Green Architecture [AD].docx

8/20/2019 Green Architecture [AD].docx

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ArchitecturalDesign

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Edi lor ial !! ices

lnternallonal

House

Eal mg "r oad#a$ Ccntr e

%ondon & ()*. +1..1.. 1(1+( )+ )((

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2. in! o(#ile$.co u3

Editor

Helen 4astle

E5e5cuti6e Editor

aggie *o$

8roduction

.i9ida :asheed

Ar i Dir ector

4hristian ;uslers , 4H;Design

Designer

#en 8e$ton Jones -, 4H;De A.r 1.,hltl'dur al esigt1

A.%Jn·6, rto J r 11!~11, 1r,>,

?@?ollolsa6 Jonnslon. Bhl'to 8eter \E3Fe11l>

B I, courtes$ uture )~ le,u,, 11holo: ,*l +ichar d &:J$h:~. "I it'1Jt>l c /'10 and Par tr:cr ., ~1olo +ic.l'ilr d *la,.. 2, B % t-.&1&/ ((! r nn (d3ar-r lo:44 4, I+ I+A 5 -u #) 8hotcg,aBhs 4ollectior 6. B 1' tou1 La~v r u1u1 S6ste9s. no:o: tri + 1thar d a6r es> o l:l 1C Studto E. Ar ch,teGs

lid, ho:c: 6en•11.7 01l 8t:II, u 19 nctu *:7 r a/,4.t.l#ardt>1, 1t. ,, ,>>tiG>iel HB3>n>. ar r.I 8artner s, Bhoto· 1r l9 Har9ltnn-Da6 P~. r 1; < *: =Jnu=1h >e-ar19Sa!i "hd, B 1 Bhoto t "r al'I Eo#urd. B i ) <"u'l'.I sScliilJt,on, +K( ..111'9,h t E71, o 2idF + ,cnartl r )4int?An::aid: BGH111 aro lla old?Adom II son, B PKr 1 ~olo '.Dr,ool>d#ard-.G B 1)-1K1+e.n1& 8iano "t.1ldlnOJo..3shoB> Bitll lQ co.H>1/1nd 8ar lnars. Bhoto> + 1d 1=.1r d DilOI4=r.,, :n1n' G' osler -md8artner s. Bhoto> Figel Noung, B K?G ( r oster and

4h.,·c )11Hu1, BB )- Anton/,/ Fg Arthitcc.t-4. %id, B G& t, :occo e4',,gr RdG B G1 ~:, S 9on;#an A>..oc>.,ateii I.Id. B 7 KD %.!i$h · r ancie %l., 'lllt J L>,... HerTo,g r, 11or L.1: Sd1rio>dc1, n < "l'cld on Mr .-..! isct- 4e9ruAn r uctlt, oB 7) 'K11 M.>,9eent4':otter ca9. ht'II:PPte,/ Lan :Von, + othm*am4 BB G%1r I ~. M&1 I < CL deCo,r , 1.m1st. µ ecr, I Jnd 17 a/ tlJ ~clcl ,r/ 0rn lls.c.11Cenlr 1.9 l K cl*l, BB 2, M9 '& ham r r uder A,tI,ilt'et, hoto H1K P1!r 11r 11.>Gr 9Hn, MH t.>i cottranccsE,Gt-(1 BB 11)· R < 8at3ol.J Ar ch1lccts Inc,r .,o,ns J amP~ n34 B %• < "u,?$ > t...ssoc-1n18.!.

Ar c.c11tect1>, %td, Bhotos a!lln *es->.ter

ID A*hiteu>lur.ol Design / ,A-,Lt ail ho/c..; E.W *ho9as ec3l-.4'r , eNca l lhe hllJs cl 4ongrEIIS=S ac1&21r1I and th' 5i'l8c7ur cur nB.#h1cl't ar o Ar Qu 6o 8unhco do DlJlr1c


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4onn ne asc1ocd11Partner s. hoto. igel >ot..ng4 Jl1(tl courlc->.$! rturc)stems4 nJMl?l c9r1es$ .11t,,.e S! sln9.>,, < + 1t'har d

%o9?or $Aoldo6c1 oor e, BhotoG :i$1rQ 0r ancror ge4 B111 , Rhato4 I4, Kd#,n Ht#thc.ohA

Ad6er tise9ent SalesD6>e Ctir,s.:ian :ic.hlots, o 9 Gll !irG +h .r1d

Editorial "oard :ogFM 8artners-uB, oho>o ;a1s1.1,1 ;Ed>>l, B 7lcrl,:.::, +char u +oSer . Pu, 1,l1"1 ~r 11R: 9G, 8!:4:, + ith#d

Denise "r atton :eger 89tn4'r S'll, rnage -la6es a6,dsonG B ) · l8eter 4oo3

ass,9,t,ano

u3sas

4ha r lcs Jene

3s Jan ;,,Bt,c3$

:o?er t

a5#ell Je$ne

er3el onica

8idgeon

Antoine

8r edoc3

%eon 6an Schur 3

A//d11tclC.I ",, Rl'l!JI> 8e\K11 4oui... B ·'G.I 8t1ll.1 CooJ= ,e.3.o l, X crTc% ~ P4,r tr,er , ohoto : SchneuJer . er To%- lo1?t, u 'E I enu .. :e:4) 4het#ood t....soGociaE's. /iolo: :7 Cloud ,nc 8ho1(caBh$> U@ J €; Bd3ard Cullman Arch1tccls, ·rnages> 3$cs (K6ltlsonG B l 1 A ~ SuroHaBBo·.tlAdill'l &,lscr ,, 8! l 0- 7 0 AS Ar cr11l [c- t,>,B R B'loto 4l'lrisna 8tCssis,B .11 gG Bt1c/nntElr u ..6cr DMreenha6s Ar chilectsG B ;2 44 l )h Ooller ield. BhlllLJ> 8ali c3 ,nghain l!II. B>i Sli C:/ 8e1a1Sutr..h?ur $. r4hto. 1,m 5mms4 Gtl e-. :1gh Ooller F9ld, Bhoto> 8air c3 in'Jh,,4n, dll: B ;M111 Chtule~..St.irt Rn \'crsit$, Bhotos Derclt S.#al#et%BB (-1,>!. *: Hn91alE N8an0 Sdr 1 :t1dG BB 'J-7

! ,((1 John &ile$ So9,

%1n1ilK'd. All rights r eser6ed.

Su?scriBtion !!ices R;

John &ile$ Sons %td.

ID ,s Bu?lished ?1-9ont hl$

8rices are * or si5 ,sues and includeJour nals Ad9inistration DeBar t9ent Bostage and handling charges

Fo Bart o! this Bu?hcatr on 9a$ ?e

r eBr oduced. stor ed ,n a r etrie6al

I ldlands &a$. "ognar

&est Susse5, 8(++ S A

:egis 8eriodicals Bostage Baid al Ja9aica.

FN 111. Air lre,ghl and 9ailing ,n lhe

s$ste9, or tr ans9itted. ,n an$

! or9 or ?$ an$ 9eans, electr onic,

*> +M , IJ 1+i S%,+7+

. +l,4 K(1+0 M1,9@9@RS A 8) 8u?lications E5Bediting Ser6ices

Inc, +(( eacha9 A6enue, E,9ont,

9ochsruca I. BhotocoB$ing. B: cs-Journalslc#ile$.co.u3 FN 11((

r ccord9Q, ,canning or other #r 6e,

e5ceBt under the ter9s o!tho

4oB$rightG Designs and8atents

Su?scriBtion !!ices RSA and4anada

John &ile$ Sons %td.

S,ngle ls /1+1+)( 1.. ?$ a,r Blease add (RS Z1(.((#i1 haul Ber91s1(11 9 3, ,ting o! : /1+1+)( (+1

the Bu?tisner B u?in! olrl#ile$.corn 8ost9aster

Send address changes to ID cDo E5Bediting

Annual Su?scriBtion :ates +((1 Ser 6ices Inc, +(( eacha9 A6enue,

Institutional :ate R; (1;& %ong Island, FN 11&&9

8er so11G>1I :ateG R; 7

Sludenl :.ale> K* = 7( 8rinted i11 Ital$. All Br ices ar e L,u?ecl4o6r r rrr J1JI. _.11~1 1 hr l4J•'' $ C lnslttut1onal :ate RS Z++ to chG>,nge #ithout notice

ccR$, ,uh• t.11'..1 I r 'ho•ulJ Cl 111~ 8er sonal :ate> RS Z10 2ISSFG (((-)(0YStudent :ate> RS V1&;

-.--n.-r 1i-r 11 _ ,.,,, :1 .--.....-..,-. 1 ~ ~ :,,.,,....--i-tw rm 1 r., .• • --_i ~,, J,.>>1. r


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,1 Editorial J· "

H Introduction

" Snol es in RtoBia A "riel Histor$ ol Sustaina?ilit$.I.r .It

.: 7 1'/•1 •ti l.' ...

+( Design 4halleng,, or Susta9a?ilit6

9@ %ortJ aster or *ha9es +4ir,i( ,r

0 Jan ;dBli 3$ nl utur e S$sle9s •I J I ', 1'1 1,1111

36 %ord :ogers .JI :i 6er-sids,I ' II

) Mlo?al 8ersBecti6es %earning !ro9 the tner S1de

0 "ringing *ogether Head, Hear t and Soul

S..1'>=ta1na?le Archllectut e in South Arr-u,e

+ *he Oie# !ro9 Australia Mreen %i9its in a %and o! 8lent$ l1J I l

60 ;en Neang u = 1, 111 JI'•

+ SustainGng Interactions "et#een the Fatural and "uilt En6iron9ent n SingaBore

) Mreen Ar-cnttectur-s in Hong ;ong, the Densest 4it$ rn the &or ld , , E

70 *ho9as HerTnQ ot HerTog and 8artner ,1 5 1 1 , 'r r

7 Sustaina?le Design 9 *he Fetherlands

)+ Mreen Archilecture in Forth A9er!ca · ·> 1:1

%U 1 In the :eal9 o! the Senses , ,r,m l , • : • '-'/

1 "uilding 8r o!ile· rhe Eden 8ro ect ' . · ,1?c/i

1&1~ 8ractice 8r-o!!le Po9?or$ aldo6an oore

1( "oo3 :e6ie#s

Architectural Design /


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.......J ,

'I' '·IR<

I 11, j;.;y Joi'bton, ro.H

ILmMi; tco Lodgc-s,WJ:.:;gnn

ll7l oral Pa/, u111e, Lallc$.Uu 1:-ailJ, @&&& Ohis ,ne o

!"!e :etu{ hc,J ?et d:iy.oo~ w.,.

3h th•~ dolled Jlcng o, I ! r to-- ,, .;:11c,1lyp1u:, 10est

! r nr:,t";d lc;:#•,Jrocl$%'

rn n; &l nu w -uer Il&r ;'

Jh ~""~ la8r c car oc).md or.- o",~r~#lg.$ #hich B-o6I! , r c,rr or 111$( nncda$

. rnrucr ) Ln '*r((n'l(JtJr (:!.

, , tud rnrrugte:J

•;tp .--. du•J 1• 'ea-aser roo!it$

%&& rr iihi,'I e .nr (J) tc

rirn r!l se se.ar ",e*l ''%dll',%1+r lll-(r,11-r.ii.+i

$•1 t,., .J cool n "1..u•,m-.~, Jn ## r ,n 2.lrit(r Btectnc I'. 1r

pp11~d ln:i1ri p$::,lo2ol:01,3

J / nc.s !nd r rnn3a-o r s

toll .ht* 1, tan3s or 1 11.. root


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1-'\s

susta9a

?ilit6

enter s

lhe

rra9st-

ea9,

?ecornin

Q lhe

acceBte

d goal H

not

el#o6s

Brar tice

o! go6er-

r 19er ts

ar o a--$·I

itects al1I

e, it

see9s 1-

& ce

sl1((1nJ

through

o.r r

nnQer-s

Fo lo>

g8r ' an

alterneti6c

route ::J rl intne cold or PPn

erchWeclu-eis, as a

resi.lt, e6e - r.ur el$ in ter9s o' 3r at 1t cleer $ rs

not- It see9s l i ?e e6er 6th9Q lcr ' e6er$one #ho #ants it - ll'eVueen ar d 8r esident ot % 'ie r A@c. A 9r ludecIn tus i9Bortant issue ::i !r' #,t t $ 0al Dee%&, the gu~sl eouor,

"r ic111 Ed66ar d·J, has cr eeled an essenrel sur6@6 that 9 the #9est

and 9ost sBeci!ic sense cc 3s at #rat i1 9eans to ?e gres/1

$ tr 1 I 1ging t>Jgcthe>>#1g ;cr ci, *he

Fetlier 'lancis and Fodh Arr er ...1ca - a 61U66 l $ielded that l

sr r-iultaneousl6 Qlo?el and local Ir Soulh A .!r 'ica, !or · lrl'.>ild11c e,

4hrisna du >>>i1ess1s she#s sustaria?, I I l 6 to ?e rooted 11 ane5ist ing ecos6stern]> 66oJuest9nria 1---es' !


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JJ

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V.!

r] II

,,' r ).lorn=,, Pr oJP,1 led.11ncor , ,&%; *hii.


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n!4(s in 5topi!a "rie! Histor $o! Sustaina?ilit$

r-an E%i66,->..,c?, ...,..6r >>h ur //sna u !-lless·s, gi6es o l Si'I ! o$er$n3 %.J ir,r• u1/,/r,11 ·116r 1/-1/ril,I acing ~'lt:' Bi't'Rr I.,Z lcJI. u·1 DJ'.i I r 1c>l%H'% 9 +.r '% i ll4'%.> Rl'4 hot r I %1-·e J. K _.I h C'>u1//$ A.1 Jl'!>>>'

I r -r r-achir cl6 2r -11.!6ar r ls enc cu rles1 e5Blain 66ri$, to ?e etter ti6e c,ll' t.ur 15J1l1t) h.r .

he rc'ihce l) /, 1l161''' ,IO%' l,I' 1· ·1·d un6 call, nlo cuesncr the accented #cr -·lcl 'o.-·-@Jer ·

the Br e! or9nance oA 'de6e %Ji.JtA1J %>%>onur11lA-, r JOr A,, 'ur dc6clcBed' ones - %u> else1.1e

1 · cei6ed r. cu-1,,·c 1FJ1·id 6e# and o$er t#o centuries o! ulus I 1 ·1%li Bl 1iosQ i* ,)

# .ti l oo~i~4 or e PJr1 /11 r •,

Ii


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Ar chiQr erns #al3ing cit$ and or ganic ur?anis9

#ere e5tr e9e gr een 6isions Br edicated uBon thenotion o! 9igr ating sBecies and the integr ationo! co9Ble5 ecological and ar chitectur al order s.

0l, :,;,•

6i:in H,:,r 211, 72' l41J :~111

pt1J89I, 11/%.L f...,r .. ,~r y -n '•

l,111li1~llc .igcr 2 111 nJ• $-11

:y

10~,, 1+11 ,1 ~ '•-'I 1•,:Ic&2ir orlln(1 1~. i·d'' 110

r cSar ned Jt. au L•?l+%+%l'19l g ..cr-n21~1on c'

.,., @I 1..111rnr,n1 :1 Ar :ig~o~,011

noi, .1

c,1tu .-• ~


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*he close o!the centur$

#itnessed a

!ascinating

?lend o!?uilding

design3no#n as

eco-tech

or eco-cool,that e9?r ac

r ectstor . .

eng1 neer1ngco9Buting


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-

SE4*IF *H:RMH S% A: A4 AD!c

' \.'F n Arr %41\.'1FIJ ! :Rl'l

J IlI AFRt-ll 4,$ \%IR%l>'.1'I '8 AIJ4'ro$ l


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•hl1 ~ /n.$li.I. r.u;lnrn

1o1llll thrr c,l8ro#lrl,111*, JU >s

co9Bared lo the &est and their e5a9Bles o!

gr een design are rar el$ to ?e !ound r n thegro#ing genre o! ?oo3s and ournals lhD% deal

#ith susta9a?itit$ As a general state9ent, the

sBiri> ual aBBroach lo green design r s ! ound 9

lhe underde6eloBed #orld and t lie lo# ener g$,

high 9aterial aBBroach rn the de6eloBed

"o I h histor$ ar id geograBh$ Bro6ide 6al ua?le

lessons #hich allo# toda$'s Br actice to ?e set in

a #ider social and cultural conte5t. Sustaina?ilit$

has ?een a recurrinQ challenge !or 9an3ind

since 9en and #o9en ?eQan to settle the

sur!ace or the earth. "eing no9adic relie6ed thehu9an race o! a dut$ or car e to#ar ds the land

- as soon tis I he$ ! or 9ed 6illages the$ could

not hide lrorn lhe en6iron9ental conseQuences

o! Bh$sical de6eloB9ent *hese conseQuences

e5Br essed the9sel6es in a 6ariet$ o! #a$s>

Bolluuun, scar cit$ o! r esources and sic3ness.

Health has ?een a Ber ennial Br o?le9 as to#ns

ha6e 1 o#n - illness argua?l$ has ?een a Qr eater

9otor ol sustaina?ilit$ than ener g$. ll #as the

search *oe health$ h69Q that introduced r eluse

control in classr cat cities, that. ensur ed oBen

sBace e5isted In 9edie6al la#ns, %11al r egulated

lhe use or ?uilding rnatei lats. controlled the

e5tracuun and use or #aler , and laid do#na

net#or 3 o! dru9s in countless settle9ents lro9 the

:enaissance on#ards. *his legac$ rs aBBar ent tn the

countless 8utldmS acts and 9odel ?$-la#s o! the 1lh

centur$. #hat ts o?6ious rs that it #as not lo#- energ$

design or the need to Br eser6e ?iodi6er sit$ (1 Brotecten6iron9ental resour ces I hat structur ed earl$

EuroBean sellle9ents. ?ut Bu?lic health. And todo$

11 is health - ?oth gl.o?al and Ber sonal #hich rs

e9erging as the '#ild car d or suslc19a?1lt1$ *he !utur e

Bro9ises a ne# contr act ?et#een glo?.ii enet g$ useand health, and 9 this eQuation ?111ldings and

cures #ill Bla$ a cr ucial role

ne lesson o! histor$ Is that Ille constraint onsustaina?le de6eloB9ent ts rar el$ resour ce scarcit$.

&hat li9its hu9an action r s #aste and Its

conseQuences - the sin3'. not lac3 ol energ$ and olher

resources. tends to cur tail lhe s6storn. *he l191ts to

BrosBerit$ 111 cilr es li3e %ondon (1 long ;ong a1 e not

r esource constr ain ls ?ut Bollution ones And #rth

Bollution heauh goes and disease co9es Rr?an road

Bollution r s no# lhe second ?iggest 3ilter tn EuroBe.

accounting ! or H&.&&& deaths a $ear ! ro9 lung cancer ,

heart disease and ?ronchitis. :oad tra!!ic and ur?an

e5haust air ! ro9 ?uildings 3il I 9or e BeoBle than

s9o3ing. Sin3 lir ruts thr eaten the hu9an r ace mor e9sr dr ousl$ than r esour ce li9its And at lhe r oot or

Bollution lies ccnsurnBuon - that r nsidious sear ch !or

consu9er haBBiness Bro9oted ?$ countless glo?al

9u lt mauona ls

&ith this change 111 e9Bhasis co9es a clear ne#agenda ! or ?uilding design Ar chitectur e, #hich

accounts !or roughl$ hal! or c1II resource consu9Btion

r n I he #or lei K9aterials, energ$, #aler and the loss o!

! er tile agricultur al landY. has lo co9e 1& ter9s #ith the

!act that the #astes ! r o9 ?uildinQs ar c ?us$ Bolluting

the Blanet and destr o$ing lhe health or BeoBle. &hat

r s at r is3 here is the health and #ell?eing not onl$

o! BeoBle in ?uildrnQs ?ul also o! cities, and #ith this

the 6r a?ilu$ o! hu9an ci6ilisation r tsol r

4onsu9Btion is itsel! a Bro?le9. &e no#

consu9e 9ore Ber caBita than ever ?e lor e -

consu9er goods, car s and sBace itsel!. E5cess

consu9Btion is clten e5Br essed in e5cess archuecturatdisBla$, 111

e5aggerated High *ech Bostui inu and o$er -arn8u loussBcce and co9! or t le6els "ullr Jings are ! ashion

accessories - the ?ac3cloth to co99ercial and Bri6ate

li6es. &1th1n our ho9es #e create sBace tor gadgets

rather than BeoBle, #e !ill out ollices #ith co9Buter s.

our airBorts #ith shoBs So #her eas ?uildings consu9e

halt or all en6iron9ental r esour ces, the$ e1lhc1 house

the sBace #het e the other hall is consu9ed or lor9

%he desunatr on ! or the essential ourne$s reQuir ed !or

hu9an connection As a s$ste9. cities are lhe locus

o! r esour ce use and Bollution - ?uildr nQs are an ecoloQ$

or glo?al i9Bacts #hich #e ar c onl$ ?eginning

lo under stand.


16/126

,D ir-$-

Gic$!(l t oc4:; y1d

.:ir1r~~. Lr 21:•+1l2 r,I

@otlg$!J Jllller Ca -nnuc. 1%%% i9u,1 Ion t$( ),t( o% "J tmmor dcrcuct

tuEdt' % :i• +01 ,. 1 $,... no.1u11,

:1r iI I carnBc $~~ d l#'-'8:.y

tr (!t(d IJ~( ,h I''= cr -ntr c

~r( 9h~ p1 .. 2.u , ...1 nauna

$d~11u1 l::1 $,..**li# l" and JE5Gllt

-.prc1'+t $ic$ cornhtru' In err-

ate an (::ol:JIJ+ld,ly ?al 9ccdp!r4

ocl .ur ,>. otsc p,c4".+d . p I r nrn

tt't' a3e ~.u, '!c( !nr1 ..., us(d

to &'(&&t1L;:11l 1$i:- u,puss

Jr 4" lin saces Dl11tl;I

n1 the rnJI& rcu ll3 l1111t,iln1J mcor or.u- c:,t..$le

:,% lht-J I p,r1~•rgy o;J2ing l

chr1ulu1../1:-; r undcd +3 an 1 1

I IMreen> the Search !or an Earthl$ 8aradise In

#or ld o! uni6er sal sBace and increasingl$ standa

6alues. sustaina?ilit$ o!!ers a chance to de6eloB

sBeci!ic Blace-r elated design. I! gr een rs ta3en as

r eBresenting a s$9Bathetic aBBr oach to cultur e a

as cli9ate. then susla9a?le ar chitecture #ill e9

as asigni! icant li!e-enhancing ! or ce. *here rs not one

design cullur e lthal is. late odern &estern ?ut

co9Ble5 #e? o! cultural di6er sit$ e6en #ithin a sicountr $, let alone the #orld. *her e rs also not on

cli9ate to ?e r esBonded to 6ia uni6er sal air-

conditioning and standardised ?uilding ! ootBrints

Sustaina?ilit$ ?r ea3s the 9onoBol$

o! ?oth &estern cultur al Bri9ac$ and High *ech

ar chitectur al solutions. Hence the resistance

in the RSA lo an$ serious co99it9ent to

sustaina?ilit$ and the a6oidance in the R; or

signi!icant 9ention o! sustaina?le design in the

Egan BroBosals.Sustaina?ilit$ is deeBl$ su?6ersi6e Boliticall$.

*her e 9a$ ?e no other en6iron9ental cour se tha?eco9e sustaina?le> ci6ilisation reQuires %o reth

9or e than t#o centuries o! &estern industrial


17/126

to uni6er sall$

Blaceless citr es

#ith their

u?iQuitous shoBBing

9alls. su?ur ?an

estates. ?usinessBar 3s, airBorts. etc

are challenged ?$

he green

9o6e9ent.

S#a9B$' 9a$ stoB

a stretch o! road

?uilding ?ut the "rundtland de! inition o!

sustaina?le de6eloB9ent 2adoBted ?$ %he RF and

1) #orld go6er n9ents at the :io su99it rn

1+#ill 9a3e e6en %hc 9ost 9easur ed

ar chitect into a S#a9B$.

*he K ;$olo 4on! er ence on 4li9ate 4hange21)

and the &orld 4li9ate 4hange 4on! er ence at

*he Hague l+(((Jthreatened to ?rea3 the

9onoBol$ o! uni6ersal ar chitectur al solutions

as Bro9ulgated ?$ ?ig &estern design Br actices.

"uildings #ill no longer ?e the sa9e again, and

in ti9e. neither #ill cities 4ar?on Quotas and

e9issions targels 9ean #e #ill ha6e to ?urn less

! uel - in our car s. industr$ and, 9ost i9Bortantl$.

?uildings. *he loss o! deBth o! Blace, li9e and !u

#ill disaBBear cures #ill again ?eco9e identi!ia?

Blaces ?ased uBon a s$nthesis ol cultur al anden6ir on9ental 6alues.

*here is no tena?le argu9ent #hich can seBa

en6iron9ental action ! ro9 cultural action. 8tace

state9ent a?oul altitude to geograBh$, histor$ a

r esources. 8lacelessness 2the Bre6alent +(th-cen

9ode o! de6eloB9ent #as 9dillerent to all thr ee


18/126


19/126

r r6 11•, oQ•

l\K'n N16ing, , , I n#r-r ,

cornc: nor desiSn 1'1%M.

11l%' .,tleR t.o ?e uui. J'>, enPNt:o.4 1l::4r1 111111:11111: m

rQ.>>iBo ...c, lh1; Br o er t 1 .l 23,

d1:.,1r413d t. l> Nl::r-1, dll

P 1tJll.'ll (i tl3 l11n I i'.?t'I

dr~1gr ,n ,,.. 1ir 8u11.1r r 1 311h

J dt.'' -t'>..ldlec 1c7t:o~)~tcm *l#

1r1111 ldnhrll'.'':-l.. nl lh'' 1 ,,, r e-

c4,/(/, 3a-. ,~ 8P addr1-•ss1.:::~thrn.,gn o4u8.4tilnll,11 rhnl1n

o.. I he nccdcs and 6ect..-.tc,

lei tdr..R!1

?',2111.•

~1-/1 d~ Cl1.:.'(J% '!1 .:id1 t''t'Ar ch r ccts. uttdmS * 2r /4c.1r chB.,•.ihl ~h11111n1 &11 ce •.•LJl'ord,

1 I 1=, t:tr11r Q -DA,l* lrl nS

''he=' 8u1.d1ng ,..,.J. d5,-,,gnr.- Q

JLG Bar t o! tl>cl.

.J eel lJ8o, a 1,(GG 8et3een I he

Er t>J?l·>ih9cnt and 1ndJstr$

IC 111,41_4•7•.,Sdle the B,G11a9t>ler >.

c• l'·i'ill I h$, lo# P.-...,*r S•? 3or

B.oltcoGG! or the +1 G.GI centur $

A/.. # ll d' tit/llmS ...111riSt.AnlnPr =_4) 4ir gr t~ o/ JKI e, Vnt.es>, EJn .urr er.t ·cGGI

nr 411 2~ ii': h111 :7I dlh-=d &1

9eet ne# C/ tar gets #e need to 6alue ! ossil

! uels as scarce and di9inishing resour ces. and#e need lo e5Bloit r ene#a?le energ$ sources

Ksun, #ind, ?io9ass &e need lo de6eloB ne#

technologies and ne# solutions to ?uilding

Brogra99es. Since each Blace is di! ! erent

Kresour ces. cli9ate. e5Bosur e ?uilding

solutions #ill need lo diller enuale the9sel6es

9ore e!!ecti6el$ I hon r n the Bast. *his 9eans

selecting 9ore aBBroBriate technologies. using

the ?est.

not cheaBest, 9ethod o! constr uction. e9Blo$ing

li! e-c$cle assess9ent, see3ing out local sources

o! energ$ and 9aterials. e9Blo$ing local?uilding s3ills and 3no#-ho#.

"ut di! ! erentiation is not Sust a Question o!

ne# ! utur es. It is a?out 6aluing old Basts. *he6ernacular #as the e6olution o! Batterns o!

?uilding ?est surled to local conditions.

Ine! !icient sotuuons ?eca9e e5tinct o6er ti9e,

lea6ing onl$ the ! ittest to sur6i6e. ld to#ns.

#hether in Asia. A!rica or EuroBe, are

re9inders o! ho# to ?uild #hen 9aterials ar e

scar ce>

la?our is 6alued !or its #or39anshiB Kas against

sBeed> resour ces o! energ$, !ood and #ater are

locall$ sour ced. *he Aga ;han A#ards !or

Ar chitectur e are a9ong lhe !e# that gi6e

scarcit$ - lessons #e need to relearn !or the r esou

hungr$ !utur e. And it rs not onl$ a 9atter o!

constr uction - such lessons e5tend lo the #hole

ecos$ste9 o! cities #ith their Batterns o! rec$clingr euse and rene#al.

8articular Blaces, #hether 6ernacular or design

ar e 6alued !or the 9eanings the$ carr$. Social 9e

allo#s to#ns and their ?uildings lo ?e cherished.

our 9ulticultural societ$ 9eaning in its ?r oader s

has to ha6e #ide aBBeal. lls roots ar e 9an$ and 6a

and 9uch deBends uBon cultural conditioning. &h

ar chitects 6alue 2tectonics. 9aterialit$, tr ansBar enc$

etc 9a$ not ?e the sa9e as #hat r s 6alued ?$ soc

al large. Nou ha6e onl$ lo 6isn a cDonald's ha9?

?ar lo see the 9is9atch ?et#een Bro! essional and

Bu?lic taste. Sustaina?ilit$ o!! er s the chance to un

6alues ar ound co99on en6ir on9ental goals. ?ring

shared agendas ?ac3 on lo the ar chitectural staQe.

or lhis to haBBen #e need lo loo3 ?e$ond lo#·

ener g$ design as tho Banacea !or sustaina?ilit$. %o

energ$ ?uildings can Broduce dull. cultur all$

i9Bo6erished architectur e. *rue sustaina?le desig

%a3es on ?oard lhc ! ull co9Ble5it$ o! ecolog$ #ith

li!e-enhancing agenda. Fatur e uses the 9ini9u9

resources lo cr eate the 9a5i9u9 o! r ichness and

?eaut$, e9Blo$ing !ull r ec$cling in the Brocess. &e

9an, on the other hand, uses the 9a5i9u9 o!

r esour ces to ?uild cr ties o! 9ini9u9 richness and

?eaut$, e9Blo$ing less than 1( Ber cent o! r ec$cling

the Brocess. an and natur e urgentl$ need to gel

t#o s$ste9s together &hen this haBBens Kand this

needs to ?e our goal lor the +1 st centur$l our 9a l

#or ld cities #ill ?egin to aBBroach the co9Ble5it$

?eaut$ o! r ain!or ests or cor al ree! s. *her e #ill ?e

o! inter action, #ith each s$ste9 using the #astes

lo#er order s to cr eate richness. ?eaut$ and sell

sullicr enc$, *he sBir al o! social, cultur al and

ar chitectural a9?ition #ill ?e uB#ar ds. nol do#n#a

as at Bresent. &hat #ill dri6e this sBir al #ill ?e lhe

!r esh currents o! sustaina?le i9Ber ati6e #hich. li3e

Mul! Strea9. deri6e uturnatot$ !ro9 %he li! e ! or ce o

sun. ur old di6isions ?et#een to#n and countr $, 9

and nature> ecolog$ and cul lure #ilt ?e ?ro3en

Architecture #ill at last ?e !r ee o! the t$r ann$ o!

e5Blor tati6e 9odernis9> #e #ill ha6e r n sight a ne#

Earthl$ 8aradise

Knsustaina 8le i 8lical rigins

It could ?e argued %hat 4hr istian BhilosoBh$ helBed

the seeds al unti-en6iron9entalis9 in 9uch o! the

&estern #or ld *he )1 ?le r s I u ll o! re!er ences to co

order and do9inance o! the natural #orld. an's ro

li!e #as lo su?due %he earth 2Menesis 1 +)1 and to ro6er the garden 2Menesis +.1. &hat %he "i?le

descri?es as 9an3ind's 'do9inion o6er !ish ... !o#l


20/126

do9inance. ur cities ar e a dir ect conseQuence

or ?i?lical unsustaina?ilit$. *he 4hristian

!oundation uBon #hich &estern societ$ is ?uilt

had an un! or lunale tendenc$ to Blace 9an aBar t

! ro9 lhe natur al or der . "$ #a$ o! contrast.

Eastern religions integr ate 9an3ind into a glo?al

ecological s$ste9. Such integr ation is not onl$

Bh$sical ?ut, 9or e i9Bor tantl$, is also sBiritual.

*he #orldliness o! 4hristianit$ - the call lo

9ultiBl$, e5Bloit and BrosBer - has ?eco9e r n

9an$ asBects the international order o! ?ig

?usiness. It is the 9otor o! stoc3 e5changes

! ro9 *o3$o to %i9a. the ?asis uBon #hich

co9Banies conduct their ?usiness and

go6ern9ents rnanaQe resour ces. Ine6ita?l$ it is

the ?asis. too. lor cuies and t?e countless

?uildings #hich. in their su?tle 6ariet$, still

e5Bress the 4hr istian e5Bloitati6e ideal.

J de! inition or 'Sustaina?le De6eloB9ent' coined in

1)7 ?$ Mr o Har le9 )1 uncuonc - a #o9an #hose

#ords ha6e changed the cour se or histor $. *he 'he-ness

o! the "i?le has ?een usur Bed ?$ the 'she-noss' o!sustaina?ilit$. "r undlland lollo#ed in the steBs o! othe

Bro9inent ! e9ale en6iron9cntahsts. :achel 4ar son

4 /i l e&t /pr i &5 6. "ar?ar a &ar d #ho !ir sl coined the

Bhr ase 'sustaina?le dc6cloBrncnt, and Donella

eado#s o! the 4lu? or :o9e 4 Limit ) t 0 7r0$ t#l.

*he r elationshiB ?et#een 9an and natur e is 9or e

or ganic than cer e?r al. *hough mlcllectual a?str action

a necessar$ co9Bonent o! hu9an lhought. the gener a

altitude lo lhe natur al #or ld is 6ital. i99ediate and

r e6ol6es ar ound the Question o! sur 6i6al. Ho#e6er .

lhough lhe outer ! ace o! nature aBBear s incr easingl$

hostile and unBr edicta?le, the hu9an condr tr on alsoassigns a 9eaning ?e$ond deBendenc$ ! or li! e lo the

en6ir on9ent. 1 his sear ch lor deeBer insight is

Jur ?uilding technolog$ has ?eco9e leaner ', 9or e e.Iicient andcetter integr ated. It has allo#ed gr eater e!! icienc$ t:J ?e acrne6edn ter 9s o! energ$ use, cor-str uclion outBut Ber nan Kor #o9anYand inter nal sBece Ber unit o! structur al resource.

*he 9eans ?$ #hich do9inance o6er nalure

has ?een achie6ed is lur gel$ !acilitated ?$

science and technolog$. and lo an incr easing

e5tent ?$ design. "oth ar e at the centr e o!

ar chitectur al Br actice. ur ?uilding lechnolog$

has ?eco9e leaner . 9ore e!! icient and ?etter

integr ated. !l has allo#ed Qr calcr cllicienc$ to ?e

achie6ed 111 ter 9s o! ener g$ use, construction

outBut Ber 9an 2or #o9an and internal sBace

Ber unit o! structural r esource. *hese o? ecti6e

Qarns ha6e. ho#e6er . ! ailed to addr ess the

other r ealit$ that #hich is ?ehind the rational

and

under lies the scienti!ic *he inner li! e. not onl$o!

BeoBle ?ut o! cities. has su!! ered. In e!! ect #e

ha6e lost sight o! the ?uilding as a li6ing thing.

ur 9odern ugl$ cities #ilh their Bollution and

stress ar e a 3ind o! illness that r e!lects not

onl$ glo?al en6iron9ental sic3ness ?ut also a

#ider crisis in the hu9an condition.

Al the root o! 9uch green thin3ing lies an

atte9Bt to con! ront these issues and to Br o6ide

a ?etter ?alance ?et#een 9an and nature.

4onceBtuall$, sustaina?ilit$ r e6er ses ?i?lical

leaching. It see3s not do9inion o6er Mod's

cr eation ?ut gentle guar dianshiB o! the earth's

?ounteous resour ces. *he hu9an race is not

aBart !ro9 the glo?al s$ste9 ?ut is integrated

interBr eted di!! er entl$ according to cultur e or r eligion

*hough all BeoBle deBend uBon nature ! or sustenance.6ar $ing cultural constructions are assigned to ecolog$

ar ound the #orld. or e5a9Ble, Jesus eQuated Mod #it

natur e - the 4hr istian Bosition has al#a$s ?een that

?e$ond natur e is the hand o! a suBer ior !or ce o6er

#hich 9an3ind has guardianshiB. 4hr istians loo3ed

through natur e at Mod and 9 the Br ocess ga6e

the9sel6es do9inion o6er all l16ing things.

M croBs. the u,1 cr isis, cloning and cli9ate chanQe

all de9onstr ate the ! oll$ o! this Bosition.

*he Mree3s. on the other hand. loo3ed through I

he gods at nature. *he role o! the gods #as to e5Bress

natural la#s and lo ?e go-?et#eens lor the hu9anr ace. 4lassicis9 cele?rated natur e not as a natur al or

Br i9e6al !or ce . ?ut as an o? ect o! har9on$ and ?eaut$

Ecolog$ #as r educed lo cull o? Sects. Eastern r eligions

adoBt a Quite di!! erent 9r crBr otauon to that o! either

the 4hr istian or the classical #or ld. *he "uddhist

Bosition treats natur e as ar t. cr eating illusion 111. and

distor ting. the natur al #orld. *here ar e no deeB

9essages her e - the hu9an 9ind tr anscends the

ter tiar$ realit$ o! nature ·, "uddhist BhilosoBh$ is a

contr act ?et#een 9an and Mod. acted oul, #ith natur e

gi6en a su?li9e r ole as a tr anQuil selling ! or 9editation

*her e is a interdeBendence ?et#een 9an3ind and the#orld al large - an inner and outer har 9on$ #hich

Blaces natur e #ithin a ?igger cos9ic order . *he *aoist


21/126

/

Al, !

:r,tugo C..1t=.11 a$ r 1,, :ntlh

A1r-rrG11. :,lh,1(, 6Ban, @&&&

. ".." # .$' ' 'I arr huectu ·e >n>'i>>.t lo :1%

1.-11 d ·K,>>1gcr G #na * md:,

t11dl>'Q1ci 9 nctur c. CJlJII i J

8,933 the %'$e ,Q~ ,J ··ccl1EI ol

et ell.ul .-nl.i 11c, /• to d1*'l'r •.'n'

I ttldlllKn,: llhlr, iJ lJllQr u.•tl

•./1r11h ..

•1/4/,, ,/,.

r o:4~er and Po:1111i'* C7, 5,3,r,.r~l'

5on.m ht.-1dSuJ..-lrr:7, 1%%%

ll(•C.l'!ni/d /or a tei.1dmS I 11,,,(1 r omsur et s (11 I hec / ItF d

the "i1 11,4. l5.clG'ingc· '(11all·G. lci>-.,r.,>>J,l$,

,i1r h1tC'::lul.Jll) Jnd ':, ,111.'ilh•

aesthetic, al9ost stoical. aBBr eciation o! natur e.

*he natural #orld is not the ulti9ate realit$ ?ut

Br eBar es 9an3ind ! or the eternal ?eaut$ o! the

a! ter li! e. Fatur e r s ! r a9ed, caBtur ed, 9anicur ed

and ?rought indoor s in idealised ! or 9.

In old sha9aruc r eligions. the sha9an had a

sBecial role to act as an inter9ediar$ ?et#een

the Br esent and Basl sBir its o! BeoBle. Blaces

and Blants. He had Bo#er s lo heal BeoBle and

the en6iron9ent. *her e #ere o!ten ?oth sBecial

Btaces and sBecial Blan %s - the cultur al her itage

#as a ?lend o! 9an-9ade and natur al Ieatur es.

ro9 these gr e# cultur al and soc ial constructs

#hich Blaced natur e #ithin the hu9an condition

- collecti6e 3no#ledge #as essentiall$ ecological

in sBir it>

*hese gener al 9terBr ctauons o! di! !er ent

r eligions helB to e5Blain the Barado5 o! 9odern

attitudes 1( natur e. *here is no uni6er sal 6ie#.

?ut a series o! distinct cultur al translations. As

a conseQuence one cannot e5Bect a single glo?al

r eading ot the ecological crisis - all BeoBles

interBr et the changing cli9atic and natur al

r ealit$ in a diller ent ! ashion. Ar chitectur e,

esBeciall$ gr een ar chitectur e, r s

necessaril$ in! luenced ?$ religious. social

and cultural!actor s. *her e r s no ecu9enical gr een 9o6e9ent

- 9er el$ a range o! r esBonses %o the o6erriding

&e need to ?r ing inlo !ocus lhe delight!ul and

une5Bected r esBonses lo curr ent en6iron9ental

Br o?le9s around the #orld. nl$ a glo?ol 6ie# #i

counter the Ber ceBtion that ther e is a u?iQuitous

sustaina?le st$le ir r esBecti6e o! custo9. cli9ate.

cu 11 ur e or Blace.

Ho# #e see our ?uildings is centr al to ho# #e

design the9. :ichar d :oger s tal3s a?out an

ar chitectur e o! resBonsi6eness. o! ?uildings 9ode

uBon the co9Ble5it$ and chanQea?ilit$ o! natural

or ganis9s. He cites ?ir ds and cha9eleons as use

9odels. Santiago 4alatr a6a, on the other hand. us

e$e as an e5a9Ble o! Ber Betual adaBtation to di! !e

conditions #rthtn a uni!ied #hole. %ouis ;ahn. 9

sBiritual 9ood. as3ed the ?ric3 #hat 11 9ost #ant?e and it ans#er ed 'an ar ch'. I! #e as3 a Biece o!

#hat it #ants to ?e it #ill nol ans#er 'a cit$' I! #

!lood Blain il #ill not reBl$ 'a housing estate' ur

lo go ?e$ond the rational - to see3 an architectur e

#hich is a li6ing thing. #hich enriches li! e at 9an

le6els and under stands a ! e# ecological tr uths.

Sic3 ?uildings and 9ellicr ent ?uilding t$Bes ar

! or9 o! illness> *heir ugliness is an e5Br ession o

su! ! ering #hich a! ! ects e6er$?od$. *he Ar ne1 ican

*ho9as oor e said that ?uildings ar e ?ound to u

another sBecies. *he$ ar e a 3ind o! li6ing Br esence

9e9?er o! the ta9il$, li3e our Bets. Since #e sBeleast )( Ber cent o! our li6es in ?uildings their i9

uBon hu9an li! e is enor9ous ur health. our sou

--------~~-----..-:.---~--------


22/126

o1es

+1=11.1rt1 + ogers. C +eil~t"1 5J l ~+:l )~1:' ,II:,9, I2or

r n~l+lo. l.i.:h.:C ec t 1;r-~ ,1

M dt•rr.•:•• 1~, D$~(~ dnd

ud .n I%onon, 111, i• i,P

, ?Z +ug•' tiles lheurt,1u.••3 cl t$( r tidGtilr:-on. + ,1 or J •~ Ooda) , + C

h1d1 ,, ll AuguGt @11&&

/ 0e/,1•s, 1.1H.ohn " Foss. Jr,,

Hf !'1J 10lt$ G!c15,1n IJndc:ril.

nr ~dto, 1o7,B+.) 1'1 n C @o:o;s, $pr ( I Ji-r,

r*2th:* lo $1 -::rJ *J'lt.c;.";1•:.

our 9e9ories are !ashioned ?$ the9. In Jungian

Bs$cholog$ ?uildings onl$ ani9ate our li!e i!

the$ ha6e anr9a - an inner Ber sonalit$. &ithoutarurna all is rational, cool and sterile. Mr een

%hin3ing is a #a$ o! gi6ing li6ing Br esence ?ac3

to our ar chitecture. &e 9a$ ar gue that the

agenda is lo#-energ$ design ?ut in realit$

architects li3e "ill Dunster, ;en Neang and

For9an oster ar e see3ing to con!r ont the %ost

inner #orld o! ar chitectural sBace.

Ho# an$ 8lanets Does the Hu9an :ace

Feed At Bresent le6els o! consu9Btion. the

hu9an sBecies r eQuires a?out %hr ee Ear ths lo

sustain

itsell, &e ar c e5ceeding the carr $ing caBacit$ or

natur al s$ste9s ?$ u ! actor o! thr ee Qencr all$.

si5 rn the &esl arid one or one and a hal! in

A!rica. *he areas o! r esource stress are in ! ossil

!uels, 9 agricullural land. in %he a6aila?ilit$ o!

clean dr in3ing #ater. in har d#ood Broducts. in

Ii.sh and. 9ost i9Bor tantl$, in ler 9s or the glo?al

di 9ale. As #e 9odi! $ the Earth lo 9eet hu9an

need ther e is a loss o! sBecies. genetic di6er sit$

and 6irgin ha?itats. *he Blane is ?eco9ing an

enor 9ous larrn to suBBort r aBidl$ gr o#ing cities.

E l i l t id t h d th

suBBort its o#n acti6ities. In this #e ha6e assu9ed

godli3e Qualities as Menesis Bredicted.I! olher Blanets #er e a6aila?le lhe Bro?le9 #ould

?e so greal. As il r s, #e ar e alone r n %he uni6erse 2at

leasl in ter9s o! near ?$ Botential ha?itation and can

$et ?egin to e5Bloit the r esources else#her e. *hough

ar s and JuBiter ha6e enor9ous r esour ces. the

e9?odied ener g$ in6ol6ed in e5tracting the9 is

Br ohi?iti6e. So #e consu9e al a ! actor o! e5haustion

that aBBroaches 9:1 and ! ace the BrosBect o! our o#n

e5tinction 9 a !e# hundr ed $ear s. Rnless. thal r s. #e

can 9anage our #a$ out o! a cr isis - 9anage in the

sense o! addr essing a ?road sBectr u9 o! hu9an

acti6ities including design.

*he t#o ar eas o! i99inent r esour ce str ess - ! ossil

!uels and cli9ate insta?ilit$ - ar c ?oth directl$

in! luenced ?$ decisions 9ade ?$ ar c?uccts. "uildings

consu9e hal! or all ! ossil-!uel energ$ and the totalit$ ocities consu9e lhree-Quar lers ur decr srons as ?ur ldi

des igner s and cit$ 9a3er s ar e c> ucial to the sur 6i6al n

ust o! 9an3ind, ?ut o! natural s6sierns generall$. ll r s

said that )( Ber cenl or glo?al Bhotos$nthesis no# goe

lo suBBorting : 0m0 )0 pi e&) - li3e the dinosaur s #e a

do9inant, aQQr cssi6o and at the loB o! all !ood chains.

an3ind holds in its hands not onl$ its o#n destin$ ?u

also that or nature's rich inheritance. an3ind has ?e

i di hi ! l1 1 t d h t


23/126


24/126

I , i . ii

ii

*he e6idence that glo?al #ar9ing e5ists is

o6er#hel9ing . Science has esta?lished ?e$ond

dou?t the correlation ?et#een ?urning !ossil

!uels and Blanetar$ #ar9ing. ore recente6idence sho#s that other acti6ities o! 9an3ind

are accelerating the r ise in glo?al te9Beratures.

*hese include the destruction o! rain!orests

K9ainl$ to suBBl$ the #orld's construction

industr$. #aste and the associated release o!

9ethane gases. Mlo?al #ar9ing is an

unco9!orta?le !act !or Boliticians, designers, the

construction industr$ and the hu9an race. It is

also an unco9!orta?le realit$ !or 9an$ other

glo?al sBecies #ho see their ha?itats destro$ed

?$ !orest clearing, sea-le6el rise anddeserti!ication. &e not onl$ Blace oursel6es

under threatG the #hole ecos$ste9 is stressed ?$

glo?al #ar9ing.

"ut glo?al #ar9ing is onl$ Bart o! the

challenge. &e are #itnessing a 9aor dri!t to

cities ?$ the hu9an BoBulation. *he $ear +(((

9ar3ed the !irst ti9e in 9an3ind's histor$ that

the ur?an BoBulation e5ceeded the rural one.

! our glo?al BoBulation o! si5 ?illion, 9or e

BeoBle no# li6e in cities than in the countr$side.

*his not onl$ entails an intensi!ication o! ur?an

Bro?le9s KBollution, sBace, cro#ding andresource stress` ?ut also raises e5Bectations o!

an enhanced li!est$le. &ith this go the Bersonal

goals o! air conditioning, car and energ$

consu9ing gadgets o! 6arious 3inds. As the

hu9an sBecies ?eco9es 9ore ur?an #e

consu9e 9ore and Bollute 9ore. *his, as

:ichard :ogers Bointed out in his :eith lectures

in 1, shi!ts the e9Bhasis !ro9 ?uildings to

ur?an design, and !ro9 si9Ble cho ices Ksuch as

energ$ to co9Ble5 ones Ksuch as ecolog$. *he

en6iron9ent is incr easingl$ stressed ?$

9an3ind's success and BoBulation gro#th. It is

anticiBated that ?$ +(( the glo?al hu9an ·

BoBulation #ill ?e 1( ?illion. "$ then there 9a$

#ell ?e 9ore hu9ans than all the other large

9a99als But together .

*he stresses i9Bosed ?$ such gro#th touch

uBon resources and #aste. *he ?ig Question !or

glo?al ecologists toda$ is #hether hu9an

success as a sBecies #ill ?e constrained ?$

resource scarcit$ or Bollution. &ill #aste

succeed in li9iting gro#th in consu9Btion 9ore

e!!ecti6el$ than the ina?ilit$ to secure e6er 9oreresources &ith t#o Ber cent glo?al econo9ic

gro#th Ber $ear Kthe &orld *rade rganiTation 's

interest̀ . *his i9Bact #ill ?e !elt Br i9ar il$ in citi

#ill stress the e5isting ?uilding stoc3 as 9uch a

str ess BeoBle. *oda$'s ?uildings #ill need to

acco99odate the !uture scarcit$ o! r esour ces. 8and the intensi! ied Bressure on sBace that #ill r

!ro9 the 9ushroo9ing hu9an BoBulation #ill !o

uBon an e6er s9aller geograBhical area> the cit$

6er the Bast decade #e ha6e 9o6ed !ro9 a

concern !or glo?al #ar 9ing, #ith its associated

international agree9ents K:io, ;$oto`.to a #ider

!or the

state o! cities, the en6iron9ent and ecological h

*his shi!t is central to the notion o! sustaina?le

de6eloB9ent. Sustaina?ilit$ is intellectuall$ 9or

interesting, Bro! essionall$ 9ore challenging anddesign ter9s 9ore de9anding than an$ other a

It has e9erged as the ne# cutting edge in scien

?asis !or inno6ati6e ne# technologies and desig

aBBroaches, the !resh Baradig9 !or social eQuit$

the lens through #hich #e 6ie# hu9an de6eloB

Sustaina?ilit$ is the concern o! the ?est thin3ers

our age - it can ?e traced as an underl$ing the9

the Harr$ 8otter ?oo3s, in Sea9us Heane$'s

reinterBr etation o! "eo#ul!, in 8eter Hall's re#r

ur?an histor$. or 9an$ o! the #or ld's ?est arch

K8iano, Neang,oster it is the challenge o! our a

the ! irst uni!$ing ?asis !or a ne# architecture si4or?usier's 0$ar) a e$ !r#iteture #as B

in 1+7.

&hat is o!ten ignored

in ar chitectural circles is

the #a$ sustaina?le

de6eloB9ent as a conceB

?r idges t#o central

aQendas o! ?uilding

design> technolog$

and social BurBose.

&hat is o! ten ignor ed in architectural circles

#a$ sustaina?le de6eloB9ent as a conceBt ?r idg

centr al agendas o! ?uilding design> technolog$ a

social BurBose. an$ recent 9o6e9ents in archha6e Bla$ed to onl$ one side o! the eQuation. Hi

#as high architecture #ith little social usti!icatio

in urb!n !r(!s t$!n

ones ur8an r o 8lemsintensi*) ng Oh s 8ringst$ t d


25/126

Al iJ ar e cities not 9er el$ ?ig ?uildings

uni!ied ?$ glaTed galleries, gardens and

It is ti9e to ta3e stoc3 o! #her e gr een ar chitect

going. Earl$ Bioneer s 2uller. "rundtland. the Oales

e9Bhasised the energ$ di9ension r n sustaina?ilit$.

r e9ains a Bri9ar$ concern ?ecause o! acceler atingle6els o! glo?al car?on e9issions. "ut does lo#-en

design on its o#n Br oduce gr eat architectur e_ *he

little e6idence to lin3 high aesthetics to energ$

conser6ation - in !act, the contr ar $ is o!ten the cas

is onl$ #hen the !ull Bictur e or ecological design is

addressed that a rich. co9Ble5 and ?eauti!ul

ar chitecture e9erges. uture S$ste9s· ?uildings

the recent #or3 o! oster's o!!ice ar e land9ar 3s t

sustaina?le - not lo# energ$ - design. *hese and

#or3s o! other Br actices 9a$ #histle to the tune o

glo?al #ar9ing ?ut in r ealit$ the$ ar e Br oducing It

;en NeanQ's ter9 I ?ioclirnatic, ecologicall$ r esBons?uildings. And in the Brocess the$ ar e de6eloBing

e5citing technologies. so9e o! #hich ar e ?orr o#ed

other industries. *hese ?uildings also closel$ add

hu9an needs. ?oth Bh$sical and Bs$chological. *h

str uctures that e5Br ess social sustaina?ilit$ at %he

o! hu9an health, Br oducti6it$ and #ell?eing. oste

High *ech, ?reathing ?uildings are al9ost lungs i

#hich BeoBle d#ell. *he sear ch !or a r esBonsi6e

en6iron9ent is as 9uch dri6en ?$ the hu9an aBBe

!or sBir itual uBli!t as it is ?$ technological inno6ati

Social. ecological and cullur al sustaina?ilit$ #ill ?

9easur es ! or to9orr o#'s ?uildings.*he hu9an dr i!t to cities is acco9Banied ?$ t#o

!ur ther conseQuences !or sustaina?le design. *he


26/126

glaTedroo!heat

s air

to Bro9ote stac3e! ! ect

direct r e!lected lightinto o!!ices 6ia str eet

roo! 9ounted AHRs #ith heat

reco$er) durinu

DDDDDDr ain#ater collection toi l

B il

l . l

li ii

l i

i

l ili i i i

chilled #ater K1-1 degrees 4l !r o9la3e suBBlies chilled ?ea9s

eci@nA $~illt$y ri~nc,n~ i4e l'&7iror 1r lln1 ior st!%% 1s o! ten l"l?#e trnpo.rt!nt 1

cop!ni(s lh•n e, lng ono/g) cost,rl n

( $ear s in a li! eti9e. *he hu9an ha?itat is essentia

interior . *he en6iron9ents #e cr eate a! !ect us in ter

our Bh$sical and 9ental health. Sustaina?ilit$ is the

ho# an ar chitecture o! inter ior occuBation can ?e ! as

to suBBort health$ and Broducti6e li! e st$les. :ecent

resear ch suggests that gr een ?uildings enhance #o

Ber! or 9ance and social har9on$. A Br oducti6e, Bos

and

health$ #or 3 lor ce is 9or e i9Bortant to a t$Bical co9

than lhe 9one$ sa6ed in the lo#er utilit$ ?ills o! gr e

design. &hen a co9Ban$ such as "arcla$car d sBend

Ber cent o! its total outgoings on la?our costs and t#

cent

on energ$ ?ills. it 9a3es sense to Br o6ide health$

r esBonsi6e #or3ing sBaces !or sta! ! rather than ! ocusthe single issue o! lo#-energ$ design.

*he sa9e is true o! gr een schools and gr een hosBitals

#hich enhance Ber!or 9ance in 9an$ su?tle #a$s 2te

ar e a?sent less o!ten. ?etter e5a9 r esults, Batients

r aster. *hese #ider social ?ene! its ar e ?eginning to

?rought inlo clear er !ocus as the 9illenniu9 un!olds.

*he$ reBr esent the ! usion o! a solid technological ?as

social sustaina?ilit$. Broducti6it$ and social cohesion

on health$ li! e st$les rather than the usual #el! are r i

and e9Blo$9ent. or ar chitects, too. the r ecognition

social di9ension to sustaina?ilit$ allo#s ?uildings to

addr ess issues ?e$ond that o! lo#-ener g$ design.

Mr een> Fatur e as Muide

ID J ) *;** 1 *

eeB r e6eals ?r s'e\Goleiro6 de shading to \ \

l 9 deeB o!!ices *******•1/ 111//

outh e e6ation \ \allo# natur al 6entilation 11111111• J I I I 9 I I

I \ and 9a5i9u9 da$ ightin g high

ther9aght shel6es Bro6 de \ ' Ber!or 9ance tondirect da$l ghting I Beri9eter #alls

D#indo#sI

D

a3e suBBl es ch lle#ater and sBr n3ler

#Jl~I

andscaBing to 9od !$ adacent air

--- ------ -- -


27/126

S$ste9s'e5Bloitation o!?io9i9icr$, tooster 's

aBBroach #hich

is 9or e ?ased on

ecological

s$ste9s, lo

NeanQ's adoBtion

or ter9ite-to#er

BrinciBles o!

natur al 6entilation.

Ho#e6er , as a

design disciBline

natur e is not

#ithout Bro?le9s.

It lac3s a

technological

?ase and its outButs ar e rar el$ sociall$ ?enign.

Fe6er theless. ?$ ?lending technolog$ and

ecolog$ it is Bossi?le lo

gener ate ?uildings and cities #ith r educed

en6iron9ental i9Bact ?$ adoBting the conceBt

o! 6er ticall$ sBir alling li!e-c$cle looBs. *heconceBt oHer s architects a ne# tool in their

sear ch ! or less da9aging constr uction.

Fatur e not onl$ r ec$cles> it 9o6es uB#ards

to#ards e6en greater co9Ble5it$ and ?eaut$ as

the scale o! co9Ble5it$ incr eases. I5 see9s to

ha6e an in?uilt 9otor o! di6er sit$. It shuns

reBeats. cloning and the 9indless sear ch ! or

Ber!ect duBlication #hich is 9an3ind's

Br e!er ence. In this, natur e o! ! er s a 9odel !or

ne# cit$ !or 9s and ! r esh ?uilding t$Bologies.

So9eho# #e ha6e to ?ring the ?eaut$.

r ichness and social di6ersit$ o!

cor al r ee! s and r ain!or ests lo ?ear uBon hu9ancr eations.

%earning ! ro9 nature entails using ecolog$ in

Quite distinct #a$s. ne has to r e9e9?er that

natur e is not neutr al - it has its o#n la#s and

9ethods o! #or3ing. Dar #in helBed to disco6er the3e$s to the genesis o! sBecies and their

interdeBendence #ithin ha?itats. ther s ha6e

unra6elled the genetic codes to li! e itsel! . &e ar e

9aster s o! this 3no#ledge, ?ut too r ar el$ ?r ing the

Br inciBles to ?ear on architectur al design. ur citie

are d$ing ust li3e the cor al r ee! s - Bollution. glo?a

#ar 9ing and tour is9 ulti9atel$ 3ill an$thing that

delicate and ?eauti! ul.


28/126

,

i I

i

, i .

i

i

.

Fost(r & Partner s,

H(!,tEudrr r % ::, tor *r(!t(r

I. nndon Aumor t). l 'i%% I 1 coster's 1s+i6~ headSuarter s

11 Lon*on. w th l$ 3ell-no3n~$1 4 s$!p(, t~u; tu opo.:.111tor ,1 n( bu,ld ng tor .... e ,.1 t.

JtBn !l4 il'I :r/. hun,t*n +ti ;? C1;11 * 1, '~ *m/lt• t-!

';IJ+&i.'.%K~I .. I b1n.,..,...11cry, t.:;4ng

t$( lor %'D'l or a s(ction ol nlung.

-n-rr ,=hl

D$o ric$nl+': and comcieNu$

ol Ior ru "Jl colou in nulu, et!n nrn21d3:• p!r(d,g~ !s2,•(,I il1 nsBr ranon ioror chitccturo

cr der

can ?e dra#n ?et#een ?uildings 2sBeciesY and

cities Kha?itatsY. %earning !ro9 nature

encour ages an aBBreciation o! ho# these

inter act. r n resour ce ter9s. #ith energ$. #aler and 9aterials going in, and #asle, Bollution and

conta9ination co9ing out. In eucct. #e ha6e an

ar chitectural ecos$ste9 #her e the r estr aint is

argua?l$ 9or e a sin3 li9il than a resour ce one.

And it is the sin3 li9it that is destro$ing the

#orld's cor al ree! s. not the scarcit$ o! r esource

inButs Here #e ha6e a #arning !ro9 nature.

+. Rsing nature's 9odels to in!or9. *he structu

e9Blo$ed in natur e ar e #ell tested. *he shaBes,

co9Bositions. con!igur ations and 9ater ials usednatur e ar e enduring and sustaina?le. oster's ! a

gher3in-shaBed o! !ice lo#er ! or %ondon r s an o?

e5a9Ble o! ?io9 i9icr$. His de?ating hall !or the

%ondon Authorit$. #hich loo3s li3e a section o! a

another . In ?oth cases natur e's tr ied and tested

ar e adaBted to Br o6ide a r esBonsi6e li! e enhancin

ar chitectur e. :ogers· citing o! the cha9eleon as

e5a9Ble o! a Botential ar chitectur e #hose s3in c

accor ding to #eather and light is another ther s

utur e S$ste9s to Santiago 4alatr a6a dr a# uBon

r eBertoire o! !or9s ! ound in natur e. ne char acte

stands out - the a6oidance o! the right angle, o!9echanical reBetiti6e linear thought.

Ho# then, can natur e ?e our guide i6e

Quite distincti6e Botentials can ?e Bostulated.

1. %earning !ro9 natur e. *h s #as an

cl/arQ's clar on call in his r e9ar 3a?le ?oo3 o!

the sa9e na9e Bu?lished n 17( Fatur e has

Batterns and or der s o! nter deBendence #hich

can ?e

used to design ?uildings. Ecological design is an

atte9Bt to But these s$ste9s into the l near.

luncuonal eQuations nor 9all$ e9Blo$ed %i!e

c$cle assess9ent allo#s ?uildings to ta3e on the


29/126

....... ·

0. Rsing nature ! or ecological accounting. All

en6ir on9ental assess9enl s$ste9s ha6e an ecologic

?asis though. ?ecause or the Br essure or glo?al#ar 9ing, ener g$ is nor9all$ the do9inant the9e. *

"uilding :esearch Esta?lish9ent En6iron9ental

Assess9ent ethod K":4EAt61J in the R;. Eco-Quantu9

auditing in *he Fetherlands and the %eader shiB in

Energ$ and Design Br ogr a99e (5BB6! in the KA

e9Blo$ an auditing s$ste9 #hich tr eats the ?uilding

a ha?itat. Each su?ect. ?e it #aler. 9aterials or ener

is a resource #hose 6alue is #eighted accor ding to it

scarcit$ or da9aging i9Bact. *he idea o! natur e-?ase

accounting leads lo the identi! ication o! 'indicator s'

#hich relie6e designer s o! the tas3 or assessinge6er$thing. *hese indicator s are guides to good Brac

- the$ are selected according lo ?uilding t$Bes and

other conditions. *he$ cast l1ghl on the health o! the

ha?itat - #hether ?uilding or cit$.

. a3ing nature e5Blicit. Her e architectural

design ?r ings nature into 6ie#, either inside or

outside a ?uilding or directl$ 9 the construction

9aterials e9Blo$ed. Fature is a sour ce o!

tactile, 6isual and aural Bleasure. &hen

#elco9ed into ?uildings it has a Bractical

Bur Bose Klo cleanse the air and a sBiritual one

K%o uBli!t the sBir it. reduce str ess and create

har 9on$ #ith %he cos9os. *he gro#th in atria

has ?een acco9Banied ?$ a corresBonding

increase in ?ringing nalur e indoor s. %i3e the

Oictorian Bal9 house. natur e is no# a

co99odit$ r n co99ercial Br e9ises and al9ost

a Bet in the ho9e. *his has led so9e %o

sBeculate that our ?uildings ar e oined to us as

another sBecies - a 3ind o! li6ing entit$ #hich

shar es our li! e as a d$na9ic organis9. Fatur e

gi6es ?uildings their ani9a and hence. in

J i t th t ! d

. E6er $ sBecies is a designer. Fature teaches us tha

all li6ing cr eatur es e5ercise design choices in so9e

! ashion. Fearl$ all oBt.ions are li9ited ?$ genetic

inher itance - a Barticular ant can onl$ ?uild a Barticu

t$Be o! ant hill - ?ut it r e9ains tr ue that in natur e all

the Barts contri?ute to the designed #hole. *he "i?le

clai9s that this is the hand o! di6ine cr eationG Dar#in

on the other hand. Buts it do#n lo natur al selection.

Either #a$, e6er$ li6ing creatur e ! ro9 high sBecies lo

lo# is acti6el$ engaged in the sear ch ! or uchness,

co9Ble5it$ and . ulti9atel$, ?eaut$ itsel! ABBlied lo

hu9an ecolog$ this 9eans lhal e6er$?od$ is a design

- e6er$ 9e9?er o! the hu9an r ace is an ar chitect sin

#e all 9odi!$ our en6iron9ent and e5er cise design

choices.

4ertain under standings o! glo?al sustaina?le

Bractice co9e !ro9 these ctassi! icauons. It is clear t

K+ is !a6oured ?$ 9an$ ar chitects !or its lor9al

Bossi?ihues. Fatur e is not under stood as a s$ste9 ?

is re6er ed as a language o! ! or9s oster's recent

hi?iti l th S i ? 4 t d


30/126

he 6ernacular tr adition is ?lendedstincti6el$ #ith asBects o! socialustaina?ilit$ to !orge a so!t lo#-techreen architectur e.

t

Oi6as Architect #1lh

dBBold. OeneTuelan

n. I lano6cr E5Bo +(((.

cneToctans r esBonded loBo's Ihe9e 'Hu9an3 11d·

- lechnolog$' #ith a,ghl un!olding !lo#er

S$ste9s. loo, ha6e ?or r o#ed !reel$ !ro9ecological sources> !lo#ers, Blan3ton and

star!ish. utside the R; other in!luences can

?e detected. ;en Neangdra#s uBon 11 l in his

search tor a conte9Bor ar$ high-r ise ar chitecture

that e5Bloits natur al curr ents uB#ards 2!or

6entilation and r ec$cles #astes do#n#ards

2!or co9Bosting. *his is a BhilosoBh$ #hich

is s$ste9-?ased ?ul still dr a#s on a str ong

! or9al language o! ?io9i9icr$.:ichard :oger s, on the other hand, 9a3es

!reQuent r e!erence to K in ?oth his ?uildings

and in his cit$ Blans. Fature is allo#ed to

colonise the interior sBaces, the roo! toBs and

the surrounding landscaBe. :ogers increasingl$

uses 6egetation as another la$er in his

9odi! ication o! the #or3ing en6iron9ent.*he usti! ication is that o! energ$ conser6ation

?ut the e!! ect is to uBli! t the sBir it ?$ 9a3ing

natur e i99ediatel$ 6isi?le. or :ogers, natur ers ?oth an aesthetic tool and a source o! delight.

necessar$ lo hu9anise cities

sustaina?ilit$ to !orge a so!t lo#-tech gr een

architecture. Nou see it in the sQuatter ca9Bs or

4it$ 2#ith ad9ira?le r ec$cling ?ut susBect Bu?lic

health. in South A!r ican to#nshiBs a#a$ !r o9 o

gaTe. Nou see it. too, in the 6illages o! the "raTil

rain!or ests #her e e6er$ house is di!! er ent ?ut ea

shar es a co99on code or constr uction. *hese B

ar e ha?itats in the tr ue sense o! the ter 9, #ith

one o! 9an$ sBecies Br esent. r der is nol lhe r e

r oads. r egulations or se#er s ?ut o! the logic or

sBace and local constr uction 9aterials.

! all the aBBlications or natur e none is 9or e

9echanistic than 20 Ecological accounting is a

9easure o! i9Bact ?ut it r ar el$ leads to gr eat

ar chitectur e. *hese assess9ent techniQues star

a9ongst the ?uilding scientists o! the &est and

?eing aBBlied uni6er sall$. e# ha6e social concer?edded into their assess9ent ta?les and none #

?eaut$ or co9Ble5it$ as desir a?le goals. In ! act.

contrar$ is o!ten the case - ?$ su? ecting designsrigour o! car?on e9ission accounting it is Bossi?

lose sight o! the sBiritual di9ension *his is cert


31/126

%arning !r o9 natur e

ielden

Clogg "radle$BC

*ho9as HerTog

%uci en ;r ol%

"uilding :esear ch Esta?lish9ent !!ice, &at! oSli9?r idge Oisitor 4entre. Mloucestershir e

Mer9an 8a6ilion, Hano6er E5Bo

Bcolonia. AalBhen. Holland

Rsing nature's rrrodets car rnan oster ;3iss+ ~B*uildirOg. 5endonto m*or rn utur e S$.ste9s

an-.t1ag:o Cala.tra$aedia '4en>Cre,lor d's >4ric3et Mr ound,%ondon

. Aen-Nea!lV Shanghai' Ar 9our$*o#er ,PudonS'4! 'tet#ood . AsS is Bh$sical or Bs$chological

health the 3e$, and ar e the ! luctuations in

te9Berature that occur #ith 9or e sustaina?le

Br actices 9ore 9 steB #ith the natur al #orldthan the ster eot$Bical en6ir on9ent o! air

conditioning_ an$ BeoBle #ho li6e or #or3 in

,, 1r 1B;r.

111 J ti

•i !t)


32/126


33/126

t.bc,','- Jlul ir 11;,1l9

61'11J i!no 1H '',91

8or 4+i$o1,. 1.G , .t 5a8or ator$

n* Wo 1 "ho/. 'unt ...1 64~ .

Menoa, 11 *h,s #as ?u1t1

?$ 8iano to house c , #&l2... n

+.lutl 1.and ! I @ t , .;:ibnr .Jtor2

8osi> ened on ,1 sl(op(d

~on(, II ochocs 9e Jnnen I

terraces o# the L$=u .. ,n roJt

in 1t 9tertor -:n* e5tonor suuctur n Cu It cnnr cl6 ol ntass 1Mtli il l!1&'1:it(1J#ocrt

% r r 11no. 1 toc3s ll4t~ ont• o% the

!ny=r't iihou~ $ $t%ll'#t1* lng

t$( lt.:Jltdr 6121(r.1 8tants In

I he %iu1I d ng and on adaL>er

and e5Bectations to suit changing e5ternal

conditions - e5tra clothes. 9ore sheller. 9ore

logs in #inler *he e!! ect o! this adust9ent is

Bh$s ical, and to so9e e5tent Bs$chological. In

adusting #e are 9a3ing a Bositi6e resBonse and

!eel ?eller .*he Bro?le9 #ith 9odern en6iron9entall$

sealed ?uildings is that the occuBants cannot

9a3e these adust9ents - lhe heater controls

ar e !i5ed, the #indo#s loc3ed closed.

Increasingl$ toda$, 9odi!ication lo li6ing and#or3ing en6iron9ents is needed to deal not #ith

le9Beratur e di!! erence ?ul #ith 9ental stress.

%e6els o! stress 6ar$ throughout the da$ in the

#or3 Blace ?ut the ?uilding is o!ten ! i5ed and

un!orgi6ing. "uildings designed lo sustaina?le

BrinciBles. ho#e6er, ar e 9ore adaBti6e - $ou can

oBen #indo#s, 9o6e into Bools o! sunlight,

touch Blants in atria or #indo# ?o5es. or si9Bl$

sit in the cold to cool do#n. So as the stress

le6els o! 9odern li!e rise $ou can adust $our o#n

sBace

to suit $our Bs$chological and Bh$sical needs.

Mreen ?uildings are good !or stress.*his argu9ent could ?e e9Blo$ed at a glo?al

le6el. *her e are di!!er ent conditions o! e5ternal

en6iron9ent that ar e caused ?$ natural c$cles,and a !urther la$er caused ?$ 9an3ind's

acti6ities Mreen cities can a?sor? these

natur e o! sustaina?le design encour ages lhe cre

a resBonsi6e #orld. Such resBonsi6eness r s ess

a !uture o! higher te9Beratures, rarnlall and Bo

stress. Rncertainl$ cannot ?e countered ?$ the

certainties o! old #a$s - high-tech design, air

conditioning. 9echanistic Bredictions. *he glo?a

and engineering co99unit$ needs lo rethin3 its

technological assu9Btions - to ! ind a ?etter #a$

using the !ruits or science. It #ill r eQuir e ar chitec

sear ch deeBer into their i9aginations.Health is e9erging as the '#ild card' o!

sustaina?ilit$. or a %ong %i9e &estern societ$

!ocused on energ$ ?ut the r elationshiB ?et#ee

and health has led to so9e ne# under slanding

o! al!orda?le heal is a 9aor cause o! heallh-r eillness 9 9an$ Boor housing estales in EuroBe

the us A. E5cessi6e heat is a 3iller 111 Barts o! As

A!rica and the 8acrlic :i9. &e 9oderate our

en6iron9ent largel$ %o Broduce health$ conditi

lo consu9e or sa6e energ$. II %he glo?al #ar9

eQualion #as set out in ter9s o! its e! ! ect on

rather than energ$ a di!!erent Bicture #ould e

4ar ?on consu9Btion could ?e sel against ?ene

har9 to health #hich #ould allo# a ?etter

under standing o! the interactions #ith !ood

Broduction, #ater conser6ation, and energ$ us

Health is alread$ e9erging as the Bri9ar$ con/1 agencies. esBeciall$ lhose #or3ing in Alrica

a9ine AIDS and a recurrence ol tu?erculosis


34/126

I! oil and #ater helB to de!ine the di! !er ences 1n

sustaina?le Br actices in the architectures o! the

#orld, ther e is a sense that the challenge o! ecologica

design can co9?ine the 9echanistic str ength o! the

&est and the sBiritual deBth o! the East.energ$ is selling the agenda. Sustaina?le

design needs nol onl$ to learn !r o9 natur e ?ut

! ro9 health. Ener g$ conser6ation is a su?set o!

health, health is not a su?set o! ener g$

consu9Btion.

Is it il or ater that #atter s2

*he di!! erent r egional BersBecti6es on

sustaina?ilit$ ar e #ell illustr ated ?$ the di!!er ent

nature o! 'sin3 li9its' in di!! er ent Barts o! the#orld. In the industrialised &est. air Bollution is

?eco9ing a 9a or constraint on de6eloB9ent. In

%ondon. 8ar is. Fe# Nor3 and %os Angeles Boor

air -Qualit$ Boses a serious ris3 to Bu?lic health -

the J esti9ates that air Bollution ! ro9 tra!!ic is

the second ?iggest 3iller in EuroBe. leading to

(,((( deaths a $ear ! ro9 ?ronchitis and heart

disease. In A! r ica. on the other hand. #ater

Boltutr on is the 3iller . Rnsa!e dr in3ing #ater 3ills

9or e BeoBle than 1-i,. and, accor ding to the uF

onl$ a third o! the BoBulation has clean #aler

to dr in3. So #her eas in the &est the strateg$! or sustaina?le de6eloB9ent ! ocuses on ener g$

conser6ation Kand hence less air Bollution

roots to sustaina?le di6er sit$> ener g$ and the

corr esBonding eQuation o! glo?al-#ar 9ing gases r s

a?str act. scienti! ic and 9echanistic in 1%s 9easur es>

#ater is #edded lo the land and connects not #ilh lhe

r ational ?ut the sBir itual #orld. &aler is tactile. 6isi?l

and in A!r ica and India it is dir ectl$ r elaled lo health a

agricultural Broducti6it$. *he sha9anic #or ld is

concerned #ith #ater not oil. and hence #ith the

aesthetic and sBir itual. Fo #onder #ater is increasing

seen as to9orro#'s oil.I! oil and #ater helB to de! ine the di!! erences in

sustaina?le Bractices in the ar chitectur es o! lhe #or ld

ther e is a sense that the challenge o! ecological design

can co9?ine the 9echanistic str ength o! the &est and

the sBir itual deBth o! the East. E6en i! societ$ does no

! ind itsel! li9ited ?$ r esour ce constr aints, sin3 hrruts

#ill dri6e design to#ards a 9or e holistic agenda.

Holistic in the sense o! co9?ining the Briorities o!

ener g$ and #ater conser6ation, o! adoBting li! e-c$cle

assess9ent as a 9easur e o! ro?ustness in the choice

all 9aterials. and in the integration o! the rational and

sBiritual di9ensions. And herein lies one o! the seedsar chitectur e's renaissance. "$ relie6ing ?uilding design

o! its o?sessi6e 9aterialit$ architecture can e5Blore


35/126

Architectural Ecos6stern -

%F8R-rs

'Bn~r-g)'ater

..,ater rats

R*8R*S

'aste-


36/126

0lo 8al + esources

:esour ce uilding use

0lo8al Pollution

Pollution uilding r elated

Energ$ (b Air Sualit) lctuesl @U^

&ater 0+b 0lo8al 3arming gases ;&^

aterials l8) 8ul (b 6rin ing 3ater ollution U&^

Agr icultural land loss 0)b %and!ill #aste @&^

Cor al reel destruction (b Kindir ect CCs?CCs ;&^

4hanging Agenda o! &orld De6eloB9ent

"asis o! &or ld De6eloB9ent uB to 1)7

"asis o! &orld De6eloB9ent a!t.er 1)7

Sustaina?le

6e$slornent


37/126

%ord oster o! *ha9es "an3

I


38/126


39/126

Jan ;aBlic3$ o! uture S$ste9s

1111' l'JMI:'

1111' Al 3 8roect, 1I hie.. w~~ d(sign(d as J';ir gc c5hunuon $d ti t9 I

$ Barth Centre, --J tlll'll+

H5 p--oj(cl o 6cnrnster

i.J r,rJ~, e op

8r J84L le+. loulouse. 1

=pp.;'., It+ cunur u I8ro eLI %t=rl, london, 1.

r .p2,,1 b .urn 1,,1 I8ror ecl Ped, l'J ,I ,n, 1'

ro1c-ct O(d !s c1 rese-9'h9itlau6e ltd~d +3 t$or ur oBenn oission to(plor( t$( l(l.l~1b1l+ly nl

Ter o

em ~~ ,on7. *2?4~ lo/mcnt 9

P5'01 ho# 9uch #ill

?e consu9ed during construction and ?e! ore

that in the Broduction o! the 9aterials. *his also

9eans that the Quantit$ and #eight o! 9ater ials

ha6e to ?e gi6en serious consideration ! or lhe

!ir st ti9e. *he !e#er 9ater ials a ?uilding uses

the gr eener it is - less r esources and energ$ are

used to Broduce it.&hat ar e $our 3e$ concerns as a designer

interested in sustaina?ilit$ater ials, as I ha6e suggested. ar e a?solutel$ loB

Br ior it$. *he i9Bact sustaina?ilit$ is going lo ha6e

on design, ho#e6er. is going to ?e 9uch 9or e

re6olutionar$. At the 9o9ent. BeoBle ar e tr$ing lo

Br etend that the need to Br oduce sustaina?le

ar chitectur e is going lo ha6e no e!! ect on the

! or 9 o! ?uildings. It is li3e #hen the car #as ! ir st

in6ented and rt i9itated the lor 9 o! the hor se-

dr a#n carr iage. ll too3 a certain a9ount or li9e !

ta3e on its o#n !or9. :ather than ust ?eing 3osh

gr een ar chitectur e needs to ! ind its o#n ! or9. Air

and cross 6entilation #ill. !or instance, ha6e an

i9Bortant i9Bact on the !or 9 o! ?uildings.

Ho# #ould $ou udge the success o! a ?uilding

in the 'green· age

As $et there ha6e ?een no tr%1l$ gr een ?uildings 8u

*he ?uildings that ar e cur r entl$ ?eing constr uctedar enl e6en Br otot$Bes ! or a 'green' age. *he$ are o9inor atte9Bts al sustaina?ilit$. *he la# as it stan

doesn't gi6e signi! icant changes, esBeciall$ in the u

R; *here is 6er $ little roo9 !or gr een architectur e

architectur e schools. An A9erican lectur er at a 3

3no#n us school r ecentl$ r e! err ed to rl 9er el$ as

!ashion. ll is e6ident that co9Bletel$ ne# thin3ing

r eQuir ed. *he 9otorcar didn't haBBen until the en

e5isted. Intelligent ?utldrnQs don't as $et e5ist.In #hat #a$ do $ou use 'natur e' as a guide.

Fatur e can ?e used as a 9odel at 9an$ di!!erent

or instance. ter 9ites' nests ha6e t#o s3ins #ithnatural 6entilation. In ?et#een natur e's str ucturesha6e a lightness not Bresentl$ ! ound in 9an-9ade

constructions. *he$ ar e !ar lighter in #eight than9ade ?$ 9an and co9Bar a?l$ ! ar gr eater 9 str en*he thread in a sBider's #e?. ! or instance, is t#ice

strong as steel. *here is so 9uch to learn !r o9 a

e!! icient use o! 9aterials. In gener al. or ganic ! or 9! ar 9ore e!! icient than 9an's. tr*


40/126

. D

• \ \t.

.. \I


41/126

%ord :ogers o! :i6erside

i>G,$hl

Curdttr 1u I -.i

Courts, r ance 1%%M.

1:pp ,1 I .:+,,I

l,o)d s +egister o' ShlBB9Q.

@&&&

I pr.--111 II;&; IIM$t

)) &od tr eet. 5endon, 1%%%

, /t, ...1lB I l•l"lh l!r

om/uter r ,..nd(1111 +3@,:,3#,c.:

H"4u.l,;on o h1rh2lr#1 0ogM~

'.~ , tnorsn.B r, @.il1on;ilAss(bly 101 8!i.l1s, due3rr co9Bleuon +:'iii 1~ ,

&&%.

&hat is $our, or $our Bractice's, de!inition o!

sustaina?le design

Sustaina?le design ai9s to 9eet Br esent needs

#ithout co9Bro9ising the stoc3 o! natur al

resour ces re9aining ! or ! utur e gener ations.

It 9ust include a concern !or lhe BrinciBles o!

social and econo9ic sustalna?iht$ as #ell as

the sBeci!ic concerns o! the energ$ use and

en6iron9ental i9Bact o! ?uildings and cities.*he 3e$ issues are> lo# energ$G loose ! itG

resour ce e!!icienc$.

&hat are $our 3e$ concerns as a designer

interested in sustaina?ilit$

"uildings ar e resBonsi?le lor ( Ber cento! the #orld's genera lion o! co@.

:ichard :oger s 8artner shiB has a long

standing concern #ith en6iron9ental

Ber!or9ance. r e!lecting %he Ber sonal inter ests

o! the dir ector s. *he Br actice sees issues o!

ener g$ use and en6ir on9ental i9Bact as a

critical Bart o! the ?uilding and ur?an designBrocess. *rue sustaina?ilit$, in ter 9s o!

?uilding design, is deBendent on 9a5i9u9

energ$ e!!icienc$ couBled #ith the use o!

reBlenisha?le 9ater ials. SBecialisl anal$sisand r esear ch in! or9 design and encour age

inno6ation in en6iron9ental s$ste9s and

technologies.

!1:8 has Bioneered the de6eloB9ent o!

'intelligent· ?uildings that can contr i?ute

su?slanliall$ KuB to 7 Ber cent to r educing

the running and 9aintenance costs during

the li! e c$cle or a ?uilding. ur ai9 is that the

ne# ?uilding !or the Fational Asse9?l$ ! or

&ales in 4ardi!! #ill ha6e Ter o co@ e9ission.!or e5a9Ble.

*he Br actice also has e6ol6ed an aBBroach

lo ci6il, accessi?le and ecological ur?an design.

*he rnasterBlans !or Shanghai and !or 8ar 4"I*

in allorca ar e 3e$ e5a9Bles that de9onstr ate

a strong ecological !ra9e#or3. Sustaina?le

Blanning r s a 3e$ !eatur e o! the Br actice's #or3,

in Bar ticular the Mreen#ich 8eninsula. #her e

the Bractice Broduced a 9asterBlan and

r ede6eloB9enl str ateg$ !or English

8ar tner shiBs, including one o! a hand!ul o!

'illenniu9· 6illages %hat #ill encourage

good sustaina?le design in the +1st centur$

Ho# #ould $ou udge the success o! a ?uilding

in the 'Qreen'aQe

*he Bractice has an ongoing co99it9ent lo the

de6eloB9ent o! 'intelligent' ?uildings that can

contri?ute to a su?stantial reduction in the r un

9aintenance costs during the li! e c$cle o! a ?u

Mr eater sustaina?ilit$ is achie6a?le through

Intelligent design - harnessing the ?ene!itse!! iciencies o! integraled Bassi6e en6iron9e

design through or ientation, ?uilding !or9 a

organisation.

*he use o! an 9telliQent ?uilding !a?ric - r

! acades can 9a5i9ise natural da$light, oBt

natur al 6entilation. control solar gain and lo

*he aBBr oBriate use o! 9aterials - concer

'hidden· en6iron9ental costs cl ?uilding 9

Ke9?odied ener g$ and li!e-c$cle issuesY, th

?ene! its o! tr ans! erring technolog$ !ro9 otindustr ies and the use o! ad6anced, clean

Broduction.

Intellectual caBital - the anal$sis o! lhe ?eh

o! ?uildings. aBBlication o! C6 9odelling a

esBeciall$. close colla?or ation #ith sBecialis

consullants leads to the intelligent use o! t

9ass. ?u!! er Tones, ther 9al !l$#heels, ell

air !lo#s. etc.

In #hat #a$ do $ou use nature as a guide

Fa lure Bro6ides insBir ation. in!or9ation and a


42/126

-'O

o 0r,hl!e~.$ . hrn8ndncI)-" (ntr(,

u.:(str r :,;I ir(. K

5

grc* J+i a 7l'litor&..-, r.trcthe 7+%dli;l

ill56etln*1. Iris< d111A , ,n a

lcc~ t* rr # or t11nh I

1 tul!&lt sensiu6et111

&hen one loo3s around the #orld it is clear lhat

there ar e distinct r egional aBBroaches to#ardssustaina?le ar chitecture, ?ased on the

do9inance o! certain cultural Baradig9s #ithin

each r egion *his issue o! /* is an atte9Bt to

?ring these r egional e5a9Bles to #ider attention

- to counter the tendenc$ to ?elie6e that &estern

High *ech holds the 3e$ to glo?al sustaina?ilit$.

*he real concern o! sustaina?ilit$ rs nol so 9uch

#ith the internationalisation o! ar chitectural

thought, as #ith the cele?ration o! di!! erence -

the recognition that local solutions ha6e glo?al

i9Bortance too. *his is e6en 9ore i9Bortant

#hen #e r ealise %hat each o! these regionalsolutions. #hile 9a3ing a 6alid contri?ution,

is onl$ one Bar t o! the BuTTle. *o reall$ u9B to

the ne5t Bar adig9, #e need to understand ho#

the Bieces can suBBort and ?alance each

other .

ost r egional solutions !all so9e#here on

the continuu9 ?et#een a 9echanistic,

technological aBBroach and an ecos$ste9ic,

sBiritual aBBroach. *he challenge is to !ind

an aBBroach that co9?ines and transcends

?oth.

Sustaina?ilit$ through *echnolog$

Sustaina?le de6eloB9ent as BroBagated ?$ lhe

controll9g the Br ocesses o! natur e lo the 9a5i9u9

?ene!it o! 9an3ind thr ough technological ! i5es. 'Mr eearctulecture. as lound in lhe 'de6eloBed' #orld, also

! i5ates on the technological i9Ber ati6e. E6en #hen

architects such as Neang, oster and :oger s turn

to#ards natur al s$ste9s !or insBiration, the aBBroac

is still a technological one, that rs, ho# to ?uild a

?uilding that #or3s li3e a ter9ite nest 2rrrutatinQ

natur e 9 order to control ill.

Mreen architecture is earthed in a technological

realit$. "uilding science and ! unctionalit$ ha6e ?een

the t#o do9inant strands o! !or9 genera lion ! or

al least a centur$. S9ee !unction Quic3l$ ?eco9es

o?solete in a #orld o! r aBid change. sBace has ?eco99ore elastic and less sBeci! ic. "uildrnQs ar e ?ig

6olu9es #ith increasingl$ i9Brecise uses. "igness rs

itsel! an issue, not al the cultur al le6el addressed ?$

;oolhaas ?ut al the lechnological one. At a ! unda9en

le6el technolog$ allo#s us to con6ert r esour ces into

use!ul ar te! acts K! ro9 cities to 9o?ile Bhones.

*echnolog$ i9Blies a ?lend o! science and design

- a hu9an di9ension is i9Barted ?$ the

cr eati6e thin3er s #ho i9agine the designed

! utur e. *he

designer s i9Bart cultur al 6alue - therr role is lo ! ashi

technolog$. *he challenge is to 9a3e this Brocess9or e ecologicall$ conscious, to see ?uildings as a

9arriage nol onl$ ol use and technolog$ ?ut also o!


43/126

D J


44/126

It rs not #hat ?uildings are ?ut #hat the$ do

nnd ho# %he$ do it that r s tho 9a or concern o!

sustaina?le de6eloB9ent *rue sustaina?ilit$

changes e6er $thing - the sBace Blan. section and

details o! constr uction I! an ecological aBBr oach

does not change social sBace and cit$ !or9, 11

#ill ha6e !ailed lo ?eco9e 9ainstrea9. Ho#e6er,

sustaina?ilit$ also reQuires a change in the le6el

o! social 6alues, and #hile &estern-st$le science

and technolog$ can helB us lo 9i9ic natural

s$ste9s #e ho6e to turn else#her e !or

aBBr oBi r ate social 9odels

inding Fe# odels o! %i6ing

As staled earlier , sustaina?le de6eloB9ent as

Bro9oted internationall$ rs a &estern conceBt

E6en the argu9ents used to sell susta9a?iut$

are ?ased on a &estern 6alue s$.sle9 !ounded on

9dr 6idual #ealth and regarded as de6eloBed'

II #e loo3 al lhe lJ; Str ateQ$ ! or Sustaina?le

4onstruction 11 rs ?ased on #hat rs necessar$ to

allo# continued econo9ic gr o#th and !urther

i9Bro6e the ?otto9 line. *his 6ie# has resulted

in argu9ents !or sustaina?le de6eloB9ent and

constr uction #hich ar c ! ounded on econo9ic

rather than ethical 6alues. *he resource

el!lc1enc$ aBBroach r s dri6en ?$ i9Bro6ed Br o! its

achie6ed through i9Bro6ed Ber!or9ance and

cost sa6ings. Sustaina?le construction rs

so9elhrng in6estor s and de6eloBer s #ill onl$

'?u$ into· ii there is a ?ig enough 9ar3et !or tl.

ccuBiers #ill onl$ as3 !or sustaina?le ?uildrngs

ii the$ sa6e 9one$. Fo#her e in this ar gu9enl do

ethics, and a sense o! resBonsr?9t$ !or the

co99unal good. ! eatur e.

*he interesting thrng rs lhal the international

theor etical de?ates structuring the Br inciBles o!

susta9a?le de6cloB9enl 2Agenda +1, I he Ha?itat

Agenda, the Ear th 4harterY, are BroBounding an

ethical arQurnent lhal has 9ore 9 co99on #ith

the #orld-6ie# o! the de6eloBing #or ld than #ith

that o! the de6eloBed #orld.

*his arQurnent r eQuires a s$ste9ic #orld-6ie#

that sees the Blanet and the #orld as one

or ganis9, a s$ste9 that encaBsulates countless

su?s$ste9s #hich toQethe. !or9 a Bar t that r s

greater than the #hole. Its 6er$ ?asis rs a sense

o! the rnlcrconnecledness o! e6er$thing in the

and re6eres the seen and the unseen, the 9ater

the i99ater ial. and the r elationshiBs that e5ist

the di!!erent ele9ents that 9a3e uB #hat #e 3n

the '#or td' the ecos$ste9 as #ell as hu9an so

s$ste9s. Sur6i6al o! the entire s$ste9 deBends

har9on$ that 1s achie6ed in and through these

r elationshiBs.

Although this s$ste9ic #orld-6ie# has largel

r eBlaced ?$ the rnecharustic #or ld-6ie# as a res

successi6e #a6es o! colonialis9. 1 r s esBoused

o! the traditional cultur es al the= de6eloBrng #or

In these cultur es, #hal the &est ter9s 'sustarna

de6eloB9ent' rs a #a$ o! li!e that rs ?oth Bractic

and o deeB sBir itual and social o?ligation. Allho

this #a$ o! li!e is aBBlied #ith 6at ious degrees o!

success

11 r s stilt a lot closer to the ideals or sustaina?le

de6eloB9ent than the li! e st$le ! ollo#ed ?$ 9ost

in the de6eloBed #orld

It is no surBrise that the s$ste9ic #or ld-6ie#

do9inant #here BeoBle still li6e close lo the ea

these societies, 9en and #o9en under stand #

%hings lhe$ consu9e co9e !r o9. and ar e acutel$

o! the a9ount o! energ$ reQuired lo trans!or9

9aterials into ! ood. shelter and clothing. *here

a direct and 6isi?le correlation ?et#een the natu

resources a6aila?le and ho# 9uch o! these can

consu9ed. An inti9ate acQuaintance #ith the= c

o! nature ! urther ensures that BeoBle are a#are

!ragile sur 6i6al is. and the e5tent to #hich 1l de

uBon I he9 ha6ing a ha1 9onicus relatlonshtB #

their co99unit$ and #ith nature *here!ore, t#o

conceBts shaBe these societr cs. inter connectednes

and i9Ber9anence.

Interconnectedness

*he A!rican conceBt o! R?untu encaBsulates the

BrinciBle o! inter connectedness and turns r t into

s$ste9 or ethics R?untu is the understanding

Berson rs a Berson ?ecause o! other BeoBle, and

ho# #e conduct our r elauonshiBs #ith other s r s

e5tre9e i9Bortance. Ho#e6er, the ter9 'BeoBle

?e seen to include Bast and !utur e gener ations,

as the BeoBle o! the ani9al. Blant and sBirit #o

&hat #e do. drea9 and thin3 can ha6e Bro!ound

une5Bected reBer cussions on the entir e net#or3

li!e and energ$. or instance. an unguarded thou

action can, se6er al 9onths later. r esult rn the d

?$ lightning o! so9eone ( 3ilo9etr es a#a$. o

reason. great car e rs ta3en lo ac3no#ledge the

inter connectedness o! e6er$thing and lo rnainta9

har9on$ ?et#een BeoBle, and also ?et#een the

#or ld and the #or lds o! ani9als, Blants, ancesto

and natur e sBirits li3e the ones ! ound 111 roc3s a

#atercourses


45/126

l I 'I ;,* K I I, 1$.•&,

!~1•dtt.,r ','',, r r 1$-','1$, %lill

har9on$ #ith the cos9ic order. In the ar East

the Bracuce o! ! cng shui stri6es to achie6ehar9on$ and ha lance ?et#een lhe dillorent

ele9ents that 9a3e uB the #orld and 9a9ta9

a ?ene! icial ! lo# o! energ$ &here one ele9ent

r s do9inant. energ$ cannot ! lo# Br oBci l$ and

?eco9es slaQnant. *his r esults 9 disease,

discord r n ! a9il$ relanonsluBs and 9one$

Bro?le9s Kthe !lo# o! 9one$ is actuall$ the !lo#

o! onerS)l, eng shut concerns itsel! #ith %heBl.1cr 9ent and design or a ?uilding in

acror dance #ith the natural en6iron9ent and

the health and te9Bera9ent o! the r nha?itants.

4ar e is als

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