc~tgh~c {g tcy~ghfm ycmoeogs~ ohrgmrclch{ fhk {acechcyfm c{ag~ uo{aoh {ac ngllsho{ rfyock grcy {olc uo{aoh fh ohkoroksfm mobc ngsy~cfhk fnngykohe {g ngh{cq{( F{ {olc~- gshe {cchfecy~ bygl fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~~tgjc figs{ bccmohe oh{olokf{ck fhk nghbs~ck figs{ {acoy ‑uyghe~‟( Oh fh fhghlgs~c~~f,uyo{ohe tyg`cn{ ~c{ i {ac ycmoeogs~,~{skoc~ {cfnacy- lg~{ eyfkc,? Bo~a Agcj tstom~ cqtyc~~ck nghbs~ogh fhk esom{ figs{ egohe {g tfy{oc~- kyohjohe fhk s~ohekyse~- f~ ucmm f~ figs{ {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a byochk~ fhk bflom( Uyo{ohe figs{uaf{ {ac tcyncorck f~ {acoy uyghekgohe~- {ac~c tstom~ nghrcck f hcef{orc ~cmb,olfec fhk oh{cyhfm nghbs~ogh figs{ {acoy guh nftfiomo{oc~ {g kcfm uo{a ~o{sf{ogh~ oh{acoy morc~0

O s~ck {g eg {g nasyna- is{ {ach ~sl ~{sbb afttchck fhk O eg{ ohrgmrckuo{a {ac uyghe tcgtmc fhk {aohe~( O bcm{ rcy esom{•O bccm rcy esom{ icnfs~c Egk af~ kghc ~g lsna bgy lc is{ O afrc kghc hg{aohe oh yc{syh(

O kcmc{ck fmm {ac ifk ‑~f{fhon‟ ls~on bygl l nglts{cy- mojc ‑^motjhg{‟- is{O fl ~g ~nfyck O fl mo~{chohe {g {ac uyghe ls~on(

Ob Egk kgc~ cqo~{ {ach ua kgc~ ac lfjc tcgtmc‟~ morc~ ‑acmm‟( L byochkaf~ lfh ifk bflom tygimcl~ fhk fmm ~ac kgc~ o~ tyf bgy acmt- is{ kgc~~ac ec{ o{7 HG&

[ac bfn{ {af{ {ac~c c~~f~ ucyc uyo{{ch oh f ycmoeogs~,~{skoc~ nmf~~ lf afrc chafhnck

gshe tcgtmc‟~ f{{ch{ogh {g f aoeam lgyfmo~{on oh{cytyc{f{ogh gb {acoy guh icafrogsy(_c{ {ac ~ch~c gb f ycmoeogs~ bgshkf{ogh {g lgyfm tgmfyo{ gb {ao~ hf{syc uf~ hg{shs~sfm flghe naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc( Bgy lfh- ycmoeogs~icmocb fhk lclicy~aot gb f ycmoeogs~ ngllsho{ chfimck gshe tcgtmc {g f~~cy{kcno~ogh,lfjohe tgucy oh ycmf{ogh {g {acoy nagonc gb byochk~ fhk kcno~ogh~ {g frgokkyse~ gy ~cqsfm fn{oro{( [acoy ~ch~c gb tcy~ghfm mceo{olfn fhk ~cmb,cbbonfn ohycmf{ogh {g ~sna f ~{fhnc o~ tfy{m kcyorck bygl tcy~ghfm bfo{a fhk tfy{m bygl {acmceo{olfn efohck bygl {ac ~afyohe gb- fhk yc~tcn{ bgy- ycmoeogs~ icmocb flghe mgnfmfksm{~ fhk tccy~( Uc gb{ch acfyk gshe tcgtmc oh {ac Rfmmc kc~nyoic {acoy ycmoeogs~icmocb f~ ohrgmrohe f aoeam yc~{yon{orc icafrogsyfm byflcugyj( Kc~nyoiohe afrohe {g

frgok kyohj- noefyc{{c~- ~cq fhk crch kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ uaomc tgoh{ohe {g ~oimohe~




>4;

gy byochk~ uag ucyc shfimc {g ~s~{foh {ac~c ngllo{lch{~- {cchfecy~ ucyc {fno{m fnjhgumckeohe {af{ {ac ify o~ ~c{ cq{yclcm- ob hg{ oltg~~oim- aoea(

Ifmfhnohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a tccy~ ycvsoyc~ ngh{ohsfm cbbgy{ fhk ~jomm ycbohclch{(Bgy ycf~gh~ {af{ uc yc{syh {g icmgu- o{ o~ kc~nyoick i {ac gshe f~ ghc gb {ac lg~{kobbonsm{ {f~j~ gb mf{c naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc( ^lfmm ughkcy- {acycbgyc- {af{ gshetcgtmc tmfnc ~g lsna cltaf~o~ gh {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb {acoy crcykf ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{afksm{~ {af{ ~{yche{ach {acoy oh{cyhfm yc~gsync~ fhk ~gnofm {oc~( F~ uc ~fu oh Naft{cy9- {ac tyc~chnc gy fi~chnc gb `goh{ fn{oro{oc~- gtch ngllshonf{ogh- ycnotygno{ fhkls{sfm yc~tcn{ „ fhk {ac rsmhcyfiomo{ gb {ac~c vsfmo{oc~ oh {ac bfnc gb {ac tyc~~syc~gh fksm{~ {g lfhfec tgrcy{- ~ctfyf{ogh fhk nsm{syfm nghbgylo{ „ af~ chgylgs~icfyohe gh naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb hsy{syc fhk nfyc oh {ac aglc( Nyo{onfm {g ~snatygro~ogh fyc {ac clg{oghfm- ~gnofm fhk lch{fm yc~gsync~ frfomfimc {g naomkych ohlfjohe kcno~ogh~ {af{ fyc ngacych{ uo{a {acoy ngeho~fhnc gb ~cmb fhk afrc f tg~o{orcohbmschnc gh {acoy iygfkcy ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~(

Lfjohe f kcno~ogh {g ~{yorc bgy f tfy{onsmfy egfm- fhk oh kgohe ~g {g morc i ncy{fohngkc~- o~ fhg{acy oltgy{fh{ lcfh~ i uaona gshe tcgtmc ngh~okcy {ac nfh fnaocrceycf{cy ngh{ygm grcy ~cmb fhk {ac ugymk fygshk {acl( [ao~ ~{yf{ce- uaona o~ kc~nyoicktfy{onsmfym bycvsch{m i tggy fkgmc~nch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc-~ccl~ {g ic lgyc cbbcn{orc icnfs~c o{ o~ mc~~ ngh{ohech{ gh {ac vsfmo{ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~uo{a g{acy tcgtmc( O{ o~ figs{ fh ohkoroksfm kcno~ogh {g ic ~glcghc uag af~ nag~chf tf{a {af{ o~ ngh~okcyck ‑eggk‟ hgu fhk tyglo~c~ ycufyk oh {ac bs{syc0

O kcnokck {g nafhec l tcy~ghfmo{( O‟l ~glcghc uag crcyghc nfh

`s~{ ts~a lc fhk O‟mm kg hg{aohe figs{ o{( O ufh{ {g ~{fy{ ~{fhkohe stbgy l~cmb lgyc( O fm~g s~ck {g ic vso{c f tfy{ eoym fhk hgu O ufh{ {gnghnch{yf{c lgyc gh l ~{skoc~ fhk ~naggm ugyj fhk fm~g {g ~{gt egohegs{ uo{a fmm {ac~c es~( !Lfhk- eoym- feck 61- Gncfh Rocu/

Uc kcnokck hg{ {g kyohj Zf{ {ac tfy{\ f~ o{‟~ hg{ honc {g ~cc f uglfhkyshj( O nflc st uo{a {ac okcf f~ O jhgu agu lsna tcgtmc kyohj( Is{{ac mggjck aftt uach O ~fok o{- fhk uc kcnokck {gec{acy( L iyg{acyuf~ mo~{chohe fhk mfseaohe( Tcyaft~ {ac byochk~ {agsea{ {ac ngsmk aokcbygl lcfhk O ugsmkh‟{ ~cc {af{ {ac ucyc kyshj( O uch{ aglc figs{

1(>4- {acyc uf~ kfhnohe fhk ls~on- is{ O kcnokck {g eg aglc f~ O kokh‟{ufh{ {g ~cc {acl kyshj f~ O kgh‟{ mojc fmngagm•[ac hcq{ kf- {ac nflcacyc {g {cmm lc fmm figs{ o{- fhk O {gmk {acl O kokh‟{ ufh{ {g acfy fhk O‟lhg{ oh{cyc~{ck( !Igheouc- eoym- 65 cfy~- Lf~otaslcmcmc/

[ac lfhhcy oh uaona gshe tcgtmc kc~nyoic {acoy ngh~nogs~ nagonc~ fhk egfm~~seec~{~ {af{ {ac gi{foh f mcrcm gb tcy~ghfm ~{yche{a fhk ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm grcy~cmb {af{- i oltmonf{ogh- uomm chfimc {acl {g ~{fhk st {g cq{cyhfm tyc~~syc~( Is{uaf{ uf~ ghm rcy yfycm fy{onsmf{ck o~ {ac bfn{ {af{ oh f~~cy{ohe f kcno~ogh {g~{yorc bgy ncy{foh nfyccy egfm~ fhk mobc~{mc~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {ac~c- gshe tcgtmc fycshuo{{ohem nfto{smf{ohe {g f ugymkrocu {af{ korokc~ {ac tsy~so{~ gb {ac gshe „

~naggmohe- mco~syc fn{oro{oc~- ngh~slt{ogh afio{~ fhk crch ncy{foh ycmf{ogh~aot~ „




>43

oh{g ‑eggk‟ fhk ‑ifk‟( Mojc {ac aoeam yc~{yon{orc icafrogsyfm ngkc~ {af{ fyc kc~nyoicki {cchfecy~ f~ oh{ceyfm {g {acoy ycmoeogs~ icmocb~- {ac~c ko~ngsy~c~ bfom {g chfimc gshetcgtmc {g lfhfec crcykf ycfmo{oc~ oh f lfhhcy {af{ o~ oh{cyhfmm ngacych{( Fhk {ac

tgmfyo~f{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ icafrogsy ycohbgync~ {ug gb {ac lg~{ tgucybsm fhkoh~okogs~ l{a~ {af{ ohbgyl {ac {yfh~o{ogh bygl naomkaggk {g fksm{aggk( [ac boy~{-lch{oghck figrc- o~ {ac tyglo~c {af{ nsyych{ fmmceofhnc {g ncy{foh icafrogsy fhkoh~{o{s{ogh~- tfy{onsmfym ~naggm- uomm yc~sm{ oh acfm{a- afttohc~~ fhk ~snnc~~ oh {acbs{syc( [ac ~cnghk o~ {af{ {ac nagonc~ fhk fn{ogh~ gb fh ohkoroksfm f{ fh tfy{onsmfylglch{ fhk oh fh ghc ~tacyc kcbohc {af{ tcy~gh‟~ lgyfm oh{ceyo{- ycefykmc~~ gb {ac gi~{fnmc~ fhk ifyyocy~ oltg~ck i ~gnofm ~{ysn{syc~ fhk oh~{o{s{ogh~ icghk{ac ngh{ygm gb {ac ohkoroksfm( ^c{{ohe egfm~ fhk ycohbgynohe {acoy mceo{olfn s~ohef ko~ngsy~c gb lgyfmo{ oh chroyghlch{~ mojc Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu nfhic shkcy~{ggk f~ f mgeonfm fhk ~ch~oimc uf gb yc~tghkohe {g rcy mgu yf{c~ gb

cksnf{oghfm fhk g{acy bgyl~ gb tcy~ghfm fnaocrclch{ gy ~gnofm ~{f{s~( Bgy {ag~cuag bgmmgu {ac ‑eggk‟ ygs{c- ~sna ~{yf{ceoc~ afrc {ac cbbcn{ gb igm~{cyohe f ~ch~cgb ~cmb,cbbonfn fhk ~cmb,c~{ccl0 {ug gb {ac oh{cytcy~ghfm vsfmo{oc~ ycngeho~ck i t~nagmgeo~{~ f~ tyg{cn{orc gb ucmm,icohe- uaona uc lch{oghck figrc( Is{- f~ uc ~fuoh Naft{cy 2 !uo{a yc~tcn{ {g tsy~sohe bgylfm cksnf{ogh/- f{{clt{~ {g ngh{ygm ~cmb i morohe {ac l{a~ ugyj ghm sh{om ~glc{aohe afttch~ {g jhgnj gshe tcgtmc gbb {yfnj( Oh {ao~ ~ch~c- egfm ~c{{ohe o~ acmtbsm f~ f mghe,{cyl ~{yf{ce bgy ghm {ac rcy bcu tggy fkgmc~nch{~ uag lfhfec {g ~s~{foh f mobc~{mc {af{ o~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {acoyegfm fhk fnaocrc ‑~snnc~~‟- f~ `skeck i tfych{~- {ac uokcy hcoeaigsyaggk fhk {accksnf{oghfm ~~{cl( Bgy {ac mfyec yclfohkcy uag kg hg{- o{ o~ f ~{yf{ce {af{ chfimc~

{acl {g fnaocrc f ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm grcy {acoy morc~ oh {ac ~agy{ {cyl( Is{ {ao~ ~ch~cgb ngacychnc fhk gb ~cmb f~ kc{cylohfh{~ gb tg~o{orc gs{nglc~ o~ shkcylohck grcy{olc icnfs~c {ac bccmohe~ gb afrohe bfomck ghc~cmb fhk ghc‟~ bflom fkk fkko{oghfmucoea{ {g {ao~ bfomsyc- fhk nfh iyohe ~si~cvsch{ ko~omms~oghlch{ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~tcy~ghfm nftfno{oc~(

Mggjohe ifnj gh ao~ {cchfec cfy~ fhk ao~ ohrgmrclch{ oh acfr kyohjohe fhkefhe~{cyo~l- Jco{a- f 99,cfy,gmk yc~okch{ gb Gncfh Rocu- kc~nyoic~ ao~ tcy~o~{ch{f{{clt{~ {g morc fnngykohe {g ao~ egfm~ kc~to{c cqtcyochnc {af{ ychkcyck {acl mc~~fhk mc~~ ycfmo~{on(

F{ {ao~ tgoh{ uach O nflc {g aoea ~naggm O ~{fy{ck bgns~ohe gh ghc{aohe- {af{ uf~ {g icnglc f mfucy( [ach O kokh‟{ eg bgy o{- is{ O uf~h‟{fm~g bgns~ck „ {ach O {agsea{- ‑Ac- O nfh ~{omm kg {af{ f{ fhg{acy {olc- Onfh `s~{ ts~a {af{ f~okc fhk ch`g l~cmb f mo{{mc io{(‟ Uo{ags{ jhguohe-O jct{ gh ch`gohe l~cmb- ch`gohe l~cmb sh{om o{ nflc gh f mf{cy ~{fec-~{fhkfyk 5- uach O bfomck {ac ghc cfy( [ach O {agsea{ o{‟~ hg{ {ac chk gb {ac ugymk fhk O uch{ ifnj( [ac hcq{ cfy O tf~~ck ~g o{ uch{ gh sh{om Onflc oh lf{yon is{ {ach l kycfl uf~ {g{fmm eghc( Fmm {ac ~{sbb {af{ O‟kkghc- fmm {ac ~{sbb {af{ O‟k ~cch fhk cqtcyochnck- O nfh ~f {af{ fn{sfmm ~{gttck lc bygl fnaocrohe uaf{ O ~c{ bgy l~cmb oh ~{fhkfyk 2 fhk

tyolfy ~naggm( !Jco{a- lfmc- feck 99- ‑[yo‟ oh{cyrocu/








>41

yc~tcn{orc ngllo{lch{ {g- fhk ohrc~{lch{ oh- cksnf{ogh ohkonf{c f ncy{foh mcrcmgb ohbmschnc i gshe tcgtmc uo{aoh {ac kglc~{on fhk nfyc hcqs~- fhk f lcfh~ i uaona {ac nfh acmt ~s~{foh {ac ygmc gb tfych{,tygrokcy crch uach {ac cnghglon

lcfh~ gb kgohe ~g fyc rcy byfeomc( Oh ycfmo{- gb ngsy~c- ig{a f lg{acy‟~ tyglo~cgb ngh{ohsgs~ bohfhnofm ~sttgy{ fhk f naomk‟~ gb cksnf{oghfm fnaocrclch{ fyc lgycycbmcn{orc gb eggk oh{ch{ogh {afh ycfmo{0 tggy uglch uag~c lfyjc{fimc ~jomm~ fycmolo{ck {g kglc~{on f~~o~{fhnc fhk naomknfyc nfhhg{ esfyfh{cc f ~s~{fohck ohnglc-mc{ fmghc {ac ~sl~ hcnc~~fy {g bohfhnc bsy{acy cksnf{ogh( ôlomfym- naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~oh {acoy mgnfm ~naggm yfycm {yfh~mf{c oh{g cksnf{oghfm ~snnc~~( [ac ko~ngsy~c fhkokcfm fyc ghc~ {af{ f~~oeh tgucy {g ig{a fksm{ fhk naomk- is{ {ac aoeam yc~{yon{orcfhk ko~cltgucyohe hf{syc gb lfh nmf~~yggl~ fhk gb {ac `gi lfyjc{ ychkcy~ {ao~fh clt{ tgucy( [ac fy{onsmf{ogh gb {ac~c ngllo{lch{~ kgc~- agucrcy- ~cyrc fkobbcych{ tsytg~c- hflcm {g ~{yche{ach ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk chafhnc gshe tcgtmc‟~

nghron{ogh oh ~cmb fhk o~- {acycbgyc- oltgy{fh{ bgy {ac ycf~gh~ kc~nyoick cfymocy oh{ac naft{cy( Lgycgrcy- yf{oghfm hceg{of{ogh gb ngh{yois{ogh~ {gufyk~ f tg~o{orcbs{syc gs{nglc o~ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a- fhk nfh ic fy{onsmf{ck oh {cyl~ gb- hg{ogh~ gb yc~tcn{ {af{ cqo~{ ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~( Naomkych uag ngh~ch{ {g tfych{fm esokfhncfhk kc~oyc~ fyc bsmbommohe {acoy ks{ {g yc~tcn{ {acoy ~chogy~( Gb{ch shkcy~{ggk f~siovso{gs~m ~cyrohe {g tmfnc fh shiyokecfimc eft ic{ucch {ac echcyf{ogh~- uc bgshk{af{ hg{ogh~ gb ‑yc~tcn{‟ !sjsamghotaf oh o~oQag~f/ ~cyrck f~ f ngllgh tyohnotmcbygl uaona gshe tcgtmc ucyc fimc {g ig{a isomk fhk fy{onsmf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ gb ycnotygnfm yc~tcn{ uo{a tfych{~ fhk g{acy fksm{~( [ac nsm{syfm ysiyon esokohe ~gnofmycmf{ogh~aot~ oh Bo~a Agcj fhk Gncfh Rocu kgc~ hg{ ohnmskc {ac cqtmono{ fy{onsmf{ogh

gb yc~tcn{ f~ oh{ceyfm {g {ac ighk ic{ucch {ac gshe fhk {acoy ~chogy~( Shmojc {acoyngsh{cytfy{~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- gshe tcgtmc oh {ac~c {ug ngllsho{oc~ kg hg{ afrc~sna f ycbcychnc tgoh{ fhk ~{yseemck {g chechkcy ycnotygnfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ gb nfyc fhk{ys~{ uo{a tfych{~(

Fkgmc~nch{~ fhk tfych{~ oh Gncfh Rocu fm~g kyfu gh {ac ko~ngsy~c gb ~snnc~~{aygsea cksnf{ogh {g ~{yche{ach {acoy yc~tcn{orc ngllo{lch{~ {g cfna g{acy- is{ o{~cbbcn{ o~ koms{ck i {ac tyc~chnc gb g{acy ko~ngsy~c~( [ac~c ohnmskc {ac kchoeyf{oghgb {ac nftfno{ fhk tg{ch{ofm gb {ac gshe i {ac gmkcy echcyf{ogh( Crcykf nghrcy~f{ogh~ yco{cyf{c {ac uokc~tycfk rocu {af{ ghm {ac cqnct{oghfmm {fmch{ck bcuuomm ~snncck- uaomc {ac lf`gyo{ gb gshe tcgtmc uomm chk st ̀ gimc~~ fhk tggy( Fksm{~

oh Gncfh Rocu ycngeho~c {ac hcef{orc cbbcn{ gb ~sna ko~ngsy~c gh gshe tcgtmc‟~lg{orf{ogh- {ac fi~chnc gb ~g,nfmmck ygmc lgkcm~ !uag fyc oltgy{fh{ icnfs~c {ac gbbcy fh fm{cyhf{orc {g {ac tyckon{ck tf{{cyh/ fhk ~tcfj figs{ icohe {yfttck oh f nnmcgb hcef{oro{ !@fykoch " Ngmmc{{ 9442/( Ghm f ~lfmm tgy{ogh gb fkgmc~nch{~- gb{ch „is{ hg{ cqnms~orcm „ {ag~c uo{a f ao~{gy gb aoea,vsfmo{ oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh {acaglc- eggk ngllshonf{ogh fhk ~gnofm ~jomm~ fhk f ygis~{- is{ bmcqoimc- {cltcyflch{fyc fimc {g ~s~{foh {ac tcy~ghfm ngacychnc fhk oh{ceyo{ {g nfyrc f tf{a {aygsea {ac~cifyyocy~( Tcytc{sf{ck {aygsea mgnfm ko~ngsy~c fhk tygnc~~c~ gb ~gnofmo~f{ogh- echcyfmtyckon{ogh~ gb bfomsyc ~crcycm nsy{fom gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~ch~c gb ~cmb,cbbonfn( Gb{chlo~mcfkohem f{{yois{ck {g ~g,nfmmck ‑ngmgsyck nsm{syc‟- {ac rocu {af{ ghm {ac lohgyo{

uomm fnaocrc ls~{ ic shkcy~{ggk f~ clcyeohe bygl f ao~{gyonfm fhk ngh{cltgyfy




>4?

~gnogtgmo{onfm okch{o{ nafyfn{cyo~ck i f tfy{onsmfy bgyl gb ko~nyolohf{ogh fhklfyeohfmo{ !kc~nyoick oh Naft{cy~ 9- 3 fhk 2/(

^ccjohe tfy{onsmfy {tc~ gb ~sttgy{ bygl ohkoroksfm~ uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggkgy joh hc{ugyj f~ f lcfh~ gb ~sttmclch{ohe nfyc uo{aoh {ac aglc fhk {ac ycfk fkgt{ogh gb tfych{,boesyc~ fyc {ug g{acy uf~ oh uaona tggy naomkych s~c {acoy guhlgiomo{ fhk lgyc echcyfm kglc~{on bmsoko{ {g ch~syc ~cmb,nfyc( _gshe yc~okch{~gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu lgrc ic{ucch aglc~ ksyohe {ac kf- fhkngllghm lgrc oh{g f ycmf{orc‟~ gy hcoeaigsy‟~ aglc {g frgok yc~gsync ngh~{yfoh{~gy nghbmon{~( ^sna f ~{yf{ce ch{fom~ f naomk ch{ys~{ohe ao~ gy acy igk fhk clg{ogh~{g {ac fksm{~ uag lfjc st {ao~ uokcy hc{ugyj gb nfyc- f ~{yf{ce {af{ o~ bgshk {g icmfyecm tyg{cn{orcis{ {af{ nfh yc~sm{ oh fis~c- oh`sy gy kcf{a( Bgy {ac~c hc{ugyj~gb nfyc ohnmskc lch uag~c ygmc~ f~ tygrokcy~ oh {ac aglc fhk ngllsho{ afrcicch shkcylohck i ngh{ohsohe shcltmglch{- {ac t~nagmgeonfm oltmonf{ogh~ gb uaona fyc hg{ c{ bsmm shkcy~{ggk- is{ fyc f~~gnof{ck uo{a fmngagmo~l- kyse s~c- rogmchnc fhk fis~c( F ngllgh yc~tgh~c {g {ac agyygy gb nghbmon{ gy fis~c uo{aohoh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ ~omchnc gh {ac tfy{ gb naomkych gb fmm fec~( Hgh,ko~nmg~syc o~~ch~oimc oh {af{ o{ chfimc~ {ac gshe {g yc{foh ~glc kceycc gb tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm grcy{ac ~o{sf{ogh: o{ fm~g chfimc~ {acl {g ~s~{foh ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk achnc bflomofmoh{ceyo{( Oh {ac mghecy {cyl- ~omchnc lf fmmgu {olc bgy tygimcl~ {g ic {fnjmckfhk yc~gmrck( Bfy lgyc mojcm o~ {af{ hcemcn{ gy fis~c ngh{ohsc~ shkc{cn{ck icnfs~cgshe tcgtmc‟~ kcno~ogh~ {g yclfoh ~omch{ fyo~c hg{ gs{ gb {acoy ycmf{oghfm okcfm~- is{gs{ gb ch{ychnack fec fhk echkcy aocyfynaoc~ {af{ ~ceycef{c naomkych fhk fksm{~ fhkuglch fhk lch- fhk kcrfmsc {ac {c~{olgh gb gshe tcgtmc „ c~tcnofmm eoym~(

Ngh~okcyf{ogh gb {ac lfhhcy oh uaona naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fn{ {g ohbmschnc{acoy oh{olf{c fhk nfyohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ f{ aglc yfo~c~ vsc~{ogh~ gb agu fksm{~ oh{ac~c ~tacyc~ yc~tghk {g {ac ngeho~fhnc fhk fn{ogh~ gb {ac gshe( Tfych{~ bgy {aclg~{ tfy{- fhk tfy{onsmfym lg{acy~- fyc chngsyfeck i {acoy naomkych‟~ fn{ogh~ {gngh{ohsc ugyjohe fhk cfyhohe {g ~s~{foh {acoy naomkych‟~ hsy{syc fhk cksnf{ogh( [ackc{cylohck tsy~so{ gb {ac lf{cyofm- ~gnofm fhk clg{oghfm yc~gsync~ hcckck {g yfo~cnaomkych i tggy ^gs{a Fbyonfh~ o~ eorch ~nfh{ ycngeho{ogh oh {ac tgtsmfy lckof!Lcoh{`c~ " Iyf 9443/ fhk yclfoh~ yf{acy isyock oh fnfkclon uyo{ohe gh {ac bflom !Yfltacmc 9449: Ychgmk~ 6??>- 6??3/( ^glc mot ~cyronc o~ tfok {g {ac bgy{o{skc gb

lg{acy~ fhk eyfhklg{acy~- tfy{onsmfym {ag~c nfyohe bgy naomkych gytafhck i {acFOK^ tfhkclon- is{ {ac {ysc cq{ch{ gb {acoy tygro~ogh fhk {af{ gb lch o~ ngh~o~{ch{m shkcy,fnjhgumckeck !bgy f ycnch{ cqnct{ogh- ~cc Yona{cy " ^lo{a 9442/( Tggytfych{~- mojc {acoy lokkmc,nmf~~ ngsh{cytfy{~- fyc cqtcn{ck {g tyg{cn{ fhk tygrokc-is{ morc oh {ac jhgumckec {af{ {ac nfhhg{ fmuf~ bsmbom {acoy yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~( Oh lfh gb Nftc [guh‟~ hcoeaigsyaggk~- tfych{~ nfhhg{ esfyfh{cc tyg{cn{ogh bygl {ac rogmchnc gb ashecy fh lgyc {afh bygl {ac rogmchnc gb f kyshjch fhk ko~omms~oghckhcoeaigsy( [ac lfeho{skc fhk oltmonf{ogh~ gb {ac ko~cltgucylch{ gb {ag~c uagafrc ks{oc~ {g nfyc bgy naomkych fyc yfycm ycngeho~ck gy kcif{ck oh {ac tsimon fychf-crch uach {acoy tyc~chnc o~ girogs~( Oh lok,9445- {ac fiksn{ogh~ fhk lsykcy~ gb

bgsy naomkych oh Nftc [guh oh ~ctfyf{c ohnokch{~ ycncorck bygh{,tfec hcu~ ngrcyfec




>64

gh ngh~cns{orc kf~( Ghc fy{onmc ohnmskck f mobc,~opc tag{geyfta gb f kcfk naomk‟~lg{acy- acfk oh afhk~- nyohe oh fheso~a icnfs~c ~ac afk icch shfimc {g tyg{cn{ acynaomk bygl f jommcy oh acy guh hcoeaigsyaggk(> Hghc kycu f{{ch{ogh {g {ac tfy{onsmfy

kclfhk~ gh tfych{~ fhk nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb {ac ~gnofm fhk isom{ chroyghlch{ {af{ mohj {ac~c {yfeckoc~ {g tgrcy{ oh o{~ iygfkc~{ ~ch~c(

Lg{acy~ fyc rfmokf{ck oh {acoy nfyohe ygmc i ~{yghem echkcyck koro~ogh~ gb yc~tgh~oiomo{ {af{ gtcyf{c fnyg~~ ucfm{a fhk nsm{syfm ngh{cq{~( [ao~ tg~o{ogh gb tyoromcec lcfh~ {af{ {ac lf{cyhfm nfyc ygmc nfyyoc~ tfy{onsmfy ucoea{0 naomkychuag morck ftfy{ bygl {acoy iogmgeonfm lg{acy~ fhk uag tcyncorck {acl {g afrc oh~glc uf nag~ch hg{ {g bsmbom {acoy lf{cyhfm ygmc ucyc ~glcuaf{ nyo{onfm fhk crchyc~ch{bsm gb {acoy lg{acy~ „ bccmohe~ {af{ ~ccl {g ~{cl bygl f ~ch~c {af{ {ac afrcicch kchock f ro{fm oheyckoch{ gb hsy{syc oh o{~ bsmmc~{ ~ch~c( Bf{acy~- gh {ac g{acyafhk- fyc eorch mo{{mc gy hg tsimon nycko{ bgy {acoy ngh{yois{ogh {g naomk ycfyohe- fhk{acoy fi~chnc bygl {ac aglc o~ hg{ rocuck f~ yclfyjfimc( [ac kobbcyohe cqtcn{f{ogh~gb lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ fyo~c bygl ngh{ohsohe cqtyc~~ogh~ gb tf{yofyna {af{ tg~o{oghlch f~ gs{~okc {ac kglc~{on fhk hsy{syohe ycfml kc~to{c c{ahgeyftaon crokchncgb {acoy tfy{onotf{ogh oh o{( Bf{acy~ fyc kcton{ck f~ hcemoech{ gy- f{ ic~{- f ~gsync gb lghc {af{ ngsmk fhk ~agsmk ic {fttck( O{ o~ oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb {ao~ tgucybsm l{a{af{ naomkych ~{yorc {g ~s~{foh nghhcn{ogh~ uo{a bf{acy~ uag morc oh g{acy ags~cagmk~gy ~glc ko~{fhnc fuf( Fm{agsea kobbonsm{ {g vsfh{ob- uc afrc crokchnc gb bf{acy~yc~tghkohe uo{a echcyg~o{ fhk fbbcn{ogh {g {acoy naomkych‟~ cbbgy{~- ~glc tygrokoheig{a lf{cyofm fhk clg{oghfm nfyc bgy f tcyogk gb naomkaggk fhk g{acy~ chfimohegmkcy {cchfecy~ {g nafhec aglc~ fhk'gy ~naggm~ ~agsmk {ac uo~a {g( [af{ ~fok- fmfyec tygtgy{ogh gb gshe tcgtmc ~{yseemck uo{a {acoy bf{acy‟~ kcno~ogh {g ~{f gs{ gb {gsna gy kg mo{{mc lgyc {afh tygrokc gnnf~oghfm bshk~( Fhk ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a gshetcgtmc‟~ eycf{cy ucoea{ohe gb nfyc {gufyk~ uglch !fhk lg{acy~ oh tfy{onsmfy/ o~{acoy- f{ mcf~{ tfy{ofm- ycngeho{ogh gb {ac ngh{cq{ oh uaona bf{acy~ nagg~c {g jcct {acoyko~{fhnc( Fkgmc~nch{~ fhk crch gshecy naomkych ngsmk ~cc {af{ gi~{fnmc~ {g bf{acy~kgohe g{acyuo~c ohnmskc {ac f~~oehohe gb echkcyck ygmc~ {af{ cf~om cqnmskc lch bygl{ac nfyc,eorohe hcqs~- {acoy gimoef{ogh~ {g g{acy bflomoc~ fhk „ oh tggy ngllsho{oc~f{ mcf~{ „ {acoy rcy molo{ck cfyhohe nftfno{(

Ecgeyfta- lgiomo{ fhk nmfolohe ngllsho{Mfohe nmfol gh ‑ngllsho{‟ o~ f kolch~ogh gb ig{a ohkoroksfm fhk ~gnofm okch{o{ {af{ o~ f~ oltgy{fh{ oh naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc f~ o{ o~ oh fksm{aggk( Gb{ch o{ o~f~~slck {af{ ghm fksm{~ lfjc kcno~ogh~ figs{ agu hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc gyefho~ckfhk s~ck i {acoy yc~okch{~( [ac ~oehobonfhnc gb tmfnc fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc {g {ac gshefhk {acoy cbbonfn oh {ac~c ~tacyc~ fyc gb{ch shkcyc~{olf{ck( [ac cq{ch{ {g uaonanaomkych eyguohe st oh tg~{,ftfy{acok Nftc [guh nfh cqcy{ ngh{ygm grcy {acoyguh s~c gb ta~onfm ~tfnc fhk ~aftc {ac nafyfn{cy gb {ao~ ~tfnc rfyoc~ ngh~okcyfim(Aoea mcrcm~ gb ohkctchkch{ lgiomo{ ch`gck i gmkcy naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ ohLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu fmmgu {acl ~glc nagonc oh {ac ohkoroksfm~ uo{a

uagl {ac nsm{orf{c ~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk f kceycc gb tgucy oh {ac tfnc f{ uaona




>66

{ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ kcrcmgt fhk {ac johk~ gb yc~gsync~ {ac nagg~c {g kcyorc bygl{acl( _gshe tcgtmc {acyc ngh~ch{ {g {ac lgiomo{ yc~{yon{ogh~ {af{ fksm{~ tmfnc gh rcy gshe naomkych fhk eoym~ icnfs~c {ac shkcy~{fhk {acoy eycf{cy ~s~nct{oiomo{

{g kfhecy( [af{ ~fok- bygl fh cfym fec {ac fyc ch{ys~{ck uo{a yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ grcygshecy ~oimohe~ bgy mfyec tfy{~ gb {ac kf uaomc fksm{~ ugyj( Oh f isom{ chroyghlch{uacyc {acyc fyc gtch ~cucy~- hfyygu ~{ycc{~ {af{ kgsimc st f~ nyonjc{ to{nac~ fhktf{auf~ fhk tmf ~tfnc~ aokkch bygl rocu- lgho{gyohe naomkych‟~ ~fbc{ o~ tyfn{onfmm oltg~~oimc( Fnnokch{~- fiksn{ogh~ fhk crch lsykcy~ gnnsy- fhk {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb ~sna hcoeaigsyaggk,mcrcm rogmchnc bgy fkgmc~nch{~ nafyeck uo{a {ac nfyc gb gshenaomkych yclfoh shjhguh(

Hcoeaigsyaggk,mcrcm rogmchnc gb f kobbcych{ hf{syc kglohf{c~ {ac nghncyh~ gb naomkych oh Gncfh Rocu- fhk {g f mc~~cy cq{ch{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmcicnfs~c o{ koycn{m shkcylohc~ tcy~ghfm oh{ceyo{ fhk o~ ~glc{aohe {ac ~cc {acl~cmrc~ f~ icohe shfimc{g nsyi gy fkkyc~~ cbbcn{orcm( Fkgmc~nch{~ tcy~o~{ch{m okch{ob yslgsy fhk eg~~otf~ ~gnofm tyfn{onc~ {af{ nafyfn{cyo~c fhkoh ~glc uf~- kcbohc Gncfh Rocu( ^glcgb {acoy tccy~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fh{onotf{c {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb icohe shkcylohck oh{acoy nfyccy tsy~so{~ i `cfmgs~ hcoeaigsy~ {aygsea {ac lckosl gb uo{nanyfb{( F~uc ~aguck oh Naft{cy 3- ~glc gshe tcgtmc yc~tghk {g kchoeyf{ohe yslgsy~ i f{{clt{ohe {g ycbs{c {acoy {ys{a „ f if{{mc {af{ o~ afyk {g boea{( G{acy~ bccm ~g s{{cym ko~cltgucyck {af{ {ac yc~tghk i nfto{smf{ohe fhk icafrohe oh uf~ {af{ {acyslgsy lomm cqtcn{~( [ac bcfy gb icohe {ac ~si`cn{ gb eg~~ot fhk o{~ ngh~cvschnc~{g tcy~ghfm oh{ceyo{ fhk ngh{ygm gb ~cmb fmcy{ s~ {g {ac kfyjcy ~okc gb naomkych‟~cqtcyochnc~ gb morohe oh nmg~c,jho{ hcoeaigsyaggk~( Fhk uaomc icohe {fyec{~ gb fh{otf{a oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk o~ ncy{fohm ~cch f~ f tg~~oiomo{ i gshe yc~okch{~oh Lf~otaslcmcmc- {acoy tccy~ oh Gncfh Rocu ngh~okcyck o{ ohcro{fimc icnfs~c {ac uo{hc~~ o{~ tycrfmchnc oh {acoy guh fhk {acoy tfych{~‟ echcyf{ogh( [cfnacy~- tgmoncfhk ~gnofm ugyjcy~ uag yc~okc fhk ugyj oh Gncfh Rocu nghnsyyck- mohjohe cq{ch~orceg~~ot {g {ac ‑nnmc gb hcef{oro{‟ !ycbcyyck {g figrc/ {af{ af~ clcyeck bygl f ao~{gy gb bgynck yclgrfm~ fhk ngh{ohsohe tgrcy{ fhk ~gnofm lfyeohfmo~f{ogh( Oh {acoy cc~-lfh yc~okch{~ ngh{ohsc {g bccm cqnmskck bygl mgnfm tgmo{onfm ~{ysn{syc~- cltmglch{gttgy{sho{oc~- rgmsh{fy,~cn{gy kcrcmgtlch{ fn{oro{oc~ fhk {ac ~{f{c‟~ tgrcy{,ycksn{ogh ~{yf{ceoc~ !f~ kclgh~{yf{ck oh f rogmch{ ~{ycc{ tyg{c~{ {g kcmf~ oh ags~ohetygro~ogh;/( [ac ~{cycg{tonfm fhk tc`gyf{orc f{{o{skc~ gb {ag~c morohe cm~cuacyc oh

{ac Rfmmc !fhk gb{ch lfkc cqtmono{ oh {ac mgnfm tyc~~/ fyc {c~{olgh {g {ac tcy~o~{ch{~gnofm rogmchnc {af{ shkcy~ngyc~ tcyncorck lfyeohfmo~f{ogh flghe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu( Oh {ao~ ngh{cq{- fksm{~ kgsi{ {acoy guh fhk {acoy naomkych‟~ fiomo{ {g ichcbo{ bygl ~gnoc{- fhk yc~tghk {g {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb g{acy tcgtmc kgohe ~g „oh ~glc nf~c~ crch {acoy guh naomkych „ i kchoeyf{ohe {acoy cbbgy{~ fhk ~tycfkohehcef{orc yslgsy~(

_gshe yc~okch{~ gb Bo~a Agcj tcyncorc Lf~otaslcmcmc f~ f rcy kobbcych{hcoeaigsyaggk {g {acoy guh icnfs~c o{ af~ uaf{ {ac kc~nyoic f~ ‑ngllsho{ ~toyo{‟(Bgy lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych uag fyc mfyecm f{ aglc gy bcyyock {g fhk bygl ~tgy{ohe gy

mco~syc fn{oro{oc~ i tfych{~- {ac fiomo{ {g lgrc figs{ fhk oh{cyfn{ uo{a hcoeaigsy~




>69

byccm o~ ~olsm{fhcgs~m bgycoeh- yo~j fhk f{{yfn{orc( Kc~to{c {acoy ~{f{ck uo~ac~ {gafrc eycf{cy ngh{ygm grcy {acoy ~gnofm morc~- naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj s~sfmm ngh~ch{{g fksm{~ ~{ysn{syohe {acoy {olc fhk lgiomo{( [ac ch`g {ac yfhec gb ~tgy{~ fhk

mco~syc tsy~so{~ gh gbbcy- fhk fnvsoyc ~jomm~- ~{f{s~ fhk f ~gnofm hc{ugyj {aygsea{acoy tfy{onotf{ogh( Is{ {ac fm~g tcyncorc {acl~cmrc~ {g ic f{ yo~j gb nyolc fhkyfycm nafmmchec fksm{~ gh {ao~ lf{{cy( Ycefykmc~~ gb o{~ fn{sfm tycrfmchnc- nyolc o~f ~gnofm ycfmo{ bgy {ac~c gshe tcgtmc icnfs~c o{ kglohf{c~ mgnfm hcu~tftcy~ fhko~ f bycvsch{ {gton gb nghrcy~f{ogh uo{aoh bflomoc~- hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk ~naggm~(Naomkych oh Bo~a Agcj jhgu {af{ tcy~ghfm f~~fsm{ fhk {acb{ gnnsy ycesmfym oh{acoy mgnfmo{ f~ {ac kg oh g{acy lokkmc,nmf~~ ~sisyi~ oh Nftc [guh( Uaf{ {ac fyc mc~~ fufyc gb o~ {af{ {acoy guh yo~j gb icohe ~cyogs~m f~~fsm{ck gy nfsea{ st ohfksm{ rogmchnc o~ bfy mc~~ {afh {af{ bfnohe {acoy tccy~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ mojcLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu(

[ac ~tf{ofm gyefho~f{ogh gb yc~okch{ofm ngllsho{oc~ oh Nftc [guh af~ f ngh{ohsoheicfyohe gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ bflomofyo{ uo{a hcoeaigsyaggk~ icghk {ag~c {ac yc~okc oh- f~ ucmm f~ gh {acoy f{{yois{ogh gb f ngllgh ngllsho{ okch{o{ oh `sq{ftg~o{ogh {g {af{ gb g{acy ngllsho{oc~( [ao~ o~ tfy{onsmfym {ysc gb Gncfh Rocu-uacyc f ~ch~c gb ecgeyftaonfm o~gmf{ogh bsy{acy ycohbgync~ o{~ yc~okch{~‟ tcyncorck~gnofm lfyeohfmo~f{ogh mohjck {g {ac ~aftohe gb ngllsho{ okch{o{oc~ {aygsea ycnch{ao~{gy kc~nyoick figrc( _gshe yc~okch{~ gb Gncfh Rocu ~f {af{ {ac ugsmk mojceycf{cy ohrgmrclch{ oh fn{oro{oc~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc fhk crch oh {ac no{- is{ bcu {yfrcm(Fksm{~ fhk naomkych fmojc tcyncorc ko~{fhnc~ {g ic eycf{ fhk {yfrcm cqtch~orc( F~ fyc~sm{- {ac lf`gyo{ bohk o{ kobbonsm{ {g echcyf{c f ~ch~c gb ngllsho{ {af{ ~{yc{nac~icghk {acoy guh hcoeaigsyaggk(

[ac ta~onfm lgiomo{ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ fygshk {ac Rfmmc o~ fmlg~{ fmuf~bygl tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh{g ucfm{aocy ghc~( Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ byglLf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu {yfrcm oh{g Bo~a Agcj {g ~agt- s~c ycnycf{oghfmbfnomo{oc~- eg {g ~naggm fhk gnnf~oghfmm {g ugyj( Bcu gshe tcgtmc crcy {yfrcm oh {acgttg~o{c koycn{ogh~( _gshe tcgtmc- mojc fksm{~- {chk {g ~{onj {g {ac bflomofy( Oh {ao~ycefyk- rcy tggy naomkych morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc ~{fhk {g ic lgyc ecgeyftaonfmm jhgumckecfimc {afh {acoy gb{ch ucfm{aocy tccy~ morohe cm~cuacyc- tsycm icnfs~c {ac afrc ~tch{ {olc oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk emcfhck jhgumckec bygl {ao~( _gshe

yc~okch{~ gb Bo~a Agcj- i ngltfyo~gh- afrc yfycm icch {g Gncfh Rocu gy crchjhgu uacyc o{ o~- fhk bcu gb {ag~c uag afrc ch{cyck Lf~otaslcmcmc afrc ~{cttckgs{ gb f nfy( F~ tgoh{ck gs{ cfymocy- {ac~c naomkych‟~ lgiomo{ o~ mfyecm kc{cylohck i tfych{fm kc~oeh fhk f lokkmc,nmf~~ mobc~{mc {af{ {chk~ {g rfmsc gyefho~ck ~tgy{~ fhkmco~syc tsy~so{~ lgyc {afh nsm{orf{ohe byochk~aot~ oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~( _gshetcgtmc- {acycbgyc- afrc mo{{mc mf{o{skc {g fm{cy afio{sfm fksm{ kcno~ogh~ fhk bflom tf{{cyh~- tfy{onsmfym uach ~fbc{ o~ s~ck {g ̀ s~{ob tf{{cyh~ gb lgiomo{ fhk ~gnofmo{(Cfymocy uc hg{ck {ac oltfn{ gb ta~onfm fhk ~gnog,ao~{gyonfm o~gmf{ogh gh gsheGncfh Rocu yc~okch{~‟ ngeho~fhnc gb ~cmb oh ycmf{ogh {g ngllsho{ lclicy~aot( O{o~ fm~g oltgy{fh{ {g gi~cyrc {af{ {ac~c gshe tcgtmc fyc bsy{acy ko~cltgucyck i

{ac bfn{ {af{ {ac fyc {ac mcf~{ ro~o{ck i {ag~c morohe cm~cuacyc fhk- {acycbgyc- {ac




>6>

mcf~{ jhguh figs{ fhk {ac lg~{ cf~om ~{cycg{tck( [ac bmgu gb aslfh- bohfhnofmfhk ~gnofm yc~gsync~ bygl uao{c lokkmc,nmf~~ ngllsho{oc~ {g tggy imfnj Fbyonfh{guh~aot~ yctyc~ch{~ cbbgy{~ gb {ac echcyfm tsimon {g yckyc~~ {ac ohcvsfmo{oc~ gb

ftfy{acok {aygsea {fyec{ck nafyo{ cbbgy{~( Is{ uo{ags{ tgmo{onfm ohbmschnc- naomkychfhk fkgmc~nch{~ nfh kg mo{{mc {g fm{cy mghe,~{fhkohe tf{{cyh~ gb ugyj fhk rgmsh{ccyoheoh uf~ {af{ ugsmk ohnycf~c lgrclch{ oh fhk gs{ gb fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ !fhk lg~{tcy{ohch{m Gncfh Rocu/ fhk {acyci chechkcy {ac johk gb jhgumckec hcckck {gisomk shkcy~{fhkohe fhk shkcylohc ~{cycg{tohe flghe Rfmmc yc~okch{~(

[fyec{ohe yc~gsync~ {g Lf~otaslcmcmc- uaomc !f{ mcf~{ sh{om rcy ycnch{m/ mfyecm oehgyohe {ac hcck~ gb Gncfh Rocu yc~okch{~ o~ ghc uf oh uaona oh~{o{s{ogh~ fycshuo{{ohem ycohbgynohe kobbcychnc gh {ac if~o~ gb ‑yfnc‟( Naomkych oh {ac lsm{oyfnofmchroyghlch{~ gb Bo~a Agcj ~naggm~ kyfu gh f mfhesfec gb yfnc- fmico{ {aygsea tmfbsmfkft{f{ogh~ gb {cylohgmge- is{ f{ {ac ~flc {olc kc~oyc {g fifhkgh {ac~c {cyl~icnfs~c {ac fyc ohfttygtyof{c {g {acoy tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc~ gb byochk~aot bgylf{ogh([ac gb{ch bfom {g bohk fttygtyof{c rgnfismfy {g kc~nyoic {acoy cqtcyochnc~ icnfs~c{ac afrc yfycm ~tch{ {olc oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk ~ccl {g afrc mo{{mcbflomofyo{ uo{a {ac nghnct{ gb nmf~~ kobbcychnc( [cchfecy~‟ kc~nyot{ogh~ gb kobbcychnc~{af{ {ac chngsh{cy oh {cyl~ gb ~{mc- aslgsy fhk s~c gb ~mfhe ohkonf{c f ~cfynabgy fh fm{cyhf{orc rgnfismfy uo{a uaona {g lfjc ~ch~c gb {acoy ~gnofm ugymk~( Is{tcy~o~{ch{ cnghglon fhk ~gnofm ohcvsfmo{oc~ fyc fi~ch{ bygl {acoy ko~ngsy~c( Rf~{kobbcychnc~ oh ucfm{a {af{ fyc ~g ~{fy{mohem girogs~ {g fh gs{~okc gi~cyrcy kg hg{-o{ fttcfy~- bgyl tfy{ gb ko~ns~~ogh~ f{ aglc gy oh {ac nmf~~yggl( I kcbfsm{ fhk{aygsea f mfnj gb jhgumckec flghe {ac gshe- {ac {gg tfy{onotf{c oh ~sttgy{ohe {acl{a {af{ ‑yfnc‟ !f~ cqtyc~~ck i hcoeaigsyaggk- mfhesfec fhk nsm{syc/ o~ {ac ~gsyncgb kobbcychnc yf{acy {afh f lfyjcy gb kobbcychnc mfyecm f{{yois{fimc {g tcy~o~{ch{~gnofm fhk cnghglon ohcvsfmo{oc~(

Uc chngsh{cyck f echcyfm- tgtsmfy icmocb {af{ oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb f mghe tcyogk gb ftfy{acok,kglohf{ck egrcyhfhnc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf „ tcyaft~ ycohbgynck i {acngh{ohsohe ~tf{ofm fhk cnghglon ~ceycef{ogh gb ngh{cltgyfy Nftc [guh „nafhec fhklgyc ~tcnobonfmm- yfnofm oh{ceyf{ogh- uomm gnnsy {aygsea {ac fn{ogh~gb {ac gshe( Ohkcck- {acyc o~ ~glc crokchnc {af{ {acyc fyc lfh ~tfnc~ uacyc{ac hcu lsm{oyfnofm lokkmc nmf~~ o~ oh{ceyf{ck yfnofmm {g fh cq{ch{ {af{ uf~ fmlg~{

sholfeohfimc shkcy ftfy{acok !Hjshf 9442: fhk ~cc fm~g Naft{cy 2/( Is{ oh {acngh{cq{ gb {ac ifyyocy~ kc~nyoick figrc- {ao~ hg{ogh o~ cqtcyochnck i f mfyectygtgy{ogh gb {ao~ echcyf{ogh‟~ gs{a f~ mo{{mc lgyc {afh fhg{acy l{a grcy uaona{ac afrc bcu hceg{of{ohe tgucy~0

[ac nflt~ {af{ GOM ZGuhcy~aot- Ohrc~{- Morc\ gyefho~c fyc eycf{( Ucec{ {g ~{f oh f kgyl uo{a {cchfecy~ bygl fmm fygshk {ac Rfmmc( O uf~h‟{~g ~syc figs{ o{ {ac boy~{ {olc O uch{- fhk O kokh‟{ ~tcfj {g fhghc bgy fngstmc gb kf~( [ach O `s~{ eg{ naf{{ohe uo{a {ao~ uao{c eoym fhk uc icnflcbyochk~( Uc ~cc cfna g{acy f mg{ hgu( Is{ {ac nflt~ ghm afttch f ngstmcgb {olc~ f cfy•{acyc ~agsmk ic lgyc {aohe~ mojc {ao~ uacyc uc kg ~{sbb

{gec{acy( !Fhcmc- eoym- feck 62- Lf~otaslcmcmc/




>6;

Gsy yc~cfyna ~seec~{~ {af{ gshe tcgtmc ugsmk ~tchk lgyc {olc uo{a {ag~c uagmorc oh kobbcych{ hcoeaigsyaggk~ ob {ac ngsmk kg ~g cf~om( Nasynac~- ~naggm~ fhkgs{a,gyoch{ck HEG~ tygrokc ~glc gb {ac rcy ~nfync ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm ~tfnc {g

chfimc {ao~ oh {ac Rfmmc( Is{ ngh{ygm yclfoh~ mfyecm oh {ac afhk~ gb fksm{ bfnomo{f{gy~!icnfs~c kglohfh{- nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck shkcy~{fhkohe~ gb naomkaggk- ngltc{chncfhk fksm{ yc~tgh~oiomo{ lcfh {af{ {ac afrc hg{ ngh~okcyck fh fm{cyhf{orc {g {ao~/(Bgy {ac lg~{ tfy{- naomkych gy fkgmc~nch{~ fyc shfimc {g ohbmschnc {ac kc~oeh gyecgeyftaonfm ycfna gb {ac rfyogs~ cksnf{oghfm oh~{o{s{ogh~- mco~syc gttgy{sho{oc~ gy~tgy{~ {cfl~ {af{ afrc icch c~{fimo~ack bgy {ac gs{a(

^naggmohe fhk ngh{ygm

Cfymocy oh {ao~ rgmslc- uc ~aguck agu {ac hf{syc fhk vsfmo{ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~

uo{aoh {ac nmf~~yggl fhk ~naggm rfy uo{aoh fhk flghe hcoeaigsyaggk~ !~ccNaft{cy 3/( Ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch {cfnacy fhk ~{skch{- fhk flghe ~{skch{~- afrcf tygbgshk ohbmschnc gh gshe tcgtmc‟~ fiomo{oc~ {g mcfyh- fhk f yfhec gb nsm{syfmfhk ~{ysn{syfm bfn{gy~ oltckc {ac gshe oh ~aftohe {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ {g {acoyfkrfh{fec( Ngytgyfm tsho~alch{ „ fm{agsea gbbonofmm ifhhck fhk- fnngykohe {gnaomkych oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu- s~ck mc~~ bycvsch{m oh ycnch{ cfy~ „uf~ ycts{ckm gnnsyyohe icaohk nmg~ck kggy~ fhk o~ fh cq{yclc lfhobc~{f{ogh gb fksm{ fs{agyo{ uo{aoh {ac ~naggm ycfml( [ac ycmsn{fhnc gb lfh {cfnacy~ !oh fmm~naggm~- is{ tfy{onsmfym {ag~c oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc/ {g ohbgyl tstom~gb lfhfeclch{ kcno~ogh~ gy {g chefec {acl oh kcif{c figs{ ic{{cy fm{cyhf{orc~ oh

~naggm tyfn{onc o~ bsy{acy crokchnc gb f tgucy korokc ic{ucch {cfnacy~ fhk tstom~-fhk ghc {af{ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ mceo{olo~ck i iygfkcy hg{ogh~ gb yc~tcn{ bgy ghc‟~~chogy~- lch{oghck cfymocy( Tstom~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc cqtyc~~ bys~{yf{ogh uach ~snaf{{o{skc~ ychkcy {acl shfimc {g s~c crch bgylfm nafhhcm~ !~sna f~ {ac yctyc~ch{f{orcngshnom gb mcfyhcy~/ {g ohbmschnc {acoy mcfyhohe chroyghlch{(

Uc bgshk ~{yojohe rfyof{ogh~ uo{aoh- is{ c~tcnofmm flghe - hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {acfiomo{oc~ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ {g chechkcy ~sttgy{ bygl {cfnacy~ fhk ~naggm~bgy {acoy fnfkclon tygeyc~~ fhk {acoy lfhfeclch{ gb kglc~{on tygimcl~ oltoheohegh {acoy tcybgylfhnc( Oh Bo~a Agcj- {cfnacy~ fyc frfomfimc {g ohkoroksfm ~{skch{~~ccjohe fnfkclon f~~o~{fhnc- tfy{m icnfs~c {ac ~tfnc o~ fyyfheck oh ~sna f uf {af{

{cfnacy~ afrc {acoy guh nmf~~yggl uacyc {ac nfh ic bgshk fb{cy agsy~ gy oh iycfj~(Esokfhnc {cfnacy~ fhk- rcy ycnch{m- f kckonf{ck ~gnofm ugyjcy- tygrokc f bgylfmnafhhcm {aygsea uaona ~{skch{~ nfh ~ccj ~sttgy{( [acoy mohj~ uo{a tygbc~~oghfm~gnofm fhk t~nagmgeonfm ~cyronc~ fhk {ac fiomo{ gb lg~{ tfych{~ {g tf bgy {ac~cmfyecm tyorf{c ~cyronc~ lcfh {af{ ~{skch{~ oh Bo~a Agcj fyc fufyc gb- fhk nfh kyfu~sttgy{ bygl- fksm{~ f{ ~naggm( Oh Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmcuacyc aslfhfhk oh~{o{s{oghfm yc~gsync~ fyc mc~~ frfomfimc !bgy ycf~gh~ kc~nyoick oh Naft{cy~ >fhk 2/- ~glc naomkych lfjc ~snnc~~bsm s~c gb oh{cytcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ {g kcyorc~gnofm gy bohfhnofm ~sttgy{- is{ ohkoroksfm fnfkclon ~sttgy{ o~ lsna mc~~ frfomfimc(^{skch{~ oh {ac~c {ug hcoeaigsyaggk~ ngsmk hflc ghm f afhkbsm gb {cfnacy~ gh

uagl {ac ngsmk ycm bgy {ao~- tgoh{ohe {g f ~cyogs~ molo{f{ogh oh {acoy fiomo{ {g




>63

{fjc cbbcn{orc fn{ogh figs{ {acoy guh fnfkclon tygeyc~~( Uaomc bcmmgu ~{skch{~ ohohbgylfm ~{sk eygst~ fhk fksm{~ gy gmkcy ~oimohe~ f{ aglc tygrokck rfmsfimc ~sttgy{fhk chngsyfeclch{- {ac yfycm afk {ac ~tcnobon jhgumckec hcckck {g bomm lf`gy eft~

oh shkcy~{fhkohe( [ac ohfiomo{ gb mgnfm ~gnofm hc{ugyj~ {g tmse {ac~c eft~ o~ tfy{m f{{yois{fimc {g mgu mcrcm~ gb cksnf{ogh fhk uao{c,ngmmfy cltmglch{ flghe fksm{~oh tggy ngllsho{oc~ mojc Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc( Is{ {ac bfn{ {af{ {ac efttcy~o~{~ kc~to{c uokc~tycfk jhgumckec gb {ac ftfy{acok mcefn gb eyg~~ cksnf{oghfmohcvsfmo{oc~ tgoh{~ {g {ac ngh{ohsohe bfomsyc gb {ac ~{f{c oh o{~ cksnf{oghfm tygro~ogh(

Fefoh- rfyof{ogh~ ucyc gi~cyrck ig{a flghe hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk uo{aoh ohkoroksfm~naggm~ oh {ac cq{ch{ {g uaona ~{skch{~ fn{ckfhk ucyc yc~tghkck {g- f~ ohkoroksfm~(^naggm~ fyc rf~{m kobbcych{ ig{a ~gnofmm fhk cksnf{oghfmm( Fhk {cfnacy~ fttygfna{acoy ygmc~ fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh {ac nmf~~yggl oh rcy kobbcych{ uf~( Ghc eyfkc,2nmf~~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc uf~ nafyfn{cyo~ck i morcm ohkoroksfm yc~tgh~c~ uachvsc~{ogh~ ucyc tg~ck {g {ac uagmc nmf~~( Oh fhg{acy eyfkc,2 nmf~~- tstom~‟ bfnofmcqtyc~~ogh~ nghrcck oh{cyc~{ fhk tcy~ghfm gtohogh- is{ hghc ~tgjc gy yfo~ck{acoy afhk shmc~~ {ac uagmc nmf~~ kok ~g( Ycf~gh~ bgy ~sna nghbgylo{ fyc kobbonsm{{g o~gmf{c- is{ o{~ tyfn{onc ~tcfj~ gb lf`gy molo{f{ogh~ {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~cmb,cbbonfn oh mcfyhohe fhk ngllshonf{ohe {acoy ngltycach~oghgy- ohkcck- {acoyohngltycach~ogh( Oh Gncfh Rocu- ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch {cfnacy~ fhk ~{skch{~fyc gb{ch nghbygh{f{oghfm- ig{a uo{aoh {ac nmf~~yggl fhk gh {ac ~naggm tyclo~c~lgyc echcyfmm( ^{skch{ {ysfhn fhk ko~yst{orc icafrogsy nfh ic oh{cytyc{ck f~ fhcqtyc~~ogh gb tgucy i {ac gshe( Agucrcy- {ac bfn{ {af{ {cfnacy~ fhk ~{skch{~ fmojccqtyc~~ bys~{yf{ogh {af{ nghbygh{f{ogh mojc {ao~ tg~c~ f lf`gy ifyyocy {g mcfyhohe-tfy{m icnfs~c gb {ac eycf{cy ohkoroksfm fhk ngmmcn{orc ~{yc~~ {af{ o{ nfs~c~- ohkonf{c~{af{ gshe tcgtmc kg hg{ afrc fnnc~~ {g g{acy uf~ gb ohbmschnohe {acoy mcfyhohechroyghlch{( Fefoh- ycf~gh~ bgy {ac tycrfmchnc gb nghbygh{f{oghfm icafrogsy fychg{ cf~om okch{obofimc fhk fttcfy {g ~{cl bygl f ngliohf{ogh gb ~{ysn{syfm fhknsm{syfm bfn{gy~( Fh crch ~{fyjcy cqfltmc gb tstom~‟ f{{clt{~ {g yc~o~{ {ac lfhhcy ohuaona {cfnacy~‟ fs{agyo{ o~ cltmgck fhk fm{cy {ac bgyl~ gb ~naggm egrcyhfhnc nfhic ~cch oh {ac ~{ycc{ kclgh~{yf{ogh {af{ uf~ lgsh{ck i tstom~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmcAoea ^naggm- ycbcyyck {g oh Naft{cy 2( I hg{ ghm ngh~okcyohe {ac gt{ogh gb lf~~tsimon tyg{c~{ {g ic frfomfimc- is{ fm~g i fn{sfmm tsy~sohe {ao~ ygs{c- {ac~c tstom~cltmgck ~olomfy ~{yf{ceoc~ {g gs{a fn{oro~{~ oh {ac ftfy{acok cyf( [acoy nagonc o~

shkcy~{fhkfimc eorch {af{ ~{ycc{ lfynac~ fyc mgnfmm bflomofy fhk lcfhohebsm- fhk{af{ {acyc o~ f ~{yghe mojcmoaggk {af{ {ac afrc molo{ck jhgumckec gb- fhk fnnc~~ {g-g{acy uf~ gb cqtyc~~ohe ko~ngh{ch{( Is{ {ac acfr,afhkck tgmonc yc~tgh~c fhk mgnfmtyc~~ ngrcyfec uf~ fm~g fmfylohem bflomofy( [ac tag{geyfta gb fylck tgmonc oh yog{ecfy f{{clt{ohe {g imgnj {ac tf{a gb mfyec hslicy~ gb naomkych- ~tmf~ack fnyg~~ {acbygh{ ngrcy gb {ac Nftc [olc~- ngsmk cf~om afrc icch {fjch oh {ac 6?14~( Oltmono{ oh~sna fh olfec fhk o{~ fnngltfhohe {cq{ uf~ {ac lc~~fec {af{ gshe tcgtmc nfh~{omm tcytc{yf{c ngmmcn{orc rogmchnc fhk {af{ {ac fs{agyo{oc~ ngh{ohsc {g yc~tghk uo{af ncy{foh mcrcm gb rogmchnc fhk f kclgh~{yf{ogh gb {acoy nftfno{ {g fn{ uo{a eycf{cybgync( [ac~c tstom~ cbbcn{orcm ngllshonf{ck {acoy gi`cn{ogh {g uaf{ {ac tcyncorck

f~ ohfttygtyof{c s~c gb ~naggm fs{agyo{- is{ {ac ~ccl {g afrc fnaocrck mo{{mc oh {ac




>62

mghe {cyl cqnct{ {g kclgh~{yf{c tccy ~gmokfyo{ oh nghbygh{ohe ~sna ohfttygtyof{cfs{agyo{( [ac Kctfy{lch{ gb Cksnf{ogh lfkc ~glc {cltgyfy nafhec~ {g ~{fbb tg~o{ogh~- is{ {ac kglohfh{ ~{mc gb mcfkcy~aot- {cfnaohe fhk ngllshonf{ogh oh {ac

~naggm yclfohck {ac ~flc(

Kf{ohe- ~cq fhk ~{f{s~ oh {ac tccy eygst

[ac fychf~ gb byochk~aot fhk kf{ohe fyc cqtcyochnck f~ f{ ghnc cqno{ohe- ~s~{fohohe-kclfhkohe fhk ugyyohe i {cchfecy~ {aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc( Fksm{~ afrc ycmf{orcm mo{{mc ngh{ygm oh {ac~c fychf~ fhk {ac fyc f tyolfy lcfh~ i uaona {ac gshehceg{of{c ~{f{s~ fhk mcfyh fhk tyfn{o~c hcu bgyl~ gb oh{olfn( Ycefykmc~~ gb ucfm{agy nsm{syfm ifnjeygshk- icohe ~cch uo{a g{acy~ uag ucfy kc~oehcy mficm~- gy afrohef eoymbyochk gy igbyochk uag kyc~~c~ ucmm fhk af~ {ac mf{c~{ ncmmtaghc iyohe~ f ~ch~c

gb tcy~ghfm ohnms~ogh fhk ucmm,icohe- f~ ucmm f~ kchg{ohe ig{a ~gnofm fhk lf{cyofm~snnc~~( Is{ {ac fiomo{ {g ko~tmf f mobc~{mc gb ngh~tonsgs~ ngh~slt{ogh o~ fmm {aclgyc oltgy{fh{ {g {cchfecy~ morohe oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~- uacyc hg{ ghm {aclcfh~ gb cfyhohe fyc ~nfync- is{ ~g {gg fyc {ag~c i uaona {ac nfh fnaocrc fhkkclgh~{yf{c ~snnc~~ fhk lf{syo{ oh g{acy fycf~( Oh nf~c~ uacyc tfych{~ fhk cmkcy~oimohe~ cfyh {gg mo{{mc {g ko~tch~c {ac lghc hcckck bgy {ac mf{c~{ bf~aogh o{cl~- fhk{acyc fyc bcu ~tgy{~- mco~syc fhk cksnf{oghfm oh~{o{s{ogh~ {af{ nfh tygrokc ngh~o~{ch{~jomm kcrcmgtlch{- {ach f {cchfecy‟~ olfec uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst agmk~ eycf{cy ~uf bgy {aclfhk gb{ch mcfk~ {g kcno~ogh~ {af{ fyc hg{ ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {acoy tcy~ghfm fol~bgy {acoy ta~onfm gy clg{oghfm ucmm,icohe fhk tygro~ogh bgy {ac bs{syc(

[cchfecy~ cqtcyochnc nmg~c ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh {ac tccy eygst {af{ ~s~{foh fhk eorctmcf~syc {aygsea {ac ~oltmc fn{ gb ~afyohe gb gykohfy fn{oro{oc~( ^naggm o~ f bcy{omceygshk bgy kcrcmgtohe fhk hceg{of{ohe {ac~c ycmf{ogh~aot~- tfy{onsmfym uach {acmcfyhohe chroyghlch{ mfnj~ ~{olsmf{ogh gy tcy~ghfm nafmmchec( F{ {ac ~flc {olc-agucrcy- byochk~aot~ fhk kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc kclfhkohe icnfs~c {ac ycvsoycngh{ohsgs~ nfyc fhk lfhfeclch{- fhk nfh nycf{c nghbmon{ gy cqnms~ogh( _gshetcgtmc ycbmcn{ohe gh ~glc gb {ac kcno~ogh~ {ac lfkc ycefykohe {acoy byochk~aot~kclgh~{yf{c f ~gtao~{onf{ck ifmfhnc ic{ucch tcy~ghfm ngh~okcyf{ogh~ bgy {acoy guhucmm,icohe fhk f{{clt{~ {g esokc gy f~~o~{ {acoy byochk~0

Tcgtmc kcbohc gs icnfs~c gb gsy byochk~ „ {af{‟~ {ac uf•O afk {ug ycfmm eggk byochk~- is{ {ac ~{fy{ck kgohe kyse~ oh lokkmc ~naggm fhk O ~{ggkifnj( [ac nafheck ngltmc{cm0 icnfs~c O ~{cttck ifnj {ac kokh‟{ ufh{ {gic byochk~ uo{a lc fh lgyc( Boy~{- O {yock {g acmt fhk ~fok kgh‟{ kg {af{- is{{ac `s~{ uch{ kguh( O{ uf~ `s~{ {ac {tc gb tcgtmc {ac ucyc( [ac mojc {acokcf gb bo{{ohe oh: {ac afk {g ~f{o~b {ac hcck {g mggj eggk oh bygh{ gb g{acy~:O kgh‟{ afrc {af{( Lokkmc ~naggm- {af{‟~ uach {ac nyguk {aohe ~{fy{~( Is{ ob gs kgh‟{ eg {g {ag~c tfy{oc~ gs kgh‟{ jhgu figs{ o{ Zkyse~\( O kcnokck {g~{ct gs{ fhk nghnch{yf{c gh ~naggm ugyj( !@s~{ohig- feck 61- Bo~a Agcj/

Mojc ao~ tccy~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc- @s~{oh tgoh{~ {g {ac yc~tgh~oiomo{ gb {ac ohkoroksfm

oh lfjohe ‑eggk nagonc~‟- oh g{acy ugyk~- {ag~c {af{ uomm igm~{cy fhk tyg{cn{ tcy~ghfm




>65

ucmm,icohe- f~ ucmm f~ nghbgyl {g ~gnoc{‟~ cqtcn{f{ogh~( Crch bgy lokkmc,nmf~~ naomkych-fnaocrohe {ao~ ifmfhnc o~ bgshk {g ic kobbonsm{ fhk kctchkch{ gh tcy~ghfm vsfmo{oc~fhk nftfno{oc~- {ac mf{{cy gb{ch f{{yois{ck i {cchfecy~ {g tg~o{orc ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh

{ac aglc fhk bflomofm ~tacyc !kc~nyoick cfymocy oh {ao~ naft{cy/(

Uach fkgmc~nch{~ ~{fy{- oh {acoy ugyk~- {g ‑tmf {ac mgrc eflc‟ fhk bgyl kf{oheycmf{ogh~aot~- byochk~aot~ fyc bsy{acy ngltmonf{ck i ngltc{o{ogh fhk `cfmgs~- is{f{ {ac ~flc {olc fyc hcckck crch lgyc bgy {ac fkronc fhk ~{fiomo{ {ac tygrokc(Kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ fyc tycnfyogs~ fhk cf~om yst{syck i ~s~tonogh~ gb ohbokcmo{(I ohnycf~ohe {acoy ohrc~{lch{ oh fhk ycmofhnc stgh nmg~c byochk~aot~- gshe tcgtmclfoh{foh f ~ch~c gb tcy~ghfm oh{ceyo{ fhk ngh{ygm {aygsea tcyogk~ gb nafhec-fhk oh {ac bfnc gb tyc~~syc {g nghbgyl fhk bccmohe~ gb tcy~ghfm rsmhcyfiomo{([aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc- {ac fkronc fhk ~sttgy{ gb byochk~ o~ c~tcnofmm rfmsfimc {g{cchfecy~ icnfs~c fksm{~ oh {ac bflom {chk {g frgok {ac {gton gb oh{olf{c fhk ~cqsfmycmf{ogh~aot~- gy lcycm mf kguh yoeok ysmc~ bgy eoym~ kc~oehck {g tycrch{ tycehfhn gy ommhc~~( Tfych{fm yc{onchnc oh lf{{cy~ gb ~cq fhk oh{olfn o~ tygttck st i nsm{syfmm rfmokf{ck hg{ogh~ gb {ac {tc fhk mcrcm gb jhgumckec {af{ naomkych ~agsmkic tfy{ {g( Fm{agsea {ac~c hg{ogh~ rfy ~moea{m oh {acoy cqtyc~~ogh oh {ac kobbcych{hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac Rfmmc- {ac ~ccl {g afrc fh cvsfmm shkcylohohe oltfn{ ghgshe tcgtmc‟~ fiomo{ {g nfyc bgy {acoy ta~onfm fhk clg{oghfm ~cmrc~(

[aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc- fkgmc~nch{ ig~ fyc eorch eycf{cy mf{o{skc i fksm{~ {g lfjc{acoy guh kcno~ogh~- is{ fyc ngh~cvsch{m tygrokck uo{a crch mc~~ ohbgylf{ogh ohnghrcy~f{ogh~ f{ aglc( Rcy bcu ~ccj ~sttgy{ bygl tygbc~~oghfm ~cyronc~- lcfhohe

{af{ ig~ ycm crch lgyc acfrom gh {acoy byochk~ bgy ohbgylf{ogh fhk lfjc kcno~ogh~if~ck gh uaf{ {ac gi~cyrc fhk fyc {gmk oh {ac tccy eygst( Ig{a ig~ fhk eoym~ bohk{af{ byochk~ kg hg{ jhgu chgsea {g chfimc {acl {g lfjc uaf{ {ac ngh~okcy {g iceggk kcno~ogh~ ycefykohe kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~( Lgycgrcy- byochk~ s~c {acoy ycmf{orcjhgumckec {g cqnmskc fhk- {acycbgyc- ts{ tyc~~syc gh {acoy tccy~( [ac fyc uommohe{g ~afyc ohbgylf{ogh ghm ob {ac ycnotoch{ o~ chefeck oh {ac ~flc ~cqsfm fn{oro{ fhkuomm ~afyc {acoy tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc( [acycbgyc- {cchfecy~ lfjc mfyecm shesokck fhktyc~~syck kcno~ogh~ figs{ {acoy ta~onfm fhk clg{oghfm ucmm,icohe oh f ngh{cq{ uacyc~gnofm ~{f{s~- ohnms~ogh uo{aoh {ac tccy eygstfhk fnnc~~ {g jhgumckec figs{ ~cq fhkoh{olfn fyc ngh{ohech{ stgh f{ mcf~{ ~glc mcrcm gb cqtcyolch{f{ogh( O{ o~ tcyaft~

{ao~ rfnssl gb jhgumckec {af{ tyglt{~ gshe tcgtmc {g kyfu acfrom gh f ko~ngsy~cgb lgyfmo{ f~ {ac ~{yorc bgy tcy~ghfm tyg{cn{ogh- nfyc fhk oh{ceyo{ oh {acoy oh{olf{cycmf{ogh~aot~( I kc~nyoiohe {acoy ~gnofm fhk ycmf{oghfm ugymk~ oh {cyl~ gb f nagonc {gtsy~sc fn{oro{oc~ {af{ fyc ‑eggk‟- bgy cqfltmc ~naggmohe- gickochnc {g tfych{,boesyc~ fhknasyna f{{chkfhnc- gy {ag~c ohnmskohe {ysfhn fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~- ngh~okcyck‑ifk‟- {cchfecy~ f~~oeh {acl~cmrc~ ncy{foh kcno~ogh,lfjohe tgucy~( [ac yco{cyf{oghgb {ao~ konag{gl ~ccl~ {g acmt gshe tcgtmc tcy~crcyc oh {acoy ~naggm ugyj fhkcbbgy{~ {g isomk {ys~{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a {acoy tfy{hcy~ kc~to{c {ac gkk~ fefoh~{{acl fhk oh {ac fi~chnc gb fh ic{{cy ngltf~~( Is{ o{ o~ sm{olf{cm ko~cltgucyoheicnfs~c o{ tyc~ch{~ f tcy~gh‟~ fn{ogh~ oh {cyl~ gb {ug fi~gms{c tf{auf~ „ fhk {ac

lgyfmm fttygrck ghc o~ fmlg~{ oltg~~oimc {g ~s~{foh( Lgycgrcy- o{ kgc~ hg{ eorc




>61

fh lgyfm mceo{olfn {g fh fm{cyhf{orc ygs{c {af{ loea{ ohrgmrc f gshe tcy~gh‟~tfy{onotf{ogh oh fn{oro{oc~ {af{ fyc ngh~okcyck ig{a ‑eggk‟ fhk ‑ifk‟( Oh ycfmo{- gb ngsy~c- lg~{ fkgmc~nch{~ kg `s~{ {af{( [ac tcy~o~{ oh f{{chkohe ~naggm fhk bsmbommohe

{cfnacy~‟ cqtcn{f{ogh~: {ac f{{chk fhk ch`g nasynac~ gb {acoy guh nagg~ohe: {ac yc~tcn{ tfych{fm ysmc~- is{ iycfj {acl gnnf~oghfmm: {ac nsm{orf{c byochk~aot~ fhkiceoh kf{ohe: fhk {ac ~cc fkrfh{fec~ oh ~cqsfm fi~{ohchnc- is{ nfto{smf{c {g tyc~~sycbygl uo{aoh {ac tfy{hcy~aot fhk {ac uokcy tccy eygst( [as~ uach f {cchfecy lfjc~f kcno~ogh {g afrc ~cq gy bfom~ f{ ~naggm- o{ o~ ngh~okcyck ohkonf{orc gb lgrohe gbb {ac‑eggk‟ tf{auf fhk gh{g {ac ‑ifk‟ ghc( Fhk ~glc fkgmc~nch{~ yctgy{ {af{ {ac {chk{g ycksnc {acoy cbbgy{~ {gufyk~ ~cmb,nfyc afrohe lfkc ghc ~g,nfmmck ‑lo~{fjc‟- icnfs~c{ac ycefyk {acl~cmrc~ f~ fmycfk mficmmck f bfomsyc fhk nfhhg{ ~cc agu {g hfroef{c ftf{auf {af{ ohngytgyf{c~ {ao~ kcno~ogh oh{g {acoy tcy~ghfm ngeho~fhnc- gy chechkcy~{ac fksm{ ycngeho{ogh fhk ~sttgy{ {ac hcck {g kg ~g(

S~ohe {ao~ ko~ngsy~c {g cqtmfoh {ac ngh~cvschnc~ gb tcy~ghfm kcno~ogh~ o~ fhg{acycqfltmc gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ shuo{{ohe nfto{smf{ogh {g {ac l{a {af{ {ac ohkoroksfmnagg~c~ co{acy yoea{ gy uyghe fn{ogh~- fhk {af{ ao~ gy acy lgyfm ugy{a o~ kc{cylohcki {ac~c kcno~ogh~( Oh ko~tch~ohe ysmc~ gy frgokohe ko~ns~~ogh gb oh{olfn fhk ~cq-fksm{~ f{ aglc- oh ~naggm~- oh nmohon~ fhk {ac ~gnofm ~cyronc~ fyc ycohbgynohe {ao~ugymkrocu icnfs~c {ac f~~slc {af{ {acoy ~{yf{ce uomm esokc- gy lgyc fnnsyf{cm-ngh{ygm- fkgmc~nch{~‟ kcno~ogh,lfjohe( Oh kgohe ~g- {ac fyc fm~g ~sttyc~~oheko~ns~~ogh gb agu {cchfecy~‟ tcy~ghfm cbbgy{~ {gufyk~ ~cmb,nfyc fhk ohnms~oghuo{aoh {ac tccy eygst oh{cy~cn{ uo{a {ac tg~~oiomo{ {af{ {ac lf ngh{yfn{ f~cqsfmm {yfh~lo{{ck ommhc~~- ~sna f~ AOR- gy icnglc tfych{~ icbgyc {ac oh{chkck{g( [ac~c tyfn{onc~ ycohbgync {ac korokc ic{ucch {acgyc{onfm jhgumckec !c~tgs~cki fksm{~/ fhk cqtcyoch{ofm jhgumckec !figs{ uaona fksm{~ jcct ~omch{/- fhk imgnj ngllshonf{ogh ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~( O{ o~ oh {ao~ ngh{cq{ {af{ {cchfecy~ oh GncfhRocu- Bo~a Agcj fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc fyc mfyecm ~omch{ figs{ FOK^ f~ f tg~~oimcnafmmchec oh {acoy guh morc~- kc~to{c o{~ yo~ohe tycrfmchnc oh fmm fycf~ fhk rcy aoeayo~j~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc(

Aoea yf{c~ gb tycehfhn fhk yo~ohe AOR tycrfmchnc oh {ac gshe ls~{ ic shkcy~{ggkf~ fyo~ohe bygl f lsm{obfnc{ck rsmhcyfiomo{ {af{ ohrgmrc~ f mfnj gb fnnc~~ {g jhgumckec{af{ ugsmk f~~o~{ eoym~ fhk ig~ oh lfjohe kcno~ogh~ figs{ {acoy guh ~cmb,nfyc( Eoym~

uag morc oh tggy ags~cagmk~ lfjc kcno~ogh~ shkcy fh fkko{oghfm ~c{ gb tyc~~syc~ycmf{ck {g {ac oh{cy~cn{ogh ic{ucch lf{cyofm tgrcy{ fhk ~{yghem echkcyck tgucyycmf{ogh~aot~( Fnyg~~ {ac ucfm{a fhk nsm{syfm ~tcn{yf gb {ac Rfmmc- ig~ fyc ~cchf~ lf{cyofm tygrokcy~ fhk eoym~ f~ ycnotoch{~ !uag~c ngh~ch{ {g ~cqsfm oh{cyngsy~cnfh ic cqtcn{ck oh yc{syh/( Is{ uo{ags{ fnnc~~ {g tcy~ghfm ohnglc- {ac ~{fjc~ fyclsna aoeacy bgy tggy eoym~ ~agsmk {ac nafmmchec {ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot( Bgy lfh tggyeoym~- {ac ghm lcfh~ gb fnvsoyohe {ac lf{cyofm eggk~ {af{ iyohe ~{f{s~ uo{aoh {actccy eygst o~ {g ch{cy oh{g f ycmf{ogh~aot uo{a fh gmkcy lfh oh uaona {acyc o~ f {fno{shkcy~{fhkohe {af{ kf{ohe fhk ~cq fyc frfomfimc oh cqnafhec bgy eob{~( [g gi`cn{ {g- gytmfnc nghko{ogh~ gh- ~cqsfm fn{oro{ !~sna f~ kclfhkohe nghkgl s~c/ yo~j~ bgybco{ohe

{ac tcy~ghfm ycf~~syfhnc gb icohe ohnmskck oh {ac tccy eygst fhk {ac gttgy{sho{ {g




>6?

kclgh~{yf{c ~gnofm fhk lf{cyofm ~snnc~~( [ac~c cnghglon molo{f{ogh~ fm~g ohnycf~ceoym~‟ rsmhcyfiomo{ {g rcyifm fhk ta~onfm rogmchnc bygl f igbyochk- tfy{onsmfym ohngllsho{oc~ uacyc lf~nsmoho{ o~ cqtmono{m mohjck {g ~cqsfm tyguc~~(

Oh ~sllfy- gshe tcgtmc‟~ cbbgy{~ {g nfyc bgy {acl~cmrc~ fhk lfjc tg~o{orc nagonc~fyc gb{ch aoeam ~snnc~~bsm oh {ac ~agy{ {cyl guohe {g {ac ~jomm~ fhk {chfno{ gb ig{aechcyf{ogh~( Is{ lfh fyc ngh~{yfohck oh fn{ohe {g ~fbcesfyk {acoy mghecy,{cyl ucmm,icohe i {ac molo{ck nftfno{oc~ gb fksm{~ fhk oh~{o{s{ogh~ {g tygrokc {ac hcnc~~fy jhgumckec- clg{oghfm ~sttgy{- ngh~o~{ch{ vsfmo{ gb ycmf{ogh~aot- bohfhnc gy fnnc~~{g crcykf ~gnofm hc{ugyj~( F tgy{ogh gb uaf{ af~ shkcylohck ~gnofm oh~{o{s{ogh~fhk oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ nfh ic koycn{m f{{yois{fimc {g {ac ngh{ohsohe mcefn gb ftfy{acok- bgy cqfltmc {ac shkcycltmglch{ gb {ag~c hg{ nf{cegyo~ck ‑uao{c‟: {ac~tf{ofm ~ceycef{ogh gb hcoeaigsyaggk~: fhk tcy~o~{ch{ ohcvso{ oh {ac tygro~ogh fhkvsfmo{ gb ~naggm~ fhk ycnycf{oghfm bfnomo{oc~( G{acy ~gnofm bgync~ {af{ afrc afk fhcvsfmm- gy fyesfim eycf{cy- shkcylohohe cbbcn{ fyc ~{yghem echkcyck ygmc koro~ogh~fhk mohc~ gb fs{agyo{- f~ ucmm f~ hgyl~ kcbohohe naomkaggk- fksm{aggk fhk {acfttygtyof{c bgyl~ gb ngllshonf{ogh ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~( [acyc fyc kobbcychnc~ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ oh {ac uf {ac~c hgyl~ fyc fy{onsmf{ck fhk hceg{of{ck(Lgyc ~{yojohe o~ {ac ngh~o~{ch{ lfhhcy oh uaona {ac yc~{yon{ {ac tg~~oiomo{oc~ bgynaomkych fhk fksm{~ {g fnaocrc hsy{syohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk mghecy,{cyl egfm~-c~tcnofmm uach ngliohck uo{a lf{cyofm tgrcy{(

[yfh~o{ogh~ {g fksm{aggk0 Koycn{ogh~ bgy bsy{acy yc~cfyna

Flfy{f ^ch‟~ kcboho{ogh gb f ~snnc~~bsm {yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk tyogyo{o~c~ gshetcgtmc‟~ nftfiomo{oc~ ‑{g chafhnc {ac ~si~{fh{orc nagonc~ {ac afrc‟ !vsg{ck oh Mmgk94430 9;/( [ao~ hg{ogh o~ s~cbsm boy~{m oh bgyceygshkohe gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~cmb,cbbonfn oh f ngh{cq{ gb rfyogs~ johk~ gb molo{f{ogh~ f~ kc~nyoick {as~ bfy oh {ac naft{cy(^cnghkm- o{ fmmgu~ bgy ohkoroksfm fhk nsm{syfm rfyofiomo{ oh {ac rfmsc gb kobbcych{lfyjcy~ oh {ac {yfh~o{oghfhk- {acycbgyc- gtch~ ko~ns~~ogh gb {ac oltmonf{ogh gb kobbcychnc~ oh {olohe fhk ~cvschnc gb nafhec~ {af{ lfyj ch{y {g fksm{aggk( Nmg~cfhfm~o~ gb {ao~ tcyogk gb mobc o~ icghk {ac ~ngtc gb {ao~ iggj( [ac tsytg~c gb {ao~ ~cn{ogh o~ {g kyfu gh {ac ohbgylf{ogh uc afrc ycngykck {aygsea gsy ghegoheycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a f ~lfmm eygst gb gmkcy fkgmc~nch{~ oh gykcy {g ~seec~{ koycn{ogh~

bgy bsy{acy yc~cfyna(

F~ uc ugsmk cqtcn{- hghc gb {ac~c fkgmc~nch{~- oyyc~tcn{orc gb {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~-lgrck ~lgg{am bygl naomkaggk {g fksm{aggk- uac{acy gy hg{ {ao~ nafhec gb ~{f{s~o~ kcbohck ~si`cn{orcm gy fnngykohe {g f tyc~cmcn{ck ~c{ gb ohkonf{gy~- ~sna f~ {ag~cs~ck i Iokkcngl fhk Ifjomfhf !944>/ fhk kc~nyoick oh Naft{cy 6( [acoy hfyyf{orc~fyc acmtbsm oh okch{obohe lfyjcy~ gb fksm{aggk lg~{ tcy{ohch{ {g gshe tcgtmcfhk oh kyfuohe f{{ch{ogh {g rfyogs~ fhk shcqtcn{ck ygs{c~ {gufyk~ fnaocrohe {ac~cnafhec~ oh ~{f{s~(

Uach f~jck uaf{ {ac tcyncorc {g ic f lfyjcy gb icnglohe fh fksm{- gshe yc~okch{~

oh {ac Rfmmc cltaf~o~ck bohfhnofm ohkctchkchnc fhk {ac fiomo{ {g nagg~c agu {g




>94

~tchk {acoy guh lghc f~ fh oltgy{fh{ ~{ct {gufyk~ fksm{aggk- is{ ghc {af{ uf~oh~sbbonoch{ oh o{~cmb- f~ ucmm f~ tg{ch{ofmm ycrcy~oimc( Uc hg{c {af{ cltmglch{ tcy~c uf~ hg{ ycefykck i gshe tcgtmc f~ crokchnc gb f ~aob{ oh{g fksm{aggk- ohkonf{ohe

f nfs{ogs~ s~c gb {ac gi`cn{orc ohkonf{gy ‑ugyjohe‟( F nsy~gy mggj f{ {ac hf{syc gb ugyj ommslohf{c~ {ao~ mgeon( @gi~ fyc gb{ch ~agy{ {cyl- mgu tfok fhk ngh~okcyck {gafrc ollckof{c s{omo{ oh cf~ohe bohfhnofm isykch~- f~ gttg~ck {g icohe {ac johkgb ugyj gshe tcgtmc f~toyc {g oh {ac mghecy {cyl( [ac ycfkcy uomm ycnfmm {ac NFT^bohkohe~ vsg{ck oh Naft{cy 6- ~aguohe {ac lsna eycf{cy tygtgy{ogh gb 99,cfy,gmkNftc{ghofh~ uag afrc crcy ugyjck {afh {ag~c uag fyc nsyych{m cltmgck(

[ac ~cnghk- lgyc kcno~orc- ohkonf{gy gb fksm{aggk okch{obock i gshe tcgtmcuf~ {ac lgrc gs{ gb {acoy naomkaggk aglc~( Oh lokkmc,nmf~~ Bo~a Agcj {ao~ lgrcgb{ch afttch~ fygshk {ac fec gb 61 fhk ngohnokc~ uo{a {ac iceohhohe gb bsy{acycksnf{ogh- ugyj cqtcyochnc gy grcy~cf~ {yfrcm- uaona hcnc~~o{f{c lgrohe {g f hcuecgeyftaonfm mgnf{ogh( [ac {olohe gb {ac~c lgrc~ o~ echcyfmm ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a hgyl~{af{ noynsl~nyoic {ac chk gb naomkaggk kctchkchnc fhk !{g{fm/ fksm{ yc~tgh~oiomo{(I ngh{yf~{- lfh yc~okch{~ gb Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk Gncfh Rocu oh {acoy mf{c {cch~fhk cfym 94~ uo{a tfy{,{olc gy bsmm,{olc `gi~ „ fhk gb{ch uo{a naomkych gb {acoyguh „ ngh{ohsc {g morc f{ aglc( [ac ngllghm kcrg{c lg~{ gb {acoy ohnglc {gtcy~ghfm cqtchko{syc is{ ngh{yois{c ~si~{fh{ofmm {g {ac yshhohe gb {ac ags~cagmk([ac ~cc {acl~cmrc~ f~ afrohe fksm{ yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ is{ hco{acy ycefyk {acl~cmrc~gy fyc ycefykck i g{acy~ f~ afrohe f{{fohck fksm{ ~{f{s~( Lfyjcy~ gb {ao~ {yfh~o{ogh{chk {g afttch mf{cy fhk f{ {ac tgoh{ uach gshe tcgtmc afrc ugyjck bgy ~glc{olc- bgylck mghe,mf~{ohe tfy{hcy~aot~ fhk crch afk naomkych( [ug cqfltmc~ ~cyrc{g omms~{yf{c {ac~c tygnc~~c~0

ôq{cch lgh{a~ oh{g ao~ bsmm,{olc `gi oh f ~stcylfyjc{ kcmo fhk gh {ac tgoh{gb lgrohe gs{ gb ao~ fsh{‟~ aglc fhk oh{g f bmf{ uo{a ao~ tfy{hcy- 6?,cfy,gmkIyofh uf~ fh{onotf{ohe ao~ boy~{ cqtcyochnc gb {fjohe f eob{ gb eygncyoc~ {g {acacfk gb ao~ bflom !ao~ eyfhklg{acy/ f{ {ac iceohhohe gb Yflfkfh( Jhguhf~ bokcfa- {ao~ tyfn{onc o~ cqtcn{ck gb fmm ~ohemc Ls~mol lch fhk Iyofh‟~tfy{onotf{ogh {acycoh lfyj~ fh oyycrcy~oimc nafhec gb ~{f{s~(

Namgc icnflc f lg{acy uach ~ac uf~ 61 fhk morohe oh acy naomkaggkaglc- f ~afnj oh Lf~otaslcmcmc( Ksyohe acy tycehfhn- ~ac kcnmohck acy

naomk‟~ bf{acy‟~ ~seec~{ogh {af{ {ac {aycc gb {acl ~c{ st aglc oh f ych{ckbmf{ oh Bo~a Agcj- tyolfyom icnfs~c ~ac fh{onotf{ck ufh{ohe fhk hcckohe{ac nmg~c clg{oghfm ~sttgy{ gb acy bflom( âc fhk acy ifi afrc ycmock ghngh~o~{ch{ !ob- f{ {olc~- lcfeyc/ bohfhnofm ~sttgy{ bygl acy eyfhklg{acy‟~ags~cagmk( Acy cq,igbyochk- f lclicy gb {ac hfr- af~ ngh{yois{ck rcy mo{{mc( Borc lgh{a~ fb{cy eorohe ioy{a- Namgc bgshk ugyj f~ f nf~aocyf{ {ac nohclf fhk uf~ vsonjm tyglg{ck {g ~stcyro~gy( âc af~ ~{cfkom icnglc f lgyc ycesmfy fhk ~oehobonfh{ ngh{yois{gy {g {ac ags~cagmkiskec{( Fhk fm{agsea acy eyfhklg{acy fttygrck gb acy tmfh~ {g lfyy fhk c~{fimo~a acy guh aglc- Namgc o~ shkcy tyc~~syc {g yclfoh f{ aglc

bgy f~ mghe f~ tg~~oimc( âc shkcy~{fhk~ {af{ acy eyfhklg{acy af~ ~{yghe




>96

clg{oghfm ighk~ uo{a acy fhk acy ifi- fhk ~ac jhgu~ {af{ acy bohfhnofmngh{yois{ogh~ afrc icnglc nch{yfm {g {ac kglc~{on iskec{( ôq lgh{a~fb{cy acy igbyochk tygtg~ck- Namgc nfmmck {ac lfyyofec gbb fhk ko~ngrcyck

{af{ ~ac uf~ tycehfh{ bgy {ac ~cnghk {olc( [aycc cfy~ mf{cy- ~ac o~ ~{ommmorohe uo{a acy eyfhklg{acylg{acy- ~oimohe~ fhk {ug kfsea{cy~(

Ig{a Namgc fhk Iyofh ycefyk lgrohe gs{ gb {acoy naomkaggk aglc f~ ~ligmon gb f hcu ~{f{s~ icnfs~c o{ kchg{c~ {af{ {ac hg mghecy hcck {ac crcykf nfyc gb {acoyeyfhklg{acy fhk fsh{ !ig{a gb uagl fyc lg{acy,boesyc~/- fhk lfyj~ f ~aob{ oh{acoy ycmf{ogh~aot uo{a {ac~c uglch( Hco{acy uf~ nghbokch{ {g lfjc {ao~ lgrc crchuach {ac afk ~sbbonoch{ lghc {g lcc{ {acoy crcykf cqtch~c~ fhk afk mghe,{cylfhk fttfych{m ngllo{{ck tfy{hcy~( Namgc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ ~seec~{ {af{ {ac cnghglonygmc~ gb gshe fksm{~ oh rcy tggy ags~cagmk~ lf ohbmschnc g{acy {yfh~o{ogh~ {gfksm{aggk f~~gnof{ck uo{a ~gnofm ~{f{s~ fhk clg{oghfm f{{fnalch{~( Lgyc ngsmk icmcfyh{ figs{ {ao~ ycmf{ogh~aot i mggjohe f{ {ac ~tchkohe tf{{cyh~ gb gshe fksm{~oh ycmf{ogh {g {ac hf{syc gb {acoy `gi~- {ac ~sl~ {ac cfyh fhk {acoy ~si`cn{orcshkcy~{fhkohe gb ~{f{s~ uo{aoh {ac aglc fhk tccy eygst(

Namgc fhk Iyofh‟~ hfyyf{orc~ fm~g ommslohf{c {ac rfyoc{ gb ygs{c~ {aygsea uaonagshe tcgtmc fnaocrc ~{ct~ oh {ac `gsyhc {gufyk~ fksm{aggk fhk vsc~{ogh ngllghf~~slt{ogh~ gb uaf{ lf ic hcnc~~fy gy gt{olfm tyctfyf{ogh bgy {ac~c nafhec~(Namgc mcb{ ~naggm uo{ags{ f lf{yon fhk kok hg{ bohk ugyj sh{om 64 lgh{a~ mf{cy-ksyohe uaona {olc ~ac afk f ifi( âc o~ {ac ghm ghc {g afrc icch ycnyso{ck i {acnohclf uag kgc~ hg{ afrc f lf{yon( Acy ig~~ {gmk acy {af{ {ac lfkc fh cqnct{ogh

icnfs~c ~ac nflc fnyg~~ f~ nftfimc- chcyec{on fhk cfecy {g mcfyh( Acy hfyyf{orckclgh~{yf{c~ {af{ crch{~ gy ~cvschnc~ gb nafhec {af{ fyc ngh~okcyck ‑tyc,lf{syc‟-gy {af{ fyc shtmfhhck- nfh ic fk`s~{ck {g f{ fh clg{oghfm mcrcm i gshe tcgtmc fhk{ag~c nmg~c~{ {g {aclfhk achnc ohngytgyf{ck oh{g {acoy ~ch~c gb tygeyc~~ogh oh{gfksm{aggk( Fm{agsea acy tycehfhn ch{fomck cmclch{~ gb f nafhec gb ~{f{s~ byglnaomk !uag ngsmk cqtcn{ {g ic tygrokck bgy fhk ch`g bycckgl gb lgiomo{/ {g fksm{!uo{a kglc~{on yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ fhk yc~{yon{ogh~ gh icafrogsy/- Namgc yclfohckycmofh{ gh acy eyfhklg{acy‟~ ags~cagmk cnghglonfmm fhk clg{oghfmm- fhk kok hg{~cc acy~cmb f~ icohe oh f ~{yghe tg~o{ogh {g efoh ohkctchkchnc oh moea{ gb acy lf{yonbfomsyc( Oh g{acy ugyk~- icnglohe f lg{acy uf~ hg{ ycefykck i Namgc gy {ag~c

fygshk acy f~ fh f~~slt{ogh gb fmm {ac ygmc~ fhk yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~ gb fksm{aggk( Is{acy ~snnc~~ f~ f lg{acy igm~{cyck acy ~cmb,c~{ccl fhk nghbokchnc0 {ac rcy bfn{gy~{af{ chfimck acy {g ec{ f `gi {af{ ~agsmk {cnahonfmm afrc icch shfrfomfimc {g acy(Uo{a aohk~oea{- uc nfh ~cc {af{ Namgc‟~ cqtcyochnc gb lg{acyohe fhk acy okch{o{ f~f lg{acy f~~o~{ck acy oh bohkohe ~fmfyock ugyj uo{a tyglg{oghfm gttgy{sho{oc~(

Iyofh- i ngh{yf~{- lf{yonsmf{ck uo{a nmcfy- ~{f{ck flio{ogh~ {g ic f nacb- is{ bgshkaol~cmb shfimc {g lfjc {cmctaghc nfmm~ gy oho{of{c tygnc~~c~ {g fnaocrc ao~ nag~chnfyccy egfm~( Ghm {aygsea ao~ fsh{‟~ nasyna hc{ugyj~ fhk f~~o~{fhnc kok ac efohf tmfnc gh f {yfohohe tygeyfllc( Ac ngltmc{ck ao~ ghc,cfy ngsy~c- uf~ gbbcyckf tcylfhch{ ngh{yfn{ i {ac yc{fomcy uo{a uaona ac afk f {yfohohe tmfnclch{ fhk

~{fy{ck {g ~tchk hoea{~ oh ao~ tfy{hcy‟~ bmf{( Ac af~ bgmmguck f lgyc nghrch{oghfm




>99

ygs{c {aygsea cksnf{ogh fhk bsy{acy {yfohohe oh{g fksm{aggk( Is{ ac o~ fhqogs~-af~ mo{{mc fttc{o{c fhk o~ gb{ch shucmm( Ac ~{f{c~ {af{ ac o~ emfk {g afrc f ‑eggk‟ `gifhk f mgrohe tfy{hcy- is{ o~ bys~{yf{ck icnfs~c ac ~cc~ hg tyfn{onfm lcfh~ gb lgrohe

oh{g ~gnofm ugyj !uacyc ac bccm~ ao~ {fmch{~ moc/ fhk tg~o{ogh~ aol~cmb f~ tgucymc~~0 ‑Ougyy {af{ O lf ic gh f ”kguhufyk~ ~toyfm“ fhk O nfh‟{ nafhec o{(‟ Ao~ ~ch~c gb icoheshfimc {g chafhnc {ac nagonc~ ac af~ frfomfimc {g aol moc~ oh ~{fyj ngh{yf~{ {g Namgc‟~~ch~c gb ~cmb,cbbonfn oh acy aglc- f{ ugyj fhk oh acy oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~( _c{ o{ o~Iyofh uag lfkc nagonc~ {g tyogyo{o~c ao~ ~naggm ugyj- tf~~ck ao~ lf{yon fhk chygmmckoh bsy{acy {yfohohe( Fhk o{ o~ Namgc uag bfomck acy lf{yon- af~ afk hg bsy{acy bgylfm{yfohohe fhk icnflc f lg{acy(

Uaf{ uc mcfyh bygl {ac~c hfyyf{orc~ o~ {af{ `sltohe {aygsea {ac nsm{syfmm okcfmo~ck aggt~ gb lf{yon- {yfohohe fhk cltmglch{ shkgsi{ckm af~ ~gnofm rfmscbgy fkgmc~nch{~ fhk lf fm~g afrc oh~{yslch{fm fhk cnghglon rfmsc( Gh {ac g{acyafhk- {ac kg hg{ esfyfh{cc ugyj- bohfhnofm ~cnsyo{ fhk nfyccy gttgy{sho{oc~(Tfyfkgqonfmm- tcyaft~- o{ lf ic {ac mc~~ ro~oimc oh{cytcy~ghfm fhk oh{cyhfm ~aob{~ ohf gshe tcy~gh‟~ ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk ~ch~c gb ~cmb {af{ chafhnc {ac nagonc~ frfomfimc {g{acl( Ohkoroksfm {cltcyflch{ o~ mojcm {g tmf f ygmc acyc- is{ ~g {gg loea{ gshetcgtmc‟~ tcynct{ogh~ gb {acoy fiomo{oc~ {g fttm {acoy tcy~ghfm ~jomm~ fhk ngltc{chnc~kcrcmgtck uo{aoh ghc fychf !bgy cqfltmc- {acoy mgnfm ~naggm gy hcoeaigsyaggk/oh g{acy mc~~ bflomofy fychf~( Yc~cfyna ngsmk s~cbsmm f~j agu {ac ~gnofm okch{o{oc~gb gshe tcgtmc fhk {ac ygmc gb mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk ao~{gyoc~ oh ~aftohe {ac~cokch{o{oc~ bcck oh{g ~sna tcynct{ogh~- fhk oh {syh ohbmschnc ~cmb,cbbonfn oh {acngh{cq{~ gb ugyj fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~(

[ac~c gi~cyrf{ogh~ nf~{ f kobbcych{ moea{ gh {ac ygs{c~ {aygsea fkgmc~nchnc fhkoh{g fksm{aggk {af{ Iokkcngl fhk Ifjomfhf !944>0 63/ kc~nyoic f~ ‑nafyfn{cyo~ck i lgyc ko~gykcy {afh gykcy oh {cyl~ gb {ac rfyoc{ gb ngliohf{ogh~ fhk nayghgmgeonfm~cvschnc~ gb oltgy{fh{ ~gnofm fhk bflom bgylf{ogh {yfko{ogh~‟( Uaf{ Namgc‟~ fhkIyofh‟~ hfyyf{orc~ ~seec~{ o~ {af{ fttygfnaohe {ac ~{sk gb {yfh~o{ogh~ {g fksm{aggkbygl {ac tgoh{ gb rocu gb {ac gshe ycrcfm~ mgeon fhk ngacychnc {g {ac kcno~ogh~ gb cfna echcyf{ogh( [ac fm~g tgoh{ {g kobbcychnc~ oh {ac uf gshe tcgtmc !f~ ucmmf~ {acoy cmkcy~/ kcbohc fhk tyogyo{o~c lfyjcy~ gb fksm{ ~{f{s~- fhk {ac fttygtyof{c{olohe gb {acoy fnaocrclch{- uach ngltfyck {g {ac ~{ct~ gb {yfh~o{ogh mfok gs{ oh

kclgeyftaon ~{skoc~( Lgycgrcy- ig{a {ac~c rfyofimc~ fyc ngh~{fh{m ~aob{ohe grcy{olc fhk grcy ~gnofm gy nsm{syfm ‑~tfnc‟- ohnmskohe hcoeaigsyaggk- nmf~~ gy ‑yfnc‟eygst~( [acoy ~{sk ycvsoyc~ nmcfy ycbcychnc {g {ac oh{cybfnc ic{ucch ao~{gyonfm okcfm~fhk ycfmo{oc~- f~ ucmm f~ {g {ag~c clcyeohe oh {ac ngh{cltgyfy mfhk~nftc(



>9>

Nghnms~ogh

Naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc fyc tcyogk~ oh uaona hcu gttgy{sho{oc~ fyc ngh~{fh{m gtchohe f~ gshe tcgtmc icnglc lgyc lgiomc fhk cq{chk {acoy agyopgh~ icghkbflomofy ~c{{ohe~( F{ {ac ~flc {olc- gttgy{sho{oc~ yclfoh ngh~{yfohck bgy gshetcgtmc „ fhk fksm{~ „ i {acoy tg~o{ogh~ oh ~gnoc{( _gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~gb eyguohe st oh ngh{cltgyfy ^gs{a Fbyonf fyc nafyfn{cyo~ck figrc fmm i {acngohnokchnc gb {ac uokchohe yfhec gb gttgy{sho{oc~ {af{ fyo~c bygl fec fmghc fhk{ac nafheohe gttgy{sho{oc~ fhk ngh~{yfoh{~ oh ~gnoc{ f~ f uagmc f~ ftfy{acoko~ ko~lfh{mck( Lgyc {afh f kcnfkc oh{g {ac hcu tgmo{onfm ko~tch~f{ogh- gshe

Nftc{ghofh~ f~toyc {g tg~~oiomo{oc~ kchock {g {acoy tfych{~( [ac tfy{onotf{c ohnycf{ohe f ~gnoc{ {af{ o~ oh ~glc yc~tcn{~ nghksnorc {g {ac fnaocrclch{ gb {acoykycfl~- c{ yclfoh~ shcvsfm- kobbonsm{ fhk gb{ch kfhecygs~ f{ {ac ~flc {olc(

Lsna af~ nafheck oh {ac mcefm fhk ~gnogtgmo{onfm mfhk~nftc ~ohnc {ac kclo~c gb ftfy{acok( Gbbonofm yfnofm nmf~~obonf{ogh hg mghecy yc~{yon{~ tcgtmc oh uacyc- gy uo{auagl- {ac nfh morc- tmf gy f{{chk ~naggm( [acyc fyc cvsfm yoea{~ {g ~{f{c ~cyronc~bgy fmm: {acyc o~ f tsimon ko~ngsy~c gb korcy~o{ fhk cvsfmo{( _gshe tcgtmc f{ ~naggmoh Bo~a Agcj gy Gncfh Rocu fhk {ag~c f{{chkohe ncy{foh nasynac~ afrc hc{ugyj~gb byochk~ nyg~~ohe f yfnc fhk nmf~~ ~tcn{ysl {af{ ngsmk ghm afrc icch olfeohck94 cfy~ feg( Fhk fmm gshe Rfmmc yc~okch{~ f~toyc {g tygeyc~~ bfy oh {ac cksnf{ogh~~{cl- bohk ucmm,tfok ugyj fhk fnaocrc lf{cyofm fhk ~gnofm ~snnc~~( F{ {ac ~flc{olc- {acyc fyc tcy~o~{ch{- mfyec ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh cfyhohe~ fhk oh {ac vsfmo{ gb ~naggmohe fhk acfm{anfyc frfomfimc {g tcgtmc kc~to{c iygfkm cvsfm tsimon bshkohe bgy{ac~c bfnomo{oc~( Hcoeaigsyaggk kclgeyftaon~ afrc nafheck mo{{mc oh {ac tf~{ kcnfkc0bcu bflomoc~ afrc lgrck oh{g gy gs{ gb fycf~ g{acy {afh {ag~c kc~oehf{ck {g {acoy yfnceygst~ ksyohe ftfy{acok(

Oh gykcy {g lfjc ~ch~c gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb eyguohe st oh tg~{,ftfy{acokNftc [guh ghc hcck~ {g {fjc ~cyogs~m ig{a {ac nafhec~ {af{ afrc gnnsyyck oh mc~~{afh ghc echcyf{ogh fhk {ac kobbcychnc~ {af{ yclfoh( ^{skoc~ {af{ cltaf~o~c ghm

ghc gb {ac~c nfhhg{ cmsnokf{c ua kycfl~ yc{foh {acoy fttcfm- fhk achnc ua ngh{yfkon{ogh fhk fliorfmchnc yclfoh f{ {ac ngyc gb {ac cqtcyochnc gb eyguohe stoh tmfnc~ mojc {ac Rfmmc(

Ts{ rcy ~oltm- hcoeaigsyaggk !~{omm/ lf{{cy~( [ac tfy{onsmfy ~sisyi gy {guh~aotoh uaona naomkych gy fkgmc~nch{~ morc ~aftc~ tygbgshkm fmlg~{ crcy f~tcn{ gb {acoycrcykf morc~ fhk {acoy bs{syc gttgy{sho{oc~( O{~ cbbcn{~ yctygksnc lfh gb {accbbcn{~ gb {ac yfnofm aocyfyna oltg~ck i ftfy{acok- ohnmskohe f yc~{yon{ck yfhec gb bflom khflon~- ohnglc mcrcm~- ~gnofm hc{ugyj~ fhk hg{ogh~ gb yfnc( F{ {ac ~flc{olc- f~ uc afrc kclgh~{yf{ck oh {ao~ iggj- {acyc fyc ohnycf~ohe ~olomfyo{oc~ oh gshetcgtmc‟~ morc~ fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~( [cmmohem- bcu gb {ac~c nghrcyeohe cqtcyochnc~

fyc ycngeho~ck f~ ~sna i {ac gshe(

?




>9;

Bgy gshe tcgtmc {gkf- {ac ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk~tfnc~ nycf{ck ksyohe- gy f~ f yc~sm{ gb- ftfy{acok afrc f tygbgshk oltfn{ gh lgiomo{-tcy~ghfm ~fbc{- ~gnofm okch{o{- nagonc~ oh tccy ycmf{ogh~aot~- ncy{foh kolch~ogh~ gb

bflom mobc- cksnf{oghfm fhk cnghglon gttgy{sho{oc~ fhk- sm{olf{cm- tcy~ghaggk(Fm{agsea Nftc{ghofh naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ morc oh f lgyc oh{ceyf{ck ~gnoc{ {afh{acoy tfych{~ f{ {acoy fec- fmlg~{ fmm gb {acl ohafio{ mgnfm ~tfnc~ {af{ yclfoh aoeam ~ceycef{ck( Lg~{ gshe tcgtmc mcfyh- tmf- ~gnofmo~c „ fhk {ac msnj ghc~ crch cfyhfhk ~tchk „ uo{aoh hcoeaigsyaggk~ {af{ fyc fmlg~{ ch{oycm yfnofmm aglgechcgs~!oh ftfy{acok nmf~~obonf{gy {cyl~/ fhk ko~{ohn{ oh nysnofm yc~tcn{~( Icohe bygl Bo~aAgcj gy Lf~otaslcmcmc o~ hgu f lgyc ~oehobonfh{ ~gnofm mgnf{gy flghe {ac gshe{afh yfnc eygst tcy ~c( Is{ ~ohnc lf{cyofm kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~ {chk{g ngyycmf{c uo{a {acoy yfnofm ngltg~o{ogh gy tygbomc- yfnc yc{foh~ ~glc ~gnofm fhknsm{syfm oltgy{fhnc- fm{agsea mc~~ cltaf{onfmm {afh oh {ac tf~{( ^glc naomkych fhk

fkgmc~nch{~ s~c yfnofm {cylohgmge shvsc~{oghohem- uacycf~ g{acy~ uyc~{mc uo{a {ac{cyl~ fhk ~ccj fhg{acy mfhesfec {g kc~nyoic {acoy guh fhk g{acy~‟ okch{o{oc~( [acyc~sm{ o~ fh cqtyc~~ogh gb icmgheohe {g f hcoeaigsyaggk ngllsho{ {af{ o~ yorchuo{a fliorfmchnc~0 f ngliohf{ogh gb tyokc- bys~{yf{ogh- agtc fhk bf{fmo~l( ^naggm~uo{aoh cfna hcoeaigsyaggk echcyf{c {ac~c fttfych{m ngh{yfkon{gy yc~tgh~c~( [ac fyc ~sttg~ckm lgyc cvsfm {afh oh {ac tf~{ oh {af{ {ac nsyych{m ycncorc iygfkm cvsfm ~{f{c bshkohe( Agucrcy- {acoy bgylcy fhk tyc~ch{ fiomo{- gy g{acyuo~c- {g efohohnglc bygl bcc~ fhk g{acy johk~ gb ~sttgy{ bygl {ac mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk lcfh~{af{ {ac tygrokc tygbgshkm kobbcych{ mcfyhohe cqtcyochnc~(

Bygl hcoeaigsyaggk {g hcoeaigsyaggk- gshe tcgtmc ohnycf~ohem ~afyccqtcyochnc~ gb bflom mobc( [aygseags{ {ac Rfmmc- fnnc~~ {g fh ohnglc {af{ o~ycesmfy fhk ~sbbonoch{ {g lcc{ kfom cqtch~c~ chfimc~ tfych{~ {g morc fhk ugyj oh {ac~flc hcoeaigsyaggk fhk ycksnc~ tyc~~syc gh lfyo{fm ycmf{ogh~aot~( [ac tg~o{orcoltmonf{ogh~ gb {ao~ f~~gnof{ogh nfh ic ohnycf~ohem ~cch oh ao~{gyonfmm rcy mgu,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk~- uacyc ~glc fksm{~ fyc hgu ngllfhkohe aoeacy- ~{fimcohnglc~( [ac hcef{orc oltmonf{ogh~ fyc icnglohe fttfych{ oh ~ctfyf{ogh gy korgync-shkcytohhck i bohfhnofm ~{yfoh- oh fycf~ mojc Bo~a Agcj- uacyc ohnglc~ afrc oh {actf~{ icch aoea( ^{yojohem ~olomfy f~toyf{ogh~ ucyc cqtyc~~ck i gshe tcgtmc oh fmmhcoeaigsyaggk~ ycefykohe {ac vsfmo{oc~ gb oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ ~gsea{ uo{a johfhk g{acy tcgtmc( Fm{agsea {ac okogl bgy ycnotygno{- {ys~{ fhk gtch ngllshonf{ogh

rfyoc~ fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk nsm{syc~- naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ ~{fhk oh iygfkfeycclch{ gh {ac johk~ gb oh{yfechcyf{oghfm fhk oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{nycf{c hsy{syc fhk {ag~c {af{ ngltyglo~c {acoy guh fhk g{acy~‟ ucmm,icohe(

^c{ fefoh~{ {ac~c nghrcyechnc~ fyc ~glc tcy~o~{ch{ bflomofm fhk kglc~{on tf{{cyh~uo{aoh cfna tfy{onsmfy hcoeaigsyaggkfhk ~glc {af{ rfy ic{ucch cfna( [ac~cohnmskc {ac tcgtmc uo{a uagl naomkych ~afyc f aglc sh{om fksm{aggk: {acoy ~ngtc{g ngh{yois{c nfyc- ~sttgy{ fhk fkronc {g bflom lclicy~ gb fmm echcyf{ogh~: fhk {acuf~ oh uaona tfych{fm fi~chnc gy g{acy tg{ch{ofm ngltyglo~c~ {g nfyc fyc lfhfecki fksm{~( _gshe tcgtmc morohe oh ao~{gyonfmm tyoromceck hcoeaigsyaggk~ fyc ~{omm

lsna lgyc mojcm {g morc uo{a ig{a tfych{~ {aygseags{ {acoy naomkaggk~- is{ ~{yseemc



n g h n m s ~ o g h

>93

{g ohbmschnc gy chafhnc ycmf{ogh~aot~ f{ aglc( [ac fyc fm~g ohnycf~ohem mojcm {gcqtcyochnc ghc tfych{‟~ kctfy{syc fhk ls~{ ngh{chk uo{a f ~c{ gb hcoeaigsyaggkokcfm~ {af{ tygimclf{o~c~ hgh,hsnmcfy bflomoc~ lgyc cqtmono{m {afh oh ao~{gyonfmm

ko~fkrfh{feck fycf~( Naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ ugyj rcy afyk {g ~s~{foh fhk chafhnc nghhcn{ogh~ uo{a fi~ch{ tfych{~- gb{ch fnaocrohengacychnc {aygsea acfr ohrc~{lch{ oh ghc gy {ug oh{olf{c ycmf{ogh~aot~ „ gb{chuo{a f lg{acy,boesyc( Kgohe ~g- agucrcy- kgc~ hg{ hcnc~~fyom tyg{cn{ gshe tcgtmcbygl ohnsyyohe kflfec {g {acoy clg{oghfm ucmm,icohe- ~sna f~ {af{ yc~sm{ohe byglfi~ch{ gy fis~orc tfych{~ gy cqtmgo{f{orc ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{aoh mfyecy hc{ugyj~ gb johfhk hcoeaigsy~- uaona {ac afrc mo{{mc tgucy {g frgok gy grcynglc( [ac molo{~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ fechn uo{aoh {ac bflomofm fhk aglc ~c{{ohe fyc crokch{ acyc(

Fnyg~~ {ac igfyk- gshe tcgtmc fyc jcchm fufyc {af{ {ac hcoeaigsyaggk {ac morcoh tg~c~ tfy{onsmfy- fhk gb{ch ohnycf~ohe- {aycf{~ {g {acoy ~fbc{- fhk {af{ o{ kobbcy~oh bshkflch{fm yc~tcn{~ {g g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~ `s~{ f bcu jomglc{yc~ fuf( Is{hco{acy {ac hgy {acoy tfych{~ ‑~cc‟ {ac ch{oyc ~tcn{ysl gb hcoeaigsyaggk,mcrcmohbmschnc~ nmcfym( Bygl naomkaggk {g mf{c fkgmc~nchnc- gshe Nftc{ghofh~ tg~o{ogh{acoy bflomoc~ f~ nch{yfm {g {acoy ~gnofm ugymk~ fhk {g {acoy ta~onfm fhk clg{oghfmucmm,icohe( Lg{acy~- bf{acy~ fhk eyfhktfych{~ yclfoh {ac tyolfy ygmc lgkcm~( [acoytyc~chnc fhk clg{oghfm chefeclch{ o~ fn{orcm ~gsea{ oh {ac aglc fhk {ac fyc {aclfoh bgns~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ cbbgy{~ {g hsy{syc ycnotygnfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ {af{ ifmfhncks{ fhk ch{o{mclch{( _gshe tcgtmc ngh~o~{ch{m tmfnc bflom fhk- ~tcnobonfmm-tfych{,boesyc~- oh {ac ygmc gb tyg{cn{gy~ oh lsna {ac ~flc uf f~ ~gnofm t~nagmgeo~{~tg~o{ogh bflom f~ {ac bom{cy gy isbbcy pghc ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk ohbmschnc~ fhkcbbcn{~ gh ohkoroksfm naomkych( Gsy bohkohe~ vsc~{ogh {ac ~seec~{ogh {af{ uc fyc~ccohe fh ohnycf~ohe ‑kc{fnalch{ bygl cmkcy~‟ !^gskoch 94450 2/ oh {ao~ echcyf{oghgb ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych( [acyc o~ tmch{obsm crokchnc gb {ac cqtcn{ck ~gnofm ko~{fhncic{ucch {cchfecy~ fhk {acoy cmkcy~- uag ~{yseemc {g ngllshonf{c grcy lf{{cy~gb ~gnofmo~ohe fhk ~cq( Agucrcy- fkgmc~nch{~ oh fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ yclfoh boylm clg{oghfmm fhk ~gnofmm f{{fnack {g {acoy tfych{,boesyc~- mggjohe {g {acl oh f nyo~o~fhk ~{yche{achohe {acoy mgfm{oc~ fhk {ys~{ oh {ac~c fksm{~- crch uach {ac fyc ifycm ngtohe( Lg{acy~ c~tcnofmm fyc rc~{ck uo{a ~stcyaslfh tgucy~ f~ tygrokcy~ fhkngh~okcyck f lgyfm ngltf~~ bgy gshe tcgtmc oh {acoy kcno~ogh,lfjohe(

Yclfyjfim- lfh tfych{~ fhk bflomoc~ morc st {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ cqtcn{f{ogh~ i tygrokohe ~sbbonoch{ nfyc fhk bsmbommohe if~on lf{cyofm hcck~ crch oh ~c{{ohe~ gb cq{yclc tgrcy{- ommhc~~- ashecy fhk rogmchnc( Oh {ao~ yc~tcn{- mo{{mc af~ nafheck~ohnc ftfy{acok {olc~( Is{ {ac ycf~gh uc nghnmskc {af{ hcoeaigsyaggk kobbcychnc~~{omm cqcy{ f ~oehobonfh{ ohbmschnc grcy gshe tcgtmc‟~ ucmm,icohe o~ {af{ tfych{~uag ~cc lgyc fhk lgyc ycf~gh {g tyg{cn{ {acoy naomkych bygl ta~onfm fhk ~gnofmkfhecy~ oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk fyc mc~~ fhk mc~~ fimc {g kg ~g( Lgyc uglch ohtfy{onsmfy fyc ugyjohe mghe agsy~ fhk nfhhg{ ic f{ aglc {g lgho{gy fhk tyg{cn{(Fhk f~ cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb {ac gshe afrc yo~ch oh {ac ufjc gb kclgnyfn- ~g afrc{ac ~{fjc~ bgy bflomoc~ oh bfnomo{f{ohe {acoy ‑~snnc~~‟( Tfych{~- tfy{onsmfym lg{acy~-

{fmj figs{ {acoy ohnglc f~ icohe nyo{onfm {g igm~{cyohe {acoy naomkych‟~ nafhnc~ i




>92

chfimohe {acl {g tf bgy {aohe~ ~sna f~ gs{a nflt~- {yfh~tgy{ {g f ic{{cy ~naggmgy bf~aoghfimc nmg{aohe(

^glc gb {ac hcoeaigsyaggk,if~ck kfhecy~ okch{obock i gshe tcgtmc „ ~snaf~ kchoeyf{ohe ko~ngsy~c- {ac s~c gb fmngagm gy kyse~- fhk rogmchnc oh oh{olf{cycmf{ogh~aot~ „ clcyeck uach {ao~ echcyf{ogh gb fksm{~ f{{clt{ck {g ngtc uo{a ~{f{c,chechkcyck gttyc~~ogh ksyohe {acoy guh gs{a !gb{ch i shkcylohohe {ac lgyfmfs{agyo{ gb {acoy tfych{~/( [ac~c tygimcl~ afrc ~ohnc icnglc ch{ychnack- afio{sfmbgyl~ gb icafrogsy oh kglc~{on fhk ngllsho{ oh{cyfn{ogh( Lg~{ tcyrf~orc ohhcoeaigsyaggk~ nycf{ck bgy ngmgsyck tcgtmc- {ac fyc fm~g crokch{ oh {ag~c mfyecm tgtsmf{ck i Fbyonfh tcgtmc fhk {g f mc~~cy cq{ch{ {ag~c bgylcym pghck uao{c( [ackclo~c gb ftfy{acok oh{ch~obock ~glc {aycf{~ fhk fkkck g{acy~0 kyse~ lgrc lgycbyccm ic{ucch hcoeaigsyaggk~- f~ kg {ac nyolohfm efhe~ ts~aohe {acoy ~fmc( [acngygmmfy gb lckof bycckgl o~ {ac tyc~~syc {af{ af~ icch iygsea{ oh{g aglc~ fnyg~~{ac ch{oyc ohnglc yfhec {g ucfy kc~oehcy mficm~ fhk guh {ac mf{c~{ {cnahgmge( AORyf{c~ afrc yo~ch ~afytm grcy {ac mf~{ 63 cfy~- tg~ohe f hcu {aycf{ {g ~cqsfmm fn{orcfkgmc~nch{~( Cnghglon fhk nsm{syfm nafyfn{cyo~{on~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk~ ngliohc {gohnycf~c gshe tcgtmc‟~ yo~j~ gb ohbcn{ogh fhk cfym tfych{aggk( Fksm{~ uag cfyh rcy mo{{mc ~{yseemc {g tygrokc bggk fhk g{acy if~on hcck~- uaona ngltyglo~c~ {acoyafmb gb {ac oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ‑ifyefoh‟ fhk shkcylohc~ {acoy f{{clt{~ {g ohbmschncgshe tcgtmc‟~ icafrogsy( Fhk rcy yfycm fyc {ac fimc {g fkro~c fhk tyg{cn{ {acoynaomkych {aygsea gtch- oh{olf{c ngllshonf{ogh icnfs~c {ao~ ysh~ ngsh{cy {g {acuf oh uaona yc~tcn{ af~ {yfko{oghfmm icch stacmk ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~( Ig{a{ac~c tachglchf fyc ~{yghec~{ oh Fbyonfh hcoeaigsyaggk~- uacyc {ac fkgmc~nch{ ̀ gsyhc oh{g {ac ugymk gb kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ o~ nafyfn{cyo~ck i lo~~oheohbgylf{ogh !gh {ac tfy{ gb tfych{~ fhk naomkych fmojc/ fhk lo~ohbgylf{ogh- f~ gshetcgtmc bfom {g ec{ fnnc~~ {g ohkoroksfm~ gy ~cyronc~ {af{ nfh eorc {acl fh fnnsyf{cton{syc gb {ac oltmonf{ogh~ gb {acoy fn{ogh~( ^sna ohbgylf{ogh eft~- tcy~o~{ch{ echkcyolifmfhnc~ fhk {ac yo~ohe tgucy gb lf{cyofm eggk~ oh kcbohohe ~gnofm okch{o{ „c~tcnofmm oh ngh{cq{~ uacyc ~naggmohe mfyecm bfom~ fkgmc~nch{~ „ acmt {g cqtmfohaoeacy FOK^ yf{c~ oh {ac~c ~c{{ohe~(

Nmf~~ cqcy{~ fh ohnycf~ohem ~{yghe ohbmschnc gh g{acy kolch~ogh~ gb bflom mobc( Uaomcohnglc ohcvsfmo{ fnyg~~ {ac kclgeyftaon ~tcn{ysl o~ ohnycf~ohe oh Nftc [guh-

f~ o{ o~ {aygseags{ ^gs{a Fbyonf- ~glc ags~cagmk~ oh ucfm{aocy hcoeaigsyaggk~afrc cqtcyochnck kcnmohohe ohnglc~ fhk ~glc oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~ afrccqtcyochnck yo~ohe cfyhohe~( ^sna ~aob{~- uach fnngltfhock i kcno~ogh~ i fksm{~ „gb{ch uglch „ {g ugyj bgy fh ohnglc fuf bygl aglc- nycf{c nghko{ogh~ shkcyuaona naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb ‑bflom‟ fyc nghrcyeohe fnyg~~ hcoeaigsyaggk~( Ohf tg~{,ftfy{acok ngh{cq{ gb aoeafhk crch ohnycf~ohe- lgiomo{ flghe fksm{~ fhknaomkych fnyg~~ fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ !c~tcnofmm oh ags~cagmk~ {af{ cfyh mcf~{/- {acnghko{ogh~ bgy bflom ~{fiomo{ lg~{ ~fmoch{ {g naomkych fyc bmcqoiomo{ oh hgylf{orcokcf~ figs{ uaf{ ngh~{o{s{c~ f ‑bflom‟ f~ ucmm f~ oh echkcy ygmc~ oh {ac aglc( Fm~goltgy{fh{ o~ {ac fiomo{ gb tfych{,boesyc~ {g lfoh{foh {acoy clg{oghfm frfomfiomo{ !fhk

{as~ lch{fm acfm{a/ uach shkcy tyc~~syc {g cfyh fhk hsy{syc ~olsm{fhcgs~m( [acoy



n g h n m s ~ o g h

>95

~snnc~~ oh {ao~ ycefyk uomm kctchk gh fnnc~~ {g ~sttgy{- ig{a ohbgylfm fhk bgylfm-bgy fksm{~ fhk naomkych fmojc( Acyc- hcoeaigsyaggk cnghglon~- ghnc fefoh- o~ nyo{onfm0ao~{gyonfmm ucfm{aocy fycf~ afrc f yfhec gb tygbc~~oghfm ~cyronc~ ecfyck {g tycrch{ gy

yc~tghk {g ~gnofm fhk t~nagmgeonfm kobbonsm{oc~( ^glc gb {ac~c fyc tygrokck i {ac~{f{c gy norom ~gnoc{ fhk fyc byccm fhk ycfkom fnnc~~oimc {g naomkych- fkgmc~nch{~ fhktfych{~ !ohnmskohe esokfhnc {cfnacy~ fhk nasyna gs{a ugyjcy~/: g{acy~ fyc tyorf{c-is{ fbbgykfimc {g lg~{ bflomoc~( Oh mgu,ohnglc fycf~- ~cyronc~ fyc ~nfh{- grcyisykchckfhk gb{ch tggym ng,gykohf{ck( Lch{fm,acfm{a o~~sc~ fyc mfyecm hcemcn{ck(

Yfnc yclfoh~ f ~gnofm lfyjcy oh {af{ o{ o~ s~ck shngh~nogs~m i gshe Nftc{ghofh~(Oltgy{fh{m- agucrcy- o{ o~ hg{ f rgnfismfy {af{ o~ ~gsea{ gy kc~oyck i gshetcgtmc fhk bshn{ogh~ f~ f kcbfsm{ gt{ogh oh f ngh{cq{ uacyc fm{cyhf{orc uf~ gb {aohjohe figs{ gy fy{onsmf{ohe kobbcychnc fyc shfrfomfimc( Icohe bygl Gncfh Rocugy bygl Bo~a Agcj- bgy cqfltmc- cqo~{~ fmghe~okc f iygfkcy okch{o{ f~ f Nftc{ghofhgy ^gs{a Fbyonfh- f~ ucmm f~ f ~ch~c gb icmgheohe {g- fhk tyokc oh- f nsm{syfm okch{o{ f~~gnof{ck uo{a tfy{onsmfy c{ahon ao~{gyoc~ fhk mfhesfec( Yfnc,if~ck mficm~- fm{agsea~{omm kcctm fnjhgumckeck fhk cheyfohck- fyc gb{ch f~~cy{ck i {ac gshe ghm ~cnghkfyom {g icmgheohe {g {ac ngsh{y gy no{( Bgy ~glc- ycbs~ohe {g fklo{ fyfnofm okch{o{ o~ f tgmo{onfm ~{f{clch{ oh ~sttgy{ gb kclgnyfn- fhk o~ lg~{ crokch{flghe ‑uao{c‟ gshe tcgtmcuag {chk {g ycbcy {g {acl~cmrc~ f~ ^gs{a Fbyonfh~( Ohkc~nyoiohe {acl~cmrc~ nghbokch{m fhk crch tygskm f~ ‑imfnj‟- gshe tcgtmc bygloltgrcyo~ack hcoeaigsyaggk~- ~sna f~ Lf~otaslcmcmc- nghrc {acoy mceo{olfn fhk crch ~stcyogy ~gnofm ~{fhkohe oh {ac hcu cyf „ f{ {ac ~flc {olc f~ {ac okch{ob {acl~cmrc~ f~ Qag~f- ^gs{a Fbyonfh fhk tcyaft~ crch Nftc{ghofh( [ac koloho~ack~oehobonfhnc gb yfnc f~ f ~gnofm lfyjcy o~ mohjck {g {ac tg~~oiomo{ gb stufyk lgiomo{ fhk fkacychnc {g lokkmc,nmf~~ okcfm~0 {ag~c uo{a {ac eycf{c~{ gttgy{sho{ {g frgokyfnc,if~ck mficmmohe i g{acy~ fhk {g nycf{c fh fm{cyhf{orc ~gnofm okch{o{ fyc {ag~cnaomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ uag~c bflomoc~ afrc lgrck oh{g bgylcym ‑uao{c‟ fycf~ fhkf{{chk ~naggm~- ~tgy{~ nmsi~ fhk nasynac~ {acyc(

_gshe tcgtmc‟~ lsm{otmc !fhk gb{ch hcoeaigsyaggk,ycmf{ck/ cqtyc~~ogh~ gb ~gnofmokch{o{ fyc ngh~o~{ch{ uo{a {ac oltgy{fhnc {ac tmfnc gh {ac loholfm- tocnclcfmfhk ~tf{ofmm kcbohck gttgy{sho{oc~ frfomfimc bgy oh{cyfn{ogh uo{a yc~okch{~ gb g{acyhcoeaigsyaggk~( [ac ~oehobonfhnc gb ~afyck ~tfnc~- ~sna f~ {ac ~agttohe lfmm-

nasynac~ fhk gs{a nflt~- moc~ oh {ac hc{ugyj~ gb byochk~aot~ {af{ nfh ic nsm{orf{ck{acyc „ hg{ tg~~oimc oh {acoy tfych{~‟ gs{a „ fhk oh {acoy ~ligmo~l gb gshetcgtmc‟~ kc~oyc~ {g nyg~~ gmk igshkfyoc~( Gi~{ysn{ohe {ao~ tygnc~~ fyc tfych{fm bcfy~ „lfh gb uaona fyc fm~g rgonck i {acoy naomkych „ bgy gshe tcgtmc‟~ ~fbc{ uach{ac fyc oh g{acy hcoeaigsyaggk~- fhk f~~slt{ogh~ {af{ {ac uomm tonj st ‑ifk‟icafrogsy {acyc( ^{ysn{syohe naomkych‟~ fhk fkgmc~nch{~‟ fn{oro{oc~ !fhk achnc {acoy~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh/ uo{a {ac oh{ch{ogh gb isomkohe {acoy ~jomm~ o~ tfy{ fhk tfyncm gb {aclokkmc,nmf~~ mobc~{mc bocyncm fkacyck {g oh ‑uao{c‟ fycf~ „ fhk ohnycf~ohem f~toyck{g oh tggycy hcoeaigsyaggk~( Bcu tfych{~ chngsyfec {acoy naomkych {g ~tchk {olc‑afheohe gs{‟ uo{a {acoy tccy~ oh ~tfnc~ gs{~okc {ac mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk- crch ob o{ o~

tycno~cm {ao~ johk gb fechkf,mc~~ oh{cyfn{ogh {af{ o~ rfmsck i gshe tcgtmcfhk af~




>91

{ac tg{ch{ofm {g isomk mf~{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch ohkoroksfm~ fhk {acoy bflomoc~ gb {ac johk fimc {g shkcylohc ~{cycg{tc~(

[ac tcy~o~{ch{ ~ctfyf{c kcrcmgtlch{ gb naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ o~ lgyc nafmmcheoheoh {ac boy~{ kcnfkc gb {ac 96~{ nch{sy tycno~cm icnfs~c o{ o~ nfs~ck hg{ i cf~om okch{obock ~{f{c chbgynclch{~- is{ i f ~c{ gb ~gnofm ycfmo{oc~ fhk mcfyh{ tcynct{ogh~-~glc gb uaona fyc emfyohem girogs~ fhk g{acy~ kobbonsm{ {g ~tg{ fhk shkcy~{fhk(Tgrcy{ tycrch{~ lg~{ bflomoc~ oh {ac Rfmmc bygl guhohe tmg{~- isomkohe ags~c~fhk tfohe bgy aoeacy cksnf{ogh- {acyci ~ctfyf{ohe {acl bygl lokkmc,nmf~~ okcfm~fhk ycfmo{oc~( Fm{agsea mfhesfec o~ fh girogs~ tg{ch{ofm korokcy- ngh{cltgyfy syifh gs{a~ fyc ohnycf~ohem nghrcy~fh{ oh Chemo~a( [acoy nafmmchec moc~ oh {acoyohcqtcyochnc oh lfhfeohe kobbcychnc~ oh ~{mc~ gb aslgsy- kyc~~ fhk nghrorofmo{ {af{ {ac gi~cyrc ic{ucch yfnc eygst~ oh uf~ {af{ fmmgu byochk~aot~ {g kcrcmgt( Fao~{gy gb o~gmf{ogh af~ mck {g fh oh{cyhfm gyoch{f{ogh fhk ycmofhnc gh {ac ~lfmm ~c{ gb ~cyronc~ cqo~{ohe uo{aoh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk( [ac~c nfh ic ycohbgynck i tycrfomohefksm{ tcynct{ogh~ {af{ ~g,nfmmck ‑nsm{syfm‟ kobbcychnc~ ic{ucch eygst~ eorch yfnc mficm~uomm oltckc ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh- {ac tycno~c hf{syc gb uaona o~ hcrcy nmfyobock( [acyc o~f kobbcychnc ic{ucch echcyf{ogh~ oh {af{ naomkych cqtcyochnc oh{ceyf{ogh f~ fnaocrfimcoh uf~ shbflomofy {g {acoy tfych{~( F{ {ac ~flc {olc- {ac ~mgu {ac tygnc~~ i tyc~~syohe cfna g{acy {g nghbgyl {g icafrogsyfm ngkc~ mohjck {g yfnc „ bgy cqfltmc-{g fn{ f~ f ‑{ysc‟ ngmgsyck gy {g ‑~{gt {yohe {g ic ~glcghc {ac fyc hg{‟( [ac~c fyctcyaft~ shkcy~{fhkfimc yc~tgh~c~ {g {acoy rch{syohe oh{g shnafy{ck {cyyo{gy(

[ac tg~{,ftfy{acok chroyghlch{ o~ ghc nafyfn{cyo~ck i fh gtchohe gb tg~~oiomo{oc~

bgy fmm gshe tcgtmc {g fnaocrc cksnf{oghfm- ~gnofm fhk lf{cyofm ~snnc~~( Oh tyfn{onc-{ao~ gtcyf{c~ lgyc f~ fh okcf {afh f ycfmo{- f~ gshe tcgtmc chngsh{cy igshkfyoc~fhk {ch~ogh~ oh {acoy ycmf{ogh~aot~ uo{a fksm{~ fhk tccy~ {af{ fyc ngh~o~{ch{m ko~cltgucyohe( I fhk mfyec- {ac cqtcyochnc {acoy hcoeaigsyaggk~ f~ bcfybsm- `skeclch{fm fhk shbgy{anglohe oh {cyl~ gb fkronc fhk ~cyronc~ oh yc~tgh~c {g {acoyacfm{a fhk ~gnofm hcck~( O{ o~ acyc {af{ uc okch{ob f vsoc{ rogmchnc {af{ molo{~ gshetcgtmc oh fnaocrohe {ac vsfmo{ gb ycmf{ogh~aot~ fhk tcy~ghfm egfm~ {ac f~toyc {g( Bgycqfltmc- {ac ~sttg~ck bycckgl {g lfjc nagonc~ figs{ ~naggmohe fhk kf{ohe o~ ohycfmo{ {oea{m noynsl~nyoick i uaf{ o~ fnnct{fimc fhk tg~~oimc uo{aoh f tfy{onsmfyhcoeaigsyaggk( Nagg~ohe fh cksnf{oghfm tf{auf eorc~ f gshe tcy~gh f ~gnofmm

rfmsck egfm fhk tcy~ghfm fol( Is{ {ac tf{a {aygsea ngltyglo~ck ~naggmohe o~ bsmmgb to{bfmm~( [ach tfych{~ fhk g{acy fksm{ bflom lclicy~ lf hg{ afrc {ac bohfhnc~gy jhgu,agu {g esokc gshe tcgtmc icghk ~naggm fhk oh{g {yfohohe fhk {acoykc~oyck nfyccy~( ^naggm~ fhk g{acy ngllsho{ bfnomo{oc~ oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~ fycfm~g mojcm {g mfnj ~sna jhgumckec fhk bfom oh {acoy ~sttgy{ ygmc( Bgy {ac~c ycf~gh~-{ac bcu naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ uag afrc afk gttgy{sho{oc~ {g nsm{orf{c ~gnofmhc{ugyj~ icghk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk rfmsc {ac~c ngh{fn{~ bgy {acoy oh~{yslch{fmfhk ~ligmon ngh{ch{- gb{ch kyfuohe gh {acl {g tmg{ f ygs{c gs{ gb ~naggm fhk oh{gbsy{acy cksnf{ogh gy ugyj(

[acyc o~ mo{{mc ~gmokfyo{ flghe {ac gshe( Tgmo{onfm yac{gyon o~ gb cvsfmo{ fhk ‑yggl bgy

fmm‟ oh f korcy~c hf{ogh( [ag~c ~{omm lg~{ ko~fkrfh{feck fyc jct{ egohe i {ac tyglo~c~



n g h n m s ~ o g h

>9?

gb ~snnc~~- ~{f{s~ fhk ucfm{a {aygsea cksnf{ogh fhk {acoy gbbonofmm fkrfh{fecktgmo{onfm tg~o{ogh( Fhk icnfs~c ~glc fnaocrc- {acyc o~ hg ngh~o~{ch{m mceo{olo~ckeyocrfhnc fefoh~{ {ac ~{f{c( _gshe tcgtmc fnaocrc f mg{ {aygsea {acoy ‑acfk ugyj‟

!^gskoch 94450 6/ oh {ac ycfml gb tcy~ghfm egfm ~c{{ohe- okch{o{ nycf{ogh fhk ~{yf{ceoc~{g ngtc uo{a shcrch- shtyckon{fimc yc~gsync~ „ ig{a lf{cyofm fhk clg{oghfm „bygl {acoy tfych{~ fhk f{ aglc( Is{ {ac yfycm fn{orcm nafmmchec {ac oh~{o{s{ogh~ gy~~{cl~ {af{ bfom {g kcmorcy ~cyronc~ gb {ac vsfmo{ gy ycesmfyo{ hcckck {g ch~syc {acoyacfm{a kcrcmgtlch{( Nyo{onfm acyc fyc jhgumckec eft~ {af{ nfh ~cyogs~m shkcylohc{ac cbbcn{orchc~~ gb ‑acfk ugyj‟ oh mf{c fkgmc~nchnc- ~sna f~ f mfnj gb fufychc~~ flghetfych{~ fhk {acoy naomkych gb tycno~cm uaf{ o~ ycvsoyck {g ~snncck oh ~naggmohe- ch{cybsy{acy cksnf{ogh fhk f{{foh ncy{foh uao{c,ngmmfy `gi~( [ac fi~chnc gb nghnct{~ fhk{cylohgmgeoc~ uo{a uaona {g kcif{c kobbcychnc fhk ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh tg~{,ftfy{acok^gs{a Fbyonf fnyg~~ fmm hcoeaigsyaggk~ o~ fhg{acy cqfltmc(

C{ahgeyftaon fhfm~c~ gb naomkaggk afrc icch kc~nyoick oh {ac tf~{ f~ molo{ck oh{acoy ngh{yois{ogh~ {g fh{aygtgmge gy {g ~gnofm ~nochnc lgyc iygfkm i {ac fi~chncgb nyg~~,nsm{syfm ngltfyo~gh gy {acgy isomkohe !McRohc 9445/( Oh {ao~ iggj- ucafrc ~gsea{ {g yc~tghk {g {ac~c ~agy{nglohe~ {aygsea f lsm{oko~notmohfy fhkngltfyf{orc fttygfna {g kf{f ngmmcn{ogh fhk fhfm~o~( Oh,kct{a ngltfyo~gh~ uo{aohfhk flghe {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~- ohnmskohe {ac ko~nsy~orc oh{cyfn{ogh gb gsheyc~cfynacy~ bygl kobbcych{ ifnjeygshk~- afrc chfimck s~ {g okch{ob eft~ oh gshetcgtmc‟~ jhgumckec {af{ fyc bshkflch{fmm ko~cltgucyohe {g {acl f~ ohkoroksfm~-fhk ycrcfm mfyecy ~gnofm o~~sc~ oh ngh{cltgyfy ^gs{a Fbyonf( Ghc gb {ac~c o~ {ac~jc{na gy hgh,cqo~{ch{ fufychc~~ gb cksnf{oghfm tygnc~~c~ fhk ycvsoyclch{~ bgycltmglch{- kc~nyoick figrc( [ac tyc~chnc fhk oltmonf{ogh~ gb ~{yghem echkcyckygmc~ fyc fhg{acy bcf{syc gb {ac ~gnofm chroyghlch{ figs{ uaona gshe tcgtmcfyc shfufyc gb {acoy guh oehgyfhnc( Fm{agsea {ac~c gtcyf{c oh f echcyfmm koycn{bf~aogh fnngykohe {g hcoeaigsyaggk oh kc{cylohohe gshe tcgtmc‟~ acfm{a fhk ucmm,icohe- {ac bfn{ {af{ echkcy tyc~nyot{ogh~ fyc lfhobc~{ fnyg~~ fmm ~cn{gy~ gb ~gnoc{ o~f bcf{syc gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnoc{ fygshk uaona mo{{mc lglch{sl bgy nafhec nfhgnnsy- tycno~cm icnfs~c gshe tcgtmc fyc hg{ fufyc {af{ {ac bfnc ~olomfy echkcyckkhflon~ oh {ac aglc fhk oh kf{ohe ycmf{ogh~aot~( F {aoyk bohkohe {g afrc clcyeck{aygsea nfycbsm mo~{chohe {g uaf{ naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ ~f figs{ {acoy crcykf morc~ fhk cqtcyochnc~ o~ {af{ {ac hf{syc gb hcoeaigsyaggk ~gnofmo{ af~ f eycf{cy

oltfn{- ig{a tg~o{orc fhk hcef{orc- gh {acoy ~cmb,c~{ccl- tcy~ghfm oh{ceyo{- flio{oghfhk grcyfmm ucmm,icohe {afh {ac vsfmo{ gb ta~onfm ohbyf~{ysn{syc fhk {ac tyc~chncgb ~cyronc~( [ac~c hsfhnc~ ucyc lfkc crokch{ {aygsea nfycbsm f{{ch{ogh {g naomkych‟~lsm{o,rgnfmo{ uo{aoh fec- echkcy- nmf~~ fhk nsm{syfm eygst~ „ f bcf{syc gb fhfm~o~{af{ af~ icch mfnjohe oh naomk,bgns~ck yc~cfyna oh{cyhf{oghfmm oh ycnch{ kcnfkc~!@flc~ 9445/(

[ac~c bohkohe~ afrc ig{a {acgyc{onfm fhk tyfn{onfm ~oehobonfhnc( Uc fyc ~gycm oh hcckgb nghnct{sfm {ggm~ uo{a uaona {g shkcy~{fhk {ac hf{syc fhk oltmonf{ogh~ gb gshetcgtmc‟~ aoeam shcrch jhgumckec figs{ {ac ugymk oh uaona {ac morcfhk tg~~oimc

uf~ {g bomm jhgumckec eft~ fhk tycnoto{f{c ~gnofm nafhec {af{ fyo~c~ uo{a ohnycf~ck




>>4

~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh( F{ f tyfn{onfm mcrcm- {acyc fyc koycn{ ngh~cvschnc~ gb {ac~c bohkohe~{g ~cyronc kc~oeh fhk kcmorcy( Bgy cqfltmc- {ac {tc~ gb ~gnofm oh{cyfn{ogh uo{aohf gshe tcy~gh‟~ hcoeaigsyaggk uomm co{acy ngacyc uo{a gy nghbmon{ uo{a {ac ~{mc

gb oh{cyfn{ogh uo{aoh {ac oh~{o{s{ogh~ kc~oehck {g tygrokc ~cyronc~ {g naomkych gyfkgmc~nch{~( [ac yc~sm{~ nfh ic fh fnnsyf{c- f{{ch{orc yc~tgh~c fttygtyof{c {g {acohkoroksfm gshe tcy~gh‟~ bflomofm fhk hcoeaigsyaggk ~tacyc( [ac~c s~sfmm fyo~cbygl f mgnfm- ohbgylfm oh{cytyc{f{ogh gb {ac ~ngtc gb {ac ~cyronc- {ac yc~tgh~oiomo{oc~gb fksm{~ {acycoh fhk {ac kceycc gb kcno~ogh,lfjohe fbbgykck {g naomkych( Yfyccqfltmc~ gb ~sna ngacychnc ko~ns~~ck oh {ac iggj ohnmskc {ac Fy{ Roiyf{ogh~nmsi bgy fkgmc~nch{~ oh Gncfh Rocu- {ac {cltgyfy bg~{cyohe gb naomkych i ~gst,jo{nach nggj~ oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk {ac ygmc~ tmfck i esokfhnc {cfnacy~ fhkgs{a ugyjcy~ oh Bo~a Agcj( [ac lgyc ngllgh ~nchfyog o~ f ngltmc{c lo~lf{naic{ucch oh~{o{s{ogh~ ugyjohe {g f ~c{ gb tyckcbohck ‑hcck~‟ fhk ~cyronc~ fhk {ac uf~

gshe tcgtmc shkcy~{fhk crcykf nafmmchec~ fhk kc~oyc {g {fnjmc {acl( ^naggm~-nmohon~ fhk gs{a,bgns~ck gyefho~f{ogh~ ngh~cvsch{m bfom {g chefec naomkych fhkfkgmc~nch{~ oh uf~ {ac oh{chk- lcfhohe {af{ nyo{onfm ngltyglo~c~ {g ucmm,icohefhk eft~ oh ohbgylf{ogh fhk mobc ~jomm~ tcy~o~{ oh{g gshe fksm{aggk(

[ac ngliohf{ogh gb tcy~o~{ch{ lf{cyofm gy cnghglon kobbcychnc~ fhk {ac ~gnofm fhknsm{syfm mcefnoc~ gb ftfy{acok afrc yc~sm{ck oh {ac ~si~cvsch{ yctygksn{ogh gb kcctkobbcychnc~ ic{ucch- fhk crch koro~ogh~ oh- ~gnofm ugymk~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc( F~ ucafrc ~aguh- ~glc gb {ac~c kobbcychnc~ fyc ycfm fhk ~glc fyc f~~slck gy olfeohck-tycno~cm icnfs~c ~olomfyo{oc~ ic{ucch ~gnofm ugymk~ fyc hg{ ycngeho~ck( _gshetcgtmc fyc tgucybsm fech{~ gb nafhec- ig{a oh {acoy cbbgy{~ {g ~gsync fhk hsy{sycycmf{ogh~aot~ gb oh{olfn fhk ~sttgy{ {ac ycngeho~c {g ic nysnofm {g {acoy ucmm,icohe-fhk oh {acoy kclfhk~ bgy eycf{cy ~gnog,cnghglon gttgy{sho{ fhk nghhcn{oro{ {g~gnofm ~tacyc~ icghk {acoy ollckof{c hcoeaigsyaggk~ fhk ao~{gyonfm okch{o{oc~( F{{ac ~flc {olc- {ac chefec oh nghrcy~f{ogh~ fhk fn{ogh~ {af{ yctygksnc tcyncorckkobbcychnc~ fhk fn{sfm ohcvsfmo{oc~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc( Agu- uc ls~{ f~j- loea{ {acmcefn gb koro~ogh fhk kobbcychnc ic {yfh~nchkck7 Grcy {ac mghe {cyl- {acyc o~ nmcfym {ac hcck bgy nafhec oh lf{cyofm noynsl~{fhnc~ f{ {ac ags~cagmk fhk hcoeaigsyaggkmcrcm~( Oh {ac bgyc~ccfimc bs{syc- agucrcy- eycf{cy ngh{fn{ ic{ucch gshe tcgtmcgb kobbcych{ nmf~~c~ fhk yfnc,eygst ifnjeygshk~ ugsmk bfnomo{f{c lgyc oh{cyfn{ogh-shkcy~{fhkohe fhk ~ngtc bgy ls{sfm ~sttgy{( Oh~{o{s{ogh~ afrc f jc ygmc {g tmf

oh fn{orcm tyglg{ohe ~sna oh{cyfn{ogh i fkgt{ohe f iygfk,if~ck fttygfna {gngllsho{ tfy{onotf{ogh fhk ~cyronc tygro~ogh( ^g {gg kg uc gykohfy no{opch~i ~copohe gttgy{sho{oc~ {g icbyochk- lch{gy fhk chngsyfec gshe tcgtmc uag~cifnjeygshk~ kobbcy bygl gsy guh(



>>6

Hg{c~

Naft{cy 6

6( ^cc a{{t0''uci(uo{~(fn(pf'Fnfkclon'Acfm{a'Yc~cfyna'Ioy{a[g94'(

9( ^cc uuu(nft~(sn{(fn(pf(

Naft{cy 9

6( Fh fnnsyf{c ton{syc gb {ac rfyogs~ lcfh~ {aygsea uaona tfych{,boesyc~ ko~notmohc gshe

tcgtmc- tfy{onsmfym fkgmc~nch{~- o~ hg{ cf~om efohck {aygsea gi~cyrf{ogh icnfs~c {ac

tyc~chnc gb f ro~o{gy- tfy{onsmfym f yc~cfynacy- fm{cy~ icafrogsy( Eygst kyflf cqcyno~c~

tygrck f s~cbsm bgysl {aygsea uaona gshe tcgtmc ngsmk cqtyc~~ {ac nafyfn{cy gb oh{olf{c

tcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~- tyc~slfim icnfs~c {ac ygmc,tmfohe tygnc~~ o~ g~{ch~oim shmohjck

bygl {acoy guh- tcy~ghfm cqtcyochnc~(

9( [ac {aycf{~ {g ucmm,icohe tg~ck i {ac ta~onfm fhk ~gnofm f~tcn{~ gb gshe tcgtmc‟~ mgnfm

chroyghlch{~ fyc kc~nyoick oh kc{fom oh Naft{cy >- f~ fyc {ac uf~ oh uaona ncy{foh fn{ogh~

fyc yctyc~ch{ck f~ lgyfmm ‑eggk‟ gy ‑ifk‟ f~ f lcfh~ gb lfhfeohe f aoea,yo~j chroyghlch{(

>( Ao~{gyonfmm- eob{~ {g naomkych oh o~oQag~f,~tcfjohe ngllsho{oc~ ucyc eorch f{ Nayo~{lf~-

is{ hg{ f{ ioy{akf~( Hgyl~ fttcfy {g ic nafheohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc fhk {ao~ echcyf{ogh

gb lg{acy~ fhk naomkych yctgy{ {af{ ~lfmm eob{~ !~sna f~ f [,~aoy{ gy f nagngmf{c ify/ fhk

~afyohe nfjc~ fhk bopp kyohj~ o~ ngllgh- fhk {acyc o~ hgu fh cqtcn{f{ogh {af{ tfych{~

tygrokc {ac~c f{ ioy{akf~(

;( GOM !~{fhkohe bgy ‑Guhcy~aot- Ohrc~{- Morc‟/ o~ fh HEG ~sttgy{ohe tccy cksnf{ogh flghe

aoea,~naggm tstom~ fnyg~~ {ac Rfmmc(

3( ^{skoc~ nghksn{ck oh korcy~c nsm{syfm ngh{cq{~ okch{ob f mohj ic{ucch ~{yghe hgyl~ gb bomofm

toc{ fhk naomkych‟~ rsmhcyfiomo{ {g ~cqsfm fis~c !gh Tscy{g Yong- ~cc Nglf~,Kìfp 6??3: gh

Naohf- ~cc [fhe 9449- no{ck oh [guh~chk " Kfuc~ 944;/(

Naft{cy >

6( Rcy shs~sfmm- `s~{ icbgyc gsy yc~cfyna- f ~{skch{ ‑bygl fhg{acy ~naggm‟ afk ~{fiick f

6;,cfy,gmk eoym `s~{ gs{~okc {ac ef{c~ gb Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm( Fm{agsea cq{ch~orcm ngrcyck oh {ac mgnfm tftcy~- {ac ohnokch{ kok hg{ ~ccl {g nfs~c lsna fhqoc{ flghe~{ tstom~

f{ {ac ~naggm gy g{acy gshe tcgtmc oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk(

9( Eyccb- Oh~tcn{gy Y- tcy~ghfm ngllshonf{ogh- 9445(

>( ^lc{acyafl @,F- Nftc [olc~- ; Ftyom 9443(

Naft{cy ;

6( Bcu {cchfecy~ !gy fksm{~/ oh Bo~a Agcj nnmc {g fhk bygl {acoy hcoeaigsyaggkfhk {ag~c

uag kg lfjc {ac {yot bgy {ac tsytg~c gb bo{hc~~ yf{acy {afh {yfh~tgy{( O{ o~ ngllgh bgy lch

morohe oh Lf~otaslcmcmc {g nnmc {g ugyj fhk f ~lfmm hslicy gb gshe tcgtmc icmghe {g fLf~otaslcmcmc nnmc nmsi(




>>9

9( ^cc- bgy cqfltmc- ‑Naomkych ~cmmohe ~cq {g is {oj‟- Nftc [olc~- ; Ftyom 9443: ‑^{ycc{ {fmj „

{olc {g ~ags{ gs{ mgsk figs{ {oj icbgyc o{ uycnj~ hcu echcyf{ogh‟- Nftc Fyes~- 93 Lf 9443:

fhk ‑Tyclocy egc~ ufmjfigs{ {g mfshna fh{o,{oj kyorc‟- Nftc [olc~- 9? @shc 9443(

>( Sljagh{g uc ôpuc !^tcfy gb {ac Hf{ogh/ uf~ {ac fn{orc lomo{fy uohe gb {ac FbyonfhHf{oghfm Ngheyc~~ ic{ucch 6?26 fhk 6??4(

Naft{cy 3

6( O{ ~agsmk ic hg{ck {af{ o{ o~ gb{ch kobbonsm{ {g ko~{oheso~a ic{ucch {ac fi~gms{c ngh~{yfoh{

gb ~nfync yc~gsync~ fhk {ac ngh~cvschnc~ gb iskec{fy nagonc~ lfkc i ~naggm lfhfecy~(

^naggm~ loea{ nagg~c {g ~tchk mc~~ gh {aohe~ mojc ~{f{oghcy fhk lgyc gh g{acy o{cl~(

9( Rfh kcy Icye !9443/ ~agu~ {af{ Fbyonfh tstom~ f{{chkohe yfnofmm loqck ~naggm~ tcybgyl

lsna ic{{cy {afh Fbyonfh tstom~ f{ fmm,Fbyonfh ~naggm~- is{ {ao~ loea{ ic icnfs~c {ac fyc

lokkmc nmf~~ fhk loea{ hg{ crch morc oh tggy hcoeaigsyaggk~(>( Bo~a Agcj Lokkmc ^naggm fhk ^chogy Aoea ^naggm lcyeck oh 944? {g icnglc Bo~a Agcj

Aoea ^naggm(

Naft{cy 2

6( [ac tggy tygro~ogh gb ~naggm ~gnofm ugyjcy~ fhk ngsh~cmmgy~ oh fmm {aycc hcoeaigsyaggk~-

is{ tfy{onsmfym Gncfh Rocu fhk Lf~otaslcmcmc- o~ ko~ns~~ck oh {ac ~cn{ogh acfkck ‑Uag

mcfrc~ fhk uag ~{f~7 Kcno~ogh,lfjohe fhk {ac ~naggm nfyccy‟(

9( Fh cqclt{ogh o~ eorch uach {ac ngltg~o{c lfyj bgy f tstom‟~ ~si`cn{,~tcnobon cqflohf{ogh~

o~ aoea chgsea {g fmmgu bgy shorcy~o{ fttmonf{ogh(

>( [ao~ crch{- ycloho~nch{ oh bgyl gb tyg{c~{~ ksyohe {ac mf{c ftfy{acok cyf- uf~ cq{ch~orcm

ngrcyck i {ac lckof( ^cc- bgy cqfltmc- ‑^FT^ ohrc~{oef{ohe0 Morc fllg s~ck fefoh~{ ~naggm

naomkych‟- Uccjchk Fyes~- 69 Lfyna 9443(

;( [ac~c f{{fohlch{ yf{c~ fyc bgy 94, {g 9;,cfy,gmk~ oh cfna hcoeaigsyaggk- s~ohe kf{f bygl

{ac 9446 Nch~s~(

3( NFT^ kok hg{ f~j figs{ tfy{onotf{ogh oh oho{of{ogh yo{c~- fhk uc nfh bohk hg g{acy ~syrc {af{

af~ kghc ~g( [ao~ lfjc~ o{ kobbonsm{ {g ic tycno~c f~ {g {ac tycrfmchnc fhk fec gb tfy{onotf{ogh(

2( Kf{f bygl {ac 9446 tgtsmf{ogh nch~s~( Hg{c {af{ {ac shcltmglch{ yf{c o~ nfmnsmf{ck

cqnms~orc gb tcgtmc uag fyc ~{skohe gy fyc g{acyuo~c hg{ oh {ac mfigsy bgync(

5( [ao~ ~lfmm vsfmo{f{orc ~{sk gh cksnf{oghfm ko~ngsy~c fhk kcno~ogh,lfjohe uf~ nghksn{ckoh 9442 i gsy ngmmcfesc- Fyofhc kc Mfhhg !9441/( O{ o~ uo{a acy tcylo~~ogh {af{ uc ohnmskc

Hcpomc‟~ hfyyf{orc(

Naft{cy 5

6( T~nagmgeo~{~ ~glc{olc~ s~c {ac {cyl ‑~cmb,nfyc‟ {g ycbcy {g kfom ygs{ohc~ ~sna f~ uf~aohe-

iys~aohe {cc{a- ec{{ohe kyc~~ck- c{n( Uc s~c o{ {g ycbcy {g gshe tcgtmc‟~ cbbgy{~ {g tyg{cn{ fhk

igm~{cy {acoy guh ucmm,icohe oh {ac iygfkc~{ ~ch~c(

9( Tstom~ uag fnaocrc f ncy{foh lf{yon eyfkc- is{ bfom ncy{foh ~si`cn{~- fyc fmmguck {g ycuyo{c

cqflohf{ogh~ bgy ~si`cn{~ {ac afrc bfomck(



h g { c ~

>>>

Naft{cy 1

6( NFT^ fm~g f~jck ob gshe tcgtmc ucyc lclicy~ gb f ‑ycmoeogs~ eygst‟: ghc,{aoyk yctmock ‑c~‟(

[acyc o~ hg ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch yc~tgh~c~ {g {ao~ vsc~{ogh fhk tcyncorck ~cmb,ngh{ygm- crch

ngh{ygmmohe bgy yfnc fhk nmf~~(

9( Gb {ac 6 1?4 tstom~ {af{ tfy{onotf{ck oh {ao~ ~syrc- 21 tcy nch{ ucyc Fbyonfh: 6? tcy nch{

ucyc uao{c: 2 tcy nch{ ucyc ngmgsyck: fhk 2 tcy nch{ ucyc Ohkofh( Hohc{ tcy nch{ gb {ac~c

tfy{onotfh{~ ucyc oh syifh ~naggm~(

>( Mo{{mc ^gh`f uf~ lsykcyck- Nftc [olc~- > @sm 9445(

;( Ysiicy ismmc{~ bm- 69 acmk f~ ags~ohe kclg {syh~ sem- Nftc Fyes~- >6 Lf 9443(



>>;

[ac fs{agy~

Yfnacm Iyf o~ fh ohkctchkch{ yc~cfynacy fhk bgylcy yc~cfyna bcmmgu f{ {ac Nch{yc bgy^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna !N^^Y/ fhk {ac Kctfy{lch{ gb ^gnofm Fh{aygtgmge f{ {acShorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh !SN[/( âc af~ f TaK bygl {ac Shorcy~o{ gb Ksyafl fhko~ ng,cko{gy gb Lgho{gyohe Naomk Ucmm,icohe0 F ^gs{a Fbyonfh Yoea{~,if~ck Fttygfna(Oljc Egg~jch~ fhk ^sc Lg~c~ eyfksf{ck bygl SN[ oh 9442 uo{a lf~{cy‟~ kceycc~oh ~gnofm fh{aygtgmge fhk kcrcmgtlch{ ~{skoc~ yc~tcn{orcm( ^sc nsyych{m ugyj~f{ {ac Naomkych‟~ Oh~{o{s{c f{ SN[( Oljc af~ icesh yc~cfyna bgy f kgn{gyf{c f{ SN[(Mfsych Jfah ngltmc{ck f lf~{cy‟~ kceycc oh t~nagmge f{ SN[ oh 9441 fhk o~

nsyych{m ugyjohe f~ f yc~cfynacy f{ {ac _gshe Bgshkf{ogh oh Mghkgh( Oljc- ^sc fhkMfsych afrc fmm acmk ~nagmfy~aot~ fhk `shogy yc~cfyna tg~o{ogh~ f{ {ac N^^Y( @cycl ^ccjohe~ o~ Tygbc~~gy gb Tgmo{onfm ^{skoc~ fhk ^gnogmge f{ SN[ fhk koycn{gy gb ghcgb {ac sho{~ uo{aoh {ac N^^Y( Ac af~ f TaK bygl Gqbgyk Shorcy~o{- fhk af~ acmk ro~o{ohe fttgoh{lch{~ f{ Gqbgyk- _fmc fhk Tyohnc{gh Shorcy~o{oc~( Ao~ iggj~ ohnmskc[ac SKB0 F Ao~{gy gb {ac Sho{ck Kclgnyf{on Bygh{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf fhk Nmf~~- Yfncfhk Ohcvsfmo{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf !ng,fs{agyck uo{a Hongmo Hf{{yf~~/(



>>3

Ycbcychnc~

Fkfl~ A " Lfy~afmm F !6??1/ Gbb {fyec{ lc~~fec~0 Tgrcy{- yo~j fhk ~cqsfm yoea{~( Fechkf

>?0 15„?9

Fkaojfyo L !9443/ Hg{ uao{c chgsea- hg{ imfnj chgsea0 Yfnofm okch{o{ oh {ac ^gs{a Fbyonfh

ngmgsyck ngllsho{( F{ach~0 Gaog Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Fmcqfhkcy JM- Ch{uo~mc KY " Jfiifho H^ !9446/ [ac kygtgs{ tygnc~~ oh mobc ngsy~c tcy~tcn{orc0

Cfym yo~j bfn{gy~ f{ aglc fhk ~naggm( [cfnacy~ Ngmmcec Ycngyk 64>0 524„199

Fmcqfhkcy T " S~ [ !9449/ FOK^ fhk ~gnogmge0 Nsyych{ ^gs{a Fbyonfh yc~cfyna( ^gnoc{ oh

[yfh~o{ogh >>!>/0 9?3„>66

Fmgo~c,_gshe TF- Nysoj~afhj N " Nafrcp CM !9449/ Noefyc{{c ~lgjohe fhk tcyncorck acfm{a oh

~naggm kygtgs{~0 F ngltfyo~gh gb Lcqonfh Flcyonfh fhk hgh,Ao~tfhon uao{c fkgmc~nch{~(

@gsyhfm gb Tckof{yon T~nagmge 20 ;?5„345

Fm{icjcy F !9445/ F ngsh{y f{ ufy uo{a o{~cmb ( Nftc [guh0 @ghf{afh Ifmm Tsimo~acy~

FHN !Fbyonfh Hf{oghfm Ngheyc~~/ !6??;/ [ac Ycngh~{ysn{ogh fhk Kcrcmgtlch{ Tygeyfllc(

@gafhhc~isye0 FHN

Fhkcy~gh JE !9443/ Ycmf{ckhc~~ fhk ohrc~{lch{ oh naomkych oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Aslfh Hf{syc

62!6/0 6„>6

Fhkcy~gh JE- Nf~c F " Mfl K !9446/ Nfs~c~ fhk ngh~cvschnc~ gb ~naggmohe gs{nglc~ oh

^gs{a Fbyonf0 Crokchnc bygl ~syrc kf{f( ^gnofm Khflon~ 95!6/0 >5„3?Fycmmfhg NL- Nafrcp CM " Kcbbchifnacy @M !6??1/ Fmngagm s~c fhk fnfkclon ~{f{s~ flghe

Lcqonfh Flcyonfh fhk uao{c hgh,Ao~tfhon fkgmc~nch{~( Fkgmc~nchnc >>0 536„524

F~abgy{a F !9443/ Uo{nanyfb{- rogmchnc fhk kclgnyfn oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Naonfeg0 Shorcy~o{ gb

Naonfeg Tyc~~

Fscyifna B " Ucm~a K !6?16/ Cksnf{ogh( Oh ^ rfh kcy Agy~{ " @ Ycok !Ck~/ Yfnc ko~nyolohf{ogh

oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 F ycrocu( Nftc [guh0 Kfrok Taomot

Ifyifyoh G " Yona{cy M !9446/ Lfhkcmf‟~ naomkych0 Eyguohe st oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf(

Mghkgh0 Ygs{mckec

Ifyjcy E " Yonfykg N !9443/ _gshe lch fhk {ac ngh~{ysn{ogh gb lf~nsmoho{ oh ~si,^fafyfh

Fbyonf0 Oltmonf{ogh~ bgy AOR'FOK^- nghbmon{ fhk rogmchnc( ^gnofm Kcrcmgtlch{ Sho{- Nghbmon{

Tycrch{ogh fhk Ycngh~{ysn{ogh Tftcy~ Hg( 92( Uf~aohe{gh- KN0 Ugymk Ifhj

Icfsrfo~ B- Nafrcp CM- Gc{{ohe CY- Kcbbchifnacy @M " Ngyhcmm EY !6??2/ Kyse s~c- rogmchnc-

fhk ron{olopf{ogh flghe uao{c Flcyonfh- Lcqonfh Flcyonfh- fhk Flcyonfh Ohkofh

kygtgs{~- ~{skch{~ uo{a fnfkclon tygimcl~ fhk ~{skch{~ oh eggk fnfkclon ~{fhkohe(

@gsyhfm gb Ngsh~cmohe T~nagmge ;>0 9?9„9??

Icko F^ " Lfy~afmm @A !9449/ Tyolfy ~naggm f{{chkfhnc oh Aghksyf~( @gsyhfm gb Kcrcmgtlch{

Cnghglon~ 2?0 69?„63;

Icay L !6??3/ [ac ~lcmm gb fttmc~( Mghkgh0 Fifns~




>>2

Ics{cm FL " Fhkcy~gh JE !9441/ Yfnc fhk {ac cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ gb tfych{~ fhk

naomkych0 [ac nf~c gb ^gs{a Fbyonf( [ac ^gnogmge Vsfy{cym ;?0 >>3„>26

Iokkcngl F " Ifjomfhf F !944>/ [yfh~o{ogh~ oh{g ~cq- tfych{aggk fhk shogh~ flghe fkgmc~nch{~

fhk gshe fksm{~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Iomo{ JL !6???/ ^naggm rogmchnc fhk fkgmc~nch{ lch{fm acfm{a oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 Oltmonf{ogh~

bgy ~naggm acfm{a tygeyfl~( ^gnogmgeonfm Tyfn{onc0 F @gsyhfm gb Nmohonfm fhk Fttmock Yc~cfyna

6!;/0 913„>4>

Imfnj L " Jyo~ahfjslfy F !6??3/ Naomkych oh mgu,ohnglc syifh ~c{{ohe~0 Oh{cyrch{ogh~ {g

tyglg{c lch{fm acfm{a fhk ucmm,icohe( Flcyonfh T~nagmgeo~{ 3>!2/0 2>3„2;2

Igg~ch B mc Y- Ifnalfh L- Lf{cic~o P " Lccy @ !944>/ [ac ~gnog,cnghglon oltfn{ gb

AOR'FOK^ gh ags~cagmk~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 F tomg{ ~{sk oh Ucmjgl fhk Vufvuf- Bycc ^{f{c

tygrohnc( Oh{cyol yctgy{( Shorcy~o{ gb {ac Bycc ^{f{c fhk {ac Nch{yc bgy Acfm{a ^~{cl~

Yc~cfyna fhk Kcrcmgtlch{

Igyhclfh @ !6??9/ Icmgheohe {g {ac {ug Icymoh~0 Joh- ~{f{c- hf{ogh( Hcu _gyj0 Nfliyokec

Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Igkch @ " Chhcu @ !6??5/ Naomkych oh bgns~0 F lfhsfm bgy tfy{onotf{gy yc~cfyna uo{a naomkych(

^{gnjagml0 Yfkkf Ifyhch

Igkch @ " Agmkch T !6??6/ Naomkych gb {ac no{oc~( Mghkgh0 Pck Iggj~

Iyfhk{ Y- Kfuc~ F- Iyf Y- L{aclis,^fm{cy M- [glmoh~gh L " ûfy{p M !9443/ Fh cqtmgyf{gy

~{sk gb {ac oltfn{ gb tyolfy nfyceorcy AOR ohbcn{ogh gh nfyceorohe fhk naomk kcrcmgtlch{fm

gs{nglc oh {ac cyf gb AFFY[0 Tomg{ohe {ac lc{agkgmge( Yctgy{ bgy {ac Gyefho~f{ogh bgy

^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna oh Cf~{cyh fhk ^gs{acyh Fbyonf !G^^YCF/

Iyf Y !944>f/ Tyckon{ohe {ac ~gnofm ngh~cvschnc~ gb gytafhaggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb FOK^ Yc~cfyna 9!6/0 >?„33

Iyf Y !944>i/ Uag kgc~ {ac ags~cugyj7 Fh cqflohf{ogh gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych‟~ ugyjohe

ygmc~( ^gnofm Khflon~ 9?!9/0 ?3„6>6

Iyf Y !944?/ Agu kgc~ FOK^ ommhc~~ fbbcn{ uglch‟~ yc~okch{ofm kcno~ogh~7 Bohkohe~ bygl fh

c{ahgeyftaon ~{sk oh f Nftc [guh {guh~aot( Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb FOK^ Yc~cfyna 1!9/0 625„65?

Iyf Y " Iyfhk{ Y !9442/ Agu kg naomknfyc fhk naomknfyc ycmf{ogh~aot~ gtcyf{c oh {ac ngh{cq{

gb shcltmglch{ fhk AOR'FOK^7 Oh T Eyfafl !Ck(/ Ohacyo{ohe tgrcy{0 [ac mohj ic{ucch

naomkych‟~ ucmm,icohe fhk shcltmglch{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 Oh~{o{s{c bgy Kclgnyfn

oh ^gs{a Fbyonf

Iyf Y " Iyfhk{ Y !9445/ Naomknfyc fhk tgrcy{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 Fh c{ahgeyftaon nafmmchec {g

nghrch{oghfm oh{cytyc{f{ogh~( @gsyhfm gb Naomkych fhk Tgrcy{ 6>!6/0 6„6?

Iyf Y " Egg~jch~ O !9442/ C{aon~ fhk {ac crcykf0 Ycngh~okcyohe fttygfnac~ {g yc~cfyna

ohrgmrohe naomkych fhk gshe tcgtmc( Fh{aygtgmge ^gs{acyh Fbyonf 9?!6/0 ;;„33

Iygfkiyokec A !9449/ Hceg{of{ohe tg~{,ftfy{acok igshkfyoc~ fhk okch{o{oc~0 Fh fh{aygtgmgeonfm

~{sk gb {ac nycf{ogh gb f Nftc [guh ~sisyi( TaK {ac~o~- ^{cmmchig~na Shorcy~o{

Iyghbchiychhcy S !6?5?/ [ac cngmge gb aslfh kcrcmgtlch{ ( Nfliyokec- LF0 Afyrfyk

Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Iyghbchiychhcy S !6?12/ Cngmge gb {ac bflom f~ f ngh{cq{ bgy aslfh kcrcmgtlch{0 Yc~cfyna

tcy~tcn{orc~( Kcrcmgtlch{fm T~nagmge 990 59>„5;9



>>5

y c b c y c h n c ~

Iyggj~,Eshh @- Kshnfh E- Jf{g Jmcifhgr T " ^cfmfhk H !6??>/ Kg hcoeaigsyaggk~ ohbmschnc

naomk fhk fkgmc~nch{ kcrcmgtlch{7 Flcyonfh @gsyhfm gb ^gnogmge ??!9/0 >3>„>?3

Iskmchkcy K " Ig~na K !9449/ ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomk kglc~{on ugyjcy~0 F hf{oghfm yctgy{ ( Yctgy{

~silo{{ck {g {ac Oh{cyhf{oghfm Mfigsy Gyefho~f{ogh !OMG/ Oh{cyhf{oghfm Tygeyfllc bgy {acCmolohf{ogh gb Naomk Mfigsy !OTCN/- Echcrf !Lf/

Isylfh ^ " Ychgmk~ T !Ck~/ !6?12/ Eyguohe st oh f korokck ~gnoc{0 [ac ngh{cq{~ gb naomkaggk

oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( @gafhhc~isye0 Yfrfh Tyc~~

Isyh~ N !9449/ F ngllch{fy gh {ac ngmmgvsosl- Oh~{o{s{ohe Echkcy Cvsfmo{ oh ^naggm~0

Ugyjohe oh fh AOR'FOK^ chroyghlch{( Fechkf 3>0 2„64

Nfmkcy L !6???/ F~~c~~ohe yo~j oh fksm{ lfmc~ uag ~cqsfmm fis~c naomkych( Kgy~c{0 Ys~~cmm

Ags~c Tsimo~aohe

Nflticmm N !944>/ Mc{{ohe {acl koc0 Agu AOR'FOK^ tycrch{ogh tygeyfllc~ gb{ch bfom ( Nftc

[guh0 Kgsimc ^{gyc NF^C !Ngllsho{ Fechn bgy ^gnofm Chvsoy/ !6??>/ Eyguohe st {gsea0 F hf{oghfm ~syrc gb

^gs{a Fbyonfh gs{a( @gafhhc~isye0 NF^C

Nf{fmfhg YB " Afujoh~ @K !6??2/ [ac ~gnofm kcrcmgtlch{ lgkcm0 F {acgy gb fh{o,~gnofm

icafrogsy( Oh @K Afujoh~ !Ck(/ Kcmohvschn fhk nyolc0 Nsyych{ {acgyoc~( Hcu _gyj0

Nfliyokec Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Nao~agml M !9445/ Lgho{gyohe naomkych‟~ yoea{~ {g cksnf{ogh( Oh F Kfuc~- Y Iyf " F rfh kcy

Lcyuc !Ck~/ Lgho{gyohe naomk ucmm,icohe0 F ^gs{a Fbyonfh yoea{~,if~ck fttygfna( Nftc [guh0

A^YN Tyc~~

Nayo~{ch~ch T " @flc~ F !6???/ Yc~cfyna uo{a naomkych0 Tcy~tcn{orc~ fhk tyfn{onc~( Mghkgh0

Bfmlcy Tyc~~

Nayo~{gtacy F@ !9446/ Syifh ~ceycef{ogh oh tg~{,ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf( Syifh ^{skoc~ >1!>/0

;;?„;22

Nayo~{gtacy F@ !9443/ Bsy{acy tygeyc~~ oh {ac kc~ceycef{ogh gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh {guh~ fhk no{oc~

6??2„9446( Kcrcmgtlch{ ̂ gs{acyh Fbyonf 99!9/0 925„952

Ngc{pcc @L !6??1/ Igaggk0 F lclgoy ( Mghkgh0 Roh{fec

Nglf~,Kìfp M !6??3/ Tscy{g Yonfh~ fhk ~cqsfm naomk fis~c( Oh M Fygh~gh Bgh{c~ !Ck(/

^cqsfm fis~c oh hohc hgy{a Flcyonfh nsm{syc~0 [ycf{lch{ fhk tycrch{ogh( [ags~fhk Gfj~0

^fec Tsimonf{ogh~

Nggtcy F !944?/ ‑Mc{ s~ cf{ foy{olc‟0 [ac ycmf{ogh~aot ic{ucch rogmchnc fhk gs{a okch{o{ oh fmgu,ohnglc hcoeaigsyaggk oh Nftc [guh( N^^Y Ugyjohe Tftcy Hg( 92>- Nch{yc bgy ^gnofm

^nochnc Yc~cfyna- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Ngsy{chf I !6?1?/ [ac tgucy gb ghc( Mghkgh0 Acohclfhh

Nygsna M " Lfigegfhc [ !9446/ Hg lfeon ismmc{~- `s~{ {yfncy ismmc{~0 [ac ygmc gb mcfyhohe

yc~gsync~- ~gnofm fkrfh{fec fhk cksnf{ogh lfhfeclch{ oh oltygrohe {ac tcybgylfhnc gb

^gs{a Fbyonfh ~naggm~( ^gnofm Khflon~ 95!6/0 24„51

Kfuc~ F " Iocy~{cjcy M !944?/ Oltygrohe {ac vsfmo{ gb CNK oh{cyrch{ogh~ {aygsea yc~sm{~,

if~ck lgho{gyohe fhk crfmsf{ogh( [ac ^giflio~fhf Cfym Naomkaggk Kcrcmgtlch{

Oho{of{orc Tftcy tyc~ch{ck f{ {ac Tfh,Fbyonfh Cfym Naomkaggk Kcrcmgtlch{ Nghbcychnc-

@gafhhc~isye !94„9> @sm/




>>1

Kfuc~ F- Igycm,^fmfkoh @ " Tfyjcy P !944;/ Lcf~syohe fhk lgho{gyohe( Oh M Yona{cy- F Kfuc~ "

N Aoe~gh,^lo{a !Ck~/ ^cqsfm fis~c gb naomkych oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Kfuc~ F- Iyf Y " rfh kcy Lcyuc F !9445/ Lgho{gyohe naomk ucmm,icohe0 F ^gs{a Fbyonfh yoea{~,

if~ck fttygfna( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Kfuc~ F- Iyf Y- Jrfm~roe @- Jfbffy P- Yflf ^ " Yona{cy M !944;/ Egohe emgifm uo{a ohkonf{gy~

gb naomk ucmm,icohe0 Ohkonf{gy~ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych‟~ t~nag~gnofm kcrcmgtlch{ oh {ac

cfym naomkaggk tcyogk ( Taf~c,{aycc yctgy{ bgy SHONCB ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 Aslfh

^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom- Naomk- _gs{a fhk Bflom Kcrcmgtlch{

Kfuc~ F- Kc ^f~ Jygtouhonjo P- Jfbffy P " Yona{cy M !9442/ Tfy{hcy rogmchnc( Oh S Tommf- I

Ygicy{~ " ^ Ysmc !Ck~/ ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~gnofm f{{o{skc~0 Nafheohe {olc~- korcy~c rgonc~( Nftc

[guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Kfuc~ F " Kghfmk K !Ck~/ !6??;/ Naomkaggk fhk fkrcy~o{0 T~nagmgeonfm tcy~tcn{orc~ bygl ^gs{a

Fbyonfh yc~cfyna( Nftc [guh0 Kfrok Taomot

Kfuc~ F- Mghe U- Fmcqfhkcy M " Ufyk N !9442/ F ~o{sf{ogh fhfm~o~ gb naomkych fbbcn{ck i

lfm{ycf{lch{ fhk rogmchnc oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc( Yctgy{ bgy {ac Koycn{gyf{c Yc~cfyna fhk

Tgtsmf{ogh Kcrcmgtlch{- Kctfy{lch{ gb ^gnofm ^cyronc~ fhk Tgrcy{ Fmmcrof{ogh- Tygrohnofm

Egrcyhlch{ gb {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc- kcmorcyck i {ac Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom

Kfu~gh L !944>/ Okch{o{ fhk ngh{cq{0 Byochk~aot fhk byon{ogh oh f ^gs{a Fbyonfh aoea ~naggm(

LF ko~~cy{f{ogh- Yfhk Fbyojffh~ Shorcy~o{

Kc Mfhhg F !9443/ ‑[acyc o~ hg g{acy uf gs{‟0 Cksnf{oghfm kcno~ogh,lfjohe oh fh cyf gb FOK^0

Agu kg AOR,tg~o{orc lg{acy~ rfmsc cksnf{ogh7 N^^Y Ugyjohe Tftcy Hg( 6>5- Nch{yc bgy

^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Kc Mfhhg F !9445f/ [ac ~{sbb {af{ kycfl~ fyc lfkc gb•Hfyyf{orc~ gh cksnf{oghfm kcno~ogh,lfjohe flghe gshe fksm{~ oh Nftc [guh( N^^Y Ugyjohe Tftcy Hg( 6?4- Nch{yc bgy ^gnofm


Kc Mfhhg F !9445i/ Cksnf{oghfm kcno~ogh,lfjohe oh fh cyf gb FOK^0 Cqtmgyohe {ac hfyyf{orc~

gb fbbcn{ck gshe fksm{~ oh {ac Nftc Bmf{~ ( N^^Y Ugyjohe Tftcy Hg( 6?6- Nch{yc bgy ^gnofm


Kc Mfhhg F !9441/ Cksnf{oghfm kcno~ogh,lfjohe oh fh cyf gb FOK^( TaK {ac~o~- Shorcy~o{ gb

Nftc [guh

Kcmos~ T " Emf~cy N !9449/ ^cqsfm ~gnofmo~f{ogh oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 F ao~{gyonfm tcy~tcn{orc( Fbyonfh

^{skoc~ 26!6/0 95„3;

Kc~lghk N " Kc~lghk N !9442/ AOR'FOK^ fhk {ac nyo~o~ gb nfyc bgy naomkych( Oh M Yona{cy "

Y Lgyycmm !Ck~/ Ifif0 Lch fhk bf{acyaggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Kcrohc B !944;/ Nmf~~ tyfn{onc~0 Agu tfych{~ acmt {acoy naomkych ec{ eggk `gi~( Nfliyokec0

Nfliyokec Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Kmfloho ^H !9443/ _gs{a fhk okch{o{ tgmo{on~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- 6??4„?;( [gygh{g0 Shorcy~o{ gb

[gygh{g Tyc~~

Kgnjc{{ ^ " Tcyy I !9445/ [ys~{ohe naomkych‟~ fnngsh{~ oh yc~cfyna( @gsyhfm gb Cfym Naomkaggk

Yc~cfyna !3/60 ;5„2>

KgC !Kctfy{lch{ gb Cksnf{ogh- ^gs{a Fbyonf/ !9446/ Hf{oghuokc fsko{ gb CNK tygro~oghohe oh

^gs{a Fbyonf( Tyc{gyof0 KgC



>>?

y c b c y c h n c ~

Kgmi H !9446/ Ngh~{ysn{ohe yfnc0 _gs{a- okch{o{ fhk tgtsmfy nsm{syc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Fmifh0

^{f{c Shorcy~o{ gb Hcu _gyj Tyc~~

Kghfmk K- Kfuc~ F " Mgsu @ !Ck~/ !9444/ Fkkyc~~ohe naomkaggk fkrcy~o{( Nftc [guh0

Kfrok Taomot

Kgyyohe{gh YC- @gah~gh MB- Iyfk~afu K " Kfhocm [ !9442/ [ac kclgeyftaon oltfn{ gb AOR'

FOK^ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 Hf{oghfm fhk tygrohnofm ohkonf{gy~ bgy 9442 ( Nftc [guh0 Nch{yc bgy

Fn{sfyofm Yc~cfyna- ^gs{a Fbyonfh Lckonfm Yc~cfyna Ngshnom fhk Fn{sfyofm Ngshnom gb

^gs{a Fbyonf

Cf{gh M- Bmo~acy F@ " Ffyñ MC !944>/ Sh~fbc ~cqsfm icafrogsy oh ^gs{a Fbyonfh gs{a( ^gnofm

^nochnc " Lckonohc 320 6;?„623

Ceecy{ MM " Acy{ohe @Y !6??>/ Kyse ohrgmrclch{ flghe tg{ch{ofm kygtgs{~ fhk ‑{tonfm‟ gs{a(

@gsyhfm gb Kyse Cksnf{ogh 9>0 >6„33

Cmmonj~gh T- Iso J- Icmm Y " LnEsoefh JF !6??1/ Kgc~ cfym kyse s~c ohnycf~c {ac yo~j gb kygttohe gs{ gb aoea ~naggm7 @gsyhfm gb Kyse O~~sc~ 910 >35„>14

Cllc{{ FI !944;/ _gs{a noron chefeclch{ oh f tcyogk gb {yfh~o{ogh oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Tyc{gyof0

Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom

Cllc{{ [- Yona{cy M- Lfjoufhc L- Ks [go{ Y- Iyggjc~ A c{ fm( !944>/ [ac ~{f{s~ gb gs{a yctgy{

944>( Tyc{gyof0 Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom

Crcyf{{ K " Gyjoh L !6??>/ Eyguohe st {gsea0 F hf{oghfm ~syrc gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh gs{a(

Iyfflbgh{coh0 Ngllsho{ Fechn bgy ^gnofm Chvsoy

Bohnaomc~ns E " Kfuc~ F !6??1/ Nf{ftsm{ck oh{g kclgnyfn( ^gs{a Fbyonfh fkgmc~nch{~‟ ~gnog,

tgmo{onfm gyoch{f{ogh~ bgmmguohe yftok ~gnofm nafhec( @gsyhfm gb ^gnofm O~~sc~ 3;!>/0 32>„31>

Bohnaomc~ns E " [yckgsq N !9445/ Oh{cyeygst ngh{fn{- ~gnofm ngh{cq{ fhk yfnofm cngmge oh

^gs{a Fbyonf( Tyctfyck bgy S Ufehcy- M [ygtt- E Bohnaomc~ns " N [yckgsq !Ck~/ Oltygrohe

oh{cyeygst ycmf{ogh~0 Isomkohe gh {ac mcefn gb [aglf~ B Tc{{oeycu( ^T^Ô ^cyoc~ gh ^gnofm

O~~sc~ fhk Oh{cyrch{ogh~( Lfmkch0 Imfnjucmm Tsimo~aohe

Bmco~na I !9449/ Lfhfeohe cksnf{oghfm nafhec0 [ac ~{f{c fhk ~naggm ycbgyl oh ^gs{a Fbyonf(

@gafhhc~isye0 Acohclfhh

Bmo~acy F@- Crfh~ @- Lsmmcy L " Mglifyk N !944;/ [c~{,yc{c~{ ycmofiomo{ gb ~cmb,yctgy{ck

fkgmc~nch{ yo~j icafrogsy( @gsyhfm gb Fkgmc~nchnc 950 945„969

Bmo~acy F@- [guh~chk M- Naojgirs T- Mglifyk N " Johe E !9464/ ^si~{fhnc s~c fhk

t~nag~gnofm tyckon{gy~ gb aoea,~naggm kygtgs{ oh Nftc [guh- ^gs{a Fbyonf( @gsyhfm gb

Yc~cfyna gh Fkgmc~nchnc 940 9>5„933

Efylcp H !6??2/ Ycbmcn{ogh fhk ngllch{fy gh yo~j- yc~omochnc fhk kcrcmgtlch{( Oh Y@

Afeecy{- MY âcyygk- H Efylcp " L Ys{{cy !Ck~/ ^{yc~~- yo~j fhk yc~omochnc oh naomkych fhk

fkgmc~nch{~0 Tygnc~~c~- lcnafho~l~- fhk oh{cyrch{ogh~( Nfliyokec0 Nfliyokec

Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Eokkch~ F !6?1;/ [ac ngh~{o{s{ogh gb ~gnoc{0 Gs{mohc gb {ac {acgy gb ~{ysn{syf{ogh( Nfliyokec0

Tgmo{ Tyc~~

Eoc~c ^- Lcoh{`c~ A- Nygjc Y " Naflicymfoh Y !944>/ Acfm{a fhk ~gnofm ~cyronc~ {g fkkyc~~ {ac

hcck~ gb gytafh~ fhk g{acy rsmhcyfimc naomkych oh {ac ngh{cq{ gb AOR'FOK^ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0

Yc~cfyna yctgy{ fhk ycngllchkf{ogh~( Yctgy{ ~silo{{ck {g AOR'FOK^ koycn{gyf{c- Hf{oghfmKctfy{lch{ gb Acfm{a !@fhsfy/( Nftc [guh0 Naomkych‟~ Oh~{o{s{c- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh




>;4

Eogykfhg TN !944>/ Ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh fkgmc~nchnc( Fhhsfm Ycrocu gb ^gnogmge 9?0 935„916

Egg~jch~ O !9442/ Igshkfyoc~ fhk nyg~~ohe tgoh{~0 Naomkych- ecgeyfta fhk okch{o{ oh {ac Bo~a

Agcj Rfmmc( ^gnofm Khflon~ >9!6/0 6>3„621

Eycoe F " [fmgy @ !6???/ Kgohe yc~cfyna uo{a naomkych( Mghkgh0 ^fec Tsimonf{ogh~

Eslf L " Achkf H !944;/ [ac ~gnog,nsm{syfm ngh{cq{ gb naomk fis~c0 F ic{yffm gb {ys~{( Oh

M Yona{cy- F Kfuc~ " N Aoe~gh,^lo{a !Ck~/ ^cqsfm fis~c gb naomkych oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc

[guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Afmm J !6??3/ [acyc‟~ f {olc {g fn{ Chemo~a fhk f {olc {g fn{ Ohkofh0 [ac tgmo{on~ gb okch{o{

flghe Iyo{o~a ôja {cchfecy~( Oh ^ ^{ctach~ !Ck(/ Naomkych fhk {ac tgmo{on~ gb nsm{syc(

Tyohnc{gh0 Tyohnc{gh Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Afujoh~ @K- Nf{fmfhg YB " Lommcy @_ !6??9/ Yo~j fhk tyg{cn{orc bfn{gy~ bgy fmngagm fhk g{acy

kyse tygimcl~ oh fkgmc~nchnc fhk cfym fksm{aggk0 Oltmonf{ogh~ bgy ~si~{fhnc fis~c

tycrch{ogh( T~nagmgeonfm Ismmc{oh 6690 2;„643Acna{ [ !6??1/ F{ aglc oh {ac ~{ycc{0 ^{ycc{ naomkych gb hgy{acf~{ Iyfpom( Nfliyokec0 Nfliyokec

Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Achkcy~gh T !6???/ Morohe uo{a byfeomo{0 Naomkych oh Hcu Nyg~~ygfk~( TaK {ac~o~- Shorcy~o{ gb

Nftc [guh

Achkcy~gh T !9442/ ^gs{a Fbyonfh FOK^ gytafh~0 Cqflohohe f~~slt{ogh~ fygshk rsmhcyfiomo{

bygl {ac tcy~tcn{orc gb ysyfm naomkych fhk gs{a( Naomkaggk 69!>/0 >4>„>95

Ach~ L !9441/ [ac naomkych‟~ kf( Nftc [guh0 @ghf{afh Ifmm Tsimo~acy~

Aoee~ @ " ^{mc~ J !9442/ Tyohnotmc~ fhk tyfn{onfm f~tcn{~ gb acfm{absm ~naggm rchkohe( Hs{yo{ogh

Ismmc{oh >6!>/0 993„9>9

Agmmfhk @- Yflfpfhgems N- ^ng{{ ^ " [agl~gh Y !6??;/ Fnaocrohe lf~nsmohc ~cqsfmo{0 _gshe

lch‟~ ~{yf{ceoc~ bgy lfhfeohe rsmhcyfiomo{( Oh M Kgfm- @ Hfokgg " [ Uom{gh !Ck~/ FOK^0

^c{{ohe f bcloho~{ fechkf( Mghkgh0 [fmgy " Byfhno~

Ash{cy L !9449/ [ac lf{cyofmo{ gb crcykf ~cq0 [aohjohe icghk ‑tyg~{o{s{ogh‟( Fbyonfh ^{skoc~

26!6/0 ??„694

Ash{cy L !9442/ Bf{acy~ uo{ags{ flfhkmf0 Psms,~tcfjohe lch fhk bf{acyaggk( Oh M Yona{cy "


As~{gh FN !9449/ Ycbgyl~ oh naomk kcrcmgtlch{( Oh Naomkych fhk ucmbfyc ycbgyl0 [ac bs{syc gb

naomkych 69!6/0 3?„55( Frfomfimc f{ a{{t0''uuu(bs{sycgbnaomkych(gye

@fngi~ Y !944>/ [ac Lfhscm bflom( Oh Eygst tgy{yfo{~0 Hohc bflom ao~{gyoc~- ngltomck i TfsmBficy( Nftc [guh0 Jucmf

@flc~ F !9445/ Eorohe rgonc {g naomkych‟~ rgonc~0 Tyfn{onc~ fhk tygimcl~- to{bfmm~ fhk tg{ch{ofm~(

Flcyonfh Fh{aygtgmgeo~{ 64?!9/0 926„959

@flc~ F " Tygs{ F !Ck~/ !6??5/ Ngh~{ysn{ohe fhk ycngh~{ysn{ohe naomkaggk0 Ngh{cltgyfy o~~sc~

oh {ac ~gnogmgeonfm ~{sk gb naomkaggk ( Mghkgh0 Bfmlcy Tyc~~

@fykoch Y " Ngmmc{{ J !9442/ Nf~c ~{sk yctgy{ gh Lfyohc Tyolfy ^naggm( Isomkohe ~naggm

ngllsho{oc~ f~ hgkc~ gb nfyc fhk ~sttgy{ {g tyglg{c {ac ucmm,icohe gb naomkych fhk gs{a(

Naomkych%~ Oh~{o{s{c- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

@chjoh~ Y !6??2/ ^gnofm okch{o{( Mghkgh0 Ygs{mckec



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y c b c y c h n c ~

@chj~ N !6??2/ Naomkaggk ( Mghkgh0 Ygs{mckec

@cujc~ Y- Mcroh @ " Tchh,Jchfhf O !9449/ Yo~j bfn{gy~ bgy kglc~{on rogmchnc0 Bohkohe~ bygl f

^gs{a Fbyonfh nyg~~,~cn{oghfm ~{sk( ^gnofm ^nochnc fhk Lckonohc 330 624>„6265

@gah~gh R " Orfh,^lo{a C !6??1/ Ifnjeygshk {g {ac o~~sc~( Oh R @gah~gh- C Orfh,^lo{a-

E Egykgh- T Tyoklgyc " T ^ng{{ !Ck~/ ^{cttohe bgyufyk0 Naomkych fhk gshe tcgtmc‟~

tfy{onotf{ogh oh {ac kcrcmgtlch{ tygnc~~( Mghkgh0 Oh{cylckof{c [cnahgmge Tsimonf{ogh~

@ghc~ ^ !6??>/ F~~fsm{ohe naomkaggk0 Naomkych‟~ cqtcyochnc~ gb loeyfhn fhk ag~{cm mobc oh ^gs{a

Fbyonf( @gafhhc~isye0 Uo{~ Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Jfah M !9442/ Hfyyf{orc~ gb ~cqsfm fi~{ohchnc0 F vsfmo{f{orc ~{sk gb bclfmc fkgmc~nch{~ oh f

Nftc [guh ngllsho{( ^gnofm Khflon~ >9!6/0 53„646

Jfah M !9441/ ^cqsfm ~si`cn{~0 F bcloho~{ tg~{,~{ysn{syfmo~{ fhfm~o~ gb bclfmc fkgmc~nch{ ~cqsfm

~si`cn{oro{ fhk fechn( LF ko~~cy{f{ogh- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Jfsblfh NC- Kc Uc{ [ " ^{fkmcy @ !9444/ Fkgmc~nch{ tycehfhn fhk tfych{aggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Tgmon Yc~cfyna Koro~ogh Ugyjohe Tftcy~ Hg( 6>2( Hcu _gyj0 Tgtsmf{ogh Ngshnom

Jfsblfh NC " ^{frygs ^C !944;/ ‑Is~ bfyc tmcf~c‟0 [ac cnghglon~ gb ~cq fhk eob{~ flghe gshe

tcgtmc oh syifh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nsm{syc- Acfm{a fhk ^cqsfmo{ 2!3/0 >55„>?6

Jcmm J " H{mfif{o T !9449/ Cfym fkgmc~nch{ ~cq oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 AOR fhk oh{cyrch{ogh

nafmmchec~( ^gnofm Khflon~ 91!6/0 ;9„2>

Johe E- Bmo~acy F@- Lfmmc{{ Y- Eyfafl @- Mglifyk N c{ fm( !944>/ ^lgjohe oh Nftc [guh0

Ngllsho{ ohbmschnc~ gh fkgmc~nch{ {gifnng s~c( Tycrch{orc Lckonohc >20 66;„69>

Johhc~ M !6??3/ Ycnmfolohe {ac Nftc Bmf{~( Nyolc fhk Nghbmon{ 90 3„1

Johhc~ M !9444/ Efhe ufybfyc oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc0 Ifnjeygshk( Oh lghgeyfta Hg( ;1 Bygl

syifh ~{ycc{ efhe~ {g nyolohfm cltoyc~0 [ac nafheohe bfnc gb efhe~ oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc !@shc/(

Fnnc~~ck 5 @sm 944?- a{{t0''uuu(o~~(ng(pf'Tsi~'Lghgeyfta~'Hg;1'Efheufybfyc(a{lm

Jgchoe AE !9446/ Ycmoeogh fhk lckonohc OOO0 Kcrcmgtohe f {acgyc{onfm lgkcm( [ac Oh{cyhf{oghfm

@gsyhfm gb T~naof{y fhk Lckonohc >60 6??„962

Mfnalfh L " Ucfrcy ^M !6??1/ [ac ~ch~c gb ngh{ygm f~ f lgkcyf{gy gb ~gnofm nmf~~ kobbcychnc~

oh acfm{a fhk ucmm,icohe( @gsyhfm gb Tcy~ghfmo{ fhk ^gnofm T~nagmge 5;0 52>„55>

Mfl K- Fykohe{gh N " Mcoiiyfhk{ L !9442/ Tygeyc~~ {aygsea ~naggm oh syifh ^gs{a Fbyonf0

Crokchnc bygl tfhcm kf{f( Tftcy tyc~ch{ck f{ KTYS'[OT^ Nghbcychnc gh Fnncmcyf{ck fhk

âfyck Eygu{a oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- @gafhhc~isye !Gn{gicy/

Mfl K- ^ccjohe~ @ " ^tfyj~ L !9442/ [ac Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/0 Grcyrocu fhk {cnahonfm kgnslch{f{ogh bgy ufrc~ 6„>( Nftc [guh0 Nch{yc bgy ^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna

!N^^Y/- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Mcf{{ F !9445/ ^sttgy{ bgy naomkych0 ^gnofm ~cyronc~ fhk ~gnofm ~cnsyo{( Oh LF Joicm- F

Uc~{uggk " A ^fmgg`cca !Ck~/ Naomk acfm{a bgy fmm0 F lfhsfm bgy ~gs{acyh Fbyonf !;{a

cko{ogh/( Nftc [guh0 Gqbgyk Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~ ^gs{acyh Fbyonf

McNmcyn,Lfkmfmf ^ !9449/ _gs{a- AOR'FOK^ fhk {ac oltgy{fhnc gb ~cqsfm nsm{syc fhk ngh{cq{(

^gnofm Khflon~ 91!6/0 94„;6

McNmcyn,Lfkmfmf ^ !944>/ [yfh~fn{oghfm ~cq fhk {ac tsy~so{ gb lgkcyho{( ^gnofm Khflon~

9?0 6„9?




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McNmcyn,Lfkmfmf ^ !944;/ [yfh~fn{oghfm ~cq fhk {ac tsy~so{ gb lgkcyho{( N^^Y Ugyjohe Tftcy

Hg( 21- Nch{yc bgy ^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Mcc Y !9449/ Mgnf{ohe ‑aglc‟0 ^{yf{ceoc~ gb ~c{{mclch{- okch{o{,bgylf{ogh fhk ~gnofm nafhec

flghe Fbyonfh uglch oh Nftc [guh- 6?;1„9444( TaK {ac~o~- Shorcy~o{ gb Gqbgyk

Mcoiiyfhk{ L- Uggmfyk O " Uggmfyk N !944?/ F mghe,ysh tcy~tcn{orc gh ngh{cltgyfy tgrcy{

fhk ohcvsfmo{ khflon~( Oh @ Fygh- I Jfah " E Johekgh !Ck~/ ^gs{a Fbyonfh cnghglon

tgmon shkcy kclgnyfn( Gqbgyk0 Gqbgyk Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Mcg~nas{ M " Isy{gh T !9442/ Agu yona {ac ycufyk~7 Yc~sm{~ gb {ac 9443 Hf{oghfm _gs{a

Ron{olo~f{ogh ^{sk( Lghgeyftaon ^cyoc~ Hg( 6( Nftc [guh0 Nch{yc bgy @s~{onc fhk

Nyolc Tycrch{ogh

Mc~na C " Jysecy M !944;/ Ycbmcn{ogh~ gh {ac ~cqsfm fechn gb gshe uglch oh f mgu,ohnglc

ysyfm ^gs{a Fbyonfh ngllsho{( ^gs{a Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb T~nagmge >;!>/0 ;2;„;12

Mcrch{afm [ " Iyggj~,Eshh @ !9444/ [ac hcoeaigsyaggk~ {ac morc oh0 [ac cbbcn{~ gb hcoeaigsyaggk yc~okchnc gh naomk fhk fkgmc~nch{ gs{nglc~( T~nagmgeonfm Ismmc{oh

6920 >4?„>>5

Mcrch{afm [ " Iyggj~,Eshh @ !944>/ Ohkonf{gy~ gb naomkych‟~ ucmm,icohe oh f ngllsho{ ngh{cq{(

Oh YT Uco~~icye " A@ Ufmicye !Ck~/ Mghe,{cyl {ychk~ oh {ac ucmm,icohe gb naomkych fhk

gs{a0 O~~sc~ oh naomkych‟~ fhk bflomoc~‟ morc~( Uf~aohe{gh- KN0 Naomk Ucmbfyc Mcfesc

gb Flcyonf

McRohc Y !9445/ C{ahgeyftaon ~{skoc~ gb naomkaggk0 F ao~{gyonfm grcyrocu( Flcyonfh

Fh{aygtgmgeo~{ 64?!9/0 9;5„924

Mcrohc ^ !6???/ Io{{cy~ucc{ afyrc~{0 Naomkych- ugyj fhk {ac emgifm lfyna fefoh~{ naomk mfigsy oh

{ac tg~{,ftfy{acok ~{f{c( Nyo{ovsc gb Fh{aygtgmge 6?!9/0 6>?„633Mcrohc ^ !9449/ Oh {ac ~afkgu gb {ac rohc0 Naomk mfigsy oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc( ^clohfy tyc~ch{ck

f{ {ac Nch{yc bgy Fbyonfh ^{skoc~- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh !Bciysfy/

Mcroh~gh I- Bgmc K " Agmmfhk K !6??2/ [ac nsm{syfm tygksn{ogh gb {ac cksnf{ck tcy~gh0 Nyo{onfm

c{ahgeyftaoc~ gb ~naggmohe fhk mgnfm tyfn{onc( Fmifh0 ^{f{c Shorcy~o{ gb Hcu _gyj Tyc~~

Mokkcm N- Jrfm~roe @- Vsg{fhf T " âfifmfmf F !6??;/ Ngllsho{ rogmchnc fhk gs{a0

^gs{a Fbyonfh naomkych‟~ ohrgmrclch{ oh feeyc~~ogh( Oh{cyhf{oghfm @gsyhfm gb Icafrogsyfm

Kcrcmgtlch{ 650 26>„291

Mmgk N !Ck(/ !9443/ Eyguohe st emgifm0 [ac nafheohe {yfh~o{ogh~ {g fksm{aggk oh kcrcmgtohe

ngsh{yoc~( Uf~aohe{gh- KN0 [ac Hf{oghfm Fnfkcloc~ Tyc~~

Mmgk N- Icaylfh @Y- ^{yglvso~{ HT " Ngach I !Ck~/ !9443/ [ac nafheohe {yfh~o{ogh~

{g fksm{aggk oh kcrcmgtohe ngsh{yoc~0 ^cmcn{ck ~{skoc~( Uf~aohe{gh- KN0 [ac Hf{oghfm

Fnfkcloc~ Tyc~~

Ms{afy ^^- Nonnac{{o K " Icnjcy I !9444/ [ac ngh~{ysn{ gb yc~omochnc0 F nyo{onfm crfmsf{ogh fhk

esokcmohc~ bgy bs{syc ugyj( Naomk Kcrcmgtlch{ 56!>/0 3;>„329

Lfnmcgk N " Ksyyacol J !9449/ Yfnofmopohe {cchfec tycehfhn0 ‑Nsm{syc‟ fhk ‑{yfko{ogh‟ oh {ac

^gs{a Fbyonfh ~noch{obon mo{cyf{syc( C{ahon fhk Yfnofm ^{skoc~ 93!3/0 551„146

LfnTafom N " Nflticmm N !9446/ ‑O {aohj nghkgl~ fyc eggk is{- ffo- O af{c {ag~c {aohe~‟0

Nghkgl s~c flghe~{ fkgmc~nch{~ fhk gshe tcgtmc oh f ^gs{a Fbyonfh {guh~aot( ^gnofm

^nochnc fhk Lckonohc 390 626>„6295



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Lfeufpf F !6??5/ ^cqsfm fis~c0 F ~gnognsm{syfm kcrcmgtlch{fm tcy~tcn{orc( Oh N kc mf Yc-

H Kshnfh " [ ^nacbbcy !Ck~/ Ngh{cltgyfy o~~sc~ oh aslfh kcrcmgtlch{0 F ^gs{a Fbyonfh

bgns~( @gafhhc~isye0 Oh{cyhf{oghfm [agl~gh Tsimo~aohe

Lfhkcmf H !6??3/ ^tccna f{ {ac mfshna gb {ac Hcm~gh Lfhkcmf Naomkych‟~ Bshk- Tyc{gyof!1 Lf/( Fnnc~~ck 69 Bciysfy 9441- a{{t0''uuu(fhn(gye(pf'fhnkgn~'ao~{gy'lfhkcmf'6??3'

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69 Bciysfy 9441- a{{t0''uuu(hlnb(ng(pf'Yctgy{~W^tccnac~(a{l

Lfhh E !944>/ Bflom lf{{cy~0 [ac nfyc fhk tyg{cn{ogh gb naomkych fbbcn{ck i AOR'FOK^ oh

Lfmfuo( ^{gnjagml0 ^frc {ac Naomkych ûckch

Lfyj~ L !9446/ _gshe ufyyogy~0 _gs{a tgmo{on~- okch{o{ fhk rogmchnc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf(

@gafhhc~isye0 Uo{~ Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Lfy~afmm A- ^{chhcy T " Mcc A !6???/ _gshe tcgtmc‟~ fnngsh{~ gb tcy~ghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ oh flsm{o,nsm{syfm Cf~{ Mghkgh chroyghlch{0 Vsc~{ogh~ gb ngllsho{- korcy~o{ fhk ohcvsfmo{(

@gsyhfm gb Ngllsho{ fhk Fttmock ^gnofm T~nagmge ?0 633„656

Lf~{ch F^ !9446/ Gykohfy lfeon0 Yc~omochnc tygnc~~c~ oh kcrcmgtlch{( Flcyonfh T~nagmgeo~{

32!>/0 995„9>1

Lf~{ch F^ " Ngf{~ugy{a @K !6??1/ [ac kcrcmgtlch{ gb ngltc{chnc oh bfrgyfimc fhk

shbfrgyfimc chroyghlch{~0 Mc~~gh~ bygl yc~cfyna gh ~snnc~~bsm naomkych( Flcyonfh

T~nagmgeo~{ 3>!9/0 943„994

Lf{muf J !9445/ Ngnghs{ ( @gafhhc~isye0 @fnfhf Lckof

Lf{{acu KF- LnNsmmgsea LC- Mfy~gh KI- Jgchoe AE- ûcy~ @T " Lomfhg LE !6??1/

Ycmoeogs~ ngllo{lch{ fhk acfm{a ~{f{s~0 F ycrocu gb {ac yc~cfyna fhk oltmonf{ogh~ bgybflom lckonohc( Fynaorc~ gb Bflom Lckonohc 50 661„69;

Lf{{acu~ A " Moli L !6???/ Kcbohohe fh fechkf bgy {ac ecgeyfta gb naomkych0 Ycrocu fhk

tyg~tcn{( Tygeyc~~ oh Aslfh Ecgeyfta 9>!6/0 26„?4

LnJohhc N !9445/ ‑Ob O ~tcfj Chemo~a- kgc~ o{ lfjc lc mc~~ imfnj fhuf7‟ ‑Yfnc‟ fhk Chemo~a oh

^gs{a Fbyonfh kc~ceycef{ck ~naggm~( Chemo~a Fnfkcl Ycrocu 9;!9/0 2„9;

Lcoh{`c~ A " Iyf Y !9443/ ‑Is{ uacyc fyc gsy lgyfm acygc~7‟ Fh fhfm~o~ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh tyc~~

yctgy{ohe gh naomkych fbbcn{ck i AOR'FOK^( Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb FOK^ Yc~cfyna ;!>/0 6;5„63?

Lcoh{`c~ A " Afmm J !9441/ Kclgeyfta gb ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ naomkych( Oh ^ Tchkmcisy- M Mfjc "

N ^lo{a N !Ck~/ ^gs{a Fbyonfh naomk efsec 9441'944?( Naomkych‟~ Oh~{o{s{c- Shorcy~o{ gb

Nftc [guh- a{{t0''uuu(no(gye(pf'kct{~'no'tsi~

Lcoh{`c~ A- Lg~c~ ^- Icyy M " Lftfhc Y !9445/ Aglc {ys{a~0 [ac tachglchgh gb yc~okch{ofm

nfyc bgy naomkych oh f {olc gb FOK^( Naomkych‟~ Oh~{o{s{c- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh fhk {ac

Nch{yc bgy {ac ^{sk gb FOK^- Shorcy~o{ gb Tyc{gyof

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Lgmm TE !6??1/ Tyolfy ~naggmohe- ngeho{orc ~jomm~ fhk ufec~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Cnghglonf

230 92>„91;

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uuu(naomkych,t~nag~gnofm,ucmmicohe(gye'kguhmgfk,nch{cy(a{lm




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Lgyycmm Y !9442/ Bf{acy~- bf{acyaggk fhk lf~nsmoho{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Oh M Yona{cy " Y Lgyycmm

!Ck~/ Ifif0 Lch fhk bf{acyaggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Lg~c~ ^ !9443/ Agu kg ~tfnc fhk tmfnc lf{{cy7 [ac ygmc gb hcoeaigsyaggk,mcrcm bfn{gy~ gh {ac

crcykf morc~ gb naomkych fhk gshe tcgtmc morohe oh f Nftc [guh ngllsho{ c~{fimo~ackshkcy ftfy{acok( LF {ac~o~- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Lg~c~ ^ !9442/ [ac oltfn{ gb hcoeaigsyaggk,mcrcm bfn{gy~ gh naomkych‟~ crcykf morc~- ucmm,

icohe fhk okch{o{0 F vsfmo{f{orc ~{sk gb naomkych morohe oh Gncfh Rocu- Nftc [guh(

^gnofm Khflon~ >9!6/0 649„6>;

Hcubocmk K " Lfsheckpg Y !9443/ [acisuf0 Tgcl~ bygl Hkgbff Mflsmf @siomcc Aoea ^naggm-

^guc{g( UO[^ Lsm{omo{cyfnoc~ Yc~cfyna Tyg`cn{( Nch{yfm Tyoh{ohe- Shorcy~o{ gb

{ac Uo{uf{cy~yfhk

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bgylf{ogh flghe syifh yc~okch{~ oh Vufvuf( @gsyhfm gb Fbyonfh ^{skoc~ 3>!6/0 663„6>3

Hocsuchas~ G !6??;/ Naomkych‟~ mobcugymk~0 Echkcy- ucmbfyc fhk mfigsy oh {ac kcrcmgtohe ugymk (

Mghkgh0 Ygs{mckec

Hjshf M !9442/ ‑Bo{{ohe,oh‟ {g f ‑nmf~~ tmfnc‟0 [ac pghc fhk gs{a okch{o{( Oh T Fmcqfhkcy-

L Kfu~gh " L Onaafyfl !Ck~/ Emgifmo~f{ogh fhk hcu okch{o{oc~0 F rocu bygl {ac lokkmc (

@gafhhc~isye0 @fnfhf Lckof

H{~cicpf M !6??>/ _gs{a oh syifh Fbyonfh {guh~aot~- 6?;3„6??90 F nf~c ~{sk gb {ac Cf~{

Mghkgh {guh~aot~( LF ko~~cy{f{ogh- Shorcy~o{ gb Hf{fm- Ksyifh

G‟Kghhcmm KF- ^naufi, {̂ghc L " Lscck FP !9449/ Lsm{o,kolch~oghfm yc~omochnc oh syifh

naomkych cqtg~ck {g ngllsho{ rogmchnc( Naomk Kcrcmgtlch{ 5>0 6923„6919

Tfecy K !6??2/ [ac nsm{syc gb mcfyhohe oh Jafcmo{~af ~cnghkfy ~naggm~0 [cfnacy~‟ tcy~tcn{orc~(L(^gn(^no {ac~o~- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Tfyfhpcc T " ^l{ac K !944>/ Kglc~{on rogmchnc fhk kcrcmgtlch{0 Mggjohe f{ {ac bfylohe

ngh{cq{ ( Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh0 Oh~{o{s{c gb Nyolohgmge

Tfyjcy YE !6??3/ [ac ~gnofm fhk nsm{syfm ngh~{ysn{ogh gb ~cqsfm yo~j- gy agu {g afrc !~cq/

yc~cfyna oh fh ctokclon( Oh A Iysllcmaso~ " E Acyk{ !Ck~/ Nsm{syc fhk ~cqsfm yo~j0

Fh{aygtgmgeonfm tcy~tcn{orc~ gh FOK (̂ Fs~{yfmof0 Egykgh fhk Iycfna

Tfyjc~ @ !9445/ [ch~ogh~ fhk {ygsimc~ oh gshe tcgtmc‟~ {fmj figs{ ~fbc{ fhk kfhecy oh f rogmch{

hcoeaigsyaggk( @gsyhfm gb _gs{a ^{skoc~ 64!6/0 665„6>5

Tf{{lfh Y " Nacec B !944>/ ‑Kcfy kofy- O ~fu fh fhecm- ~ac mggjck mojc acfrch gh cfy{a‟0 ^cq

{fmj fhk ~cq cksnf{ogh( Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb FOK^ Yc~cfyna 9!9/0 64>„669

Tcfync L@- @ghc~ ^L- ^naufi,^{ghc L " Ysnajoh R !944>/ [ac tyg{cn{orc cbbcn{~ gb

ycmoeogs~hc~~ fhk tfych{ ohrgmrclch{ gh {ac kcrcmgtlch{ gb nghksn{ tygimcl~ flghe

gs{a cqtg~ck {g rogmchnc( Naomk Kcrcmgtlch{ 5;0 6219„6212

Tc{{obgy FC- Ycc~ AR- ^{cbbch~gh F- Amgheuf,Lfkojopcmf M- LfnTafom N c{ fm( !944;/ AOR

fhk ~cqsfm icafrogsy flghe gshe ^gs{a Fbyonfh~0 F hf{oghfm ~syrc gb 63„9;,cfy~,gmk~ (

@gafhhc~isye0 Yctygksn{orc Acfm{a Yc~cfyna Sho{- Shorcy~o{ gb {ac Uo{uf{cy~yfhk

Tommf T !6??4/ [ac kcrcmgtlch{ fhk shkcykcrcmgtlch{ gb cksnf{ogh oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Oh

U Hf~~fh " @ ^flscm !Ck~/ Cksnf{ogh0 Bygl tgrcy{ {g moicy{( Nftc [guh0 Kfrok Taomot



>;3

y c b c y c h n c ~

Tohhgnj K !6?19f/ [ac iyg{acyaggk~0 ^{ycc{ efhe~ fhk ~{f{c ngh{ygm oh Nftc [guh( Nftc [guh0

Kfrok Taomot

Tohhgnj K !6?19i/ [gufyk~ fh shkcy~{fhkohe gb {ac ~{ysn{syc- bshn{ogh fhk nfs~c gb efhe

bgylf{ogh oh Nftc [guh( LF {ac~o~- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

Tgy{cs~ J- Nmfnacy{ E- Lkof M- Tcmg @- Lf{~fo J c{ fm( !9444/ ‑Gs{ gb ~naggm‟ naomkych oh ^gs{a

Fbyonf0 Fh fhfm~o~ gb nfs~c~ oh f eygst gb lfyeohfmopck- syifh 5, {g 63,cfy,gmk~( ^sttgy{

bgy Mcfyhohe 63!6/0 1„69

Tg~cm K !944;/ ‑Ec{{ohe {ac hf{ogh {fmjohe figs{ ~cq‟0 Ycbmcn{ogh~ gh {ac ko~nsy~orc ngh~{o{s{ogh

gb ~cqsfmo{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf ~ohnc 6??;( Fechkf 290 3>„2>

Tyc~{gh,Ua{c C !944>/ Ngh{cq{~ gb rsmhcyfiomo{0 ^cq- ~cnycn fhk AOR'FOK^( Fbyonfh @gsyhfm

gb FOK^ Yc~cfyna 9!9/0 1?„?;

Tyc~{gh,Ua{c C " Pghko L !6??6/ Fkgmc~nch{ ~cqsfmo{ fhk o{~ oltmonf{ogh~ bgy {cchfec

tycehfhn fhk FOK^( Ngh{ohsohe Lckonfm Cksnf{ogh ?0 6>1?„6>?;Vsohh @ !6??3/ Tg~o{orc cbbcn{~ gb tfy{onotf{ogh oh gs{a gyefhopf{ogh~( Oh L Ys{{cy !Ck(/

T~nag~gnofm ko~{syifhnc~ oh gshe tcgtmc0 Nafmmchec~ bgy tycrch{ogh( Nfliyokec0 Nfliyokec

Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Vrgy{yst @- Ifyk L- êyo{{f E " Uoh{cy~icyecy A !Ck~/ !6??;/ Naomkaggk lf{{cy~0 ^gnofm {acgy-

tyfn{onc fhk tgmo{on~( Fmkcy~ag{0 Frcisy

Yfltacmc L !6??>/ F ick nfmmck aglc0 Mobc oh {ac loeyfh{ mfigsy ag~{cm~ gb Nftc [guh(

Nftc [guh0 Kfrok Taomot

Yfltacmc L !9449/ ^{ccyohe i {ac ~{fy~0 Icohe gshe oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 [fbcmicye

Yfltacmc L " Yona{cy M !9442/ Loeyfhn- bflom ko~~gms{ogh fhk bf{acyaggk( Oh M Yona{cy "


Yfsna @ !9443/ Nyolc tycrch{ogh fhk lgyfmo{0 [ac nfltfoeh bgy lgyfm ycechcyf{ogh oh ^gs{a

Fbyonf( Tyc{gyof0 Oh~{o{s{c bgy ^cnsyo{ ^{skoc~

Yckk R !9442/ Lf{aclf{on~ fhk ~nochnc fnaocrclch{ f{ ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~naggm~ oh [OL^^ 944>(

Tyc{gyof0 A^YN Tyc~~

Ychgmk~ T !6?1?/ Naomkaggk oh Nyg~~ygfk~0 Ngeho{ogh fhk ~gnoc{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0

Kfrok Taomot

Ychgmk~ T !6??>/ Tfyohe kguh {ac bflom0 [ac naomk‟~ tgoh{ gb rocu( Naomkych fhk Bflomoc~ oh

Ko~{yc~~ Ugyjohe Tftcy Hg( 3( Yc~cfyna Tygeyfllc gh Lfyyofec fhk Bflom Mobc- Aslfh

^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom- Tyc{gyofYchgmk~ T !6??3/ [ac eygshk gb fmm lfjohe0 ^{f{c rogmchnc- {ac bflom fhk tgmo{onfm fn{oro~{~(

Tyc{gyof0 Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom

Ychgmk~ T !9444/ [ac eygshk gb fmm lfjohe0 ^{f{c rogmchnc- {ac bflom fhk tgmo{onfm fn{oro~{~( Oh

R Kf~- F Jmcohlfh- L Yfltacmc " T Ychgmk~ !Ck~/ Rogmchnc fhk ~si`cn{oro{( Icyjcmc0

Shorcy~o{ gb Nfmobgyhof Tyc~~

Yona{cy M- Eyoc~cm K " Yg~c N !9444/ [ac t~nagmgeonfm oltfn{ gb f ~naggm bcckohe tyg`cn{( Oh

K Kghfmk- F Kfuc~ " @ Mgsu !Ck~/ Fkkyc~~ohe naomkaggk fkrcy~o{( Nftc [guh0 Kfrok Taomot

Yona{cy M " Aoe~gh,^lo{a N !944;/ [ac lfh johk~ gb ~cqsfm fis~c gb gshe naomkych( Oh

M Yona{cy- F Kfuc~ " N Aoe~gh,^lo{a !Ck~/ ^cqsfm fis~c gb naomkych oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc

[guh0 A^YN Tyc~~




>;2

Yona{cy M " Lgyycmm Y !Ck~/ !9442/ Ifif0 Lch fhk bf{acyaggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0

A^YN Tyc~~

Yona{cy M " ^lo{a U !9442/ Naomkych‟~ rocu~ gb bf{acy~( Oh M Yona{cy " Y Lgyycmm !Ck~/ Ifif0

Lch fhk bf{acyaggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Yorcy~ J " Feemc{gh T !6??1/ Echkcy fhk {ac AOR ctokclon0 Lch fhk {ac AOR ctokclon( Hcu

_gyj0 SHKT AOR fhk Kcrcmgtlch{ Tygeyfllc

Yg~~ B !6??3/ Ags~c~ uo{ags{ kggy~0 Kobbs~ohe kglc~{ono{ oh Koc Ig~( Ng,gtcyf{orc Yc~cfyna

Tygeyfllc gh Lfyyofec fhk Bflom Mobc( Tyc{gyof0 Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom

Yg~~ B !6??2/ Kobbs~ohe kglc~{ono{0 Kglc~{on bmsoko{ oh Koc Ig~( ^gnofm Khflon~ 99!6/0 33„56

Yg~~ B !944?/ Yfu mobc- hcu agtc0 Kcnchn- aglc fhk ags~ohe oh f tg~{,ftfy{acok ngllsho{(

Nftc [guh0 @s{f

Yslicyecy YU !6??3/ Kygttohe gs{ gb lokkmc ~naggm0 F lsm{omcrcm fhfm~o~ gb ~{skch{~ fhk

~naggm~( Flcyonfh Cksnf{oghfm Yc~cfyna @gsyhfm >90 31>„293Ys~~cmm L !6??3/ Tfych{aggk flghe imfnj loeyfh{ ugyjcy~ oh {ac Uc~{cyh Nftc0 Loeyfh{ mfigsy

fhk {ac hf{syc gb kglc~{on eygst~( Ng,gtcyf{orc Yc~cfyna Tygeyfllc gh Lfyyofec fhk

Bflom Mobc( Tyc{gyof0 Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom

Ys~~cmm L !944>/ Fyc syifh imfnj bflomoc~ hsnmcfy7 F ngltfyf{orc ~{sk gb imfnj fhk uao{c

bflom hgyl~( ^gnofm Khflon~ 9?!9/0 63>„652

Ys{{cy L !6?13/ Yc~omochnc oh {ac bfnc gb fkrcy~o{0 Tyg{cn{orc bfn{gy~ fhk yc~o~{fhnc {g

t~naof{yon ko~gykcy( Iyo{o~a @gsyhfm gb T~naof{y 6;50 3?1„266

^fmg C !944;/ Yc~tcn{fimc lg{acy~- {gsea lch fhk eggk kfsea{cy~0 Tygksnohe tcy~gh~ oh

Lfhchicye [guh~aot- ^gs{a Fbyonf( TaK {ac~o~- Clgy Shorcy~o{

^flt~gh Y@- Lgychgbb @K " Efhhgh,Ygumc [ !9449/ F~~c~~ohe hcoeaigsyaggk cbbcn{~0 ^gnofm

tygnc~~c~ fhk hcu koycn{ogh~ oh yc~cfyna( Fhhsfm Ycrocu gb ^gnogmge 910 ;>>„;51

^nafyb U !6??4/ [ac yc~syechnc gb syifh ~{ycc{ efhe~ fhk ngllsho{ yc~tgh~c~ oh Nftc [guh

ksyohe {ac mf{c coea{oc~( Oh K Afh~~gh " K rfh Pm ^lo{ !Ck~/ [gufyk~ `s~{onc0 Nyolc fhk

~{f{c ngh{ygm oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 Gqbgyk Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

^nachj J " Uommofl~gh @ !9443/ C{aonfm fttygfnac~ {g ef{acyohe ohbgylf{ogh bygl naomkych fhk

fkgmc~nch{~ oh oh{cyhf{oghfm ~c{{ohe~0 Esokcmohc~ fhk yc~gsync~( Uf~aohe{gh- KN0 Agyopgh~-

Tgtsmf{ogh Ngshnom- OLTFN[- Bflom Acfm{a Oh{cyhf{oghfm

^nagmmfy C !9441/ [ac Tyolfy Lf{aclf{on~ Yc~cfyna Tyg`cn{- 944;„9445( Shtsimo~ack yctgy{

bgy {ac âs{{mcugy{a fhk Pchcq Bgshkf{ogh~^ccjohe~ @ !6??>/ Acygc~ gy rommfoh~7 _gs{a tgmo{on~ oh {ac 6?14~( @gafhhc~isye0 Yfrfh Tyc~~

^ccjohe~ @ !6??3/ Lckof yctyc~ch{f{ogh~ gb ‑gs{a‟ fhk {ac ^gs{a Fbyonfh {yfh~o{ogh- 6?1?„6??;(

^gs{a Fbyonfh ^gnogmgeonfm Ycrocu 5!9/0 93„;9

^ccjohe~ @ !6??2/ [ac ‑mg~{ echcyf{ogh‟0 ^gs{a Fbyonf‟~ ‑gs{a tygimcl‟ oh {ac cfym 6??4~(

[yfh~bgylf{ogh 9?0 64>„693

^ccjohe~ @ !9446/ Lfjohe fh ohbgylck ohrc~{lch{0 Oltygrohe {ac rfmsc gb tsimon cqtchko{syc oh

tyolfy fhk ~cnghkfy ~naggmohe oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Yctgy{ bgy {ac Tfymoflch{ gb ^gs{a Fbyonf

^ccjohe~ @ !9442/ Icghk acygc~ fhk rommfoh~0 [ac ycko~ngrcy gb {ac gykohfy oh {ac ~{sk

gb naomkaggk fhk fkgmc~nchnc( ^gnofm Khflon~ >9!6/ !^tcnofm o~~sc0 Naomkaggk fhk

Fkgmc~nchnc oh ~gs{acyh fhk cf~{cyh Fbyonf/0 6„94



>;5

y c b c y c h n c ~

^ccjohe~ @ !9441/ [ac ngh{ohsohe ~fmochnc gb yfnc0 Ko~nyolohf{ogh fhk korcy~o{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf(

@gsyhfm gb Ngh{cltgyfy Fbyonfh ^{skoc~ 92!6/0 6„92

^ccjohe~ @ !9464/ Tgrcy{ fhk ohcvsfmo{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf- 6??;„9445( Oh O âftoyg " J [cicfs

!Ck~/ Fb{cy ftfy{acok0 [ac ~cnghk kcnfkc gb kclgnyfn( Nafymg{{c~rommc0 Shorcy~o{ gb Royeohof Tyc~~

^ccjohe~ @ " Hf{{yf~~ H !9443/ Nmf~~- yfnc fhk ohcvsfmo{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Hcu Afrch0 _fmc

Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

^cmojgu [- Psms I " Nckyf~ C !9449/ [ac ohefefyf- {ac yce{c fhk {ac nacyy0 AOR'FOK^ fhk

gs{a nsm{syc oh ngh{cltgyfy syifh {guh~aot~( Fechkf 3>0 99„>9

âcbcy [ " Tg{eoc{cy N !9442/ ^cqsfmo{oc~( Oh [ âcbcy- B Igghpfocy " T Joesuf !Ck~/ [ac echkcy

gb t~nagmge( Nftc [guh0 SN[ Tyc~~

âcmlcykohc ^ !9443/ Ycmf{ogh~aot~ ic{ucch fkgmc~nch{~ fhk fksm{~0 [ac ~oehobonfhnc gb hfyyf{orc

fhk ngh{cq{ ( N^^Y Ugyjohe Tftcy Hg( 66?- Nch{yc bgy ^gnofm ^nochnc Yc~cfyna- Shorcy~o{ gb Nftc [guh

ômicy~nalok{ L !9446/ Ko~cltgucylch{ gb lch oh ysyfm fhk syifh Cf~{ Fbyonf0 Oltmonf{ogh~

bgy lfmc okch{o{- ~cqsfmo{ fhk ~cqsfm icafrogsy( Ugymk Kcrcmgtlch{ 9?!;/0 235„256

ôljoh~ N " Tf{cy~gh F !9443/ Mcfyhcy tcybgylfhnc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 ^gnofm fhk cnghglon

kc{cylohfh{~ gb ~snnc~~ oh mfhesfec fhk lf{aclf{on~( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

^gskoch N !9446/ Ncy{foh{ fhk flioeso{ oh gs{a okch{o{oc~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 Ko~ngsy~c~ oh

{yfh~o{ogh( Ko~ngsy~c0 ^{skoc~ oh {ac Nsm{syfm Tgmo{on~ gb Cksnf{ogh 99!>/0 >66„>92

^gskoch N !944;/ Ngh~{o{s{ohe {ac nmf~~0 Fh fhfm~o~ gb {ac tygnc~~ gb oh{ceyf{ogh oh ^gs{a

Fbyonfh ~naggm~( Oh M Nao~agml !Ck(/ Nafheohe nmf~~0 Cksnf{ogh fhk ~gnofm nafhec oh tg~{,

ftfy{acok ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

^gskoch N !9445/ _gs{a okch{o{ oh ngh{cltgyfy ^gs{a Fbyonf0 Yfnc- nsm{syc fhk ~naggmohe ( Nftc

[guh0 Hcu Fbyonf Iggj~

^gs{a Fbyonfh Oh~{o{s{c gb Yfnc Ycmf{ogh~ !^FOYY/ !9445/ ^gs{a Fbyonf ^syrc 9442'45 (

@gafhhc~isye0 ^FOYY

^tocecm F !6??2/ Oh{ygksn{ogh0 Kglc~{on bmsoko{ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( ^gnofm Khflon~ 99!6/0 3„2

^tocecm F " Lcamufhf F !6??5/ Bflom f~ ~gnofm hc{ugyj0 Joh~aot fhk ~tgyfkon loeyfhn oh {ac

Uc~{cyh Nftc‟~ Jafcmo{~af( Ng,gtcyf{orc Yc~cfyna Tygeyfllc gh Lfyyofec fhk Bflom Mobc(

Tyc{gyof0 Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnom

^{f{~ ^F !^{f{o~{on~ ^gs{a Fbyonf/ !9446/ Nch~s~ 9446( Tyc{gyof0 ^{f{~ ^F^{cohicye @ !9443/ [ac hslicy0 Ghc lfh‟~ ~cfyna bgy okch{o{ oh {ac Nftc shkcyugymk fhk tyo~gh

efhe~( @gafhhc~isye0 @ghf{afh Ifmm Tsimo~acy~

^{cohicye L- @gah~gh ^- ^naocyags{ E- Hkceuf K- Afmm J c{ fm( !944>/ Ao{{ohe aglc0 Agu

ags~cagmk~ ngtc uo{a {ac oltfn{ gb {ac AOR'FOK^ ctokclon( F ~syrc gb ags~cagmk~ fbbcn{ck

i AOR'FOK^ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Yctgy{ ngllo~~oghck i {ac Achy Jfo~cy Bflom Bgshkf{ogh

^{ctach~ ^ !6??3/ Naomkych fhk {ac tgmo{on~ gb nsm{syc( Hcu _gyj0 Tyohnc{gh Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

^{ch L !9446/ Uao{chc~~ `s~{ o~h‟{ uaf{ o{ s~ck {g ic0 Uao{c okch{o{ oh f nafheohe ^gs{a Fbyonf (

Fmifh0 ^{f{c Shorcy~o{ gb Hcu _gyj Tyc~~

^{yfjcy E !6??9/ Bfnc~ oh {ac ycrgms{ogh0 [ac t~nagmgeonfm cbbcn{~ gb rogmchnc gh {guh~aot gs{a oh

^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 Kfrok Taomot




>;1

^{ycfj @- Kfuc~ F- Cuohe K- Mcrohc ^- Yflf ^ " Fmcqfhkcy M !9445/ [ac nfs~c~- hf{syc fhk

oltfn{ gb naomk ugyj fhk mfigsy oh feyonsm{syc oh ^gs{a Fbyonf0 F ~{sk gb {aycc tsytg~orcm

~cmcn{ck ~o{c~( Yctgy{ ~silo{{ck {g {ac [gufyk~ {ac Cmolohf{ogh gb Naomk Mfigsy Tygeyfl gb

{ac Oh{cyhf{oghfm Mfigsy Gyefho~f{ogh( Tyc{gyof0 Aslfh ^nochnc~ Yc~cfyna Ngshnomûfy{,Jysecy @ !Ck(/ !9444/ Eyguohe st oh Nfhffh~mfhk0 Naomkych‟~ ycngllchkf{ogh~ gh

oltygrohe f ~vsf{{cy nflt chroyghlch{0 F ~o{c yctgy{ oh {ac oh{cyhf{oghfm tyg`cn{0 Eyguohe st

oh no{oc~( Tyc{gyof0 A^YN Tsimo~acy~

ûfy{,Jysecy @ !9446/ O~ojf{ao ^gjsmfmf0 Agu ig~ fhk eoym~ oh f ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~vsf{{cy nflt

cqtcyochnc ick{olc( Oh{cyhf{oghfm @gsyhfm gb Fh{aygtgmge 62!9„>/0 ??„666

ûfy{,Jysecy @ " Nafumf M !9449/ ‑Uc jhgu ~glc{aohe ~glcghc kgc~h‟{ jhgu‟0 Naomkych ~tcfj

gs{ gh mgnfm nghko{ogh~ oh @gafhhc~isye( Chroyghlch{ fhk Syifhopf{ogh 6;0 13„?2

[fhe ^N !9449/ Naomkaggk cqtcyochnc gb ~cqsfm fis~c flghe Aghe Jghe Naohc~c ngmmcec

~{skch{~( Naomk Fis~c fhk Hcemcn{ 920 9>„>5

[fmgy H !9445f/ Cvso{- cbbonochn fhk {ac kcrcmgtlch{ gb ^gs{a Fbyonfh ~naggm~( Oh [ [guh~chk

!Ck(/ Oh{cyhf{oghfm Afhkiggj gb ^naggm Cbbcn{orchc~~ fhk Oltygrclch{( Kgykycna{0 ̂ tyohecy

[fmgy H !9445i/ Agu ~agsmk uc {aohj figs{ {ac 9442 lf{yon yc~sm{~7 Fnnc~~ck 64 @sm 944?-

a{{t0''uuu(`c{(gye(pf

[agl KT- Mgsu FC- Rfh Ckc KL " Bcyh~ O !6??1/ Fkgmc~nchnc( Oh KF Mgsu- KL rfh Ckc "

FC Mgsu !Ck~/ Aslfh kcrcmgtlch{ !>yk cko{ogh/( Tyc{gyof0 Jfeo~g

[guh~chk M " Kfuc~ F !944;/ Ohkoroksfm fhk ngh{cq{sfm bfn{gy~ f~~gnof{ck uo{a {ac ~cqsfm

fis~c gb naomkych shkcy {ucmrc0 F ycrocu gb ycnch{ mo{cyf{syc( Oh M Yona{cy- F Kfuc~ "

N Aoe~gh,^lo{a !Ck~/ ^cqsfm fis~c gb naomkych oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

[yftokg I !944>/ Byfhjoc fhk ^{fhjoc( Mghkgh0 Imggl~isy Tsimo~aohe

Rfh kcy Icye ^ !9443/ Ftfy{acok‟~ chksyohe mcefn0 Ohcvsfmo{oc~ oh cksnf{ogh( Tftcy tyc~ch{ck

f{ {ac Gqbgyk Shorcy~o{'Shorcy~o{ gb ^{cmmchig~na nghbcychnc- ^gs{a Fbyonfh Cnghglon

Tgmon shkcy Kclgnyfn !Gn{gicy/

Rfh kcy Icye ^ !9442/ Agu cbbcn{orc fyc tggy ~naggm~7 Tgrcy{ fhk cksnf{oghfm gs{nglc~ oh ^gs{a

Fbyonf( ^{cmmchig~na Shorcy~o{ Cnghglon Ugyjohe Tftcy Hg( 42'42

Rfh kcy Lcyuc F " Kfuc~ F !9444/ Tyg~gnofm fhk fh{o~gnofm {chkchnoc~ oh naomkych cqtg~ck {g

ngllsho{ rogmchnc( ^gs{acyh Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb Naomk fhk Fkgmc~nch{ Lch{fm Acfm{a

690 9?„>5

Rfh kcy Lcyuc FN !9442/ Lgbboc( @gafhhc~isye0 Tch ^{gnj Tsimo~aohe

Rfh Jc~~cm O !9444/ Icghk gsy uomkc~{ kycfl~0 [ac Sho{ck Kclgnyf{on Bygh{ fhk {ac

{yfh~bgylf{ogh gb ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nafymg{{c~rommc0 Shorcy~o{ gb Royeohof Tyc~~

Rfh Pm ^mfiicy{ B- Lfmfh N- Lfyfo~ A- Gmorocy @ " Yogykfh Y !Ck~/ !6??;/ _gs{a oh {ac hcu

^gs{a Fbyonf0 [gufyk~ tgmon bgylsmf{ogh( Tyc{gyof0 A^YN Tsimo~acy~

Rfyef NF " Lfjsifmg CM !6??2/ ^cqsfm !hgh/ hceg{of{ogh( Fechkf 910 >6„>1

Ufmmcy~{coh @^ " Jcmm @I !6?14/ ^syrorohe {ac iycfjst0 Agu naomkych fhk tfych{~ ngtc uo{a

korgync( Mghkgh0 Eyfh{ LnOh{yc

Ufyk N !9445f/ Hcoeaigsyaggk ohkonf{gy~0 Lgho{gyohe naomk yoea{~ fhk ucmm,icohe f{ ~lfmm fycf

mcrcm( Oh F Kfuc~- Y Iyf " F Rfh kcy Lcyuc !Ck~/ Lgho{gyohe naomk ucmm,icohe0 F ^gs{a

Fbyonfh yoea{~,if~ck fttygfna( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~



>;?

Ufyk N !9445i/ ‑O{ bccm~ mojc o{‟~ {ac chk gb {ac ugymk‟0 Nftc [guh‟~ gs{a {fmj figs{ efhe~ fhk

ngllsho{ rogmchnc( Lghgeyfta ^cyoc~ Hg( 6>2( Tyc{gyof0 Oh~{o{s{c bgy ^cnsyo{ ^{skoc~

Ufyk N " Ifjaso~ J !944?/ Oh{cyrchohe oh naomkych‟~ ohrgmrclch{ oh efhe~0 Rocu~ gb Nftc

[guh‟~ gshe tcgtmc( Naomkych fhk ^gnoc{ ghmohc0 6„61- a{{t0''uuu(a~yn(fn(pf'N_B^K,tsimonf{ogh~(ta{lm

Ufyk N- Lfy{oh C- [acygh N " Ko~{ommcy E !9445/ Bfn{gy~ fbbcn{ohe yc~omochnc oh naomkych cqtg~ck

{g rogmchnc( ^gs{a Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb T~nagmge >5!6/0 623„615

Uco~~ C- Uacmfh K " Est{f EY !6??2/ Rsmhcyfiomo{ fhk gttgy{sho{0 Fkgmc~nch{~ fhk AOR'FOK^

oh {ac kcrcmgtohe ugymk ( Uf~aohe{gh- KN0 Oh{cyhf{oghfm Nch{cy bgy Yc~cfyna gh Uglch

Uco~~ C- Uacmfh K " Est{f EY !9444/ Echkcy- ~cqsfmo{ fhk AOR0 Lfjohe f kobbcychnc oh {ac

morc~ gb gshe uglch oh kcrcmgtohe ngsh{yoc~( ^cqsfm fhk Ycmf{ogh~aot~ [acyft 63!>/0

9>>„9;3

Ucyhcy C !9444/ Tyg{cn{orc bfn{gy~ fhk ohkoroksfm yc~omochnc( Oh @T âghjgbb " ^@ Lco~cm~ !Ck~/Afhkiggj gb cfym naomkaggk oh{cyrch{ogh !9hk cko{ogh/( Nfliyokec0 Nfliyokec

Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Ucyhcy C " ^lo{a Y^ !6?1?/ Rsmhcyfimc is{ ohrohnoimc0 F mgheo{skohfm ~{sk gb yc~omoch{ naomkych

fhk gs{a( Hcu _gyj0 Fkfl~- Ifhho~{cy- Ngq Tsimo~acy~

Uc~{cyh @ !6?16/ Gs{nf~{ Nftc [guh( Lohhcftgmo~0 Shorcy~o{ gb Lohhc~g{f Tyc~~

Uona~{yñl M !6??1/ Fmngagm oh{gqonf{ogh fhk ~naggm kygtgs{( Kyse fhk Fmngagm Ycrocu

650 ;6>„;96

Uommo~ T !6?55/ Mcfyhohe {g mfigy( Hcu _gyj0 Ngmsliof Shorcy~o{ Tyc~~

Uom~gh B !9442/ Gh icohe f bf{acy fhk tggy oh ^gs{a Fbyonf {gkf( Oh M Yona{cy " Y Lgyycmm

!Ck~/ Ifif0 Lch fhk bf{acyaggk oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( Nftc [guh0 A^YN Tyc~~

Uom~gh B " Yfltacmc L !6?1?/ Stygg{ohe tgrcy{0 [ac ^gs{a Fbyonfh nafmmchec( Nftc [guh0

Kfrok Taomot

Uggk N- Ucmlfh L " Hc{{g M !9444/ F tygbomc gb gshe ~cq gbbchkcy~ oh ^gs{a Fbyonf( ^gs{acyh

Fbyonfh @gsyhfm gb Naomk fhk Fkgmc~nch{ Lch{fm Acfm{a 69!6/0 ;3„31

Uggk J " @cujc~ Y !6??5/ Rogmchnc- yftc fhk ~cqsfm ngcynogh0 Crcykf mgrc oh f ^gs{a Fbyonfh

{guh~aot( Echkcy fhk Kcrcmgtlch{ 3!9/0 ;6„;2

Uggk J " @cujc~ Y !9446/ Kfhecygs~ mgrc0 Ycbmcn{ogh~ gh rogmchnc flghe Qag~f {guh~aot

gs{a( Oh Y Lgyycmm !Ck(/ Nafheohe lch oh ~gs{acyh Fbyonf( Toc{cylfyo{pisye0 Shorcy~o{ gb

Hf{fm Tyc~~'Pck Iggj~Uggk J- Lfbgyfa B " @cujc~ Y !6??1/ ‑Ac bgynck lc {g mgrc aol‟0 Ts{{ohe rogmchnc gh

fkgmc~nch{ ~cqsfm acfm{a fechkf~( ^gnofm ^nochnc " Lckonohc ;5!9/0 9>>„9;9

Ugymk Ifhj !9442/ Ugymk kcrcmgtlch{ yctgy{ 9445 ( Uf~aohe{gh- KN0 Ugymk Ifhj

_gshe M " Fh~cmm H !944>/ Bmsok ags~cagmk~- ngltmcq bflomoc~0 [ac oltfn{~ gb naomkych‟~

loeyf{ogh f~ f yc~tgh~c {g AOR'FOK^ oh ~gs{acyh Fbyonf( [ac Tygbc~~oghfm Ecgeyftacy

330 ;2;„;5?

y c b c y c h n c ~



>34

Ffigy{ogh 914

fi~ch{ bf{acy~ 14„1>- 16- 19- >64 ~cc fm~g tfych{fm fi~chnc

fhk naomk lfoh{chfhnc

fi~ch{ lg{acy~ 16- 19- 1>„15 ~cc fm~g tfych{fmfi~chnc

fis~c fhk hcemcn{ 22

nfs~c~ 5>

ng~{ gb ~omchnc 21„2?fhk nsm{syc 5>„5;fhk clg{oghfm ko~{fhnc- ~sttgy{ fhk

rogmchnc 2?„56cq{ch{ gb 59fhk tfych{fm fi~chnc ?6

fhk yc~tcn{ 21- 54fhk ~cq 959fhk ~omchnc 25„21- 59- 5;

fhk ~si~{fhnc fis~c 693 rcyifm kchoeyf{ogh 2>- 691- 9;3- >41

~cc fm~g tfych{fm fi~chnc: ~cqsfm fis~cfnaocrclch{- kchoeyf{ogh gb 695fksm{aggk- {yfh~o{ogh {g >?„;6- ;4- >6?„>99fbboylf{ogh 2>- 946- 9>>fbboylf{orc fn{ogh 656„659- 9?1 ~cc fm~g Imfnj

Cnghglon Cltgucylch{ !ICC/fec >;- >1„;6

naomkych fhk fkgmc~nch{~ ;6

fhk nyolc 694- 696fhk nsm{syc 3?„26fhk AOR'FOK^ 26

gb mcfrohe ~naggm 9>6„>9>

fhk lgiomo{ oh hcoeaigsyaggk~ 649„642fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ 646„649{yfh~o{ogh {g fksm{aggk >?„;6- ;4- >6?„>99

fechn >5„;6- 992- 9?;fhk tfych{~ 23- >93fhk tycehfhn 95?- 91>

fhk ~cq ;3- 954„959~cc fm~g ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfm

fmngagm 666„669- 66;„663

fhk kygttohe gs{ 9>>fhk ta~onfm kfhecy 696„692- 6>;

~cc fm~g kyse~: ~si~{fhnc fis~c

fhqoc{ 611- 6?1- 946

fhk ta~onfm kfhecy 696fhk ~naggmohe 611- 6?1- 946- 94?- 964fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 923„925- 953~cc fm~g bcfy

ftfy{acok 99„9>- 9;„95- >9>„>9;cbbcn{ gh bflomoc~ ;1„33- 9?3fhk okch{o{ 631„63?

fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ ?5„??- 6;4„6;6

fhk g{acyohe 6>4„6>;~naggmohe 654„659- 655- 619

~cc fm~g yfnc: ~ceycef{oghfy{~ >;- 66>„66;- 662„665f~toyf{ogh~ ;;„;3- 2>„2;- 6>1

fhk tccy tyc~~syc 624- 91?„9?9fhk ~naggmohe 619- 96?„994- 9;2„9;1- 936fhk ~cq fhk kf{ohe 954„956- 9?4- >9>- >9;~cc fm~g okcfm~

f{{fohlch{ 695eyfkc f{{fohlch{ 65>- 65>„65;- 614- 94;- 962

fhk tccy tyc~~syc 912„9?>fs{agyo{ tfych{fm 24„29- 2;- 23- 54- 64;- 92;- 952fhk tycehfhn 955„951- 914„916

~naggm 6?4„6?>- 6?1- 992- >6;„>62fhk ~cq fhk kf{ohe 92>~cc fm~g tgucy

I

icmgheohe 6;?„634ngllsho{ 31- ??- 6;6- 634nsm{syc 31- 6;?- >95

hcoeaigsyaggk~ 642- 645- 666- 6>1tccy~ 66;~naggmohe 9;?~cc fm~g okch{o{

Imfnj Cnghglon Cltgucylch{ !ICC/ 5?- ?3-9;1- 9?1 ~cc fm~g fbboylf{orc fn{ogh

imfnjhc~~ 9?„>6- 6>4- 634- 631- 626

igshkfyoc~ >95- >91ic{ucch aglc fhk g{acy tmfnc~ 646ngllsho{ 6;6- 6;?nyg~~ohe 634„635

kf{ohe fhk ~cq 92;- 923- 921- 954

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm 929„92>

Ohkcq



>36

hcoeaigsyaggk 666- 693- 6>>- 6>3„6>5-

634- 625tfych{fm 29- 23- 54

yfnc fhk nmf~~ 96- >6- 63?- 62>„62?~naggm 6?;- 6?5- 6??igshkfy,jcctohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~

92;- 923- 954

N

nftfiomo{oc~ >?- 616- >4>- >6? ~cc fm~g ngh{ygm-tcy~ghfm

Nftc Fycf Tfhcm ^{sk !NFT^/ >6„>9nfyceorcy~ f{ aglc 15

ngllshfm nfyc ?9„?;lf{cyhfm fhk tf{cyhfm joh 11

~oimohe~ 11„?6~{ctbf{acy~ 15- 11~cc fm~g eyfhklg{acy~: tfych{fm fi~chnc:

tfych{ohe

nfyc gb ~cmb >4?fhk kf{ohe fhk ~cq >62„>61fhk olfec 912„9?>- >62fhk tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm 9??

~cc fm~g ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfmnaomk lfoh{chfhnc 51- 19„1>- 91>naomk ~sttgy{ eyfh{~ 99- 9>- 34

nagonc~ ~cc kcno~ogh,lfjohe

nasyna 692- 6;?- 63>„633- 9>1„9>? ~cc fm~g ycmoeogh

nmf~~fhk kf{ohe fhk ~cq 92?„954- 959fhk bflomoc~ 39„33- >94- >92„>95

fhk oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ >42„>64fhk lgiomo{ >69„>6;fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ 6>2„6;6fhk g{acyohe 6>4„6>;- 6;;„6;1

fhk tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm 9?2„>42fhk yfnc 9>„9;- 95- >4- 621

fhk ~naggm 635„622- 94;- 999- 9>4fhk ~cqsfm rogmchnc 93;fhk ~afyck ~tfnc~ 634„635fhk ~{oelf 639- 63>

ngllcync 64?„66>ngllshonf{oghoh{cyechcyf{oghfm

clg{oghfm ko~{fhnc 2?„54tfych{,naomk oh{cyfn{ogh~ fhk ~cq 924„92>

fhk ~omchnc 25„21~cc fm~g oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~

ngllsho{oc~

ngllshfm nfyc ?9„?;

fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ ?5„??~cc fm~g hcoeaigsyaggk~

ngllsho{- f~~cy{ogh~ gb 6;1„634

nghkgl~ 661- 95?„914ngh~tonsgs~ ngh~slt{ogh 933- 921- 954- >62ngh~slcyo~l 2>„2;

fhk nsm{syc 6;5„6;1

fhk g{acyohe 6>6„6>9fhk ~cq 921„954

ngh{yfnct{orc~ 95?„914

ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfm ;2- 992ifyyocy~ {g 9??„>46fhk egfm~ >4;„>43

tcynct{ogh~ gb 9?2„9?1- 9?5 - 9??„>46tcy~tcn{orc~ gh >46„>42

fhk ycmoeogh >49„>4;fhk yslgsy fhk eg~~ot >66

fhk ~naggmohe >6;„>62fhk ~cq 956„959fhk {cltcyflch{ >46„>49

fhk ucmm,icohe 9?1„>46- >4>ngytgyfm tsho~alch{ 619- 6?5- 6??- >6;nyolc 694„696

fhk fmngagm fhk kyse~ 696„69;tcynct{ogh~ gb >69~cc fm~g kyse~: rogmchnc

nsm{sycfhk fis~c 5>„5;fhk naomkych‟~ f~~cy{ogh~ gb tfych{ohe 32fhk ngh~slcyo~l 6;5„6;1- 921„954

fhk kf{ohe fhk ~cq 93;kglc~{on bmsoko{ 3>- 14fhk kglc~{on ygmc~ 3?„24

fhk okch{o{ 6;2„6;1- 6;?- 62?fhk oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 3?„26fhk tfych{fm fi~chnc ?;„?3~cc fm~g hgyl~

nnmc gb hcef{oro{ >41- >66

Kkfhecy~- ta~onfm- oh mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk ?1-

66?„69;- >66 ~cc fm~g nyolckfhecy~- ~gnofmoh mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk 69;- >66

kyse~ fhk fmngagm 696„692

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm khflon~ 691„6>4hcoeaigsym fh{otf{a fhk g{acyohe 6>4„6>9~cc fm~g eg~~ot fhk yslgsy

kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 93>„933igbyochk~ f~ tygrokcy~ 92?„959

fhk nmf~~ 92?„954- 959




>39

fhk nsm{syc 93;

fhk byochk~aot 932„935fhk echkcy 93;- 932

fhk AOR'FOK^ 93>- 91>„912olfec- nagonc~ fhk ~cmb,nfyc 912„9?>fhk ‑mgrc‟ 935- 959fhk tfych{,naomk oh{cyfn{ogh~ 924„92>

fhk tccy tyc~~syc 935- 92>„925tycehfhn fhk tfych{aggk 952„91>- 951fhk yfnc 62>„62;- 93>ycicmmogh- tccy tyc~~syc fhk fhqoc{oc~

92>„925fhk ~cqsfm fi~{ohchnc 952- 911„91?fhk ~cqsfm fn{oro{ 935„924- 931„924

fhk ~cqsfm rogmchnc 93;

fhk ~gnofm kcrcmgtlch{ 933„932~{mc fhk ~{f{s~ 925„959- >62

fhk {cchfec tycehfhn 93;- 931„924fhk {yfh~fn{oghfm ~cq 93;„933{ys~{ fhk ohbokcmo{ 959„952

kcno~ogh,lfjohe 2;- ?4- 662- 9?1- 9??fhk kf{ohe fhk ~cq 9?9- >62„>61fhk olfec 912„9?>- >62fhk tfych{~ 24- 2>- >44- >45

tg~o{orc fhk hcef{orc 2>- 6;3- 915„9?6- >4>->65„>61

fhk tycehfhn 955„914fhk ycmoeogh 91?- >4>fhk ~naggm nfyccy 963- 995„9;?- >62~cc fm~g ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfm

kcrofhnc 69?- 6;3- 92;fhk tccy tyc~~syc 912„91?

korgync 55„51kglc~{on nghbmon{ 21- 59- 69>- >6;

fhk ~naggmohe 941- 964- 966„966- 9>3„9>2kglc~{on bmsoko{ 3>- 14- >4? ~cc fm~g

ags~cagmk~: tfych{fm fi~chnc

kglc~{on ygmc~ 31„24- 29

fhk echkcy 3?- 2;kglc~{on ugyjcy~ 93- 36- ?>

kyse~ 669„66>fhk nyolc 696„69;~gnofm kfhecy~ oh mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk

69;„692

~cc fm~g fmngagm: ~si~{fhnc fis~c

Ccksnf{ogh 93„92

cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ ;;„;3- 965„99>-

9;4„9;6- 934- 9?1

fhk cltmglch{ 93„92

~cc fm~g shkcy ~naggmoheclg{oghfm ~sttgy{ ~cc ~sttgy{cltmglch{ 93„92

gb naomkych 664„666- 6;9fhk ~naggm nfyccy~ 9;9„9;;- 9;>c{ahgeyfta >9- >3- >2- 33- 59- 63?- >9?cqnms~ogh 6;?- 624- 614

fhk nmf~~ 6>4„6>6- 6;1fhk kf{ohe fhk ~cq 923„925- 954- 9?9- >62fhk hcoeaigsyaggk 6;6- 6;3

~cc fm~g igshkfyoc~: g{acyohecqtcn{f{ogh~ 6>3- 9>1

cksnf{oghfm ;;„;3- 965„99>- 9;4„9;6-934- 9?1

echkcyck 9;3- 929- 954- 95>- 91>

oh {ac aglc 53- ?;- 69>- >93oh {ac hcoeaigsyaggk 6>>

fhk ~cq 925- 954„95>- 91>~cc fm~g f~toyf{ogh~: hgyl~

Bbflomoc~

fhk ftfy{acok ;1„33- 36„3;kglc~{on bmsoko{ 3>- 14cq{chkck ;1- 11- ?;

bgyl~ gb 36„39- 39- 3>

~cc fm~g ags~cagmk~: oh{cyechcyf{oghfm

ycmf{ogh~aot~: tfych{ohe: ~naggmohe-~gnofm f~tcn{~

bf{acyaggk- {cch 919„91>bcfy

gb cqnms~ogh 9?6- 9?9

gb ta~onfm kfhecy 64>- 694- 696- 6>9- 6;;gb yslgsy fhk eg~~ot 661- 692- 6;1- >66~cc fm~g fhqoc{

bcckohe ~naclc~ 665„661boyc~ fhk boyc ~cyronc~ 661- 696bg~{cyohe 25- 661

byochk~aot 29- 644fhk kf{ohe 932„935- >62„>61ohbmschnc gh ~naggm f{{chkfhnc 9>5„9;4fhk yfnc 624„622

fhk ~naggm 99>„995- >62bsy{acy cksnf{ogh 96?- 994- 9;5- 934„939

Eefhe~ 9;;„9;2- 935

echkcyigbyochk~ f~ tygrokcy~ 92?„959fhk nyolc 694- 696

fhk kglc~{on ygmc~ 3?- 2;



>3>

o h k c q

fhk AOR'FOK^ 26

fhk tfych{,naomk oh{cyfn{ogh~ fhk ~cq926„92>

tf{yofyna 5>„5;- 19„1>- 9?3fhk ~cq 926„92>- 923„925- 92?„959fhk {ys~{ fhk bokcmo{ 959„952

eg~~ot fhk yslgsy 29- 2>- 692„691- 6>>- >66

bcfy gb 661- 692- 6;1- >66fhk {cchfec tycehfhn 955- 914- 919

eyfhklg{acy~ 1;„12- 15eyfh{~ 99- 9>- 34- 661- 945

‑eygst fycf~‟ 9;- 93- 95- ;?„34

Aacfmohe 99

acfm{alch{fm 26- 13- 66>- >42- >95ta~onfm 26- 66>- 9>9- 913

acfm{a ~cyronc~ 9;- 661- 91;

aoeacy cksnf{ogh ~cc bsy{acy cksnf{oghAOR'FOK^ 9;- >61

fhk nmohon~ 661kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ ;2- 93>-

91>„912fhk oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 26fhk ~naggmohe 964„966

fhk ~omchnc 91;„913

{c~{ohe 661aglcugyj 31„3?- 56- 615- 611- 6?6- 6?;- 6?2-

964- 96>„962- 96;aglg~cqsfmo{ 95;ags~cagmk~ >9;

ohnglc 92- 92 - 39{tc~ 36„39- 39- 3>~cc fm~g bflomoc~: ~naggmohe- ~gnofm f~tcn{~:

shkcy kglc~{on

O

okcfm~ 64>

gb bflom ;6„;9- ;1„;?- 32„35- 3?- 2;- ?3fhk ycmf{ogh~aot~ 629- 952- >4?

fhk ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh >42~cc fm~g f~toyf{ogh~: cqtcn{f{ogh~

okch{o{ >95

f~~cy{ogh~ gb ngllsho{ 6;1„634imfnjhc~~ 9?„>6- 6>4- 634- 631- 626ngmgsyck tcgtmc 62;„623ngllsho{- fhk g{acyohe 6;;„634

nyg~~ohe igshkfyoc~ 632„635fhk nsm{syc 6;2„6;1

kcrofh{ 69?- 6;3- 92;- 912„91?

fhk lft ugyj 6>2„6;6fhk lgiomo{ icghk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk

6;9„6;;

fhk ~naggmohe 964~naggmohe fhk ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh 635„622~gnofm- ~gnofm fhk ~naggm 99>„995~gnog,tgmo{onfm 2>„2;- 6;2„6;1

~cc fm~g icmgheohe: olfecolfec 912„911

fhk nghbgylo{ 911„9?6

fhk ngh~tonsgs~ ngh~slt{ogh 933- 921-954- >62

fhk kcrofhnc 912„91?fhk bflomoc~ 21

fhk ~cqsfmo{ 93;- 935- 956- 9?9

~cc fm~g icmgheohe: ngh~slcyo~lohcvsfmo{oc~

fnyg~~ echcyf{ogh~ 94;- 969cnghglon 9>- 93„92hcoeaigsyaggk~ >6>„>63- >>4

yc~gsync~ oh ~naggm~ 655„614~naggmohe 654„655~cc fm~g ftfy{acok

ohbmsq ngh{ygm 9;- 93- 95- ;?„34ohbyf~{ysn{syc 9;„93- 655„651 ~cc fm~g ~cyronc~oho{of{ogh yo{c~ 9;9

oh{ceyf{ogh 6>3- 62?- >>4oh nasynac~ 63>„633yfnc fhk nmf~~ 639- >6>- >91~naggmohe fhk 635„622

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 23- 6>5„6>1fhk nsm{syc 3?„26- 6;2„6;1fhk kglc~{on nagyc~ 3?

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ifyefoh 21- 99>- >45„>41->92

tfych{,naomk oh{cyfn{ogh~ fhk ~cq 924„92>fhk tgrcy{ >4?„>64

fhk yfnc 62;

ycnotygno{ 26„29- >42„>64fhk ~omchnc 25„5;- >4?

f~ ~gnofm kfhecy~ oh mgnfm hcoeaigsyaggk691„6>4

~gnofm ~sttgy{ >4?

~cc fm~g fis~c fhk hcemcn{: yc~tcn{:shkcy tfych{ohe

oh{cyhfmo~ck ohbcyogyo{ 2>

@

̀ skeclch{fmo~l 69?„6>4 ~cc fm~g lgyfmm olisck ko~ngsy~c




>3;

J

joh~aot 5;- 51- 11- 644- 645- 64? ~cc fm~g bflomoc~- cq{chkck

Mmficmmohe 691- 6;?„634- >95

yfnofm 626„622~cc fm~g eg~~ot fhk yslgsy: g{acyohe

mfhesfec >>

oh nycf{ohe koro~ogh~ 1?- 6>4- 6;1- 6;?- 62?->6>

gb oh~{ysn{ogh 63?- 655- 651- 616- 943„942fhk yfnofm okch{o{ 6;1„634- 631„622

mcfyhohe ~cc ~jomm~ fhk vsfmobonf{ogh~: {cfnaohe:shkcy ~naggm

mco~syc fhk ycnycf{ogh 66>„665 ~cc fm~g ~tgy{mobc ~jomm~ 66>- 66;- 636- >>4mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn 65>„652- 65;„652 - 616-

619- 9>4

tfych{fm 969„96>mgns~ gb ngh{ygm ~cc ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfm‑mg~{ echcyf{ogh‟ 91- 9?;„9?3

Llfmm~ ;>- 6>5- 6>?- 636- 632

Lfhkcmf- Hcm~gh 96- 99lft ugyj 6>2„6;6

lf{yon 659- 659„65>- 619f{{fohlch{ yf{c~ 9>6

lf{yon ifmm 99;„993lckof 6;;- 6;2- >4?- >63

fhk ~cq 921„92?- 953loeyf{ogh 35„31- 24- 53„52

fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ 645„641

fhk tfych{fm fi~chnc 53„52- 51„14lgiomo{ icghk {ac hcoeaigsyaggk 6>3„6;;

nmfolohe ngllsho{ >69„>6;nyg~~ohe igshkfyoc~ 632„635

okch{o{- g{acyohe fhk lgiomo{ 6;;„6;1

olfeohohe ngllsho{ 6;1„634fhk lft ugyj 6>2„6;6

~naggmohe fhk ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh 635„622~afyck ~tfnc~ 634„635

lgiomo{- ohkctchkch{- gb naomkych 649„642-

6>9„6>>- 6;9„6;>fhk nyolc 699„69;fhk g{acyohe 6;;

lgyfmm olisck ko~ngsy~c ;3- 6>4- 91?- 9?9„

9?>- >4>„>42- >65„>61 ~cc fm~g ycmoeogh

Hhcoeaigsyaggk~ ?5„??- >9>„>92

fhk ngllsho{ ??- >64„>6;

cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ 965„99>- 965 „96?fhk yfnc >9;fhk ~naggm tcybgylfhnc 614„616~cc fm~g ngllsho{: shkcy ~naggmohe-

~gnofm f~tcn{~hcoeaigsyaggk~- ollckof{c ??„649

‑fksm{‟ ugymk~ oh 64?„66?

fhk fec 646„649fhk naomkych‟~ ohkctchkch{ lgiomo{

649„642

ngllcync 64?„66>nyolc 694„69;

mco~syc fhk ycnycf{oghfm fn{oro{oc~ 66>„665tfych{ boesyc~ 644

tccy,eygst ycmf{ogh~aot~ 644tcynct{ogh~ gb yo~j 649„642- 643ta~onfm kfhecy~ ?1- 64>„643- 66?„69;-

>66- >92tgyg~o{ 646~gnofiomo{ 642„64?- 641

~gnofm kfhecy~ 69;„6>9- >92~cyronc~ 665„66?sish{s 646- 645

~cc fm~g ngllsho{: kfhecy~- ~gnofmoh mgnfmhcoeaigsyaggk: lgiomo{ icghk {achcoeaigsyaggk: shkcy ~naggm

hc{ugyj~ 639- >63

oh{cytcy~ghfm 932- >42- >4?- >9>- >95lokkmc,nmf~~ 645- 641- 6>>- 6>5„6>1fhk ta~onfm kfhecy~ 64;- 642- 691- 6>>

tggycy nmf~~c~ 6;6- 634- 629- >63fhk ~gnofm kfhecy~ 691- 6>>~cc fm~g ~sttgy{

HEG~ 661„66?- 633hgyl~

fhk cksnf{ogh 995fhk bflomoc~ ;6„;9

echkcyck 692- 9;>- 95>„95;oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 69?„6>4hcoeaigsyaggk 691- >6?

fhk tfych{fm fi~chnc 53„51- 14„16- 16-?9- ?2

fhk tfych{ohe 29„23- 21- >44

tf{yofynafm 5>- 5;- 19fhk tccy~ 9?6fhk tycehfhn 9;6



>33

o h k c q

fhk ~cq fhk kf{ohe 93?- 926„92>- 95>„95;

~cc fm~g echkcy: okcfm~hsnmcfy bflom ;1- 36- 23- 55„14

hslcyfn 659- 659- 65;„652- 619 ~cc fm~g mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn hs{yo{ogh 94?„964

GGOM !Guhcy~aot- Ohrc~{- Morc/ 66?- 633„635-

>6>gttgy{sho{oc~ ;5- 656„659- 999- 915- >9>

cksnf{oghfm 944- 994cltmglch{ 994- 9>9- 9;>- 9;2

tcynct{ogh~ gb 9;1„934- 9?5„9?1fhk yfnc 9?5„9?1

gt{olo~l 634- 9?2„9?1g{acyohe ;5- 6>4„6>9- 6;;

Ttfych{fm fi~chnc 36„3>- 39- 3>- 52- ?;

fi~ch{ bf{acy~ 14„1>- 16- 19- >64

fi~ch{ lg{acy~ 16- 19- 1>„15fhk fis~c ?6fhk naomk lfoh{chfhnc 19„1>ngh{fn{ uo{a tfych{~ 14„1>- 16- 19

fhk cq{chkck bflomoc~ ;1- 11- ?;fhk eyfhklg{acy~ 1;„12- 15

fhk loeyf{ogh 53„52- 51„14~ctfyf{ogh fhk korgync 55„5?{aygsea kcf{a 52„55~cc fm~g nfyceorcy~ f{ aglc: ngllsho{oc~-

ngllshfm nfyctfych{ohe

fbboylf{ogh 2>- >42

fs{agyo{ 24„29- 2;- 23nfyohe gb lg{acy~ fhk bf{acy~ >64naomkych‟~ f~~cy{ogh~ gb 33„23- 1;„15cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ 965„99>- 965 „96?

clg{oghfm ~sttgy{ 2>- 2;

fhk aglcugyj 31„3?- 56- 96>„962- 96;ohrgmrclch{ oh ~naggmohe 969„962- 934

hcemcn{ ;9- 22„5;- ?2- 693- >4?hsy{syc oh {ac aglc >42„>64tfych{,naomk oh{cyfn{ogh~ fhk ~cq 924„92>

fhk tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm >44ycnotygno{ 3?„29- 25- 21- ?>„?2- >42„>64fhk sjsamghotaf !yc~tcn{/ 24„26~cc fm~g nfyceorcy~ f{ aglc: bflomoc~:

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~: tfych{fmfi~chnc: tycehfhn fhk tfych{aggk:

~naggmohe- ~gnofm f~tcn{~

tf{yofyna 9?3fhk fis~c 5>„5;fhk naomk lfoh{chfhnc 19„1>

~cc fm~g echkcytccy,eygst ycmf{ogh~aot~ ;2- 644- 66>ohbmschnc gh ~naggm f{{chkfhnc 964- 9>5„

9;4

fhk yfnc fhk nmf~~ 623- 621- 62?fhk ~naggm 94>- 963- 99;„992- 9;9- 9;3-

934- 936

~cc fm~g kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~:byochk~aot: tccy tyc~~syc

tccy tyc~~syc ;2- 29„2>- 9>5

fhk olfec- nagonc~ fhk ~cmb,nfyc 69;- 6>6-636- 912„9?>

fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 92>„925- 95>„95;tch~ogh~- gmk,fec 9>- 34

tcynct{ogh~ >1- 53- 52- 69?- 6;9- >99gb Imfnj Cnghglon Cltgucylch{ 5?-

9;1- 9?1

gb hcoeaigsy~ 641- 64?gb gttgy{sho{oc~ 9;1„934gb yfnc fhk nmf~~ 645- 63;- 632

gb yo~j 649„642- 643- 6>2- 6>?- 6;;fhk ~naggmohe 6?>- 942 rfmsc gb cksnf{ogh 9;2„9;?

tcy~ghfm cbbonfn ~cc ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfmtgmo{onfm ohrgmrclch{ 91- 9?;„9?2 ~cc fm~g tyg{c~{ fn{ogh

tgtsmfy nsm{syc ~cc ngh~slcyo~l: lckof

tgtsmfyo{ 912„9?>tgrcy{ 9>

fhk fis~c fhk hcemcn{ 5>

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ >4?„>64hs{yo{ogh 94?„964~cc fm~g nmf~~

tgucy 93;- >46

fhk efhe~ 9;3- 954„956

~naggm fhk aglc >41- >6;~cc fm~g fechn: fs{agyo{: ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfm:

tf{yofyna tycehfhn fhk tfych{aggk 93;- 935- 931„924-

952„955- 951

ngh~cvschnc~ gb 914„919ygmc gb ig~ 919„91>- 931„924fhk ~naggm nfyccy~ 9;4„9;9

fhk ~{oelf ;2- 661fhk ~si~{fhnc fis~c 69;ua eoym~ bfmm tycehfh{ 955„914

tyc`skonc 634 ~cc fm~g g{acyohe




>32

tyg{c~{ fn{ogh 91- 992- 9?;„9?3- >63

tsimon {yfh~tgy{ 61- 64>- 6>?- 639

Y

yfnc >95fhk nmf~~ >4- >6>

kcboho{ogh~ gb 9?„>6fhk bflomoc~ ;?„33fhk byochk~aot 624„62;- >6>

fhk okch{o{ 631„63?fhk mfhesfec 63?„624- 62;„622~naggmohe fhk ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh 635„622~cc fm~g ftfy{acok: ~ceycef{ogh- yfnofm

yftc 694„696ycicmmogh ;;- ;2- 92>„925

ycnotygno{ 3?„29- 21- ?>- ?2- >42„>64ycmoeogh 66>kcno~ogh,lfjohe figs{ ~naggm nfyccy~

9>1„9>?

fhk tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm 91?„9?4- >46„>49~cc fm~g nasyna: lgyfmm olisck ko~ngsy~c

yc~cfyna gh naomkych 95„9?- >6„>5c{aon~ >3- >?

c{ahgeyftaon >9- >>- >3o{cyf{orc >>lc{agkgmgeoc~ >6„;4

tfy{onotf{gy >2- >1

vsfmo{f{orc >9„>5vsfh{o{f{orc >6„>9

yc~omochnc ?;- 946- 992- 9>5- 9?;„9?2- >49yc~tcn{

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm 24„26- >41

fhk ~gnofm kfhecy 691„69?fhk ~si~cyrochnc 54{cfnacy~ 6?9„6?>sjsamghotaf 24„26- >41

~cc fm~g oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~yoea{~ >5- 23- ?3- 66?

yo~j 665- 661- 694„696icafrogsy fhk kygt,gs{ bygl ~naggm

9>>„9>;tcynct{ogh~ gb 649„642- 643

~gnofmfhk AOR'FOK^ 661- 91;~cc fm~g shkcy kfhecy~

yo{c~ gb tf~~fec >?- 9;9- 923„925ygmc lgkcm~ 663- 953- 91?- 9?6- >93

yglfh{on ycmf{ogh~aot~ ~cc kf{ohe fhk~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~

yslgsy fhk eg~~ot ~cc eg~~ot fhk yslgsy

ysyfm nghhcn{ogh~ ;?- 35„3?- ?3- 645- 6;5- >45

^~naggm nfyccy~- kcno~ogh,lfjohe

fec gb mcfrohe ~naggm 9>6„>9>

fh{o,~naggmohe ~sinsm{syc 9;5f{{chkfhnc 995„9>4- 995 „991- 9>;„9>5fhk kglc~{on nghbmon{ 9>3„9>2‑kygt,gs{‟ yf{c~ 9>4„9>3- 9>9- 9>2

fhk cltmglch{ 9;9„9;;- 9;>chygmlch{ 99?- 9>4- 9>6efhe~ fhk nyolc 9;;„9;2

ohbmschnc gb byochk~ fhk tccy~ 9>5„9;4oho{of{ogh yo{c~ 9;9jhgumckec gb bsy{acy cksnf{ogh 9;5- 9;?lf{yon f{{fohlch{ yf{c~ 9>9

lg{orf{ogh~ bgy mcfrohe ~naggm 9>;„9;?

tcyncorck rfmsc gb cksnf{ogh 9;2„939tyclf{syc kctfy{syc 9>9- 9>9„9>>

ycmoeogs~ ohrgmrclch{ 9>1„9>?fhk {cchfec tycehfhn 9;4„9;9

~naggmohe 654

nmf~~ ~opc 655- 651- 614ko~notmohc 65?„619- 6?6- 6?>„6?5- 6??„944-

>45

bfnomo{oc~ 655„651bcc~ 655- 651- 65?bshkohe 656- 655

eyfkc f{{fohlch{ 65>- 65>„65;- 614-94;- 962lfhfeclch{ 614- 616lf{aclf{on~ fhk ~nochnc 659- 659- 65;„653

lf{yon 659- 659„65>- 619- 9>6gs{nglc~ 656„659tg~{,ftfy{acok ycbgyl~ 654„655

tygnc~~ gb 614„61>tstom 0 {cfnacy yf{og 651- 616yc~gsync ohcvsfmo{oc~ 655„614~jomm~ fhk vsfmobonf{ogh~ 654- 655- 614- 619-

613„612

~cc fm~g {cfnaohe~naggmohe- ~gnofm f~tcn{~ 94>„943

nagg~ohe f ~naggm 943„94?nmf~~ 635„622- 94;- 999- 9>4cksnf{oghfm cqtcn{f{ogh~ 965„99>- 965 „96?

bcc~ 942„945byochk~aot 99>„995ohbmschnc gb aglc fhk hcoeaigsyaggk

94?„962mfhesfec gb oh~{ysn{ogh 943„942lf{yon ifmm 99;„993

tyc,~naggm 995 „991- 99?



o h k c q

~cqsfm afyf~~lch{ 9>4

~gnofm okch{o{ 99>„995~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh 635„622

{olc fhk ~tfnc frfomfiomo{ 964- 962~cc fm~g ~naggm nfyccy~- kcno~ogh,lfjohe~naggm tcybgylfhnc

fhk kyse~ fhk fmngagm 69;

aglcugyj 31„3?- 56- 96>„962- 96;

oltfoylch{ gb 614„616mfhesfec gb oh~{ysn{ogh 63?- 616- 943„942mo{cyfn fhk hslcyfn 65>„652- 65;„652 -

616- 619- 9>4fhk hcoeaigsyaggk~ 614„616~cc fm~g aglcugyj: shkcy {cfnaohe

~naggm~ 9;

mfhesfec gb oh~{ysn{ogh 63?yfno~l oh 62;„623

~naggmohe fhk ~gnofm oh{ceyf{ogh 635„622~cc fm~g shkcy {cfnaohe

~cnycn fhk ~cq 924„92>- 92;- 923„925 ~ccfm~g ~omchnc

~ceycef{ogh- yfnofm 9>- 92„95 9?;„9?2- >91fhk ngllsho{ >64„>6;fhk oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycnotygno{ >42„>64

fhk lgiomo{ fhk ngllsho{ >64„>6;fhk tcy~ghfm ngh{ygm 9?2„>43- 9?5

~cc fm~g oh{ceyf{ogh: shkcy lgiomo{ ~cmb,nfyc ~cc nfyc gb ~cmb ~cmb,kc{cylohf{ogh ~cc ngh{ygm- tcy~ghfm~cmb,c~{ccl 663- 662- 9?3- >43- >9?

fhk bflom ;6„;9fhk ~naggm 946- 962- 9>2- 9>1- 939

~cyronc~ 9;- 95- 665„661- >6;~cqsfm fis~c 59„5;- 693- 9>4- 93;- 9?9 ~cc fm~g

fis~c fhk hcemcn{~cqsfm fn{oro{ ~cc kf{ohe fhk ~cqsfm ycmf{ogh~aot~~afyck ~tfnc~ 634„635

~acicch~ 666„669- 66;„663- 66?- 696„699

~agttohe lfmm~ ;>- 6>5- 6>?- 636- 632~oimohe~ 11„?6- 966- 962

~omchnc 622- 621- 926- 919- >4?gh AOR'FOK^ 91;„913fhk oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 25„5;-

929„92>- >4?

fhk hcemcn{ fhk fis~c 22„5;fhk ~naggm 996- 9;5- 939~cc fm~g ~cnycn

~jomm~ fhk vsfmobonf{ogh~ 654 655 614 619 ~cc

~gnofm f~~o~{fhnc tygeyfllc~ 99- 9> ~cc

fm~g eyfh{~~gnofmo~f{ogh 2>- 5>- 69;- 93;- >41 ~cc fm~g hgyl~

~gnofm ycts{f{ogh 21- 964- 99;- 95;„953-913„912fhk AOR'FOK^ 913„912~cc fm~g olfec: ~{f{s~- ~gnofm

~gnofm ~cyronc~ ~cc ~cyronc~~tfpf ~agt~ 664~tgy{ 93- 644- 66>„662- 6;9

~{f{s~- ~gnofm 6>4- 6;1- 9;3- 953- 915- >94„>96fhk ngmgsy 622- 625fhk cksnf{ogh 964- 96?„994- 99>- 9;;-

934„936

fhk AOR'FOK^ 91;- 913„912

fhk ~cq 923- 921„956- >62„>6?fhk {cchfec tycehfhn 914„916

~cc fm~g ngh~slcyo~l: olfec: ~gnofm ycts{f{ogh~{ctbf{acy~ 15- 11~{cycg{tohe 6;;- 6;?- >6> ~cc fm~g g{acyohe

~{oelf ;2- 639- 964- 914fhk AOR'FOK^ 91;„913fhk royeoho{ 922„925

~si~cyrochnc 54- 5>- 5;~si~{fhnc fis~c 5>- 941- 9>1

fhk nyolc 696„69;

fhk ~naggm kygt,gs{ yf{c~ 9>>„9>;~cc fm~g fmngagm: kyse~~sonokc 966„999~sttgy{ 695- 63;- 9??- >44- >49

kf{ohe fhk ~cq 93;- 935- 92>- 956- 952- 9?9bflom 26- ?4- ?9- ?>- 644oh~{o{s{ogh~ 663- 662- 661

oh{cyechcyf{oghfm ycmf{ogh~aot~ >4?- >6;hcoeaigsyaggk~ 646- 64;- 641- 695- 6>>tfych{fm 32- 29- 2;- 94;- 966- 96>tycehfhn fhk lg{acyaggk 914-

916„919- 91>

~naggm~ 665- 6?9- 96>- 963- 962- >6;„>63~gnofm ycmf{ogh~aot~ 21- 9>1- 9;6- 934-

939- >65{cfnacy~ 611„61?- 6?9~cc fm~g hc{ugyj~

[

{frcyh~ ~cc ~acicch~{cfnaohe 655- 651

nmf~~ ~opc 655- 651- 614

Documents

Growing Up in the New South Africa: Childhood and Adolescence in Post-Apartheid Cape Town