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Green Cities, Garden CitiesGreen Cities, Garden CitiesA new paradigm for healthy, livable communities
Quality of life
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BuBut this is the key: how much we drivet this is the key: how much we drive
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Household Density
Veh
icle
Mile
s/ H
ouse
hold
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25.000
30,000
Annual Vehicle Miles/Household vs Household Density
The issue that most affects other issues is land use.The issue that most affects other issues is land use.
Nothing impacts land use like transportation infrastructure.
Nothing impacts land use like transportation infrastructure.
Roads tend to produce land-consuming development
Transit tends to produce land-conserving development
Roads tend to produce land-consuming development
Transit tends to produce land-conserving development
“Activity intensity” = jobs + residents/acre
“Urban Design to Reduce Automobile Dependence,” by Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy
Intensity below 14 people/acre begins rapid acceleration of car dependency
Curve flips for driving
“Urban Design to Reduce Automobile Dependence,” by Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy
“Commuting in America,”Transportation Research Board
car dependency begins to decrease, transit use increase at about 4 people/acre
car dependency begins to decrease, transit use increase at about 4 people/acre
Sharp changes occur around 11/acre, 23/acre
Sharp changes occur around 11/acre, 23/acre
Transit usage
Private vehicles
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The trick is to use as little land as possible for development.
Compact development
The trick is to use as little land as possible for development.
Compact development
Central goal:Reduce distances
humans have to travel to gain access to goods, services, and each other.
Central goal:Reduce distances
humans have to travel to gain access to goods, services, and each other.
Hottest Topic on Earth270,000 references on Google
The European Union plans a future in which
regions with multiple centers
organize into collaborative
economic clusters that form
sustainable networks of access,
mobility, and green infrastructure.
The European EcoCityPolycentric region, polycentric cities
SOURCE: United Nations SecretariatWorld Urbanization Prospects:
EcocitiesEcocitiesMinimize impairment of environment and human health
Randstad, Netherlands
The concept:multiple centers organized
into collaborative economic
clusters that form
sustainable networks of
access, mobility, and green
infrastructure
The concept:multiple centers organized
into collaborative economic
clusters that form
sustainable networks of
access, mobility, and green
infrastructure
Leon Krier
By Ebenezer Howard1898
Center to edge: 3/4 mileFifth Avenue:1.6 milesGrand Avenue:3.3 milesRailroad5 miles
3/4 mile3/4 mile
GULF COAST INSTITUTE DAVID CROSSLEY
GULF COAST INSTITUTE DAVID CROSSLEY
GULF COAST INSTITUTE DAVID CROSSLEY
Bailly Romainvilliers, France, 3,500 people, 2.4 sq mi
Bailly Romainvilliers, France, 3,500 people, 2.4 sq mi
Villeneuve de comte, FranceVilleneuve de comte, France
Pontcarre, France, 2,000 people
Isopolitan cities: Concept
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Pedestrian network
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Bicycle network
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Transit network
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Private vehicle network
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Industry
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Population density
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Green belt/forest
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Open space
Source: Dirk Bolt
Isopolitan cities: Canberra Center
Source: Dirk Bolt
“Houston was designed around
the car.”
“Houston was designed around
the car.”
Houston began as a smart growth port.Houston began as a smart growth port.
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With great urban designWith great urban design
Grew this way for more than 100 yearsGrew this way for more than 100 years
1927 Until the 1940s, Houston was transit-oriented
Until the 1940s, Houston was transit-oriented
But in 1942, the story was about to change…
1927 VMT is lower in old transit neighborhoods
VMT is lower in old transit neighborhoods
2012
2012
123
4
5
HoustonIs polycentricHoustonIs polycentric
6
Central Business District
Town Center
Railway
Local Center
Transit Cities
Bus or LRT route
Livable Centers:Livable Centers:A Strategy for Regional MobilityA Strategy for Regional Mobility
Smart Growth Initiative January 23, 2008January 23, 2008
Types of Centers
Neighborhood Center (82)
Town Center (23)
Regional Center (3)
Urban Core (1)
Types of Centers: Neighborhood Center
Neighborhood Center
Area: 207 acres ( ~ 20 blocks)
Grid Cell: 3 x 3
Time to walk from center to side: 6 min
Population + jobs range: 3,000 – 10,000
Museum District
Number Currently in Region: 82
Min activity intensity: 14.5 pop + jobs/acre
Measuring Impacts
Single-Occupancy Vehicle (SOV)Trip Reduction:
10%
10% =
100 Neighborhood Centers
OR
32 Town Centers
OR
7 Regional Centers
OR
4 Urban Cores
10% =
15 Neighborhood Centers
AND
10 Town Centers
AND
4 Regional Centers
Trip Changes
Changes in Trips by Mode with Centers (in trips/day)
SOV
Transit
Walk/Bike
-1250000
-1000000
-750000
-500000
-250000
0
250000
500000
750000
1000000
VMT Reductions
Total Daily VMT (in Millions)
Current
Centers
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
10.35% Reduction
Emissions ReductionsEmmissions Reduced (in Tons/Day)
VOC
NOx
0
5
10
15
20
9% reduction in VOC and 9.5% reduction in NOx
1:30
“this may be the first generation of Americans to live less long than their parents.”
Dr. Robert N. Butler, International Longevity Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
“this may be the first generation of Americans to live less long than their parents.”
Dr. Robert N. Butler, International Longevity Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
“Nature-deficit disorder describes the human costs of alienation from nature, among them: diminished use of the senses, attention difficulties, and higher rates of physical and emotional illness…. Long-standing studies show a relationship between the absence, or inaccessibility, of parks and op sp e with i h cri e rates depression, and other urban m ad es ”Dr. Robert N. Butler, International Longevity Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
“Nature-deficit disorder describes the human costs of alienation from nature, among them: diminished use of the senses, attention difficulties, and higher rates of physical and emotional illness…. Long-standing studies show a relationship between the absence, or inaccessibility, of parks and open space with high crime rates, depression, and other urban maladies.”Dr. Robert N. Butler, International Longevity Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
“There is a sense that cities are and ought to be places where nature occurs.”
Timothy Beasley, “Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities”
“There is a sense that cities are and ought to be places where nature occurs.”
Timothy Beasley, “Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities”
Sustainable corridorbuilding blocks of a sustainable region
Sustainable neighborhoodbuilding blocks of a sustainable corridor
Massive loss of greenspace,including prairie, forest, marshland,
riparian, and agricultural land.
“Fingers of nature”in every neighborhood
Green Cities, Garden CitiesGreen Cities, Garden CitiesA new paradigm for healthy, livable communities