GRL SupplementaryDataRevised2 - Home | Lehigh Universityziy2/pubs/2010gl043584-txts01.pdf · Yu et al. GRL – Suppl em enta ry Data-1 Global peatlan d dynam ics sinc e the last gla

Yu et al. GRL – Supplementary Data - 1

Global peatland dynamics since the last glacial maximumby Zicheng Yu, Julie Loisel, Daniel Brosseau, David Beilman, and Stephanie Hunt (2010)

Supplementary Material for a paper published in Geophysical Research Letters (2010GL043584)

Figure S1. Global peatland map.


Table S1. Sources for global peatland map.

Region Reference Format Notes

Northern Peatlands(>30°N latitude)

Canada Tarnocai et al., 2002 ESRI shapefile Using Bog, Fen and Bog/Fen features with ≥5%peat coverage

Alaska STATSGO, 1979 ESRI shapefile Using Peat feature from TEXTURE1 with≥40cm thickness from OMH attribute

Russia

Sheng et al., 2004

Stolbovoi and McCallum, 2002

ESRI shapefile

ESRI shapefile

West Siberia peatpatch featureWetland database, using (1) Bogs with deep peat(>50 cm), (2) Swamps with shallow peat (30-50cm), and (3) Swamps with grasses and shrubs(10-30 cm) features.

*Layer was cropped/corrected with data fromSheng et al., 2004

United Kingdom ©British Geological Survey2009 ESRI shapefile Peat feature from Surficial Deposits V1.0 digital

map DiGMapGB-625

Sweden ©Geological Survey of Sweden2009 ESRI shapefile

Using National peat coverage feature(1:1,000,000), extracted from QuaternaryDeposits map

Ireland Connolly et al., 2007 ESRI raster dataset RB, LLA and HLM layers

Norway and Finland

Parviainen and Luoto, 2007

Harmonized World SoilDatabase, V1.1, 2009

Digitized in ArcGIS

ESRI raster dataset,converted into apolygon .shp

Extent of peatlands in Fennoscandia from Fig. 1,>5% visual coverage

Histosols layer only

China, including theTibetan Plateau Niu et al., 2009 ESRI shapefile Inland Marshes feature (Code 24)


Tropical Peatlands(between 30° S and30° N latitudes)

Southeast Asia

Page et al., 2004

Harmonized Soil Map of theWorld, V1.1, 2009

Digitized in ArcGIS


Extent of peat of Fig. 1

Histosols and Gleysols layers only

Central and SouthAmerica

Harmonized Soil Map of theWorld, V1.1, 2009



Africa Harmonized Soil Map of theWorld, V1.1, 2009



Southern Peatlands(>30 °S latitude)

Patagonia

Heusser, 1995

Pisano, 1983

Digitized in ArcGIS

Digitized in ArcGIS

Extent of Magellanic Moorland from Fig. 1

Extent of 1) Sphagnum magellanicum and otherombrotrophic bogs in area of deciduous forest, 2)Low altitude cushion-plant, herbaceous,woodland and shrubby bogs mostly in area orevergreen coastal forests, and 3) Montanecushion-plant herbaceous bogs

New Zealand Ausseil et al., 2008 ESRI shapefile Current Extent feature of Bogs and Fens fromwetland typology

Tasmania Department of PrimaryIndustries and Water, 2009 ESRI shapefile

TASVEG V2.0, extracted MBE, MBP, MBS,MBU, MBW, MSW, MSP, MRR features from“Moorland, Sedgeland, Rushland and Peatland”class

Australia Whinam et al., 2003 Digitized in ArcGISExtent of Sphagnum-dominated communitiescoverage area from Fig. 1


References of Peatland Map Sources:Ausseil, A.-G., Gerbeaux, P., Chadderton, W. L., Stephens, R. T., Brown, D. J. and Leathwick, J. 2008. Wetland ecosystems ofnational importance for biodiversity: Criteria, methods, and candidate list of nationally important inland wetlands. DiscussionDocument. Contract Report.No. LC0708/158. Palmerston North, New Zealand, Landcare Research 174 pp.

British Geological Survey. 2009. DiGMapGB data at 1:625 000 scale, Surficial deposits V1.0.(http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/data_625k.html)

Connolly, J., Holden N.M. and Ward, S.M. 2007. Mapping peatlands in Ireland using a rule-based methodology and digital data, SoilScience Society of America, 71: 492-499. (http://coe.epa.ie/safer/)

Department of Primary Industries and Water. TASVEG Version 2_0_Released Feb 2009. Tasmanian Vegetation Monitoring andMapping Program, Resource Management and Conservation Division. (http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/ThemeNodes/LJEM-6RF4Q8?open)

Exploratory Soil Survey of Alaska, STATSGO Publication. 1979. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource ConservationService, Forth Worth, Texas.

Geological Survey of Sweden. 2009. Peatland features extracted from Quaternary Deposits digital maps at scales of 1:50,000,1;100,000 and 1:1,000,000. ©Geological Survey of Sweden

Heusser, C.J. 1995. Palaeoecology of a Donatia-Astelia cushion bog, Magellanic Moorland-Subantarctic Evergreen Forest transition,southern Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 89: 429–40.

Niu Z.G., Gong, P., Cheng, X., Guo, J.H., Wang, L., Huang, H.B., Shen, S.Q., Wu, Y.Z., Wang, X.F., Wang, X.W., Ying, Q., Liang,L., Zhang, L.N., Wang, L., Yao, Q., Yang, Z.Z., Guo, Z.Q., Dai, Y.J. 2009. Geographical analysis of China’s wetlands preliminarilyderived from remotely sensed data. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 39: 188-203. {in Chinese}

Page, S., Wuosst, R.A.J., Weiss, D., Rieley, J.O., Shotyk, W. and Limin, S.H. 2004. A record of Late Pleistocene and Holocenecarbon accumulation and climate change from an equatorial peat bog (Kalimantan, Indonesia): implications for past, present andfuture carbon dynamics. J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 19: 625–635.

Parviainen, M. and Luoto, M. 2007. Climate envelopes of mire complex types in Fennoscandia. Geogr. Ann., 89 A (2): 137–151.


FAO/IIASA/ISS-CAS/JRC. 2009. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.1). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Pisano, E. 1983. The Magellanic Tundra Complex, in Ecosystems of the world: 4B Mires, swamp, bog, fen and moor (vol. 2), Gore,A.J.P. (ed.), pp 295-329, Elsevier..

Sheng, Y., Smith, L.C., MacDonald, G.M., Kremenetski, K.V., Frey, K.E., Velichko, A.A., Lee, M., Beilman, D.W. and Dubinin,P.2004. A high-resolution GIS-based inventory of the west Siberian peat carbon pool, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB3004,doi:10.1029/2003GB002190.

Stolbovoi, V. and McCallum, I. 2002. CD-ROM “Land Resources of Russia”. In. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysisand the Russian Academy of Science, Laxenburg, Austria. (http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/FOR/russia_cd/download.htm)

Tarnocai, C., Kettles, I.M., Lacelle, B. 2002. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4002.(http://geopub.rncan.gc.ca/moreinfo_e.php?id=213529&_h=lac)

Whinam, J., Hope, G.S., Clarkson, B.R.,Buxton, R.P., Alspach, P.A. and Adam, P. 2003. Sphagnum in peatlands of Australia: Theirdistribution, uilisation and management, Wetlands Ecology and Management 11: 37-49.


Table S2. Peat basal dates from global peatlands.

Section A: Peat basal date sites from northern peatlands (n=1516; MacDonald et al., 2006)MacDonald, G.M., Beilman, D.W., Kremenetski, K.V., Sheng, Y., Smith, L.C. and Velichko, A.A. 2006. Rapid early development ofcircumarctic peatlands and atmospheric CH4 and CO2 variations, Science, 314, 285-288. DOI: 10.1126/science.1131722See http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;314/5797/285/DC1 for the list of 1516 basal peat dates.

Section B: Peat basal date sites from tropical peatlands (n=116, including 49 from SE Asia)

Site # Lab ID 14C date(year BP)

14CdateS.D.

Latitude Longitude Site ID CoreID

Reference

SE Asia1 BIRM 255 4500 80 3° 10' N 102° 36' E Tasek Bera Basin,

MalaysiaTB5 Wust, RAJ. Paleoecology 211, 241

(2004)2 TO-8272 20,480 190 2° 56.962'

N102° 39.530' E Tasek Bera Basin,

MalaysiaB78 Wust, RAJ. Paleoecology 211, 241

(2004)3 TO-7613 3410 50 3° 07.482'



(2004)4 TO-8269 3930 70 3° 08.594'



(2004)5 TO-8270 270 80 3° 08.572'



(2004)6 TO-8271 3730 80 3° 08.289'



(2004)7 N/A 3650 N/A 6°9' S 105°59 E Rawa Danau, Java RD-3 van der Kaars. Paleaogeography,

Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology. 171, 185. (2001)

8 N/A 22,620 310 2° 19' S 113° 54' E Kalimantan SA6.5 Page et al, Journal of QuaternaryScience 19, 624. (2004)

9 N/A 6405 105 2°25' N 111°17' E Rajang Delta,Sarawak

T2-100 Staub et al. Sedimentary Geology89, 91. (1994)



RB-1 Staub et al. Sedimentary Geology89, 91. (1994)

11 N/A 12,480 360 2°25' N 111°17' E Rajang Delta,Sarawak

R-090 Staub et al. Sedimentary Geology89, 91. (1994)


T3-080 Staub et al. Sedimentary Geology89, 91. (1994)

13 OZE 141 32,800 300 00°44' N 112°06' E Lake Pemerak,Kalimantan

A Anshari et al. Journal ofQuaternary Science. 19, 637.

(2004)14 W-6252 9070 200 2°06'45" S 113°43'45" E Palangka Raya PK6-

C14Neuzil. Tropical Peatlands. 55

(1977)15 W-6378 4350 100 00°38'53"

N102°38'11" E Siak Kanan SK10-

T23Neuzil. Tropical Peatlands. 55

(1977)16 W-6080 5500 200 01°35'05"

N102°35'05" E Bengkalis Island BK13-

WD1INDO87 STA28

Neuzil. Tropical Peatlands. 55(1977)

17 W-6128 4040 170 01°25'20"N

109°08'30" E Teluk Keramat WK3-C14

Neuzil. Tropical Peatlands. 55(1977)

18 ANU-5219

6970 90 4°05' S 138°56'E Baliem Valley KelelaSwamp

Haberle et al. Journal ofBiogeogrpahy. 18, 25. (1991)

19 ANU-808 21,760 350 5°47' S 145°01'E KomanimambunoMire, Papua New

Guinea

Hope. Journal of Ecology. 64, 627.(1976)

20 N/A 4380 80 5°50' S 142°47' E Haeapugua, PapuaNew Guinea

H6 Haberle et al. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology. 171, 259. (2001)Haberle. Palaeogeography,


21 N/A 1700 210 5°40' S 142°35' E Tugupugua, PapuaNew Guinea

T1 Haberle et al. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology. 171, 259. (2001)Haberle. Palaeogeography,



22 N/A 30,000 N/A 8°25' S 147°14' E Kosipe, Papua NewGuinea

2 Hope. Archaeometry: AnAustralasian perpective. 211

(1982)23 SUA-

174A13,275 160 5°48' S 144°47' E Mt. Jaya, Papua New

GuineaHope et al. Royal Society of NewZealand Bulletin. 13, 155. (1975)

24 SUA-28B 11,820 150 5°48' S 144°47' E Mt. Jaya, Papua NewGuinea

Hope et al. Royal Society of NewZealand Bulletin. 13, 155. (1975)

25 Y-1622 11,230 100 6°16' S 147°04' E Saruwaged Mts.,Papua New Guinea


26 ANU-1339

13,050 700 6°02' S 143°53' E Mt. Giluwe, PapuaNew Guinea


27 ANU-1342A

11,250 550 6°02' S 143°53' E Mt. Giluwe, PapuaNew Guinea


28 ANU-1337

9980 280 6°02' S 143°53' E Mt. Giluwe, PapuaNew Guinea


29 N/A 4250 210 1°33' S 103°33' E Batang Hari River,Sumatra

B Cameron et al. InternationalJournal of Coal Geology. 16, 127.

(1990)30 N/A 6450 100 4°2' S 137°13' E Ijomba, Papua New

GuineaFlenley. Journal of Biogeography.

15, 185. (1988)31 ANU

743133,200 1070 4°02'39" S 138°56'15" E Supulah Hill, Irian

JayaIJSUP Hope. Journal of Biogeography.

25, 453. (1998)32 B-6922 18,300 50 2°13' S 114°04' E Sungai Sebangau,

KalimantanPage et al. Philosophical

Transactions: Biological Scienes.354, 1885. (1999)

33 N/A 4810 50 6°49' S 106°55' E Situ Gunung,Malaysia

Maloney. Journal ofBiogeography. 12, 537. (1985)

34 N/A 12,380 110 1°02' N 100°04' E Tao Sipinggan,Sumatra


35 N/A 17,880 200 1°02' N 100°04' E Pea Sim-sim Swamp,Sumatra


36 ANU-6458

4470 120 6°30' S 145°40' E Noreikora Swamp,Papua New Guinea

Haberle. Archaeol. Oceania. 31, 1.(1996)

37 LGK-1276

5140 180 03°19' S 116°07' E Batulicin,Kalimantan

Yulianto et al. Journal of AsianEarth Sciences. 25, 1. (2005)


38 BRO-1963

4270 70 1°06' S 114°08' E Marudi, Borneo Anderson et al. Review ofPalaeobotany and Palynology. 19,

291. (1975)39 GrN-

1152110,870 70 6°54' S 107°36' E Situ Bayongbong,

West JavaStuijts.Modern Quaternary

Research in Southeast Asia. 8, 17.(1983/84)

40 ANU11698

5900 320 00°12' S 116°15' E Sabintulung S3P3A-1

Hope et al. Quaternary Research64, 407. (2005)

41 ANU11704

5500 130 00°12' S 116°15' E Kapung Baru K1P17-3


42 ANU11672

7500 220 00°12' S 116°15' E Enggelam E2P23-3


43 ANU11675

6610 200 00°12' S 116°15' E L. Melintang MLT1-4


44 ANU11701

4300 140 00°12' S 116°15' E L. Siran SR3P500-2


45 OZC318 38,300 600 17°06' N 102°56' E Nong Pa Kho NPK.2 Penny. Palaeogeogrpahy,Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology. 171, 97. (2001)46 N/A 1950 70 4°49' N 115°25' E Lawas Wilford. Brit. Borneo. Geol.

Survey Ann. Rept. 16. (1959)47 UWE-34 23,050 330 1°24' N 10°48' E Nee Soon, Singapore NS1/8b

2Taylor et al. Palaeogeography,Palaeclimatology, Palaeoecology.

171, 269. (2001)48 N/A 1140 4°35' N 113°58' E Kuala Baram,

SarawakTie et al. Proceedings of theInternational Symposium onTropical Peatlands. 81. (1992)

49 N/A 3570 4°11' N 114°18' E Lubok Belanak,Sarawak

R4 Tie et al. Proceedings of theInternational Symposium onTropical Peatlands. 81. (1992)

SouthAmerica

50 Beta 2050 40 00°48'4.31"S

78°48'32.02"W

Cayambre-Coca,Ecuador

Chimner et al. Mires and Peat 3, 1(2008)


51 Beta-77284

11,600 140 22°47' S 45°32' W Morro de Itapeva,Brazil

Behling. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology. 129, 407. (1997)52 Beta-

791219270 60 24°40' S 50°13' W Serra Campos Gerais,

BrazilBehling. Review of Palaeobotanyand Palynology. 97, 109. (1997)

53 Beta-35068

10,410 160 16°09' S 68°19' W Bitil Pampa, Bolivia Seltzer. Journal of QuaternaryScience. 7, 87. (1992)

54 GrN-18038

8410 160 4°41' N 73°48' W Turbera de Calostros,Colombia

Bosman et al. The Holocene. 4,233. (1994)

55 471 32,030 (+2020)(-1620)

19° S 46°46' W Salitre de Minas,Brazil

LC3 Ledru. Quaternary Research. 39,90 (1993)

56 NSRL-11186

4350 35 0°27' S 76°37' W Yasuni, Ecuador Maxus4

Weng et al. Review ofPalaeobotany and Palynology.

120, 73. (2002)57 NSRL-

11685250 30 0°27' S 76°37' W Yasuni, Ecuador Maxus

1Weng et al. Review of

Palaeobotany and Palynology.120, 73. (2002)

57 N/A 1260 25 4°14'45.6"S

73°12'0.2" W Buena Vista, Peru BQ15 Lahteenoja et al. Global ChangeBiology 15, 2311 (2009)

59 N/A 715 25 4°16'21.8"S

73°15'27.8" W Charo, Peru CR15 Lahteenoja et al. Global ChangeBiology 15, 2311 (2009)

60 N/A 2300 25 3°50'24" S 73°19'9.9" W Quistococha, Peru QT3 Lahteenoja et al. Global ChangeBiology 15, 2311 (2009)

61 N/A 1700 25 4°54' S 74°0'5.5" W Rinon, Peru FS24 Lahteenoja et al. Global ChangeBiology 15, 2311 (2009)

62 N/A 2850 35 4°3'44.9" S 73°11'32.9" W San Jorge, Peru SV24 Lahteenoja et al. Global ChangeBiology 15, 2311 (2009)

63 B-9618 33,520 1010 1°29' S 77°06' W Mera, Ecuador Mera 2 Bush et al. Quaternary Research.34, 330. (1990)

64 Beta94330

2930 110 4°05' N 4°05' N Nouragues, Brazil NO 92-3

Ledru. Review of Palaeobotanyand Palynology. 115, 161. (2001)

65 N/A 525 25 12°08'31" S 69°01'15" W Lake Parker, Peru Bush et al. Journal ofBiogeography. 34, 1342. (2007)

66 NSRL-11998

940 40 12°19'57" S 68°52'28" W Lake Gentry, Peru Bush et al. Journal ofBiogeography. 34, 1342. (2007)


67 Hv 17565 14,105 510 27°42' S 49°09' W Serra de Boa Vista,Brazil

Behling. Vegat Hist Archaeobot. 4,127. (1995)

68 Hv 17558 10,200 275 28°11' S 49°52' W Morro da Igreja,Brazil


69 Hv 17555 6410 190 28°23' S 49°33' W Serra do Rio Rastro,Brazil


70 N/A 25,790 70 15°34' S 47°35' W Vereda de AguasEmendadas, Brazil

VAE1 Salgado-Labouriau et al. Review ofPalaeobotony and Palynology. 99,

115. (1998)71 GrN-

128997490 80 5° N 74°10' W Paramo de Agua

Blanca, ColombiaPAB 1 Helmens et al. Palaeogeography,


72 GrN-7065 14,140 120 3°04' N 70°20' W Ciega, Colombia Col.200a

Van der Hammen et al.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology. 32, 247. (1981)73 GrN

129085040 60 5°15' N 74°00' W Paramo de Laguna

Verde, ColombiaPLV 1 Kuhry, Peter. Dissertationes

Botanicae: Palaeobotanical-palaeoecological studies oftropical high Andean petbogsections (Cordillera Oriental,Colombia). Berlin: J. Cramer

(1988)74 GrN

120688320 80 5°05' N 74°05' W Paramo de Pena

Negra, ColombiaPPN 1 Kuhry, Peter. Dissertationes


(1988)75 GrN

129036630 100 5°00' N 74°10' W Paramo de Agua

Blanca, ColombiaPAB 3 Kuhry, Peter. Dissertationes


(1988)


76 GrN 3506 >45,000 N/A 6°48' N 58°09' W Ogle Bridge, BritishGuiana

39 Van der Hammen. LeidseGeologische Mededelingen. 29,

126. (1963)77 GrN 3103 6490 80 5°17' N 58°03' W Kwakwani Canal,

British GuianaVan der Hammen. Leidse

Geologische Mededelingen. 29,126. (1963)

78 GrN 3136 6140 75 5°49' N 57°27' W Torani Canal, BritishGuiana

Van der Hammen. LeidseGeologische Mededelingen. 29,

126. (1963)79 GrN 3109 6470 85 6°01' N 57°38' W River Courantyne,

British GuianaVan der Hammen. Leidse

Geologische Mededelingen. 29,126. (1963)

80 GX-14359 7030 245 18°11" S 69°14'30" W Laguna Seca, Chile Baied et al. Mountain Researchand Development. 13, 145. (1993)

81 UtC-8361/Col-1185

8176 47 5°47' N 73°06' W Pantano de Vargas,Colombia

Gomez et al. Review ofPalaeobotany and Palynology.

145, 143. (2007)82 Hv 8531 9560 90 15°13' S 69°6'30" W Cotapampa, Bolivia F Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)83 Hv 8532 7490 80 14°48'30" S 69°11' W Laguna Katantica,

BoliviaG Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)84 TK-73 8960 180 19°52' S 66°6' W Potosi, Bolivia Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)85 Hv 8073 9200 250 16°26' S 68°8' W Rio Kaluyo, Bolivia D Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)86 Hv 8529 9800 100 16°22' S 68°9' W Chacaltaya, Bolivia B Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)87 Hv 7088 9385 120 16°21' S 68°2'30" W Cumbre Unduavi,

BoliviaE Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)88 Hv 7080 7310 380 16°26' S 68°9' W Chacaltaya, Bolivia C Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)89 Hv 7074 8090 100 17°01'30" S 67°21' W Monte Blanco A Graf. Journal of Biogeography. 8,

353. (1981)90 WIS-1031 1100 70 ~11° S ~75° W Laguna Huatacocha,

PeruHansen et al. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin. 95, 1454. (1984)


Africa91 SRR-2943 14,760 100 1°5' S 29°54' E Ahakagyezi Swamp,

UgandaAH2 Taylor. The Holocene. 3-4, 324.

(1993). Taylor. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology. 80, 283. (1990)92 Pta-3577 13,900 130 1°17' S 29°48' E Muchoya, Uganda MC2 Taylor. Palaeogeography,


93 Beta-82553

~43,000 N/A 1°05' S 29°45' E Mubwindi Swamp,Uganda

MB6 Marchant et al. QuaternaryResearch. 47, 316. (1997)

94 UQ 1456 > 40,000 N/A 3°28' S 29°34' E Kashiru Swamp,Burundi

Bonnefille et al. QuaternaryResearch. 30, 19. (1988)

95 LCQ 784 10,750 200 3°35' S 29°41' E Kuruyange Swamp,Rwanda

Ku2 Jolly et al. Journal ofBiogeography. 24, 495. (1997)

96 SR-1613 > 22,120 120 2°40' S 29°05' E KamiranzovuSwamp, Rwanda

Ka Jolly et al. Journal ofBiogeography. 24, 495. (1997)

97 LGQ 242 24,200 480 4°4'30" S 15°23' E Ngamakala Pond,Congo

Gama 4 Elenga et al. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology. 109, 345. (1994)98 N/A 6505 65 1°22'S 36°44' E Koitoboss Bog, Mt.

Elgon, KenyaHamilton, A.C. EnvironmentalHistory of East Africa: A study of

the Quaternary. London:Academic Press Inc. (1982)

99 SRR-1122 23,073 120 1°01' S 34°37' E Laboot Swamp, Mt.Elgon, Kenya

B Hamilton, A.C. EnvironmentalHistory of East Africa: A study of


100 GrN 4089 27,750 600 1°03' N 35°26' E Kaisungor Swamp,Cherangani Hills,

Kenya

Hamilton, A.C. EnvironmentalHistory of East Africa: A study of


101 Q-1362 7920 80 9°08'N 40°29' E Danka Valley Bog,Bale Mts, Ethiopia




102 SRR-1616 34,270 (+1145)(-1000)

1°56' S 29°52' E KamiranzovuSwamp, Rwanda



Otherregions103 OS-60497 7040 45 16°50' N 88°06' W Twin Cays, Belize TCC2 Wooller et al. The Holocene. 17,

1129. (2007)104 UCLA-

13536230 80 9°11' N 79°57' W Gatun Lake Area,

PanamaTDS-2 Bartlett et al. AIBS Symposium.

203. (1973)105 72024 3040 80 9°26' N 82°31' W Changuinola, Panama Mile 5 Phillips et al. Geological Society of

America Bulletin. 108, 794. (1996)106 ANU-44 4560 72 5°51' S 144°19' E Manton Plantation,

AustraliaPolach et al. Radiocarbon. 10, 179.

(1968)107 CAMS-

34905750 70 20°44' N 156°08' W Flat Top Bog, Maui,

HawaiiBurney et al. Journal of

Paleolimnology. 13, 209. (1995)108 N/A 3230 70 21°57'07"

N159°22'34" W Alekoko Fishpond,

Kaua'I, HawaiiBurney et al. Pacific Science. 57,

211. (2003)109 N/A 980 80 21°57'46"

N159°22'34" W Kekupua Fishpond,


211. (2003)110 N/A 5410 60 22°13'31"

N159°34'37" W Limahuli Bog,


211. (2003)111 N/A 3800 40 21°58'35"

N159°30'35" W Wahiawa Bog,


211. (2003)112 Beta-

477307240 100 21°43' S 157°58' W Tamarua, Cook

IslandsTM7 Ellison. Pacific Science. 48, 1.

(1994)113 Beta-

477266730 120 21°43' S 157°58' W Tamarua, Cook

IslandsTM4 Ellison. Pacific Science. 48, 1.

(1994)114 Beta-

477217260 80 21°43' S 157°58' W Ivirua, Cook Islands IV1 Ellison. Pacific Science. 48, 1.

(1994)115 Beta-

477333770 100 21°43' S 157°58' W Veitatei, Cook

IslandsVT2/VT6

Ellison. Pacific Science. 48, 1.(1994)

116 Beta-47724

6450 80 21°43' S 157°58' W Karanga, CookIslands

KA4 Ellison. Pacific Science. 48, 1.(1994)


Section C: Peat basal date sites from southern peatlands (n=68, including 54 from Patagonia)

Site # Lab ID 14C date(yr BP)

14CdateS.D.

Latitude(N)

Longitude(E)

Reference

SouthAmerica

1 Beta-22298 12,950 150 -49.13 -74.42 Ashworth et al. Journal of Quaternary Science 6 (4), 279-291(1991)

2 University ofBirmingham

9,280 260 -51.72 -60.00 Barrow. Journal of Biogeography 5 (3), 251-274 (1978)

3 N/A 14,570 420 -53.63 -70.97 Biester et al. Environmental Science and Technology 37 (1), 32-39 (2003)

4 AlbertaEnvironmental

Centre

9,310 180 -54.67 -68.42 Borromei. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68, 311-319(1995)

5 Pta-7990 10,310 100 -54.72 -68.15 Borromei et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 23,321-335 (2007)

6 QUADRU-8516 10,320 100 -54.47 -67.10 Coronato et al. Geomorphologic emplacement and vegetationcharacteristics of Fuegian peatlands, southernmost Argentina,

South America. In: Peatlands: evolution and records ofenvironmental and climate changes, Martini et al. (eds).,

Elsevier, pp. 111-128 (2006)

7 CSIR-8521 11,830 120 -54.53 -67.12 Coronato et al. Geomorphologic emplacement and vegetationcharacteristics of Fuegian peatlands, southernmost Argentina,


Elsevier, pp. 111-128 (2006)

8 AA-65161 12,370 80 -54.60 -67.50 Coronato et al. Geomorphology 112, 67-81 (2009)




11 QUADRU-8518 10,030 60 -54.50 -67.02 Coronato et al. Geomorphologic emplacement and vegetationcharacteristics of Fuegian peatlands, southernmost Argentina,


Elsevier, pp. 111-128 (2006)

12 Universität Kiel 9,659 59 -52.80 -72.92 Fesq-Martin et al. Veget Hist Archaeobot. 13, 249-255 (2004)

13 GX-3804 10,425 350 -40.17 -73.50 Heusser, Quaternary Research 17, 71-92 (1982)14 RL-1892 12,310 -43.42 -73.83 Heusser et al. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 65, 235-245

(1992)15 UGA-6913 20,585 170 -41.22 -73.50 Heusser et al. Geografiska Annaler 81 (2), 231-284 (1999)

16 AA-15900 19,993 257 -41.80 -73.00 Heusser et al. Geografiska Annaler 81 (2), 231-284 (1999)





21 QL-4174 9,780 70 -54.80 -68.45 Heusser, Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, Serie CienciasNaturales 25, 89–103 (1997)

22 QL-1475 10,870 70 -50.98 -72.67 Heusser, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology118, 1-24 (1995)

23 AA-30643 12,530 80 -53.60 -70.92 Heusser et al. Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (2), 101-114(2000)

24 QL-4366 8,680 80 -53.90 -68.95 Heusser, Quaternary Science Reviews 12, 169-177 (1993)


25 RL-2001 10,800 70 -54.57 -67.62 Heusser, Ice Age of the Southern Andes, Elsevier (2003)

26 QL-1716 3,520 60 -54.93 -67.63 Heusser, Quaternary Research 31, 396-406 (1989)27 QL-4434 11,580 60 -54.78 -68.38 Heusser, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

141, 277-301 (1998)28 Beta-53999 12,100 120 -54.78 -68.30 Heusser, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

141, 277-301 (1998)29 QL-4162 12,100 50 -54.80 -68.38 Heusser, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

141, 277-301 (1998)30 RL-1999 8,900 220 -54.85 -68.53 Heusser, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

141, 277-301 (1998)31 QL-4326 7,070 120 -54.90 -66.73 Heusser , Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 89, 429-440

(1995)32 NSRL-10171 10,650 50 -52.13 -71.88 Huber, Linkages among climate, vegetation and fire in Fuego-

Patagonia during the Late-Glacial and Holocene, Ph.D.dissertation, University of Colorado (2001)

33 A-4333 10,390 470 -50.40 -72.70 Mancini, Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 1490-1497 (2009)

34 NSRL-10532 15,250 60 -45.52 -71.83 Markgraf et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 254, 492-507 (2007)

35 CAMS-65903 14,470 190 -53.60 -70.97 McCulloch and Davies. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 173, 143-173 (2001)

36 SRR-5142 10,410 45 -47.28 -72.55 McCulloch and Davies. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 173, 143-173 (2001)

37 AA-42414 13,610 90 -53.60 -69.55 McCulloch et al. Geografiska Annaler 87A, 289-312 (2005)



40 QL-1683 13,280 80 -53.37 -69.80 McCulloch et al. Geografiska Annaler 87A, 289-312 (2005)



42 SRR-6502 13,160 60 -53.08 -70.87 McCulloch et al. Geografiska Annaler 87A, 289-312 (2005)

43 A-7569 12,740 120 -53.37 -69.80 McCulloch et al. Geografiska Annaler 87A, 289-312 (2005)

44 CAMS-98826 2,055 35 -51.12 -73.12 Moreno et al. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 24-38 (2009)

45 A-4817 13,360 280 -54.88 -67.33 Pendall et al. Quaternary Research 55, 168-178 (2001)

46 N/A 7,995 50 -54.88 -66.43 Ponce et al. IV Congreso Argentino de Cuaternario yGeomorfología (2009)

47 AA-18818 11,160 110 -55.22 -67.62 Sapkota et al. The Holocene 17 (5), 562-572 (2007)

48 N/A 12,500 500 -52.90 -59.07 Smith and Clymo. Nature 309, 627-620 (1984)49 N/A 10,314 80 -53.57 -70.50 Sugden et al. Nature GeoScience 2, 281-285 (2009)

50 N/A 12,638 60 -52.80 -71.08 Sugden et al. Nature GeoScience 2, 281-285 (2009)



53 LGB749 13,515 80 -54.50 -64.00 Unkel et al. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1541-1554 (2008)

54 CAMS-98833 10,555 40 -51.13 -73.12 Villa-Martínez and Moreno. Quaternary Research 68, 400-409(2007)

NewZealand

55 NZA-4607 11,951 95 -50.67 166.17 McGlone et al. The Holocene 10 (6), 719-728 (2000)

56 NZA-4509 15,170 140 -50.50 166.20 McGlone, Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 683-707 (2002)




59 NZ-8226 9,292 98 -50.50 166.17 McGlone, Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 683-707 (2002)




Sub-AntarcticIslands

63 UTC6866 8,225 45 -54.18 -36.68 van der Putten et al. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 65-79(2009)

64 NZA11509 5,480 60 -46.42 -51.75 van der Putten et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 270, 179-195 (2008)

65 KIK489/UtC-4179

9,520 80 -54.15 -36.67 van der Putten et al. The Holocene 14 (3), 382-392 (2004)

66 N/A 3,265 120 -62.2 -58.93 Zhao and Rongquan. Chinese Science Bulletin 44 (19), 1817-1819 (1999)

67 SUA-1845X 5,930 240 -54.52 158.90 McGlone, Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 683-707 (2002)

Other68 Poz-4489 8,760 310 -37.43 -12.49 Ljung and Björck. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 3150-3166

(2007)


Table S3. Sites for carbon accumulation rates from global peatlands.

Section A: Peat carbon accumulation sites from northern peatlands (n=33; Yu et al., 2009)

Site # Sitename

Location Peatlandtype

Latitude Longitude Datingmethod

No.of

dates

Basal age(cal yr BP)

Time-weightedHoloceneaccumulation rates (gC m-2 yr-1)

Reference

1 Salym-GyuganMire, site

3

West Siberia bog 60º10'N 72º50'E N/A 6 10,500 21.9 Turunen et al.,2001

2 Salym-GyuganMire, site

4

West Siberia bog 60º10'N 72º50'E N/A 4 11,000 24.4 Turunen et al.,2001

3 VasyuganV21

West Siberia bog 56º50'N 78º25'E N/A 11 9710 42.6 Borren et al., 2004

4 86-KvartalZh0

West Siberia fen 56º20'N 84º35'E N/A 9 8700 70.6 Borren et al., 2004

5 KenaiGasfield

Alaska, USA fen 60º27'N 151º14'W AMS 12 11,408 13.1 Yu et al, 2009;Jones and Yu, 2010

6 No NameCreek

Alaska, USA fen 60º38'N 151º04'W AMS 11 11,526 12.3 Yu et al, 2009;Jones and Yu, 2010

7 Horsetrailfen

Alaska, USA rich fen 60º25'N 150º54'W AMS 10 13,614 10. 7 Jones, 2008; Jonesand Yu, 2010

8 Swansonfen

Alaska, USA poor fen 60º47'N 150º49'W AMS 9 14,225 5.7 Jones, 2008; Jonesand Yu, 2010

9 Fairbanks Alaska, USA taiga bog 64º52'N 147º46'W conventional 4 5509 24.1 Billings, 1987


10 DianaLake bog

BritishColumbia,Canada

slope bog 54º09'N 130º15'W AMS 5 8500 8.6 Turunen andTurunen, 2003

11 UpperPinto fen

Alberta,Canada

rich fen 53º35'N 118º01'W AMS 20 7600 30.6 Yu et al., 2003a

12 GoldeyeLake fen

Alberta,Canada

fen 52º27'N 116º12'W AMS 6 10,000 31.7 Yu, 2006b

13 SlaveLake bog

Alberta,Canada

bog 55º01'N 114º09'W conventional 6 10,200 22.4 Kuhry and Vitt,1996

14 MartinRiver

peatland

NWT, Canada permafrost 61º48'N 121º24'W conventional/AMS/tephra

7 8010 18.3 Robinson, 2006

15 CC-P,Campbell

Ckpeatland

Nunavut,Canada

fen 68º17'N 133º15'W conventional/AMS/tephra

4 10,050 6.1 Vardy et al., 2000

16 KJ-B,KukJukpeatland

Nunavut,Canada

fen 69º29'N 132º40'W AMS 4 8000 3.4 Vardy et al., 2000

17 Patuanak Saskatchewan,Canada

permafrost 55º51'N 107º41'W AMS 11 9050 15.6 D.W. Beilman andZ.C. Yu,

unpublished data,2008

18 BB1 Nunavut,Canada

fen 64º43'N 105º34'W AMS 2 7720 8.4 Vardy et al., 2000

19 TK1P2 Nunavut,Canada

fen 66º27'N 104º50'W AMS 2 6700 12. 5 Vardy et al., 2000

20 SelwynLake(SL1)

Saskatchewan,Canada

permafrostbog

59º53'N 104º12'W AMS 13 6690 12.1 Sannel and Kuhry,2009

21 MirabelBog

(averageof 7cores)

Québec,Canada

bog 45º41'N 74º02'W conventional/AMS

2-7 10,000 7.0 Muller et al., 2003

22 EllesmereIsland(averageof 4

Canada rich fen 82°N 68°W conventional/AMS

3 7507 12.9 LaFarge-Englandet al., 1992


cores)

23 Miscou NewBrunswick,Canada

N/A 47º56'N 64°30'W AMS 7 9000 30.6 Gorham et al.,2003

24 Fourchou Nova Scotia,Canada

N/A 45º56'N 60º16'W AMS 8 11,200 18.7 Gorham et al.,2003

25 The GlenCarronbog

Scotland bog 57º31'N 5º09'W conventional 6 10,140 10. 5 Anderson, 2002

26 The GlenTorridonbog

Scotland bog 57º34'N 5º22'W conventional 7 9490 20.5 Anderson, 2002

27 TheEilean

Subbainnbog

Scotland bog 57º41'N 5º41'W conventional 4 8550 17.7 Anderson, 2002

28 Hanhijänkä

Finland palsa mire 68º24'N 23º33'E conventional 7 9800 12.4 Mäkilä andMoisanen, 2007

29 Luovuoma (average

of 3centercores)

Finland fen 68º24'N 23º33'E conventional 5-6 9800 13.7 Mäkilä andMoisanen, 2007

30 S.Haukkasu

o,(averageof 3cores)

Finland raised bog 60º49'N 26º57'E conventional 5-13 9500 22.5 Mäkilä, 1997

31 RuosuoP8

Finland aapa mire 65º39'N 27º19'E conventional 7 9500 12.9 Mäkilä et al., 2001

32 RuosuoP20

Finland aapa mire 65º39'N 27º19'E conventional 9 9500 16.2 Mäkilä et al., 2001

33 SaarisuoB8

Finland fen 65°39'N 27º19'E conventional 11 9600 22.4 Mäkilä et al., 2001


Section B: Peat carbon accumulation sites from tropical peatlands (n=29, including 9 from SE Asia)

Site # Site name Location Latitude Longitude No. ofdates

Basalage (calyr BP)

Timeweighted“Holocene”accumulationrates (g C m-2

yr-1)*

Reference

SoutheastAsia

1Tasek BeraBasin Malaysia 2° 56.962' N 102° 39.530' E 4 24,545 14.68 Wust, 2004

2 Rawa Danau Java 6°9' S 105°59 E 3 3650 45.15 van der Kaars, 20013 SA6.5 Kalimantan 2° 19' S 113° 54' E 20 >26,000 29.35 Page et al, 20044 Kalampangan Kalimantan 2°18' S 114°03' E 10 N/A 5.30 Yulianto et al, 2006

5Garu

PlantationPapau NewGuinea 5°30'24.2" S 149°58'48.3" E 7 N/A 50.25 Jago et al, 2005

6Garu

PlantationPapau NewGuinea 5°30'22.5" S 149°58'32.7" E 10 N/A 71.89 Jago et al, 2005

7 Lake Pemerak Kalimantan 00°44' N 112°06' E 6 >30,000 2.20 Anshari et al, 2004, 2001

8KelelaSwamp

Western NewGuinea 4°05' S 138°56'E 5 5200 20.08 Haberle et al, 1991

9 HaeapuguaPapau NewGuinea 5°50' S 142°47' E 8 4963 21.88 Haberle et al, 2001, 1998

SouthAmerica

10Cayambre-

Coca Ecuador00°18'12.5"

S 78°08'8.6" W 5 3122 2.86 Chimner et al, 2008

11Morro deItapeva Brazil 22°47' S 45°32' W 7 15,412 2.91 Behling, 1997

12Serra Campos

Gerais Brazil 24°40' S 50°13' W 4 10,421 4.79 Behling, 199713 Salitre de Brazil 19° S 46°46' W 11 >33,000 98.57 Ledru, 1993


Minas14 Buena Vista Peru 4°14'45.6" S 73°12'0.2" W 4 1224 29.86 Lahteenoja et al., 200915 Quistococha Peru 3°50'24" S 73°19'9.9" W 5 2330 22.69 Lahteenoja et al., 200916 Rinon Peru 4°54' S 74°0'5.5" W 4 1587 0.48 Lahteenoja et al., 200917 San Jorge Peru 4°3'44.9" S 73°11'32.9" W 6 2970 8.04 Lahteenoja et al., 2009

18Pantano deVargas Colombia 5°47' N 73°06' W 6 9141 65.58 Gomez et al, 2007

19 Curucutu Brazil 23°59'09" S 46°44'45" W 7 N/A 32.76 Pessenda et al, 200920 Poco Grande Brazil 26°25' S 48°52' W 4 N/A 62.54 Behling, 1995

Africa

21AhakagyeziSwamp Uganda 1°5' S 29°54' E 9 17,952 2.46 Taylor, 1993, 1990

22 Muchoya Uganda 1°17' S 29°48' E 9 16,562 1.32 Taylor, 1990

23MubwindiSwamp Uganda 1°05' S 29°45' E 3 >43,000 65.80 Marchant at al, 1997

24KashiruSwamp Burundi 3°28' S 29°34' E 6 >40,000 11.41 Bonnefille et al, 1988

25KuruyangeSwamp Rwanda 3°35' S 29°41' E 10 12,601 33.59 Jolly et al, 1997

26Ngamakala

Pond Congo 4°4'30" S 15°23' E 5 >25,000 5.73 Elenga et al, 1994

Other27 Twin Cays Belize 16°50' N 88°06' W 8 7874 22.92 Wooller et al, 200728 Tamarua Cook Islands 17°37' S 145°70' E 12 8073 5.09 Ellison, 1994

29Lynch'sCrater Australia 21°43' S 157°58' W 6 N/A 38.32 Muller et al, 2008

* Some records are shorter than the entire Holocene.


Section C: Peat carbon accumulation sites from southern peatlands (n=20, including 17 from Patagonia)

Site#

Site name Location Peatlandtype

Latitude(N)

Longitude(E)

Datingmethod

No. ofdates

Basal age(cal yrBP)

Time-weightedHolocene

accumulationrates (g C/m/yr)

Reference

1 Pbr2Patagonia,Chile bog -53.63 -70.97 conventional 7 17,563 18.6 Biester et al., 2003

2 GC -2Patagonia,Chile

juncoid/cushion -52.8 -72.92 AMS 5 10,940 9.0

Fesq-Martin et al.,2004

3CuestaMoraga

Isla Chiloé,Chile bog -43.42 -73.83 conventional 6 14,410 29.2

Heusser et al.,1992

4 Onamonte 1Tierra del

Fuego, Chile bog -53.9 -68.95 conventional 5 9,816 10.5 Heusser, 1993

5Lago

Fagnano

Tierra delFuego,

Argentina N/A -54.57 -67.62 N/A 5 12,804 13.3 Heusser, 2003

6CaletaRóbalo

IslaNavarino,Chile bog -54.93 -67.63 conventional 4 3,805 70.6 Heusser, 1989

7 Ushuaia 2

Tierra delFuego,

Argentina bog -54.78 -68.3 conventional 6 13,984 28.4 Heusser, 1998

8 Bahía Moat

Tierra delFuego,

Argentina cushion -54.9 -66.73 conventional 5 7,820 35.0 Heusser , 1995

9 Cerro FríasPatagonia,Chile bog -50.4 -72.7 N/A 5 11,952 24.9 Mancini, 2009

10MallínPollux

Patagonia,Chile fen -45.52 -71.83 AMS 17 18,662 28.3

Markgraf et al.,2007

11Puerto delHambre II

PeninsulaBrunswick,

Chile bog -53.6 -70.97 AMS 6 17,360 26.0McCulloch andDavies, 2001

12Estancia

Esmeralda IIIsla Dawson,

Chile bog -47.28 -72.55AMS and

conventional 5 12,344 6.9McCulloch andDavies, 2001

13 DHBAucklandIsland, New

Oreobolus-dominated -50.67 166.17 AMS 5 13,821 21.1

McGlone et al.,2000


Zealand

14EstanciaHarberton

Tierra delFuego,

Argentina bog -54.88 -67.33AMS and

conventional 23 15,872 34.4 Pendall et al., 2001

15 Oreste

IslaNavarino,Chile

bog/cushion/juncoid -55.22 -67.62 AMS 9 13,066 21.8

Sapkota et al.,2007

16

LagoGalvarnebog

Isla de losEstados,Argentina bog -54.5 -64 AMS 6 16,093 25.8 Unkel et al., 2008

17 Kanin PointSouthGeorgia moss bank -54.18 -36.68 AMS 6 9,213 16.4

van der Putten etal., 2009

18MorneRouge Iles Crozet fen -46.42 -51.75 AMS 5 6,266 41.7


19 TonsbergSouthGeorgia moss bank -54.15 -36.67 AMS 9 10,857 14.0


20 Vega ÑandúPatagonia,Chile fen -51.13 -73.12 AMS 10 12,567 15.9

Villa-Martinez andMoreno, 2007

References for C Accumulation Rate Data:

Northern PeatlandsAnderson. Scot. Geograph. J., 118, 323-341 (2002)Borren et al. Quaternary Research, 61, 42-51 (2004)Billings. Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 165-177 (1987)Gorham et al. Can. J. Bot., 81, 429-438 (2003)Jones. Ph.D. dissertation, 164 pp., Columbia Univ., New York (2008).Jones and Yu, PNAS, 107, 7347-7352 (2010)Kuhry and Vitt. Ecology, 77, 271-275 (1996)LaFarge-England et al. Arctic and Alpine Res., 23, 80-98 (1991)Mäkilä. Boreas, 26, 1-14 (1997)Mäkilä and Moisanen. Boreas, 36, 198-210 (2007)Mäkilä et al. J. Ecol., 89, 589-599 (2001)Muller et al. Holocene, 13, 649-664 (2003)


Robinson. Can. J. Soil Sci., 86, 305-319 (2006)Sannel and Kuhry. Boreas, 38, 13-24 (2009)Turunen et al. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 285-296 (2001)Turunen and Turunen. Holocene, 13, 225-238 (2003)Vardy et al. Holocene, 10, 273-280 (2000)Yu et al. Can. J. Bot., 81, 267-282. (2003)Yu. Ecosystems 9, 1278-1288. (2006)Yu et al. Geophysical Monograph, 184, 55-69 (2009)

Tropical PeatlandsAnshari et al. Paleaogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 213-228 (2001)Anshari et al. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19, 637-655 (2004)Behling. Vegat Hist Archaeobot., 4, 127-152 (1995)Behling. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 129, 407-422 (1997)Bonnefille et al. Quaternary Research, 30, 19-35 (1988)Chimner et al. Mires and Peat, 3, 1-10 (2008)Elenga et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 109, 345-356 (1994)Ellison. Pacific Science, 48, 1-15 (1994)Gomez et al. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 145, 143-157 (2007)Haberle et al. Journal of Biogeogrpahy, 18, 25-40 (1991)Haberle et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 259-268 (2001)Jago and Boyd. Quaternary Research, 64, 399-406 (2005)Jolly et al. Journal of Biogeography, 24, 495-512 (1997)Lahteenoja et al. Global Change Biology, 15, 2311 (2009)Ledru. Quaternary Research, 39, 90-98 (1993)Marchant et al. Quaternary Research, 47, 316-328 (1997)Muller. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 449–463 (2008)Page et al. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19, 624 (2004)Pessenda et al. Quaternary Research, 71, 437-452 (2009)Taylor. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 80, 283-300 (1990)Taylor. The Holocene, 3-4, 324-332 (1993)van der Kaars. Paleaogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 185-212 (2001)Wooller et al. The Holocene, 17, 1129-1139 (2007)


Wust. Paleoecology, 211, 241 (2004)Yulianto and Hirakawa, Tropics 15(1), 65-73 (2006)

Southern PeatlandsBiester et al. Environmental Science and Technology, 37 (1), 32-39 (2003)Fesq-Martin et al. Veget Hist Archaeobot, 13, 249-255 (2004)Heusser et al. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 65, 235-245 (1992)Heusser. Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 169-177 (1993)Heusser. Ice Age of the Southern Andes, Elsevier (2003)Heusser. Quaternary Research, 31, 396-406 (1989)Heusser. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 141, 277-301 (1998)Heusser. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 89, 429-440 (1995)Mancini. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 1490-1497 (2009)Markgraf et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254, 492-507 (2007)McCulloch and Davies. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 173, 143-173 (2001)McGlone et al. The Holocene, 10, 719-728 (2000)Pendall et al. Quaternary Research, 55, 168-178 (2001)Sapkota et al. The Holocene, 17, 562-572 (2007)Unkel et al. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 1541-1554 (2008)van der Putten et al. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 65-79 (2009)van der Putten et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 270, 179-195 (2008)van der Putten et al. The Holocene, 14, 382-392 (2004)Villa-Martínez and Moreno. Quaternary Research, 68, 400-409 (2007).

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