Greening the ICT lifecycle – IT as part of the problem and part of the solution!

Bob Crooks – Chair BCS Green SG

Date: 12 January 2011Bob.crooks@defra.gsi.gov.uk

Edinburgh Branch

AIM

•Why are IT devices and services important for Sustainability?

•Part of the problem

=> how can we reduce their consumption of energy and other resources across their lifecycle?

•Part of the solution

=> what can they do for us to reduce our consumption at home, on the move and at work?

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Agenda

Background and drivers

– The Science

– Government

– Business

– People

Manufacture and distribution

Procurement

Use

Recycling

Disposal

Making change happen

The Science

Why do anything..?

– Climate Change => warming, disasters(fires and floods), loss of biodiversity, less to go round more

– Population growth, 2000 to 2030 of 2.2billion, of which 2.0billion likely to be located in cities*

– Rising consumption, 5 billion people consume 20% and 1 billion consume 80% (Ericsson)

– Resource depletion, 2.5 planets for all to have US/EU living standards

=> rising energy, food and resource costs and the recession

=> “we have to do more with less” (Buckminster-Fuller)

> energy> resources> emissions

*“World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision”, www.unpopulation.org

© Crown copyright Met Office

Reality of Climate Change

© Crown copyright Met Office

Model projectionObservations

Some anecdotes

• The usage of the Thames Barrier has increased from once every two years in the 1980s to an average of six times a year over the past five years

• Ocean pH has risen by 30% since 1900

• The world’s reservoirs hold 5 x the amount of water that flows in our rivers

• The world currently burns some 1,000 barrels of oil a second (BBC)

An Inefficient truth – GAP (Dec 2007)

Some perspectives on IT...

• Globally – Manufacture of ICT, its use and disposal accounts for 2%+ of global CO2 emissions = the aviation industry

– Man-made CO2 emissions add up to around 49 billion tonnes pa => 1 billion + tonnes from ICT.

• In UK

– 10 million office PCs , nearly 50% of adult population use PCs at work - expected to grow to 70% by 2020

– Data storage growing by nearly 50% every year

– IT consumes 15% of office power rising to 30% by 2020

– Expect 45% of Domestic Power to be used for home IT and CE products by 2020

– In total ICT power consumption already represents 10% of total UK energy consumption or 4 Nuclear Power stations!!

– UK Public sector spends some £14b on IT assets and services pa

References : (Berkeley National Labs + Global Action Plan + IPCC + Energy Saving trust + Carbon Trust)

And the Scientist

Can we trust them?

I vow to always:

1.Advise against any intervention into the functioning of Earth systems that I believe might harm humanity, the biosphere, atmosphere or other Earth systems upon which our well being depends. 2.Make clear to the public that scientific understanding of Earth systems is limited and that this makes all alterations of Earth systems inherently risky. 3.Describe, to the best of my knowledge and that of my discipline, the specific risks incurred by any intentional alteration of an Earth system, including the risks to humans, other organisms, and the systems that support life on Earth. 4.Ensure that whatever advice I give, I give for the benefit of humanity, remaining free of intentional distortion or personal bias.

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/12/earth-science-oath/#ixzz0hmf94Vli

People

Some observations on us...

– Want to save the polar bears.. but– Fickle, sensitive to Press/Media on spur of the moment, but – Hard to change established behaviours, though recognise the need

- in all the manifestos!– We can make a difference as individuals?

- Save power, switch-off devices, low energy modes- Reduce transport impacts

– Walk /bike not car– Rail not plane– Home or mobile working

- Sweat the assets and recycle– But we don’t

- Recession forces other priorities- Its too little too late?

Why we want to doubt its us?

• Climate change is disturbing.

• We don’t have to see the impact in everyday life.

• At time of more information and awareness, we become defensive to create a sense of a good, safe world for ourselves, we screen it out or create doubt.

• If I don’t want to believe that climate change is true, that my lifestyle and high carbon emissions are causing devastation, so convenient to say that it doesn’t.

• People stop paying attention to climate change when they realize there’s no easy solution. People judge as serious only those problems for which actions can be taken. Stanford University psychologist Jon Krosnick

• Our sense of permanence is threatened, and a sense of guilt is held at bay

=> So we don’t want to believe climate change is happening, feel guilty that it is, and don’t know what to do about it? So we pretend it’s not a problem?

• .

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/ article\The Psychology of Climate Change Denial

Interview between Brandon Keim (Wired) and Kari Marie Norgaard, a Whitman College sociologist

Managing the lifecycle impacts

OperatingIT deviceProduction DisposalRe-use

Heat

Power

Materials

Waste

Transport

Packaging

RoHSReg

Consumption-Power -Consumables-Support/repair

Air Conditioning Equipment cooling

NGOsCharitiesSilver surfers

Components

Recycle

Reclaim

WEEEregs

Managing the lifecycle...

Manufacture and delivery

Manufacture/distribution

•Sourcing of materials=> beware location/transport costs

•Building products => build to re-use/re-cycle /upgrade – a longer life

•Energy efficient processes

•Move from commodity to service revenue streams, can optimise use of assets

•Marketing => eco-labelling, green washing, be credible

•Delivering => transport, packaging, installation

So what...?

The manufacturing process for computers is very resource intensive.

manufacture of one PC requires

1.7 tonnes of raw materials and water,

consumes over ten times the computer’s weight in fossil fuels.

75% of PC fossil fuel consumption has already happened before the computer is even switched on for the first time. But others say...

GAP – Inefficient Truth

But : EC Lifecycle for desktop PC

Review of research by the European Commission

EC Lifecycle for Laptop

Procurement

Procurement

– Don’t => sweat the asset (compare footprints for build/use/disposal of IT assets)

– Adopt latest and most stretching standards (EPEAT, Quick Wins..)– Seek

- Consolidation of Functions- Device consolidation- Device sharing- Services not assets => dematerialise!- Longer refresh periods

– Make the case to invest for Green

Futerra Green Washing report - @ http://www.futerra.co.uk/

•The UK Government aims to be amongst the EU leaders in sustainable procurement.

•As part of this commitment Defra have, since 2003, developed and published green government procurement specifications known as “Quick Wins”.

•These Quick Wins specifications aim to set a pre-defined level of environmental performance for a range of “high priority” products purchased by central Government departments.

•Information Communication Technology (ICT) products fall into this “high priority” classification as they account for a large amount of spend and result in a range of environmental impacts which have the potential to be reduced.

Quick Wins..

See : http://online.ogcbuyingsolutions.gov.uk

EPEAT?

•Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT)•Standard rating (ANSI/IEEE) – Gold, Silver, Bronze•Covers

– Toxic reductions– Recycled content– Energy efficiency (Energy Star rating)– Durability– Lifecycle extension– End-of-life management– Corporate responsibility– Packaging

•Provides an environmental benefits calculator for quantifying benefits•615 products registered •Procurements have saved enough power for 1.2million US homes

See www.epeat.net  

A Cloud is ...

IT services purchased and delivered through a browser over own network (Private) or Internet (Public)

-Self service-Don’t worry about how, concentrate on what & outcomes-Charge by use – a utility-Scaleable in light of demand-Resilient

A Cloud – Outline architecture

The Public Sector brand for shared ICT services

Services categories will include Shared Services/Business

services Utility applications Common public sector

applications Development platform for

custom applications Infrastructure and Service

Management

The G-Cloud approach

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UK Public Sector Organisations will be expected to use G-Cloud Services as their first choice where available.

All G-Cloud services will require certification, which will be achieved through sponsorship by a Public Sector organisation or supplier

Uncertified services will be available for review, comparison and trial in the Open Zone.

Use ...

Use

=> Seek energy efficiency, power management

- PCs/laptops

- Printers

- Network equipment

- Servers/data centres

=> Exploit

- Reduce paper, travel, accommodation

- Improve logistics, data, intelligence

- Offer new working practices and flexibilities/choices

- Challenge of behaviour change

HMG Strategy : List of Practical Actions

PCs & Laptops

Remove active screensavers

Switch monitors to standby

Shut down PCs after office hours

Enable active power management on desktops (standby / hibernate after a defined period of inactivity)

Ensure reduce and re-use of equipment that is no longer required but is still serviceable

Specify low-power consumption CPUs and high-efficiency Power Supply Units (80% conversion or better)

Apply Thin Client technology

Behaviours at work and at home?

Survey by Logicalis indicated

•85% of employees switch off their home PC when they have finished with it,

•only 66% turn off work machines after use

Www. Computing.co.uk/greencomputing

Some comparisons

•A computer left on 24/7 will cost about £37 a year, whereas by switching off at night and weekends, the charge can be reduced to about £10 a year - and save an equivalent amount of energy to make some 34,900 cups of coffee

•Lighting an office overnight wastes enough energy to heat water for 1,000 cups of tea

Carbon Trust

HMG Strategy : List of Practical Actions

Other office ICT Equipment

Apply timer switches to non-networked technology and printers

Set default green printing including duplex and grey scale

Optimise power-saving sleep mode on printers

Printer consolidation

Device consolidation

Order of magnitudes?

•A typical window left open overnight in winter will waste enough energy to drive a small car for more than 35 miles

•A PC monitor switched off overnight saves enough energy to microwave six dinners

•Turning off all non essential equipment in an office for one night will save enough energy to run a small car for 100 miles

Office kit

•Monitors account for almost two-thirds of a computer's energy use

•Office equipment is the fastest-growing area of energy use, accounting for up to 20% of total energy use.

Www.Computing.co.uk/greencomputing

Printing

•The average British office worker prints 22 pages every working day, and behavioural research suggests that 44% of this is easily avoidable,

•Over 21% of prints are disposed of before the end of the day.

•Takes 10 pints of water to make A4 sheet from virgin pulp

Defra Print optimisation

Current Costs

MFPs Printers Faxes Scanners Total

No of Devices 18 60 22 4 104

Mono Volume 464,376 3,794,136 39,204 0 4,297,716

Colour Volume 0 764,748 0 0 764,748

Total Volume pa 464,376 4,558,884 39,204 0 5,062,464

Colour %age 0% 17% 0% 0% 15%

Costs pa

Capital £28,723.56 £14,686.80 £6,784.80 £270.48 £50,195.16

Service £945.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £945.00

Consumables £999.96 £110,384.04 £443.52 £0.00 £111,827.52

Other Costs £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00

Total Costs pa £30,668.52 £125,070.84 £7,228.32 £270.48 £162,967.68

Average cost/A4 6.6p 2.74p 18.44p 0p 3.22p

A London site

Proposed Costs

MFPs Copiers Printers Faxes Scanners Total

No of Devices 23 0 12 1 3 39

Mono Volume 3,325,596 0 972,120 0 0 4,297,716

Colour Volume 336,792 0 427,956 0 0 764,748

Total Volume pa 3,662,388 0 1,400,076 0 0 5,062,464

Colour %age 9% 0% 31% 0% 0% 15%

Costs pa

Capital £32,990.16 £0.00 £5,383.80 £0.00 £253.68 £38,373.96

Service £33,971.73 £0.00 £4,036.35 £0.00 £0.00 £38,008.08

Consumables £118.80 £0.00 £29,533.68 £0.00 £0.00 £29,652.48

Other Costs £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00 £0.00

Total Costs pa £67,080.69 £0.00 £38,953.83 £0.00 £253.68 £106,034.52

Average cost/A4 1.83p 0p 2.78p 0p 0p 2.09p

Save 60 devices, save 1p per sheet, save £50k pa

HMG Strategy : List of Practical Actions

Data Centres

Server Optimisation a. Storage virtualisation & capacity managementb. Convert existing physical servers to “virtual servers” c. Turn off servers outside their service level agreement, d. Create “virtual servers” instead of procuring physical

new servers. e. Implement a multi-tiered storage solution

Reduce cooling in the data centre

Remove unused capacity (servers and data disks)

Specify power conversion efficient Power Supply Units

Ensure re-use of equipment

Data centre audit

Servers

•A medium-sized server has roughly the same annual carbon footprint as an SUV vehicle doing 15 miles per gallon. The power required for a rack of high density server blades can be 10-15 times greater than a traditional server. And we “need” to cool it with air con units consuming the same power again

Trends of PUE against Data Space area

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Power (Data Space PUE by Area)

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Defra servers - size matters!

Applications rationalisation

• 1,000 applications• Removing/consolidating into 300 apps• Virtualising as part of a server rationalisation programme seeing reduction of some 700 servers

• Tiering to ensure 24/7, high resilience, Gold service for apps requiring it, Silver and Bronze levels to reduce costs of operations

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What’s bad about PSTs?

And exercise more ...

Get fitter...!

• Underlying philosophy

• EAT LESS

– Drive down physical and energy resource consumption,

• EXERCISE MORE

– Utilise IT services to drive down consumption elsewhere in the organisation

• BECOME AN OLYMPIC ATHLETE!

– Sometimes need to invest in more IT to achieve greater reductions elsewhere

Ask ...

• Why print... ?

• Why so many face to face meetings... ?

• Why still come to the office...?

Make your IT do the work!

Why Print?

• Meetings

– laptop, OneNote, handling many windows!

– projectors to share material, get better switching

• Reading

– different presentation modes

– add notes, set up tasks on screen

• Team working

– Sharepoint sites

• Personal quotas?

and...?

Why so many face to face meetings...?

• Equipment

– Speakerphones, line connections that work

– Data points, WIFI

• Portable IP v/conferencing devices

– HSBC has installed desktop video conferencing units & reduced air travel by 25%;

• Alternatives

– Webinars

– Teleconferences

– Sharepoint/Web discussion groups

Why still come to the office...?

• Recent survey findings:

–“My manager expects me to be in the office”–Meetings are organised without taking on board flexible

working patterns–Do not trust home access services, Broadband, 3G etc–Home space issues

• Benefits

–Save commuting time–Save office space• Change the culture => you now have the choice!

Proving the benefits eg e-conferencing at NE

NE Trial : Assumptions    

1. All meetings are internal    

2. All travel would involve travelling from one office to another

3. The travel mode for meetings would reflect current use of modes (i.e. lots of car and train travel, few taxis, air etc. )

4. No substitution between e-conf modes      

5. Meetings involve attendees that would otherwise travel from across the national NE estate      

6. Meetings would have been held if e-conferencing was not available     

NE trial : Proposed rationale

1. Average distance between all NE offices is 159 miles This would mean a round trip for an attendee of 318 miles or 512km

2.Our total carbon footprint for 2007 was 2327 tonnes of CO2 with staff travelling a total distance of 14,803,346 km. Therefore for every kilometre travelled emitted 157 g of carbon.

3.Therefore the carbon saving of each attendee will be 512 x 157 = 80 kg of CO2

4.We should assume that the meeting initiator would not have travelled anyway as they would have invited everyone to their office.

5.HMRC indicate the cost of fuel at an average of £0.14 per mile (see http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/cars/advisory_fuel_current.htm )

6.We can posit that each attendee would spend approximately £44.52 to attend a meeting based on a round trip of 318 miles.

7.2,700 staff in NE across some 50 locations

NE : Initial trial run – minutes of use

NE : Initial trial run – projected savings £

Leading Edge Forum : Seeing the whole energy picture

Digital Reduced Smart Building Real-time GNP Transportation Products Controls Measurement

Electricity Emissions Recycling Chemicals Water

IT Production ~ 4%

IT Usage ~ 2%

IT Application >90%

And when you’ve finished with IT ...

Recycle

•Options

– Re-use or upgrade first

– Re-sell asset but not responsibility for disposal?

– Re-claim

– Cleaning assets

– Costs of getting it wrong

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Recycling and Disposal

• Re-use a source of significant cost savings (up to 90% cheaper to refurbish than to make a new purchase)

• Disposal of working equipment after refresh exercise can generate revenue

• Separate components before crushing, can be worth a lot e.g. £1,800/tonne for RAM

• Waste disposal suppliers should be ISO 14001 accredited to ensure compliance with relevant legislation

Source:SCC; EU; Defra; Eric Williams et al (UN University, Tokyo); NAO; team analysis

Raw andprocessed materials

Equipmentuse

Componentseparation

Wastedisposal (landfill)

Upgrades andrefills

Materials separation

Cost saving and revenue generation

opportunities

Revenue generation opportunity

Manufacture Re-use

Schools, charities or sale

Disposal

• Themes

• Costs

• Tracking

• Environmentally sound methods of disposal?

• The art of the possible...

Eg..Defra for one month...

Summaries Quantity Weight(kg) Percentage

Total number of items collected 718 7,249.00 100.00%

Items reserved for refurbishmnet & return to client 32 72.00 0.99%

Items supplied schools /charities under MAR 265 2802.5 38.66%

Items for commercial sale 380 3667.5 50.59%

Items of non hazardous waste for material reclamation 27 437.5 6.04%

Items containing hazardous waste 14 269.5 3.72%

Totals 718.00 7,249.00 100.00%

Total weight of items reutilised 677 6,542.00 90.25%

Total weight of items channelled into waste disposal/material reclamation 41 707 9.75%

Reclaimed materials from waste items 601 8.29%

residue of unrecyclable materials - treated by filterd incineration or chemical rendition 106.00 1.46%

total percentage by weight of materials reused or reclaimed 98.54%

( Your recycling figure) 98.54%

So what do I care?

We’re running out of landfill – significant tax increases on its use

So - 70% of global electronic waste is dumped in China, with most of the rest going to India and African nations(52).

Individuals ‘recycle’ this equipment by recovering eg by smelting, the valuable metals risk ill-health from exposure to heavy metals => The new mining industry!!

People that rely on water supplies potentially contaminated with heavy metals from open e-waste recovery sites and those living near metal works are also put at risk.

Those least able to cope/deal with e-waste are those that get our oldest, most unrecyclable kit!

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So where do we start ...

Defra’s story

Understand the organisation’s context

– Value of Sustainability/Carbon for Defra

• Intrinsic

– CRC

– Power and energy bills (who pays?)

• Organisation Objectives

• Customers - farmers, fishermen, food industries..

• Stakeholders – Man Brd, Ministers, Industry, Commission .. & staff!

– Defra’s Landscape

• Agencies, Suppliers

• Assets eg out-sourced resources eg data centres, developers, support

• Systems and services

• Lifecycle

– Value of Greening ICT

• Measure ICT footprint

• Position in relation to other footprints

• Identify hotspots

Defra’s story

Set directions

– ICT world

• Efficiency and cost drivers

• IT projects and service developments

• Procurements (no leaks!)

– refresh of services/assets and catalogues

– new technologies

• Progress with Top Tips and Roadmap

– Other organisation infrastructures

• Estates

• Travel

• And we found that...

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Where are we starting from ?

Defra Network ICT baseline is estimated at 10,500 tCO2 p.a. for 10,700 staff

Defra Network ICT Emissions

Defra Work Spaces

35%

Defra Server Rooms/Closets

27%

IBM Data Centres38%

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Where we are going?

By 2012, against a baseline that could have grown to almost 11,000 tCO2

existing & new initiatives could leave 7,800 to 8,800 tCO2 to be neutralised

Defra Network - Annualised Emissions Baseline & Impact of Existing & New Initiatives

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2,000.0

4,000.0

6,000.0

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NEW Printer Ratio Reduction

ITDR benefit extrapolate to full Defra Network

Annualised Emissions after Existing & New Initiatives

Annualised Baseline Before initiatives - Anticipated

Annualised Baseline as at 1April 09

Annualised Baseline Before Initiatives - Static

By 2012, between 7,800 and 8,800 tCO2 are likely to remain after existing and new initiatives

First cut Defra Road Map

2

IBM Global Services

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2008Confidential information - Draft for discussion only

A ‘Green’ roadmap to potential 50% carbon reduction by 2012 including substantial green benefits from ITD Refresh

Zero

10509Tonnes

2008 2012

Move from desktop to laptop - 504 tonnes

Printer Reduction to 1:14 -295 tonnes

ITDR Infrastructure Consolidation –2375 tonnes

Institutionalised Green Governance

Supply Chain EmissionsLower Priority Projects

Further printer reduction to 1:80 - 58 tonnes

More efficient end user power supplies -196 tonnes

Distributed server consolidation -2170 tonnes

Improve Data Centre PUE – 68 tonnes

-50%

ITDR Hosted office apps -24 tonnes

Preliminary estimates subject to

confirmation

And its a Catholic Church!

Some key measurement factors...

Price/kwH

  http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/publications/prices/prices.aspx   p60/61  

Use 8p per kWh as a large consumer including CCL.

Kg CO2 / kWH  

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/conversion-factors.htm  p 11 of the Guidelines - Grid Rolling

Use average total GHG 0.54418 kg CO2e per kWh

Latest off-set pricing

 http://www.buyingsolutions.gov.uk/categories/Utilities/GCOF/  Government Carbon Offset Facility http://www.buyingsolutions.gov.uk/categories/Utilities/GCOF/howtouse/carbonprices/  need OGC logon to access the numbers.

Or JP Morgan (who are on the GCOF supplier list) http://www.jpmorganclimatecare.com/  

Use 1 tonne = £8.81

Shadow price of carbon.  

DECC retermed as part of their general carbon valuation model. ttp://www.decc.gov.uk/media/viewfile.ashx?filepath=what%20we%20do/a%20low%20carbon%20uk/carbon%20valuation/1_20090901160357_e_@@_carbonvaluesbriefguide.pdf&filetype=4    see page 3 for the time series table.

 For the non-traded /non-ETS sector,use the 2010 figure £52 per tCO2e but this rises rapidly over future years so use the time series in any longer term investment case

Components for a Green ICT Strategy programme

Summary of next steps

Conclusions...

• As an individual

– Switch it off

– Think before travelling

– Ask do I need to print?

• As an organisation

– Efficiencies=> less energy => less carbon

– Exploit ICT for carbon efficiency

– Encourage employee engagement

– Appoint 'green IT champions‘

– Manage assets and estates for energy efficiency

• This is for the longer term...

• Set policies for the future through the Green Lens ...

Quick wins.•The Defra Sustainable Development website: •http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/what/priority/consumption-production/quickWins/index/htm•The OGC Buying Solutions website:•http://online.ogcbuyingsolutions.gov.uk/bcm/sustainablesolutions/quickwins .

Gov strategy.http://www.cio.gov.uk/greening_government_ict/index.asp .

General green stuff.•Carbon Trust, http://www.carbontrust.co.uk •Energy Star, http://www.energystar.gov a sub-set of http://www.epeat.net/•Computing, Www.Computing.co.uk/greencomputing •Energy Saving Trust, www.energysavingtrust.org.uk•NetRegs, www.netregs.gov.uk#•Intellect, http://www.intellectuk.org/

BCS Green IT Specialist Group

•http://www.bcs.org/•http://bcs-green-it.wikispaces.com/

 

/  

Some more web sites...

And what your BCS/CITP is doing...

• Green Specialist Group see http://www.bcs.org/category/10547

– 1,000 members and growing

– Briefings

- Measurement (two published)

- Image compression (in preparation)

- Batteries(in preparation)

– NewsShoots

– Events and 2 new competitions – see http://www.bcs.org/category/14826

– Working groups

– Education

- Foundation Certificate

- A Green IT book just published!

– A Wikispace => http://bcs-green-it.wikispaces.com/

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And more...

• Data Centre SG

– 2,000 members

– Leading players for CoC

– Data centre modelling tool

– Data Centre Foundation Certificate

• To join a Specialist Group check - http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=nav.5815

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‘You must be the change

you seek in others’