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For snle by the Superintendent. Documents, U.S. Govenlment Print.ing Office Washington, D.(~. 20402 - Price $1.75
GREEKBASIC COURSE
Volun1e 1* , **** /) *** ... ****
~~*~
ij~';~llllllt~D ~~-~ t(~~
:\:\ri~~fJ
r
worlc ws compIIed nd pub. Iished wlth the support of the c. of EductIon, Deprtment of HeIth, Eduction nd WeIfre, United Sttes of AmerIc.
his
S. OBOLENSKY, . SAPOUNTZIS and . SAPOUNTZIS
FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTEWASHINGTON, D.C.
1967D
R
F
5
GREEK BASIC COURSE
FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE BASIC COURSE SERIESEdited by
LLOYD
.
SWIFT
ii
".GREEK BASIC COURSE
PREFACE
'reeI 8o.Ic Cur... oI..me , roviles introdu.ctory mterils moden Greek lr tle stlent lo wisles aclieve working commd tle lngllge cUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tle style is neitler entirely J_t/c (coUoquilJ strictly lorml. Tle Greek ortlogrply is used lrom tle beginnig so l tle student lens red lI Ie Ias leamed .
FS'
soken
Subsequent volumes are plnned carry tle stulent lurtler no tle grr_r nJ vocabulary soken Greek nJ to introduce grdully tle more _ spoken and wriuen lorms kown QS l'tlNo.a. used 10rm occsions by educated -Greeks and commonly encountered tle press.Tle
linguist
clrge lB
pro;ect is Serge Obolensky,
Clairmn tle Deprt.
ment
Near Estem nd Alrican Languages. Greek te"S Iave been provided by Pangiotis S. Spoutzis nJ Bps liki Sapountzis, lnguge instructors. Tleseulors collaborted 1e
writing, clssroom testing, revision and tpe recorrling tle entire volume, wlicl Mrs. Sapoutzis also typed. lomes C. BoBt reviewed tle Englisl portions tle te"t lr IJtyle and cL4rity e"pression.Tle accompnying e
recorrJings were f'rodu.ced tle FSI stlios unJer t"e
direction
Gary
lley.
lames R. Fritl, Den Sclool Languge Studies Foreign Service InstituteDeprtmen Stte
111
G REEK BASIC COURSETABLE OF CONTENTS
Pref'ace Introduct1on Un:1t1
. . . .. . ..... .... ........ ........... .......... . . . ....... . .. .... . .... . . .. 8.
111 x:ii1
Symbo18 UBed
Ba8ic Dialogue
2
Note
1.1
1
.3
1.4
1.5Unit2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Consonants . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Wr1t1ng systell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assimilat10n . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . ... ..Vwels
Transcr1ption used
356 912
!' vwels
Bas i c
Dialp;us
8.
1 .3
Naatiw
14
Note
2.1
'18'.
'1sn't'.
'are'.
Palatal1zat100 Def'1n1te Art1cle AS81Jnilat1on Un1t 3 Bas1c D1alogue Narrat1veNt.e
!' vwels
.. . ....... . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . -.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'aren't'2122
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gender and agreementIndef'1n1te article Def'in1te art1cle-plural
3.1
242526
3.2 3.3
. . . .... . .. . ....... ..
4!1
Un1t 4
Ba8ic D1alogue Narrat1ve Note 4.1
. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ass:iJilatioo
)0
32
34 35 35
4.2
Personal prooouns Verb classes ~
i,v
G REEK BASIC COURSE
Imp. and Perf. stems Pres. tense, Class
. . . .... ...verbs
36 36
Pres. tense verb 'be' Unit 5 Basic Dialogue Narrative Note 5.1
..............
37
..... .. ....... . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. ... . . .. . . . ...Assimilation of vowels Assimilation of /s/ Cases Articles: Stress Declension Plural Noun: Accusative case Accusative case Accusative
41
45
. . ... .. . .. ...... . .... ....... ...............
47 47 474850 50
. . . . . . .... . ..... . . ...........
... ....................
51 51
Adjective:
Class 11 verbs Review (Units 1-5) Greek writing system Review Drills
......... .. .. .... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ......................
5354
.. .. . ... . . . . .... ..... . ...
5862
'Polite' expressions
Narrative Unit 6
. ... . . . ....... . . ....... ... . . ..
64
65
Basic Dialogue
666971 71 71
Narrative. Note6.1
Class
6.1.1 Class6.1.2
Class Class Class Class
... ... . . ......... . ... verbs: Future. . ........ ..... . .. . . . ... verbs: Future continuous ....... ......... verbs: Simple Future ....... ........... verbs: Perfective stem forms ..............verbs: verbs: Persona:.endings Irregular perfective stem forms
72
7?73
Notation. Class
verbs:
Subjunctive
. . . . .. ... . .. ....... . ........ . . . .. .... .. .v
74 74
GREEK BASIC COURSE
6.7
Impersonal verb /prepi/.
75
6.86.8.16.9
Verb /br/ . ImpersOI1al use ! /bori/Use ! /kmos/
757676
6.11 Unit 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Adjective /polis/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Expressions of Time
76 76
Basic Dialogue. Narrative Note 7.17.1 .1
uSB
Genitive case-articles.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... .. .. ... . . .. .... ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .genitive case
8184
858687 87 90 90
7.1.2
Genitive case-nouns
1st and 2nd Declensions
. .. ... .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . ..
Irregular declens ion. 7.3
Adjectives: Adjectives:
Declension
.. . .. .. .. . .. ... . .. .. ..
/aft6s/,
/os/.
929293 93
7.57.6 7.77.8
Adjectives:Use of
/pOlis/
Imalista/.
Use ! /piyno/ Use of
/pueena/
94
Unit 8Basic Dialogue. ~arrati
97100103 103
Note 8.1
Possessive prononns
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... ..
Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects Demonstra ti pronouns. /arts/, /ekin05/~nestion
.. .. . ... .. . .... . . .. ....... .
106107 108109
words.
~.1Se of
vero
/180/ 8
Unit 9Basic Dialogue. 113
Narrative
.. . .. . . .. . . ... . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .vi
,16
GREEK BASIC COURSE
ot 9.19.1 .1
3~ declensio neuter nouns 1n
/-ma/.
118 118
3!:~ declension nouns /to y6.1JJ./ and /to kreas/
Un1t
1
Ba81c D1alogue Narrat1ve.Nte 10.1
Verb 'be Class
10.2
10.310.4
S1Jple
Use ! verb /arO/
. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... . ... .. .. .. . ... . . . . . .. . ......Past tense verb: Past tense personal endings.Past Use ! verb /kond!Jvo/ .. ..
,a,123 126 ,27 1271)0
0.5
1 )1
R81ev (Un1S
6 -
1 )
Dr:i1la. Narrat1ve Un1t.1
. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. ... . . .
,)4'37
Basic Dialog11e
Narrat1ve. Note 1,., , .211.3
. . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . . . . .. . . . .
140
Clas s
verb8
cont1nuous past
145,46 146
Past verb /iJxo/. .. .. Verb /erxOlM/
. . .. .. . . . ... . . . .. .. . ..
Un1t
,2
Ba81c D1alogue ..
Narrat1ve. Note 12.1,2.212.2.1
Vocative. Class
.. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .... . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . ..verbs:Iperati ve.
1 S.
'53
'SS156157
Perfect1ve Imperat1ve .. Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8 1JIIpersona1 verb /ny.zi/
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... .... . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157158
Un1t
1)D1al~e
Ba81c
Narrat1w. Nte
. . ..
16,163
'3.',).2
Class
verbs - Present
".
16S166
Future and .Bubjunct1ve continu0U8 tati.
vii
.. . . .. . . ... . . .. ....
166
G REEK BASIC COURSE
Unit 14 BasicDialo;ue
Narrative
. . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . ... .... . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . .3~2 declensin
169 171 173 173 174 175
14.1
Feminine nouns in !. i8114.1 .2 14.1.3 14.2 14.3 14.4
. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .- .. .
Feminine noW1S in -{a,
Feminine nus in I~tital Masculine nouns in Numerals atharevus4
. . . .. .. . .... . . .. . .. . -asl . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ..... . . ... . . .... . . .enings.
-4.oal
. . ... . .. . . . .. . ...
175175 176
case
Unit 15Basic Dialogue.
Narrative Note 15.1
. .. . . . . .. . . . . . ...Class
. . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . ..
181
185 187 1881
verbB:
Perfective stem fonn
15.1.1 15.2 15.3 15.).1 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7
Class 11 verbs: Class 11 verbs:~lass
5imple future and subjunct1ve 5imple Past Continuus
11 verbs:
Continuous Past in -ayal Irregular verb IVol
Thid declension neuter nouns in
Adjective: Indeclinable
Shittuns
!
. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . I-on/ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . ....stress
past
199
1-89 190 19019C1'191
Review (Units 11 - 15).Jrills
.
195200
Narrat1ve.
Unit 16 Hasic Dialop:ue. Narrative Note 16.1
Aaverbs
Adverb1als16.3 16.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. . . ...... ..... . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . .!
202
205 208 208 209210
tiJne
Ccnparat1ve.
..
Superlative.
v111
GREEK BASIC COURSE
Cond1t1onal Adject1ve:Un1t 17
. .. . . .katharewsa Muter [ iD /- n/
. . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
210 211
Ba81c D1alogue. an-at1~
Note 17.117.2 17.3
Clas8 11 verb8:Decl1nable
ltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tID torm ! /lJlo/
. . . . .. .. . .... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .Ipel't1 ve
212
217 218 219
nUDlrals
UD1t
18
B81c D1alCJg\l8.
Rarrat1w Note 18.1
Pre8ent Pertect
Verb8 v1th pret1xe. .. 18.3
UD1t
l'19.1
Ba81c D1alogu.e Ilarrat1w
lote
Clu. 1111~.2 1
Clu8 111
19.2.2
Clas.
19.,
C1a8.
.. . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . ... . ... .. . ... ...... .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .... m . .. . . . .. . ... . ...Pl8t
220
223225 226 227
tense augent /e-/
230
233
Past P8rtect.
.---.--""
wrb
235
y1iM
Sten tornat1ve
sutt1xe.
235236 237
wrb
Pre8ent
n
ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve
wrb8
S1Jple
Future and Subjunct1"
19.3.2 Nta10n.1 80
:B881c
D1alc::-.
Nan-at1ve Note .20.120.1.1 20.1.2 20.1.3
Fonnat1on Cla8s 1
Class 11 Clus
.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ...... . .. . . ... . ... . ... .... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .... . . .. . . .. . . . .!
,.
21
243246 246
pertect1ve
BteJ
wrb
erb8.
246a47
erb8
1
GREEK BASIC COURSE
ote
20.2
Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't.
247
Reviev CUnits 16 - 20)Dri1l.s
Narrat1ve Uni't. 21
. . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .
2$0
257
Ba81c Dialogue. Narrat1ve . .. .
2 S9
26t
Note
21.1
3!2US8
declensin
neuter uns 1 /-08/
2642~
21.2
!l/
". ..
Class
erb8
Use /ik6s/.~1't.
.. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . ... . .. . ..~
Inperat1ve.
.. . . . . . .' "
264
265
22
Ba81c Dialogue. Narrati.... .' - .. -. " . . . . .' .. . . . . . . _. .ote 22.1
267269271
Adjective& in /-1&/ c:aae
22.2
wrb8;
Prab1bit.1ve
22.322.4
Verb /1p4.rxo/ word
/rMJJdri!
. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..... . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... ..... ...IJperat1Ye.~
~
"
-
-
Un1't.
a)
Ba8ic Dialogus. . Narrat1eNte 23.1
. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ._t.e8s.
.
271
276 278 280 280
Pa.st part1ciple -. _. Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve
'M1xed' conjugation .
Un1't. 24 Ba81c D1alogue.
.aea
Narrative Pret1x
/uana-/
.... . . ... . . . ... . . . .....
ae528
Presen't. active participle Un1't.2$
289
Bas1c D1a1o-. -.
291
GREEK BASIC COURSE
Note 25.1
0rd1nal8.
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ...
297
Rsvie (Un1t8 21 - 25)
Dr1U8
Narrat1v8Tel1ing
.. . .... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . ... . .. .....
)01 )03
~
305306
01088817'
1
GREEK BASIC COURSE
(
/'
),/
n
... n
,. .,.
\
'"'"GREECEInIernalional boundary IndefInile boundary DhIamerisma (RegIon) boundary National capitalms
s
@~
J
cenIer
Ra.Iroad Road
40 40
80 MiIes
"
i 80 Kilometers
xii
G REEK BASIC COURSE
INTRODUCTION Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. than 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. More
Other languages
spoken 1 Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an. Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1 Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1y res1d1ng1
Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others.1
Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken
the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands.
such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1 surround1ng countr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1). It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1 the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada. Argent1na. Braz11). 1 Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a. L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European) fam11y!
1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng the!
second m111en1um B.C. Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c.11
Beg1nn1ng
1
the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread
over the Greek speak1ng
terr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared comp1ete1y 1 the'f1rst centur1es ! the Chr1st1an era. Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. hand th1s 1anguage 1s the older Greek;re8~1t !
the one
a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from the
the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1ments
dur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal, syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ! archa1c Greek. As a result there are two broad types ! 1anguage used 1 modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. and the Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ! the peop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated 1nto the Greek 1anguage 1 the course ! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18 pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not have a f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ! poetry and flctlon. The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to older Greek. and 1s taught 1 schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1ess Ipure I form by newspapers. the1r 1anguage.1
a more or
S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves about At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously1
1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style days.
the1r works.
The sch1sm has cont1nued to Our
1
G REEK BASIC COURSE
Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from both Idhlmot1k1 ' and 'katharevusa has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed ' thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become the standard speech of Greece. Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to use the same m1xture of katharevusa sltuat10n1
dhimotlk1 e1ements
the1r speech.
The the
ratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage.
Thus the same speaker may
use the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace and then sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor. ' 1anguage. but kathareusa 1 1ts var10us degrees ! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to be used as the off1c1al 1anguage 1 government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10 broadcasts. etc.). The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows: The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1
,
-
--
-
L U
--
-
- - .-
atharevusa
D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1 the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1des Govgrnment other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspndence. Thus. for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1 every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I ; the word grocery store 1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc.1 ~owns
etc. al1 publlc slgns
and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa.
As far a8 the press ls concerned the1
con~ervat1ve
newspapers are wrltten
!
katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1 kathoml1umen1; and those the extreme left. 1 the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1
dh1mot1k1.
x1v
GREEK BASIC COURSE
The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus: dh1mot1k1 Modern L1terature kathom11 unen1 katharevusa Older L1terature Off1c1al Language Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press
Every-day Usage
Th1s Course The Greek descr1bed var1ety, 1.e. that person vary1
th1s Course 1s representat1ve
!
the kathom11umen1 As the!
the 'standard ' speech ! educated Greeks. 1nfluences from the other styles ! Greek the natural speechacord1ng
!
an educated!
to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety
'correct I!
utterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded. The whole Course cons1sts!
75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes, each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew cons1st1ng ! a Narrat1ve whlch 1 based the vocabulary ! prev10us un1ts. 1 ~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1 whlch the student 1s supposed to supply proper forms ! g1ven words. These dr111s are cont1nued 1 more advanced un1ts 1 connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1cal forms. atharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1 the narrat1ves ! Volume 111 and the rules ! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1 the subsequent grammat1cal notes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ! th1s Course should have a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well newspapers wr1tten 1 katharevusa. The follow1ng parts may be found 1 a Un1 t: Sample Dr111s Bas1c D1alogue Subst1tut1on Dr111s Response Dr111 Transformat1on Dr111s Useful Words tPo11te Express10ns Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111s ' Response Exerc1se Narrat1ve Top1cs for D1scuss1on Grammat1cal Notes
GREEK BASIC COURSJ
Bas1c D1a1ogues and Response Dr111s are found w1th Un1t 2. The occurrence!
1
each un1t.
Narrat1ves beg1n
other parts may vary.
Use 1. Bas1c D1a1ogues Most Bas1c D1a1ogues cons1st
!
Th1s Course
!
10 sentences.!
more advanced un1ts the
d1a1ogue may be d1v1ded 1nto two or three parts up or a sentence) tw1ce for each student. 1tem1mm~d1ate1y!
10 to 14 sentences.!
The 1nstructor reads the Greek. 1tem by 1tem. repeat1ng each 1tem (a bu11dEach member the c1ass repeats the after the 1nstructor. try1ng to lm1tatehls (or her) pronun1nstru~torIs 110
c1at1on.
the
the 1tem 1s m1spronounced by the After the c1ass hours each
student. the 1nstructor repeats 1t at norma1 speed w1th the student repeat1ng after h1m (or her) as many t1mes necessary. dolrtg thls untl1 he knows the d1a1ogue by heart. After the sentences students take part!1 !
student goes over the Bas1c D1a1ogue by 11sten1ng to the tape and repeat1ng. the D1a1ogue have been thorough1y memor1zed the The 1nstructor may take one
act1ng out the D1a1ogue.
the parts the f1rst t1me or two.
Thls procedure 1s to be contlnued unt11 actor.
any student can take part and go through thedla10gue 11ke2.
Response Dr1l1s Response dr111s cons1st!
quest10ns and answers based
the d1a1ogue
and narrat1ve st1uat1ons.
~nd
are d1v1ded 1nto 'Response Dr111
referr1ng
the d1a1ogue and IResponse Dr111 referr1ng to the narrat1ve. One 'rea1 s1tuat1on I 1s g1ven by the d1a1ogue and another one by the narrat1ve. The answers to the quest10ns are. therefore. pred1ctab1e . and the student 1s supposed to know them. Thus. for examp1e. 1! 1t appears from the d1a1ogue that fact and say
the restaurant 1s Just across the street from the mov1e theatre. the student must accept 1t as a 'real 1s the restaurant?I the f1rst 15 un1ts the answers to the quest10ns are g1ven w1th the dr111s. dr111ed1
'
when answer1ng the quest1on:1
'Where
the Response Dr111s Beg1nn1ng
Therefore. these quest10ns and answers must be the sentences!
the same way
the Bas1c D1alogues.
w1th Un1t 16 response dr111s conta1n on1y quest10ns and the student 1s supposed to formulate the answers1
h1s own words. but h1s answers must be pert1nent to
the g1ven s1tuat1on. From Un1t 16 the Response Dr111s are 10nger dr111ed 1 the same way as Bas1c D1a1ogues. but rather take the form ! a free conversat10n based
the facts g1ven by the d1a1ogue or the narrat1ve. xv1
G REEK BASIC COURSE
3.4.
Useful Words and rPo11te Expressions1
memor1zed by the student Narrat1ve
the same way as the Bas1c D1alogues.
'
must be dr111ed by the 1nstructor and
The narrat1ve presents that represented1
1
expos1tory style e1ther a s1tuat1on s1m11ar to
the Bas1c D1alogue.
a s1tuat1on related to 1t. w1th
broader vocabulary. The 1nstructor goes through the sentences 111ustrat1ng new vocabulary 1tems1
the same way as for Bas1c D1alogue.
After the students have thus
fam111ar1zed themselves w1th the new vocabulary. the 1nstructor reads through the whole narrat1ve at a normal speed. closed. The students summar1ze1
The students 11sten w1th the1r books
Eng11sh as much as they understand
the
narrat1ve. answer them.1
Then the students read and translate the narrat1ve 1nto Eng11sh. Response Dr111''
The 1nstructor then asks the quest10ns the student's own words The narrat1ves and1
and the students
The narrat1ves are 1ntended to be memor1zed at home and retold
class the next day.
1
Un1ts 2 through 5 are presented both
transcrlpt10n
the Greek wr1t1ng system.
subsequent narrat1ves the transcr1pt1on
18 om1tted.
5. 6.used
SampIe Dr111s are to be treated
1
the same way as the sentences
Bas1c
D1algou8s.Subst1t~t1on.1
Transformat1on and Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr11Is are to be accordance w1th the 1nstruct1ons g1ven at the beg1nn1ng each dr111.
7.
Response Exerc1se Response Exerc1ses occur at the very end
each un1t.
The quest10ns of GraduaIIy.
these exerc1ses are not necessar1Iy reIated to any part1cuIar un1t. as the student's vocabulary 1ncreases, these quest10ns beoOme character.
more general
The purpose
a Response Exerc1se 1s to 1nduce the student 1nto a
free conversat1on with1n the scope these answers should be dr11Ied D1aIogues.1
h1s vocabulary. AIl
Un1ts 2. 3. and 4 all poss1ble answers to the quest10ns are g1ven. the same way as the sentences
the Bas1c
Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 5 these exerc1ses cons1st
quest10ns only, and the1
student 1s supposed to be abIe to answer the quest10ns by h1mseIf. Any answer g1ven by the student 1s cons1dered correct and 1s good Greek. The student repeats the corrected answer. 1t 1s appropr1ate1
The answer 1s corrected by the 1nstructor
necessary.
11
G REEK BASIC COURSE
8.
Top1cs for D1scuss1on These dr111s appear 1n the advanced. un1 ts1
11eu of Response
Exercisc~s.
The 1nstructor presents the topics one by one and asks the members of the c1ass to take part the 1nstructor.1
the d1scuss1on.
One of the students 1s asked to develop
the top1c further and g1ve h1s reasons for agree1ng w1th the problem ra1sed by Another student should present h1s arguments to derend the Another one should try to f1nd a comprom1se between1
oppos1te po1nt of v1ew. the two posltlons. The exerc1se goes
Then other students jo1n
the d1scusslon.
When one toplc
has been fully d1scussed the 1nstructor ra1ses the next controversla1 questlon. unt11 a11 top1cs of the un1t have been thoroughly d1scussed and tota11y exhausted.
GLOSSARY At the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetlcal 11st of a11 the vocabu1ary 1tems 1ntroduced1
that volume.
Follow1ng each verb 1s a number 1nd1cat1ng the unlt forms of the verb are 11sted.
whlch the other
!
GREEK BASIC COURSE
\!
t
~~~~_~~_~~_~~!:_~~~!_~!!l~~!!_!~_!~_~~
~~~!:!!!!_~2~!
~
the ~Us!! I!~.. parentheses and quota on marks are used toge :~her (,1
)
a more Uteral tranalation is given Brackets [ ] are used
addition to the ord1nar'j EngUsh equ1valent.~11sh
indicate vords in the
equ1valent vhich do not
equ1valent in Greek.) 1Ddicate vordB vhich are in the Greek but no a noral EnElish
ParentbeSe8
equ1valent. 'n1e Eng11sh side 1s not a Uteral trans1at1on speakers ord1nar11y Ny1n ISUch a s1tuation. explainedOnon1tted. bo shuld aa o~
the Greek. but parentheses
Englisb
'1be use
o~
un
brackets
the s1tuat1on clear 1n each case.8lDt1es
Greek s1de. parentheses are used to 1nd1cate sounds vh1ch areo~
Alternate pronunciat1on /.
the same word or alternate vords are given atter a
slant line
Granatical Motes, slant lines /
/ are used to or~ Greek sounda, word8, an EngU8h text.
phrases or _entence. 1n
trnacr1pt1on vi th1n
t
GREEK BASIC COURSE
Unit ,
. .
kalimra
sas. sas.
Good norn1ng (Iyour good da ). Good arternoon. 2!: Good
kal1s~ra
evening. (Iyur good arternoon/.1 ).
.
kalintxta sa5.~rete.
Good n1ght. (said parting).He110.
.
2!:
Good bye.
.C .
'-
su.p6s
81.bowyouHwa,r.
&/ &;KC,
isee/istep6s:!e?
are you1
ka1l.
_11
.
erxar1st6
thanks (11 thaDk land
)
!;
youandyu?
. ' !; C ., .'!;.
kesis? ka1An.a::
erxar1st
kesis?
IIJD rine, tbanks, and you?
Yes.
C.c.
~
mflista.61. .
'..:
paraka16.
Please.
: Yu1re).
velcOIe.
( beg l aried~
'~f~!~~!~
t.'umbers
tvo
2
G REEK BASIC COURSE
,
~C:
trfat~sera
threeEur
~:,,~
p&ndeSks1
fivesix
~.
~f./~f.
ept4/eft' okt610xt6 eMa/erry4~ka
6K~/6x~
eight
l;""f:/l"".f.
nineten
Grammat1cal Notes
----------------The spelllng!
Modern Greek1
1
wr1tteo 10 Greek 1etters 1nher1ted from auc1eot Greek.1
to a large extent h1stor1cal aodak
therefore not cons1stent on a number!
polnts.
In order to
1t ea81er for the student the t1rst '0 un1ts
th1s course are vr1tten11
both 10 Greelc cbaracters and 10 transcr1pt10n. 10 Greelc scr1pt and the transcr1pt10nTbe traDscrlpt10n used here1
Beglnning ,,1th the un1t
Qverything 18
used only occaslonally io grammatica1 notes. adaptat10n!
1 a
Lat1n ]etters for l1IOst sounds andFor
Greelc 1etters for a tn.
It
1
not stric1tly speaking a 'phonetlc transcriptlon.
exp1e the 1etter / stands for one sound before
la,o,u/
and for another sound before
le,1/.
510ce the pronunc1ation 1s predictab1e the basis ! vhere lt occurs, a s1ng1e
letter may be used for both sounds. The transcrlption usedyi>ols: Voels:
1
th1s course cons1sts
!
the follov1ng 1etters and other
a,
,
u, e, 1
Consnants:
V01ce1ess: Volced:
,
t,
,
Ic,
,
t, ts,
b, d, b, g, , v, dz, , r, 1, , n,
The acceot mark 1ndicates the 10udest syllab1e a p}rase 01 sentence and 1ndlcates a 1ess 10ud (IsecondaryI) stress.1
The weak stress 1s unmarked.
word sa1d 1n a sentence
iso1at10n (as 1n the bu11d-ups) 111 regu1ar1y have a primary stress
1'1.
thls may be replaced by secondary or even by weak Btress (unmarked).
The stress 1n Greek
3
GREEK BASIC COURSE
falls a1vays
one
!
the last three sy11ab1es
!
a word.
There are three types ! phrase endings (~~: 'junctures') 1n Greek: (the spec1a1 signs for these are These punctuat10nnarks
1,1 111
and
1.1
11/, 1111
and1
1#1
respect1ve1y).B8Jll vlI~ues
are not used
the same vay or v1tb the
as 1n
either Eng1ish or Greek ordinary spe111ng. to the punctuat10n 'T'he conanarks.
The system used here ass1gns spec1f1c values
1,1
1nd1cates that the intonation pattei-n precediw 1t 1s character1zed the last stressed syllab1e!
by a ra1sed pitch per10d
!
the phrase.
1.1 1s
used to 1nd1cate the end ! a pbrase accompan1ed by fal1ing p1tcb.
It may or may not correspond to a period e1ther in Greek or 1n Eng11sh spe111ng. quest10n nark
111
1ndicates a r1sing p1tch 1 questions. be div1ded 1nto tvo categories:
Quest10ns
1
Greek
w~y
,) QuestioDS vbich begin v1th a quest10n vord (such, for examp1e, as 'vbo', 'vben', 'vhere', 'hw', etc.), e.g. ,wbere are you g01ng1' 'Wbat d1d be say?' etc.
2) Quest10ns vithout quest10n vords (usually beg1nn1ng v1tb a verb 1n Greek) sucb as,'Are you g01ng there1'
'D1d be
sa
tbat1', etc.!
The bighest p1tcb in quest10ns gradually to the 1ast syllab1e. Quest10ns tbe 1ast vord.Tbe p1tch 1eve1s are"! curse, !
tbe first category
1
tbe quest10n vord, tal11ng
the second
categ~ry
have tbe bighest p1tch
tbe stressed syllab1e
not abso1ute, but are bigb or
lor
relat1ve to each
other. Stress (vh1ch 1s 10udness) and p1tch (vh1ch 1 be1gbt tone) lIIWJt be caretul1y d1st1ngu1shed. S1nce tbe 10udest syllab1e 1s otten tbe bigbest 1n p1tcb, there1
frequent1y a tendency to con!use tbe tvo. Very spec1al attent10nust
be pa1d to the 1ntonat1on ! each Greek sentence.
It
should never be treated as i f 1t vere an Eng11sb sentence.
Tbe punctuat10n
narks
vill
he1p the student to say tbings correctlyj but only careful l1sten1ng, and 1mitat1on as vell as constant and pers1stent dr111111
g1ve
a correct prcnunc1at10n.
4
G REEK BASIC COURSE
,
Tbere are
1 voe1
sounds in Greek:
/1/
Soevhat
l1ke
!
!!~!!!!!!,
but
k1rfa, k6r1, 1r{n!, {stera
h1gher, tenser and v1thout the gl1de
that
voe1.
Tedhn1cally: a h1gh front unrounded e1 [1].
/8/
L1ke e
-
1et.
----
e&6, ker6s, It1mos,mSros
T8chn1cally: a (h1gber) n1d tront unrounded voe1 [e].
/./
SOJllvhat 1jke
! 10
!!~~!:' but
kill, 4na,parakal6, pot!mi
RUch shorter 11 unstressed.Techn1cally: aw11
unrounded
{a].
/0/
thch l1ke
c10th.
e06, 6ra, p6ros, etxar1st6
ecbn1cal1:=
a h1gher-IIIid
rounded back Toel [].
/uI
.S08Vhat l1ke~'
00 1
boot or u 10
kun6, kuldr1,kalu, ualfa
but h1gher, tenser, and~
v1tbout the
g11de
English.
Techn1cally: a h1gh back roundedvoe1
[u].
Pronunc1at1oo Dr111s
G.D.I.2
/1/k{rios 1or6tasefirerfoa
fkaros1mSra
ae!nakorits1
nda
GREEK BASIC COURSE
/e/leoforlo~repe
et!letemiMn
perno patatesp~nde
t!na ner6Ha
/a/trfa6ra
4I-ostos kal$.aeli:
patE!rasdra
/0/6rap6noskorn
aft6s mikr6s
sor6s6mikroD
6nomaak6ma
/u!ur4
kut6skun6uJ. urans
us{aUte
kaldut!teros
Note 1.3. Consonants
/b/
L1ke b ! bob. --Techn1cally: a voiced b11ab1al stop [b).
br,
bamb4a, buk411
bt!no, blka
6
GREEK BASIC COURSE
UNIT ,
/d/
Like d
!
dot but with the tongue
dn, knd,
pandd,
touching the teeth. Techn1cally: stop [~] a voiced dental
pand6fles
/f/
L1ke f 1 fOM. Technically: a voiceless
----
f40, falakr6s, f6ros furd, fflos, fe16s
labiodental sp1rant [f].
/g/
L1ke
~ 1 ~~~.
Rare except after
grernn6s, grfnya 4ngelos, 4ng1ra, 4nglos
Technically:stp
a vo1ced dorso-velar
[gJ.!
/k/
L1ke c
cot but wi tho~t!
k6ta, kano, kdpa
strong purf
breath.
Fronted kd, kfrios
before /1/ and Technically:
/e/.
a vo1celess
dorso-velar stop [k].
/1/
be like
!
! !!~! (before /o~u,
lA01, luluo1 lost6s, lekls, leksik6 1fma, 11p6n, 11ym6s, l1manj, lituryf.
a/), fronted bere /e/ aM /1/
(v1th
B~PE
speakers almost l1ke
!l
before /1/).
Technically: a yoiced apico-dental lateral [1]./r./
Like !!! -!
~;
may be fronted
maSima, mikr6s,
akros, m6Xosra, ~o
(toards ~) iJefore /1/.
Techn1cally: a b1lab1al
/rj
Like ~ ! ~~ bef~re /a,o,u/, fronted before /e/ and /i/.Tech.~ical1y: 3D
na6s, n01163, nus~oB,
n1sf, nfxta
apico-dental nasal
/n/.~
7
GREEK BASIC COURSE
//
Like puff
ot P2S but wi thout the strong
tri,,
paraka16,
pueen
breath.
pern6
Techn1cally: a voiceless bilab1al stop(].!
/r/
Usually a single flap or tap
tbe
r6nd, 6ra, rUxo, r'vo, p6roskorItsi,rev1
tongue against the ridge behind the upper teeth. Technically: an
alveolar flap [r'].
/s/
Like !!
! !!~~!.
Technically: a
s4mos, sU1a, sovar6s Isya, 'se,1
vo1celess apico-dental spirant(s]
/t/
L1ke t
!
tot but without the!
tfnos, poti, t4ksis
strong puff
breath, and with
the tonguetQuch1ng the teeth. Techn1cally: a vo1celess apicodental stop (t J.//
L1ke
V ! !!~!.
Technically: a
e'o, ',
vun6
vo1ced lab1o-dental sp1rant //.//
vfxas, v6rio8
Made by friction tbrough asr~r
!
air pass1ng
tongue 1s in position
/k/. xar4, xor6s, xdfta
Before /a,o,uI (or before consonantsfollwed
by one
!
these
wlB)2~ f
oxtd,
xta61
the sound 1s back, l1ke German!~!!, ~~~!!, beforefollwed
/e,1/ (or consonantsthesevwels)
x1m6nas,
x!rete,
xees,
:xeB
by one
!
the
sound 1s front, more l1ke ch1ch.
1 Oran
Technically: a vciceless dorso-velar sp1rant(].
8
G REEK BASIC COURSE
UT
,
//
L1ke
~ ! ~~!!.
Technica11y:[).
6,
pzo, zIte, zaxari
a voiced apico-denta1 spirant//
zum
Made by frict10n
!
air pass1ng1
ayor4,yra,
_1,
4yuros,
through as tongue is
pos1tion
ynost6s
for / gf. (It 1 a vo1t:ed counterpart //).
TechrI1cal1y: a v01ced(). 6, ad, d108
dorso-ve1ar 3p1rant
/'6//8/
L1ke
~~ ~~~!!:.
Tecbnically: a(].
vo1ced ap1co-dental s11t sp1rant L1ke~~ ! ~h!!!.
1, ~ndro, 16, eks14
Techn1cal1y: a
aniBema, B41asa, 86108auk1&~18,
v01ce1ess apjco-dental s11t sp1rant
81savr6s.
(8).
/ts//dz/
L1ke ts
1
nets. Techn1ca11y: a
kor:l'ts1, ts1iEndo, tsCY tsuv411, ts1 yUO kafedz:ls, dz{dz1kas{].
v01celess ap1co-dental aftr1cate [cJ. L1ke
'nyo.xi episis ena ka1 estiatrio.xilymetra
..
ena:! oio
't . .''t6 ~x.
rnakria ':), in(e) ena alo kacyaft e:d pol or~a
:n, . .6. KOV'tcX a'ta&-
ksen06oxio. :Jomatia.
ke meyala eM kond&,
a18 ine ke pol: akrivc.
22
GREEK BASIC COURSE
mrr
3
6.
~~6
~x~ ~ 6
!n(e) staOros. stams,ka1 estiatrio.
exi ena
1
~~~6~o.
~Ex~ xC
.
~~o !
exi episis ke mia kali
~ , ! xC , ! .
taverna.
to estiatrio, oe ine mea1o,
ine mikr6 ke ftin6, a18. i taverna, ine po1imei1i.
ariem:
Mt/XMtMtMt
endeka/en8eka60eka5ekatra
e1even twe1ve thirteen fO\Jrteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty
-)ekateseraO~
Mt XT/MtMtOX/MtO Mt '
ekaeksi
~ekaefta~ekaepta
6eka0xt6/5ekaokt6 oekaeneakosi
~~!!~-~!!!
pu~
in(e) ena
1::;cno()oXo~
na
ksenobox!o, in(e) ena xiJ.ymetro ma)r.ria
apoQ.
rnc,,:-&la
kyor,~a
:'omatia7
alista,~lista,
exi meilaine ftin6.ka1
ke 1'0 l:. orea matia.
:tne ftin6?
c:d.
estiat6rio7na
, xi
ena
estiatOrio.
pU in(e)
8:10 ksenoi)ox!07
en(a) 810 ksenoox!o, in(e)xilyrretra makria apOOo.
ena
i
exi afto orea ke meya1a
60~~tia7
a1ista, It
exi orea ke meila octia,
me banyo. in (e) akriv6 af'to toksenoooX07
alista,
in(e) akriv6.ineO
pU in(e)cxi
staGmos?
staemos
konda.
staGmos estiat6ri07
ma1ista, staGms !
ena
kal6
est.iatrio.
w(e) art to est.iatrio mey810 kyakriw723
xi. af't to estiatrio
ine m1kr ke 1n.
GREEK BASIC COURSE
ar1n
ke p8nd.e
ekapMde.
8Ilea
ke tera
ekatr!a.
olctO ke tr!aeca8k81 ke eka ke
erdeka. tA8era
:lkDsi.
eksi&:10
ok.ekap8nde.
ekatria ke
ekat8sera
k8na
ekapDe.ko.I.
ZIelcaeneaokt
kna
k;yolctO
ekaeksi.
ept ky~1eka k;iks!eka I;yept8
eka&li.
ZIekaepU. ZIekaenea.!koI.
ekaokt ke
Gramnat1cal
Note8
~_~~.!.
Adjective:
Gender
Agreeent.
Bl~ MOV-rt;
:tne
kanna kal ksenooxo
Is there a good hotel around
eo
k0nd871s
here71 1?
Bl~ K~;wOx~, ~ -rv. El~ ~ ~K ~-rt,t i) .
:lne akriv67 6xi. :lne :lne[1n.
,
1t 's reasonab1e.
ena
mikr~ ar1stera,
There 1s a small, very good the 1eft.
18d.
poll ka1b.
~ yt -rv.
kall ke eyiutaverna. good and big tavern.
These sentences iUustrate the use the three genders.
!
adject1ves, wh1ch have d1fferent end1ngs for each
Adjectives wh1ch mooify nouns 'agree' witlI them 1n gender.
In ~
/ka10 !/, the noun 18 neuter, and the af"jective has neuter end1ng, 1n
24
GREEK BASIC COURSE
tJ
3
'tf
/ka1l taverna/ the noun is teminine, and the adjecti has a tem:inine ending.
Adjectives which refer to a noun a1so 'agree' with the noun, as /!ne akriv7/ ., . 't6t /Oro1. 0/.!
. &.6
/xi, ine ttin/, both reterring to the neuter noun
There are severa1 difterent classes
adJectives, according to their endings.
'1be
most frequent i8 that which has -; /-os/ in the ma.sculine, --
/-i/
in the teinine, and
/-0/
in the Duter, e.g..
F./ttins/~1j 1j y~.1j
.
't6;
/ttini//kal//mea1i/
~66y~o.6
/ttioo//ka1/
'cbtap'
6;y~o; .6;
/b16s/ /meyi10s//1krs/
'1001'
/mea1o/ 'b1g'
/rd.kr/./
/rd.kz6/
-
An other adjective c1ass 18 represented by:.;
.-
/orf:os/adjec:t1w vith
/or~a/
.
.-
/orlJo/ 'beaut.Uul'
Rear:l1' an
n-
ead1Jg 1n. wrel (_ 1 /. ./) 81'8
ot tb:18 VPe.
'l\o adJectivestolloing orns:
;
/enas/ '' and
; /kanenas/ '~, 80118' have the
.
F./4nas/ /ma/ ~~ .~ /rr18/
.
;;
/4na//kanna/
/kanena8/ /kama/~! .~ /karnY/ !
Other classes
adJectives
111
be discussed in 1ater units.
Beg1nn1ng with Un1t 4 the three forms (nascul1ne, feminine am neuter) ! a11
adjectives "i11
gi.ven in the build-ups
follos:
6; ,
-1j, -6
ka1s,
-1.,
-
'good' 'bie' 'beautiful'
y~o;, -, - ;, -, -
e10B, .-i, -
oreos, -a,
-
.tc. .
Sce adj.Ct1W8 vith 81088 end1ng 1
/k/
baw an a1ternate
tea:1D1n. on 1n/-'/,
6;
/Jake/Ibed I ; 1n.:
!Ia'd./
K.~
/IaJq./.
!~-2:.!. ID:ie.t1n1te Art1cle
1he atject1w
, /,
/mas/, /ma/2!:
Wa/,
/la/ow' 18 alo
2$
GREEK BASIC COURSE
equivalent
the English 1ndefinite article (1;,:1, 'an'):
F. w~
/eMs staerSS/ ~~ . l:pa
/! 6ra/
la 4n / onio/
/rrW&'an
r/
'a
staticn'
hur'
'a
1'0011' 1'0011'
'one station'b
'nsinglar
hour'
'one
indefinite art1 cle occurs only w1 th Definite Article. Plural/~
nouns.
!i2~_~~. ou:
' ' .
()omB tial
the rooms''6
This exaJJlple illustrates the plural fonn
' /ta/of neuter def1nite article
/to/.The def1nite article follows:Eons
you have encountered up to here can be
sumar1zed
2i.Mascul1ne
Pl.
6'6
/0/
'
/i//1/
Feminine
Neuter
/1/ /to/Graatical
/ta/
Dri1ls
1parn na ka ksenoooxio e8 kond81iPrxi
!ne kan meyUo ksenooxio e knd.i1 ine kanena JJleyalo est1atrio e knd.i1 !ne kanna JJleBlo leofono e kond8? :tne kanna JJleyalo omati kond.&1 !ne kanena oreo lJenoox!o kond.&1 ine kaneD8 oreo estiatrio e koncl.&1 :tne kaneD8 oro ti e kond.&1 !ne
ena kal estiatri e kond8?ka ()nAtio
ipArx:i. ella
kond&1
1parxi ena kald loofor!o kond8? iparxi kanella nikr ksenooxio k0nd41 iparxi lnena JJI1kr estiatr10 eM koncl.&?1pirxiprx1
kanena JJi.1' ()ona10 eM koncl.&? kanena:n1.kr
leo.fono eM koncl.&1
kanena
oreo leofor!o e knd.i1
26
GREEK BASIC COURSE
:!ne !ne
kamy
kal! taverna
kond8? k0nd8?
!ne kanenas kals stanS kond41 :!ne kanenas meyllos staems koooa?
lcanyi m:ilcr! tave1a
!ne kaJny8 eyll taverna e ko~? ine kany8 or_ taverna ko~?
kanenas mikrs koma?
!ne kannas oreos e koma?
mili8ta, :!n (e)
naB e
k0nd4.
cSx1,
n
:Ine kan4nas eM k0nd.8. nas
maUsta,
kond8.
6xi,
!ne
1caMaB e
kond8.
!ne
kannas 1kr.
kond81
mallsta, m(e) 8naS kond8.
6xi,
:lne kaMnas::n (e) naB
e
kond4.
!De
kannas
or80s
()
koma1
miusta,61,
eM k0nd4. kond8.
!ne
kanSnas e
miusta, :!ne m!a e kond8., ~
Ine kam!a
_
konda.
!ne Jauny8 ey111 tav1rna e koooa1
_Usta, ine,
da e
kond8. kond8.
!ne
k:an e da .
!De
kanyi
tt1n!
tavma e
koma?
usta,
!ne
kond8.
6:d., n :Ine lc8d kond8.!e k8ny4
or8a
tavema
konda?
dllsta, !ne m!a eM kond&.61, .n
ine
k!a na
k0rd8. kond&.
ine Jnena ka1D estiatrio
e6c)
kond?
dUsta, !n(e)
6%1,:te Jn8na t.1n estiatrio e
t\n
!ne kan8na!)
e knd.
Icoma?
milista,
ena
k0nd8.
6xi,:te kanna m:ikro estiatr10
!ne kaneM
kond8.
eM koma?
mallsta, !n(e) 6xi,
na
koma. konda.
!ne kanena
:lne kanena
oro 8stiatri e
kom.a?
ma1ista !n(e) na eM koma.
6xi,inekannas
on
ine kanena konda. !n(e) enas kanenas kondI. eO kord&.
or&!s ke
mealos staems
ni1ista,
e
k0nd41
xi,
27
GREEK BASIC COURSE
ine kamnya nikr orea ke ft1n:l tavernaeO kndc?
m4lista, m!a eM kond!. 6%1, ine lua e kaooa. mal1sta, () na e kn:a.
ine
kanera
mey:il0 oreo ke ftin estiatrio
e
kondA?
cSx:i.,
ine kanena
kond&.
COrre1ation-8ubstitution Dr1lls
------------------------------Substitute the 1Iords in parentheses !or the underlined 1Iord (or 1Iords) sentences and change the fonns the noun substituted. G.D.3. ,~_~~~_~~~~~~ koroa.!
!
articles ard. acljectives as necessary to agree with
~_m1~~!_~_~~~!_~~~in (e) aristera.
(taverna)~}~~!~_!~E!~! !n(e) aristera.
(taverna)
!_~~!!_~~_~~~~..!!!!!~ine ka~!an brost8.(stams)
(leofono) i mikri taverna ine katefeian brosta. (staems)!_~~~_~!~!'~ in(e) aristera.(ksenoOox:o)
~_~~~_~!_!~~~_!~!~!~ eksia.(oatio)
~_~!~_~_~~~_~~1ne.(Jcsenooxo)
~_'!!~~!~_!!~!!~~~:tne \eksit.()
(prenia)kntefe:tan ~rost8.
to
ftin ksenooox!o ------------------- !ne
(taverna)
G.D.
3.2
iparx:i. _~!~_~!~~..2 e kond8?
(tAverna, omatio, BmB)
1parxi ~~!~_~!:~_~!~~e k0nd8?
(tavema,\~st.iat6r:io, leoforio, stans, taverna)
estiatrio, )emati)
28
GREEK BASIC COURSE
,
pi k(e)
na kal ksenoox!o1
ena poli kal ksnOOono,!ne pnde xi~traaakr1& apOO/ 1n(e) e&c)
kondi/ !ne p4rakond8 8na
pol! makr1i/
n lparX e
kalC> kSenooxio/ () ena,kat.eteian
brost8, a18 ine pira pol! akrivd/ in(e)na, eea X:~tra akr1a prok8en!o.:!
&oMt1a
8:1
pol ora ke 8eyla II8tla/ 8 pol ,
a18
pol 1kr ona tla/
exi pira
poli kal8 cat1a ae bMyo.:1ne l't1Jl6 art to Inoox!o?
maUata.
pol
rt1n6/6x1. !ne pira pol!pol!kal/ kal/
akr1w,
al& kB
pr
!ne
pol
f'tin, 14
ke
!ne f't1n6, a18
para poli n1krO/ !ne f'tin, ko kal.B11sta,x:i
8na
pol ey810 ke kal
est1atr1o/ .usta, xi na lllikr,
a18
!ne
pol kal/ ix: ,
a1A !nexi
pol
akrlw/8x: ,
aU
.
ine poli kal/aia .ey&l1
n 1 eat1atl'io,
a18
-in(e) oeu x11,7etra aakri8 aptout1atSr1o/ !n(e)
arl8ter' to or!o/
ine
&ea:tJ . ut.1atoo/1n(e) ecS ~.CStera eka18.
katefe!an bro8U,1 {(8) .58"
ine
pd X:1yetra
_kr18 apto
kal
k8en0od/ !ne p8r~
poli .akri8.kali tavema/,
xi 8taI e8t1atrio7
,
a14
ex1
l. pol!n
ex1 ena, _18
ine poli ka1O.
ora ine?
ine m/ pnde/ ept&/ / cSeka. ine katef'e1an brost /xilyetra
pU ine to leo!'orio1
k(e) 1
makria apoM.
29
G REEK BASIC COURSE
!~_~~I~~~~&f~10e~1ete
'breakfast '
want
&f""
you want (the) cup (the) tea (the) corree Would you l1ke ('do you want') a cup!
",,6
"";:6:.
fi1dz4n1
",,66
""0'6:.'f
ka'!
ef"" "";:6:.
""O'6:t
e~1ete ~B
fi1dz4n1
~ xff; ;:6:
, kar~?
tea or corree?
1 zixar1
(the) sugar (the) 1ellOn
",,6ef ~
6.
1em6n1
""O'6:t
f o~
!10 !na . zlxar1
me
pol
1'd 11ke tea with a
10 !
;:6: 6.. '
ke
1eni.
sugar and [a p1ece or] 1elllOn. you (1. or p011te s1ng.)
esfs
dr1nk
""'Ea ""
pfnete
you dr1nk[Hw abut]
",,6
e81s.
p6s p!nete to(n)
you?
Hw
do you
Kaff
';
gart 8&S? to(m)-
talce ('dr1nk') your corree?
",,6
-
dr1nk
1
af"",
-,
sklt08. -1, xorfs
unsweetened, p1a1n w1thout (the) m1k(
",,6
6:
-y41a
6 af""o 6:.
to(m) blno sk~to ke xorfsAla.
dr1nk 1) w1thout sugar and w1thout m11k.
30
G REEK BASIC COURSE
4
mpoB
~xo ~xete
kul6r1ku1-ya
ta
:
vdt1ro
1 marme1'ZlaIff) ~x~ !., ~. o!~o xt ~:
ndpos t!xete kul11rya, psondne
Do
you by any chance have
wtiro ke
doughnuts or bread and butter and [some) uralade7
mar1ie1.Zla7
~xo .~
~JCUne
we have(the) toast1.
1 1
friyanYfriyany~s
.~6 .
to
~H
(the) honey,
. &~ fv . .. . ~;
6JC1, a14
~xume fr1'Yan~s
but
'
have toasts and Do you vant a]%
ke _11.16
etlete%
honey.
11m th1rsty
~6 o~~., -, -
potIr1-,-
(the) glass co1d (tbe) vaterhv
krfos,
6 6
ner6
6