Group Presentation - Correlational Research

+If you were to measure shoe size and academic If you were to measure shoe size and academic

achievement for children ages 6 to 12, you would find achievement for children ages 6 to 12, you would find a statistically significant positive correlation between a statistically significant positive correlation between

the two. the two.

Can you conclude that smarter kids wear larger shoes?Can you conclude that smarter kids wear larger shoes?

Can we predict academic achievement from shoe size?Can we predict academic achievement from shoe size?

Prepared by Ms. Jonna Marie A. LimPrepared by Ms. Jonna Marie A. Lim

Correlational ResearchCorrelational ResearchGrammar IVGrammar IV

Making sense of observationsMaking sense of observations

The Nature of Correlational ResearchThe Nature of Correlational Research

Correlational research are designed to determine the degree of relationshipdetermine the degree of relationship between 2 or more variables.

Often naturally occurring variables are:* * Intelligence and GPAIntelligence and GPA* * Aggression and watching TV ShowsAggression and watching TV Shows* * Alcohol consumption and diving abilityAlcohol consumption and diving ability* * A person’s likability and their physical A person’s likability and their physical attractivenessattractiveness

Also known as “Associational Research”“Associational Research”

The relationship between two or more factors are explored, without manipulatingwithout manipulating any of the variables being investigated.

It seeks to describe the existing describe the existing relationshiprelationship between variables.

This degree of relationship is usually done with the use of a correlation coefficient.


ExamplesExamples What is the relationship between T.V.

violence and aggressive behavior ?

This study is to determine the association among levels of academic achievement, motivation and persistence for high school gifted and talented seniors in the sciences?

This study is to determine the predictive predictive abilityability of high school grade point average (GPA) to forecast first to fourth year College GPA.

Is maternal smoking during pregnancy related related to increased of crime in adult offspring?

ExamplesExamples

Positive Correlation means that high scores in one variable (X) are associated with high scores in another variable (Y).

Negative Correlation means that high scores in one variable (X) are associated with low scores in another variable (Y).


With correlational research, we can only show the magnitude or degree of relationship or

association between variables, NOT the CAUSE OF RELATIONSHIP.


Explaining Important Human BehaviorsExplaining Important Human BehaviorsExample:

Identify factors which might have caused underachievement among senior high school students

Correlate academic performance for the 1st semester of the year with study habits, adjustment problems and self concept scores.

Results: Study habits were highly associated with the students’ academic performance.

Results will serve as a s springboard in searching for causes of the underachievement.

Purposes of Correlational ResearchPurposes of Correlational Research

Prediction of a Possible OutcomePrediction of a Possible Outcome

Prediction of a score on either variable once a significant correlation is found to exist.

Job commitment can be used to predict job performance of a group of employees.


Predictor VariablePredictor Variable is that which is employed to make a prediction.

e.g. job commitment

Criterion VariableCriterion Variable is the variable which prediction is made.e.g. job performance


Observational researche.g. class attendance and grades

Survey researche.g. living together and divorce rates

Archival researche.g. violence and economics

Types of Correlational ResearchTypes of Correlational Research

The Methodology ofThe Methodology of Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research

STEP 1: Problem SelectionSTEP 1: Problem Selection

The problem have to be selected, defined and delimited. Is variable X related to Y?How well does variable X predict variable Y?What relationships exist among a number of

variables and what predictions can be made based in them?

EXAMPLE:Why are children aggressive?Why are children aggressive?

Hypothesis: aggression is a learned behavior as a result of modeling.

Test: look for associations between aggressive behavior and …

STEP 1: Problem SelectionSTEP 1: Problem Selection

Use random sampling techniques. Identify the population fro which the data

on each variable can be collected to be followed by the determination of the sample size.

Use the formula in computing for the n.

STEP 2: Sample SelectionSTEP 2: Sample Selection

Instruments to be used in measuring the variables to be correlated have to be identified.Questionnaires, interview guides, records and

documents Instruments to be used has to be valid,

reliable and should yield quantitative data.

STEP 3: Identification of Data Sources STEP 3: Identification of Data Sources and Procedures for Gathering Dataand Procedures for Gathering Data

Basic design is straightforward.

STEP 3: Identification of Data Sources STEP 3: Identification of Data Sources and Procedures for Gathering Dataand Procedures for Gathering Data

ObservationsObservations

RespondentsRespondents OO11 OO22

A ________ ________

B ________ ________

C ________ ________

D ________ ________

E ________ ________

STEP 4: Planning the Analysis of DataSTEP 4: Planning the Analysis of Data

Identify and explain the statistical statistical techniquetechnique to be employed in the analysis of dataSimple correlation, partial correlation, factor

analysis, path analysis, multiple regression

The scale for describing the magnitude of magnitude of correlationcorrelation has to be specified.e.g. as cited by Best and Best (1998)



Correlation CoefficientCorrelation Coefficient Relationship Relationship

.00 - .20 Negligible

.20 - .40 Low

.40 - .60 Moderate

.60 - .80 Substantial

.80 – 1.00 High to Very High

Collect the dataCollect the data for each of the variables to be studied with the use of the instruments s/he has prepared/ selected.

STEP 5: Data CollectionSTEP 5: Data Collection

Correlate the scores of respondents. Typically the Pearson’s Product Moment Pearson’s Product Moment

CorrelationCorrelation Coefficient or the Pearson’s Coefficient or the Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient r Correlation Coefficient is used for correlation analyses.

STEP 6: Data Analysis and InterpretationSTEP 6: Data Analysis and Interpretation

Pearson’s r measures the extent to which Pearson’s r measures the extent to which paired scores occupy the same or opposite positions within their own distributions; it will tell you: the degree or strength of relationship

(-1.0 to 1.0) the direction of relationship (positive or

negative)


Strength of the RelationshipStrength of the RelationshipThis is revealed by the absolute value of a

correlation coefficient (such as Pearson’s r) r = 0 means no relationship between variables r = 1.0 indicates a perfect relationship, meaning

that if you know the value of one of the variables, then you could exactly predict the value of the other one.


Direction of the RelationshipDirection of the RelationshipThis is revealed by whether the value of a

correlation coefficient is positive or negative. If r = 0 to -1.0If r = 0 to -1.0

A negative relationship between the variables (e.g. as the amount of alcohol consumed increases, the GPA decreases)

If r = 0 to +1.0If r = 0 to +1.0 Indicates a positive correlation (e.g. as physical

attractiveness increases the more likely the person is to be rated “likeable.”



D:\Correlational research\Scatter Diagram on Correlation.pdf

Pearson’s rPearson’s rOnly detects linear relationships r cannot be interpreted as percent, but r2

can rr2 2 is the Coefficient of Determination is the Coefficient of Determination rr2 2 is the percent of variation accounted for is the percent of variation accounted for

by the relation between x and yby the relation between x and y


Example:Correlating IQ Score with GPA in College

If r = .56, then rIf r = .56, then r2 2 = .31 = .31


If r = .56, then rIf r = .56, then r22 = .31 = .31

What does this What does this mean?mean?

This means that 31% of the variability in This means that 31% of the variability in Y (GPA in college) cam be accounted for Y (GPA in college) cam be accounted for

by IQ scores. The other 69% must be by IQ scores. The other 69% must be accounted for by other variables (like accounted for by other variables (like motivation or test taking ability, etc.)motivation or test taking ability, etc.)

Findings for each problem posed in the study are summarized statistically and summarized statistically and conclusions are drawnconclusions are drawn.

Recommendations are formulatedRecommendations are formulated by the researcher based on the significant findings noted.

STEP 7: STEP 7: Reporting the Results and Reporting the Results and Conclusions of the StudyConclusions of the Study

That in all things, That in all things, God may be glorified! God may be glorified!

Documents

Group Presentation - Correlational Research