American OccupationGroup 5

America had disagreements with the implementation of rules of Spain in Cuba

Yellow journalism accused Spain of numerous misdeeds

USS Maine ship exploded and killed 266 U.S. Soldiers in February 1898◦ The Spanish forces were held responsible for this

War spread out to the different Spanish colonies◦ One of them is the Philippines

Spanish American War Causes

Happened on May 1, 1891 A battle between Spanish and American

fleets◦ American forces were led by Commodore George

Dewey◦ Spanish fleets were headed by Admiral Patricio

Montojo Americans won

Battle of Manila Bay

Took place on August 13, 1898 Was considered “mock” because it was

agreed on and pre-planned- Spain had plans to surrender to the Americans to avoid disgrace

Paved way for the Treaty of Paris

Mock Battle of Manila

A peace agreement between Spain and America ◦ The former would give the latter control of Puerto

Rico, Guam and the Philippines for $20M. Signed on December 10, 1898 in Paris,

France Followed by the Philippine-American War

Treaty of Paris

Started when a Filipino was shot at the Pinaglabanan Bridge by an American.

The Philippine side of the war was led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo

Battle of Tirad Pass◦ Led by Gen. Gregorio del Pilar◦ 60 Filipinos battled to defend Tirad Pass in order

to stop Americans from pursuing Aguinaldo◦ Filipinos were outnumbered but Aguinaldo had

time to escape◦ Emilio Aguinaldo was finally captured in 1901and

American soldiers took over

Philippine-American War

Generals in the Fil-Am War

Antonio Luna

Miguel Malvar

Manuel Tinio

Macario Sakay

Licerio Geronimo

Vicente Lukban

Lasted from 1898 to 1901 Military Governors were:

◦ Gen. Wesley Merritt◦ Gen. Elwell Otis◦ Gen. Arthur McArthur

American military had executive power and was in charge of the Philippines

ACCOMPLISHMENTS- a school system where the teachers were

American soldiers- Peace in some areas of the country- Civil courts such as the Supreme Court

Military Government

Established on July 4, 1901 Gave Filipinos the opportunity to participate

in government affairs First civil Governor was William Taft, last

was Frank Murphy Executive power of the military was

transfered to the Governor in charge

Civil Government

THE CAMPAIGN FOR INDEPENDENCE

Also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 States the creation of the Philippine

assembly whose members are elected by the people.◦ Would be granted once the Philippines becomes

peaceful Philippine Assembly was finally created on

October 16, 1907◦ Manuel Quezon was the leader while Sergio

Osmeña as the Speaker of the Assembly

Cooper Act

Granted the Filipinos rights except when on court trial

Allowed Filipinos to represent their country in Washington as resident commissioners

Cooper Act

Approved on August 19, 1916 Promises independence to Filipinos when

government is stable◦ Legislative power goes to the upper and lower

houses of Philippine Legislature◦ Executive power goes to the American governor

general◦ Judicial power goes to the Supreme and lower

courts Bill of Rights was included

◦ Freedom of speech and press, religion, to form assembly and to seek happiness

Jones Law

Declaration of Purposes◦ Declared the longing of the Filipinos to be free

Independence Commission◦ Was made to discuss procedures to gain

independence◦ 12 missions were sent to the U.S.

OSROX◦ An independence mission made by Osmeña and

Roxas◦ Led to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

Missions by Filipinos

HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT States that Philippines will be given Independence

after a 10-year period under Commonwealth Some Filipinos were for it while some weren’t

◦ Among those who disagreed is Manuel Quezon Rejected by the legislature

TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT Since the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was not

approved, Tydings-McDuffie Act was made◦ Quezon met with President Roosevelt of the U.S.

to discuss a better law similar to the H-H-C Act Created the Commonwealth Government

America’s Response

Inaugurated on November 15, 1935 Under the 1935 Constitution A ten-year preparatory period for independence

◦ Philippines was still under America, but being assisted in organizing the country

Foci of government programs◦ National Defense, Social justice, national language and

morality◦ Offices such as Departments of Justice, Labor, etc. were

created Leaders were elected by Filipinos Leaders were:

◦ Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)◦ Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946)◦ Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946-July 4, 1946)

Commonwealth Government

CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE

Schools were co-educational and public First teachers were American soldiers

◦ Topics included the English language, civics, history, health and arts.

◦ Education was based on the American point of view to control Filipinos and gain their support

600 teachers arrived on August 23,1901and were called Thomasites

Public schools include the elementary, secondary, college, etc.

Filipinos also had the opportunity to teach◦ The Philippine Normal University was created in

1902 in Manila to teach Filipinos teaching methods

Education

Relationship between the Church and state was destroyed

Americans brought in Protestantism◦ However, Catholicism was still the primary

religion Protestant missionaries were sent to the

different places in the Philippines◦ They helped in charity works and teaching, and

built schools, churches, hospitals and more infrastructure

Religion