Cc-7Rfl ,11. \IV.VV\;.7V Irb' [0 f)g S'('"' PREFACE This
startedasaradicalrevision,it endedasanewbook.Theauthor
haslongbeenimpressedwiththefundamentalsoundnessofNunn's Elements
asa bookforbeginners,regarding it asincomparably the best bookof
itstypepublishedinthiscountry.Thesubjectisintroduced
gentlyandunhurriedly.The groundtobecoveredissensiblychosen,
representingagoodyear'sworkfortheaveragestudent.Nunn'sdiscursive
lucidity isadmirably suited to those whohavetoworkon their own,and
the exercises are well conceived.Yet thirteen years of teaching
fromthisbookhaverevealedmanypossibilitiesof improvement.The
ownersandhavekindlygivenmepermissiontoreviseit completely,using
what materialIlike and omitting or changing whatI like.Ihave been
in the happy position of being allowed, if necessary,to
writeanewbook,leaningheavilyonNunn,yetwithoutriskingthe charge of
plagiarism. . Asworkonthe book progressed,sothe possibilities of
improvement seemedtomultiply.The resultinthe
endhasbeenliterallythousands of changes,many very smallbut many
quite considerable.The guiding principle throughoutthe work of
rewritinghasbeentotry toconform the book asclosely as possible to
its title. That is to say,to try to present
theelements(andonlytheelements)ofNewTestamentGreekas
simplyandcompletelyaspossible.Thelearningof alanguageisan enormous
task.The secret of success istogaina thorough grasp of the
elements.If the elements are known, the rest willcome bit by bit
easily enough.Butif theelementsarenot known,the student
willflounder and makenoprogress.The student should be protected
fromallavoidabletoilwhichdoesnotdirectlyfurther thisend.
InthecaseoftheNewTestamentitispossibletodiscoverwith
remarkableprecision just what the elements are.We are dealing witha
limited body of literature containing of which the
vocabularyhasbeenstatisticallyanalysedandthegrammarhasbeen minutely
examined.Ihave taken a great deal of trouble soto selectthe
materialthatthestudentmayknowthateverythingheislearningis vi
PREFACE reallyuseful,andthatif he canlearnallthat the bookcontains
hewill have mastered the complete elements of New Testament
Greek.Ihave alsotried tosimplify thepresentationin
everypossibleway. Theresultsmaybesummarisedundertheheadingsof
omissions, additions and rearrangements.
OmissionsincludetheReadingExercisesfromtheShepherd Hermas and the
Second Epistle of Clement(the student needs rather the
encouragement of actual New Testament study); most of the
references toLatinandClassicalGreek;variouspointsofoverlapping;anda
numberofrare(ornon-existent!)formsandconstructions.These
includefuture,.par!!ciples, the severalcomparatives
andsuperlatives, YVWBL,'TTpo:;withgenitiveanddative,
p,H'W.These,thoughusefulin theirplace,arerelativelyunimportant and
should not load the beginner's memory. They may of course be met
atanearlyinthestudyof aNewTestamentbookandwillbe
soughtforinvaininthe Elements.But thisa r.cfere,ncapxwv
D.apxnD.apxrus The definite article which goeswith
allfemininenounsisdeclined thus:SingularN.PluralN.at A.'T7]VA.'Tas
G.'T7]SG.'TWV D. 'T'[J D.'TaLS That isto say,itfollowsthe endings
of apX7]exactly. 394'2 THE DEFINITEARTICLE.[8] We"havenowhad
examplesof nounsof aUthreegende.rsand of the
formsofthearticlewhichgowiththem.Thefulldeclensionofthe
articleisasfollows: M.N.f ,tSingularN.0TOTJA. .!2!'TTJV.m.. G.TOV
TTJS TOV D. Tlf! TTl Tep PluralN. ,, TO,A.TOVSTasTO,G.TWVTWVTWV
D.TaLSTOLS definitearticle,ofcourse,agrees innumber, gender and
case with the nounwith it isconnected. EXERCISE8 A I.rWwaKovavotdo
)t'otTTJV&:ya7TTJVTOV0 ov.2.apXTJ TOV VaYY AWV'ITJaov Ytov0
ov.I 3.a7TOaTOAO ypatKatVrJV7TtaToArJvTnKKArJatq,.4.0'I rJ
a011S'Ofpa7Tf11ftT011S'T111>AOtiS'KatT011S'Af7TPOtlS'.5.0;J1-aOrJTat
EathotlatvTOVKap1TOVTOVaKaOapTov;6.J0wS'KPtvfLKaaTOV vwvtav.7.0
1TapaA11TtKoS'EaTtVEV J1-faf[;JT011ifP011KatfvAOYft
TaKaAaJpyaT0110f011.8.ot 1TTWXOt1>tA011atVTOdaYYfAtov. B In this
exercise,whenever the definite article isused with an attributive
adjective,boththepossibletranslations.
I.Wisevirgins.2.Sufficientsteadfastness.3.Thenewlife.
4.Beautifulthrones.5.Believingchildren.6.Unbelieving
prayers.7.Badtimes(accusative).8.On(in)thethirdday. 9.The poor
man's garment.10.The first prayer.11.The only God.12.The sins of
the unbelievers.13.New books.14.An unclean sheep and an unclean
soul.15.A good heart.16.The last I)ihour.17.Eternal
scriptures.,18.A beloved widow.19..:,.Afew'X) ....boats of the
disciples.20. arlgeis:- 21.In the midst of the
river.22.0blindhypocrite! C
H,IIv'!1.Therestfindtheonlyyoungmaninthedesert.2.Thebad prophets
donot bear witness tothe truth.3.The soldiers firstmake ,- f""
anewcrossfortheSonofGod.4.Goodwordssavemenfrom ?l0Eq>. II.17ap
KaAovp.- VKat Ec!>WVOVp.- V,d,\A' OUK12.oAos SEJ oXAos; KatOU
Ot'Y)KOVEtOVOE17pOa KVVEtTq>0Eq>.13.Ta 17atStaill' J
17AovaOS;17 ptE17aT tEVTatsOOOtS;T'Y)SaOKas. 14.0
aTpanwT'Y)SJ170V'Y)pOSKpaTEtKatSEtTOV pyaT1)vTq>OEVOpq>.
",6., 15.Ot17TWXOt yap.-ovvKaKaTq>KovvEVTTlYTJ.I. 0ovvao,!",s
KVpOS;EAEt TOVS;StKatOVs;Kat OKOOOp.- OKtas TatS X'YJpaLS.17.
,{3yap'Y) avvaywy'Y) OOKEtop.-ota17pOaTOts B r.This
womanwasfollowingthe youngman.2.That evilservant usedtobindhis
ownson.3.These eldersseemblind.4.The happy elder was calling to the
whole crowd.5.This second brother therefore used to serve and
worship God in a different temple.6.The paralysedwere walking,the
rich were encouraging the poor, the strong were building houses for
the elders, the whole people was giving thanks. 7.They marry and
dwellin the village in peace andhonour.!8.He 1 Peace'and'honour'
donot require the articlehere. 59 ,aVTOS[14]
usedto.havemercyonthesaints,fortheywereill.9.Thedevil takesholdof
smallchildrenandinjuresthechurch.10.Forthe Lord saves the souls of
men fromthe evil one.II.Loveand truth areintheeternalkingdomof
God.12.Andinthatdaywewere hearing the gospelandcasting out demons.
LESSON 15
Imperfect of dILL
aUTO; (I) ,,.t,heaVT?'}sheaVTOit ,.#,...himaVT7}vheraVTO"it
aVTOV' ,,,"aVTOVof him,hisaVT?'}Sof her,heraVTOVof it, its ,.'.....
,'"avnt!to himaVTTItoheravnt!toit ,/,..,.. aVTotaVTataVTathey
,/,,/aVTOVSaVTasaVTathem '" ,,- , ,"" aVTWVaVTWVaVTWVof them,their
,,,t"aVTOtsaVTatsaVTOSto them Examples: , (a)1Tefl/lTEtaVTOVS
KTOVtepov.Heissendingthemoutofthe temple.
(b)OVTOteiutvOtOiKOtaVTov.Thesearehishouses(thehousesof him).
(c)aVTOSuw'et TOVAaov.He savesthe people. In sentence (b)it willbe
seen that the genitive of the personal pronoun isusedasa
possessivepronoun(' his','her', 'its','their ').'
IPersonalandpossessivepronounsof thefirstandsecondpersonaredealt
with inLesson19. 60 ,[15] eaVTOV In sentence (c)UW'Et would of
course sufficiently translate' he saves' withouttheadditionof
aUTOS.Itsinclusionwouldprobablysuggest someemphasis.It
istobenoted,however,thatinthiscaseitisa personal
pronoun,notanemphasising pronoun.Anemphasising pronounislinkedwitha
noun. .... (2) In thisuse aUTOS goes in the (a)aUTO;0KvptoSI
TheLord himself'savesthe orf uw'et TOVAaov people.(b)0KvptosaUTO;
(3)[Identicaladjective] Inthisuse goesintheattributive
(a)oaUTO;Kvptos} ThesIDDeLordsavesthe oruw'et TOVAaov
people.(b)oKvpos0 aUTO; eaUTOV A reflexivepronoun
isalwaysinthepredicate.It refersback to the subjectof
thesentence,thepronounandthesubjectbeingthesame
person(orthing).Thereisthereforenonominativeofthereflexive
pronoun.Apartfrom this,the thirdperson reflexivepronoun,ECl:Y.IEV,
isdeclinedjust likeaVTos.z ,,SingularA.eaVTOVEaVT?'} VeaVTO
,,G.eaVTOVEavT?'}seaVTOV ,,D.eaVTqJEaVTTJeaVTqJ
,,,PluralA.eaVTOVSeaVTaseaVTa ,,,G.eaVTWVeaVTWVeaVTWV
,,,D.eavTotseavTatseaVTOS Examples: 'I1]uovSouuw'eEavTovJesus
doesnot savehimself. o'I?'}uovs 1TeytvWUKevTOVTO VJesus was
perceiving this in him,eaVTqJself. ITheemphasisingpronoun
willmean'himself','herself','ourselves',etc.
accordingtothecontext.Anemphasisingpronoun isoccasionallylinkedwith
anotherpronoun,e.g.John3.28:'youyourselves'.It canalsobeusedwith
averb whose subject isonly expressed in the
verbending,e.g.ICor.9.27:'I myself';cf.Ex.15c5:'we ourselves'.
,Reflexive pronouns of the first and second person are dealt with
in Lesson 19. 61 aA,\os:d,\,\1],\ous: [IS] Therearetwoordinary
wordsfor'other': Tf:posandd'\'\os/dA,\os islikeEK WOS:
&''\'\os&''\'\1]dA,\o When it isusedhowever,it stands (not
inthe predicative position,like K WOS,ando'\osbut)intheThus: The
other sheep:(I)'to0:).).017po{Ja/TOV
or(2)TO17po{JaTOV'to0:)..).0.
FromdA,\os- isformedthereciprocalpronound'\'\1]'\ous,'one
another'.d'\'\1]X(j'usof course hasnonominative andnosingular.The
formsfoundinthe New Testament are: A.dA,\1]'\ous G.d,\,\1],\wv
D.&'A,\1],\OtS Examples: 9t'\OVft
Vd'\'\1]'\ovsWeloveoneanother. 9 t'\OtE(J'ft Vd'\'\1]'\wvWeare
friendsof one another. ypa90ft V 7TtUTo'\asd'\'\1]'\o,>We
writeletterstoone another. IMPERFECTOFdILL TheImperfecttenseof
theverb'tobe' isasfollows: I;J.!!1]V_was ,,9;if or 1](J'ayouwere
he,she,it was " 1]ft Vor 1]ft 9awewere 1]T youwere r,1]aavthey
were. ,InclassicalGreek T POSisthe correct wordwhenspeaking
oftheotherof
two.butintheNewTestamentthisdistinctionbetweenthetwowordshas ahnost
disappeared. 62 [IS]EXERCISE EXERCISEIS A 1.'E9 wpouft
VTOUSOlKOVSaVTWv.2.OVTOS fta91]T1]S
'1wavouTOV{Ja17TtaTOu.3.yapSov'\OtT1)SdftapTtas. 4.
ovvStaKoVotTOV'\aov.5.oiviotaVTov KaKOt. 6.aVT1]yap 7;
VTO,\YJaVTOV.7.ai '\Ot17atT1)SKWftYJSavVYJYov 17po,.,aTat:I"
VTOUaypou. 8" 01]aous ' TO.aVTWVft acp , aUTOS 'I ov 17poaEKtJV
td,\N0:fta91]TataVTov.9.7;'W1]ftEV t VaVTOtS. 10. K tVot
ETEpotdPTOtKatd'\'\o170T1)ptOV.II.V170,9..A-.
\"-'\\>,KptT1)SKat1]ft aTV'f'IIOt.12.1]ft1]Vaya171]TOS,aI\I\ ftW
tTdA,\1]'\ous.13. 170VYJpa. B
Expressintwodifferentways:1.Thisface.2.Thewholeface. 3.The
faceitself.4.That face.5.The sameface.6.The other face.7.His
ownface. Expressinoneway:8.Adifferentface.9.Thefacesofone
another.ro.They werepersuading themselves. C I.
InthebeginningwastheWord.I 2.ThisistheloveofGod.I-lIN,
3.Thesamedisciplesweregivingthankstotherichtax-collector.
4.Youusedtoseehersonsinthehouse.5.Weourselveswere
receivingthemintotheotherboat.6.Youwereinthetemplein
thosedays.7.Thisiseternallife.8.Theywereholyand
beloved.9.Theirchildrenwereintheassembly.10. were reading the
Scriptures to one another in the synagogue.II. These
sameJewsusedtohearandfollowtheirownprophets.12.The Baptist himself
used to teach his disciples.13.Another child throws himself intothe
sea. Do not express the firstarticle. 63 LESSON 16 Cases, time,
prepositions Preparatory use of 'there' and 'it'
Re-readLesson10:Further usesof Accusative,GenitiveandDative. CASES
Wesawtherehowcertainprepositionstake or(asitissaid)'govern'
certaincases.Prepositionsdonot,strictly speaking,'govern'thecases
ofthenounswhichtheyprecede.Thecaseisreallythegoverning element in
thethe preposition only serves to make clear the
e.xactsenseinwhichthecaseis _1};;;a.This,atleast: wastrue
earlierhistoryof thelanguage,but
asthelanguagedevelopedtheprepositions mastered the cases.. As
the'horse in the fablecalled in the man "to helphim again;tthe
;tag, and allowedhim to get on his back, so the casescalled inthe
helpof theprepositions,andthen foundthemselves weakened or
evendestroyed.Nevertheless,it isimportant andhelpful to try to
understand asfully aspossible the basic idea of the cases,for it
atoncebringstogetherinanintelligiblewayuseswhichatfirstseem
arbitrary. TIME Consider, forinstance,the waysof expressing time.
(I)accusativerepresents extensionin just asit
doesextensioninspace.Thereforehowise.g.ovo (ace.pI.)fortwodays
fJ-vova,v T1]V EKW1]Vtheyremain that day.
(2)Thegenitiverepresentsthe'genus'orkindoftime.Takethe sentence:
'He journeyed 'bYday.'Which he haveon his journey?He journeyed'
during the day-time'. ,:[,i!Jle during which istherefore So:
(gen.sing.).byday 64 [16]PREPOSITIONSWITHTHREECASES
(3)Thedativerepresentsaplaceorpointintime(alocativeuse). Therefore
time at which isdative, onthe third day.e.g.771TP'TTJNone of
theseusesrequiresa preposition,though apreposition may on occasions
be added as well, e.g. 'on1'ltte third day' could be translated ,.
VTTJTP'77I1]fJ-pq. PREPOSITIONSWITHTHREECASES napa
Consideralsothepreposition'TT'apa.'TT'apameans'beside',anditcan
takethreepossiblecases:accusative;-:genmv-e-Oi:dative.Whenthe
meaning of'TT'apais combined with one of the meanings of the cases,
we getthe followingresults: (I) napa with accusative ismotion to.
beside or alongside, fJaM,aiho 'TT'apaT1]Vooovhethrowsitbeside
theway 'TT'p''TT'a7''TT'apa.71]V()aAaaaavhewalksbeside thesea. (2)
napa with genitive ismotion from beside, an ablativeuse,
dv()pw'TT'oS'TT'apaTOVBovamanfromGod. (3) napa with dativeisrest
beside,alocativeuse, fJ-Vovaw'TT'ap'a.thcptheyremain withhim.
ETClE'TT", meaning'upon',canalsotakethreecases,butinthe New Testa
thedistinctionsbetweentheusesofthecases
-------------_._'--_..__.....
,_...blurred.Thestudent,however,shouldusetheideais locative)if the
idea is rest upon, fJaM,dMaEmT1]VY1]vhethrowsothersonthegood
T1]VKaA1]Vearth fJ-V'EmTTl'TT'Tpq.heremainsuponthe rock.
OneparticularuseofE'TT" withmeaninginthetimeof,....... should be
noted: E'TT" 'HALOVTOV'TT'POLAEl0'6wO'otv Themeaningof the
PresentImperative
AswesawinLesson13,thePresentisalineartense,whichcanbe
representedeitherby alineorby alineof dots
Therefore,aswouldbeexpected,thePresentImperativedenotesa command
ortocontinuetodo an action,or todoit repeatedly.
ItisnotalwayspossibletobringthisoutintranslatingaPresent
ImperativeintoEnglish,aswehavenoconvenientformof expression
whichisequivalent toit.Anattempt to expressin fullthe forceof the
GreekPresentImperativeismadeinthetranslationof thefollowing
examples,thoughitshouldberememberedthatsuchtranslationsare
usuallyover-translations. {3a'JJ..7:TOUS'A'OOVS'Keeponthrowing the
stones. T7JPtTWTaS'EVToAaS'Let himcontinue to keepthe commandments.
74 NEGATIVEIMPERATIVESQUESTIONS Imperativesinthenegative Averb in
the Imperative isnegatived instead of OU,andbyinstead of ovS!
Example: ... fL7J 1TEpt1TaTt EV TatS' JSOtS' T7'JS' dStKtaS',
fL1]SEXatp avv TOt, dKaO';f,pTotS' Donot
(continueto)walkinthewaysof unrighteousness,norrejoice
withtheunclean. f1;7J (oran) isalsousedinorinwhich '.
ou(orovXt)isusedinquestionswhichexpecttheanswer'Yes'. There
arethereforefourtypesof directquestion.: (I)Ordinary questions.Eanv
6 XptaTO,; means' Is he the Christ?' (2)Hesitant questions.fL1]
(orfL1]n)Eanv0XptaToS';caneither mean:'Is heperhaps(or,Canitbe
thatheis)theChrist?',or it can belong to: Questionsexpecting
theanswer'No'.'He isnot the Christ,
ishe?"cf.fL1]nEYW'IovSato,;(John18.35)'Am Ia Jew?'
(4)QuestlOnsexpectIngt ..heanswer 'Y" OVK (or Ovxt')',es.anv 0
XptaTO,;means' He istheChrist,isn'the?'This last differsfromthe
ordinary negative statement only by the presence of a question-mark
inthespokenlanguage,bythetoneofvoice).OVKEanv 0 XptaTOS'. means'He
isnot theChrist'. EXERCISE18 A
I.AafL{3avETO1TOT7JptOVKatXatpEVTOVT'''(1), though they arein
aslightly more primitiveform.Inovvap.a'thefactthat-J-La,
and-aa'arepersonalendings relatedtoJ-L"
andaebecomesobvious.ovva-J-La"Ovva-aruis'(am)ableI', '(are) able
you'.The structure of >'v-o-J-Lru and tI->'v-o-J-L'I}v is
properly:(augment) (e),stem(>.v),variable"
vowel(0orE),personalending.Inthesecondperson singular the a has
droppeq out and contractions have taken place:
i->'v-o-J-L'I}l!>.v-,,-(a)ru-""TJ-""ov \'"-'
\I\V""TillE'-I\V--7'O >'v-o-p.Oa AV--aO"
>'v-O-VTat.1->'V-O-VTOWehaveseen e+o-+ov in Lesson
4."+a-H,)and e+a'-+1Jare regularcontractions.For further
examples,seeyV'l}(Lesson29), dX'lli7)(Lesson30). 83 THE INFINITIVE
[20]
THEPRESENTINFINITIVE,..-TheformsofthepresentinfinitivesofAvw,q,tA(wand(lp..Lareas
follows: Active Passive AV(LVtolooseAvwOaLtobeloosed
q,LA(LVtoloveq,LA(LaOaLtobe loved ,(WaLtobe USESOFTHEINFINITIVE
Infinitiveusedassubjectorobject The infinitive is a neuter verbal
noun. . Asanoun it maystand asthe subjectorobjectof another verb:
Subject O(pa7T(V(WJvTTEAwvas0io.7M'}yOVTa'TTpoj3aTa.2.otOE
AE'11'pOtmaTEVaavnpAOYepTOV'ITjaov;3.yapTas TaIftaTta.4.
TOo.pyvptOV0.'11" aV7'T)S. 5. TOVaov0.'11'0
TOV'11'OV7)pOV.6.ftETaTaVTa-7TEtaaftEVaVTovsTa
'11'atOta.7.Ka(Japwa/fEvovv lamovs VTep '". i '.,.1
'11'OTaftep.8.0OEOtaaKaAOSaVTOSi(Jci.VftaaEvTTjVaocpavTWV
iowvfta(JTjTWV.9./3ovAOV'TaOE'TT)VTtftTjVTWVAO'11'WV; 10.
TOTEPOV'11'AOGOV a'11'O 'TT)S(JaAaaGT)S.II.a.yaaaTE
,'r"IT'A-EavTovs,Eyyt",EtyapTj TjftEpaTOV....vpWV.12.Tj
yap'j'WVTjTOU 'IwavovKpa,EVVTTJ
P7}ftep,'ETOtftaaaTE'TT)VOOOVTepKvptep.
13.Kat7'T)p7}aaftEVTasVTOAasa.sa'11'O TWVmaTWV
,{>c{'aTpanwTwv.14.KaAOVEaTW7}ftaS'11'paaaEtVT7}VStKatOaVV7}v.
15.ftETa Tomo lKaG'TOSOt,EV TOVSocp(JaAftOvs TVcpAOV.16.TaVTa yap
j3AEifiatoro.YYEAOt.17.KatVEOVaavaVTOVTa ,,ftaTaaVTOV. B
1.Andtheybaptisedthetax-collectorsintheriver.2.Youwere going
through the beautiful land to prepare the free people.3.Strong
workman,hidethestoneswhichaboundinthefield.4.Donot
continuetocauserthebrethrenwhowereilltostumble.5.But they
followedone another.6.For you revealed the commandments
andpromisestothechurch.7.Shallwebegintoreadthebooks? 8.Cleanse and
sanctify your hearts.9.Is it lawful for them to heal
ontheSabbath?10.Saveyourpeople,0Lord,fromtheunrighteousness of this
world.II.Therefore hide yourselves and your
childreninJerusalem.I2.Letloveandpeaceandrighteousness
dwellinyourhearts.13.Andherenemywonderedatherstead fastness.14.It
is good for them to keep on reading the same things.
15.AfterthisIwillrevealmyauthorityandmyneedstothem. 16.He wished to
call the tax-collectors to the sacrifice.17.And his tongue
injuredothers.18.Apart frommeyouseem tobe weak. IUse
PresentImperative. 99 LESSON 25 The Second Aorist Active Principal
parts THESECONDAORISTACTIVE The endings of theSecond (or Strong)
A()ristIndicative Activearethe
sameasthoseoftheImperfect..They_!!Iestem.The Imperfect and
PresentImperativeandInfinitiveareformedfromthepresentstem.
TheSecondAoristIndicative,ImperativeandInfinitiveareusually formed
fromthe verbal stem. Take forexample j3a'A'AwIthrow: Verbalstemj3aA
,..-----A------,Present stem j3a>J.. SecondSecond,-----"'-.-__
AoristAoristImperfectPresent
IndicativeImperativeIndicativeImperative ij3aAov ij3aXAov ij3aA
i>j3aA Ej3aAA i>j3aAAij3aA (v)j3aAETwij3aAA ( v)j3a>J..
TW. ij3aAop, v ij3a.AAop,EV Ej3aA T f3aAETEij3aAA TEj3aAATE
ij3a.Aovj3aAETwClavij3a'A'Aovj3aXAETwClav Second
AoristInfinitive:f3aAELvPresentInfinitive:j3a>J..EW The
followingarethecommonverbswithSecondAorists:
,,aYWTJyayovIleadj3aAAwEj3aAovIthrow ap,apTavw ,
IsinTJp,apTOVEVPClKWEVpOVIfind ,,O.7TO(JV1)ClKWa.7TE(JavovIdie
EXWEClXOVIhave 100 [zs]FIRSTAORISTENDINGS
,KaTaAELTfWK'aTEALTfOVIleaveTfWWETfWVIdrink
,Aap,f3avwiAaf30vItakeTfTfTWETfEClOVIfall
p,av(Javwip,a(JovIlearncfoEVYWicfovyovIflee TfaaxwETfa(JovIsuffer
S?meverbshavenoPresent from!.he Instead the Present of a guite
different verb is used.In consequence we get this strange link-up
of Presents andSecond Aoristsinthe following fiveverycommonverbs:
ipxop,a IcomeopawEloovIsee ECI(JWicfoayovIeatcfoEPW Icarry A
ywElTfoVIsay AsthemeaningsoftheseAoristsaresometimesgiveninlexicons
underthetotallydifferentwordinthePresenttense,itisspecially
important thattheybe carefullylearnt. SecondAorist stemswith
FirstAorist endings In the caseof ElTfov,Eloovand First Aorist
endings are oftenadded toSecond Aorist stems, e.g.EV
cfovAaKT1'lP,7JvKaTfpOClE(Mark 9.17) Teacher,Ibroughtmysontoyou.
ElTfoVTVEK'K'A1)aCf2(Matt.18.17) Tellthe church. These
formsshouldbe regardedas(Second Aorist withFirst Aorist endings',
since they arenottrue First Aorists. 1Ybefore K ispronounced
n:LessonI,p.19n.(I). 1.11T-ovhas thesecond
personsingularFirstAoristImperativeendinglike Ava-ov and like
1T>GTeva-ovabove. With Second Aorist ending, it would be .In-E.
WE8101 EyVWV:-lra7JII:PRINCIPALPARTS[25] ywwaKW and -f3aww
YWWaKWand-f3aww(meaning' Igo',but onlyfoundincompouhds) have
slightly Second Aorist fClrrns.The endings contain a long vow
!throughout,and the thirdpersonplural has-aav instead of -v:
,EyvWV-Ef37JV yvws- f37Js , EyVW-Ef37J EYVWfJ-EV-Ef31')/-UV
,EyVW'TE-Ef31')'TE , yvwaav-Ef31')aav PRINCIPALPARTS SOfar we verbs
with one stem and verbs with twostems,and wehavethoughtof
boththeFutureandtheAoristasbeingderived from the verbstem.This
isnot,however,the wholestory.As we shall see in due course,there
arealsoverbs whichhavedifferingFuture and Aoriststems.Some
verbshavefurthermodificationsof stem inother
tenseswhichwehavenotyetstudied.It istheoreticallypossiblefor one
verbto haveasmany assix stem variations.This sounds alarming. But
fortunately,although stems are sometimes apparently arbitrary,the
endingsofverbsarealmostalwaysperfectlyregular.Soacomplete knowledge
of a verb can be obtained if the initial words of six tenses are
known.It isthen simply a matter of adding the appropriate endings
of .\vw to the stemsof these tenses. The six tensesare: (I)Present
Active(orMiddle) (2)Future Active(orMiddle) (3)Aorist Active
(orMiddle) (4)Perfect Active (5)Perfect Passive (6)Aorist Passive
The firstperson singular of each isusedandtogether they make up the
so-called principalparts of a verb. 102 [25] EXERCISE Thus
thefirstthreeprincipalparts of .\vw are: .\vw.\vawJ.\vaa If the
principal parts of about fortyverbs are learnt (and they are not
allveryirregular),allthecommonformsof theNewTestament
"t>willbeknown. The list of the Second Aorists givenabove
isrepeated in Vocabulary 25,and,insomecases,theFuture
hasalsobeenadded,socompleting
theverb'sfirstthreeprincipalparts.Itisimportanttolearnthese
principal parts intheir proper order asthey arise.In some casesit
will not be necessary to learn all the principal parts.New parts
will be added only if they are useful,and they will be added at the
stage when they can bestbeunderstood. EXERCISE 25 A
ME'Ta'TaV'Taa7TE '0' av v7T'TWXOS.2.'[3'" 1.aVE1')fJ-EVtS'TOU;:POV
V KHV[)'TT}wpq,.3.WKVPtE, vwmovaov.4.loov
'TOVS.\tOovsa7To'T7]sOa.\aaa1')s.5.'To.oEvopa ,.,6t,'.1' 7T
aEVEtS'TOVaypov.OtwxvPOtE'fEVYoVa7TO'TWVVEavtWV. 7.otDE7Tpocp7J'Tat
cpvyovEls'T1')v P1')fJ-0v.8.7TOP:WOU gw'T1')s
KWfJ-1')SKat.\a[3E'TOilKap7Tova7TO'TWVlpya'Twv.9.l.\OE'TW'Ta
7Tatota 7TPOS fJ-E.10. 'To.[3t[3.\ta 'TOVaOE.\cpov fJ-0v.II.wpov
"",'[3DE'TOapyuptOVKatau'TO av'To>WG'T av'TOVS7Tapal\aHV'TOV
fJ-taBovail-rwv.12.ota tDE'TOVa'TavpOVKatmE'Tat'TO7TO'T1')ptoV.
13..\1')(J.4rofJ-
Oa'T1')Vovva'T7]vaW'T1')ptava6'TovKatyvwa0fJ-E(}a'T7]V
tp1')V1')Vav'TOv.14.Ka'Ta1')aov'Tat
7Tapa'TOV7TO'TafJ-0VKat7TpOaOtaovatV Bvmav.07T1')yEvIo Katl[3aA
va6'T0Els 'T7]VOa.\aaaav. "[3 16.Kat
V'Tlf'dyayHv'TO7Ta,otOV'TOV7TpOa VEYK tP'Tlf' Kvptlf',0
'\aos1')i)).,,0Y7Ja V'TOP0EOV. 1
frrra:ywwhenusedintransitivelyneverusestheAorist.It alwaysthe past
tense by the Imperfect.Imperativesandinfinitivesarealways Cf.26
A12. 103 8-2 LIQUIDVERBS[25] B 1.Thereforewecast
ourselvesintotheriver.2.But youtookthe
clotheswhichtheelderssentforthepoor.3.Didtheythenflee
fromthefaceofthejudges?4.Thisisthestonethatfellfrom
heaven.5.Thevirginhadason,andtheycalledhimJesus. 6.For the Sonof
man must suffer.7.After these days wewentto
Galilee.8.Onthisaccounttheyleftthesheepinthefieldsand departed.9.It
is necessary for the crowd toeat the bread and drink the wine which
the same young men carried to them.10.The other prophet
whohadthefirstbookdiedalone.II.Lo!He knewour
hearts.12.FortheylearnttosufferandtheywiIIseehisface.
13.Sheleftthehouseandwillcomeintothetemple.14.Andwe sawthe sun
andsaidwords of joy andrepentance.IS.Weateand
drankwithontheearthandweshalleatanddrinkwithhimin heaven. LESSON 26
The Future and Aorist of liquid verbs O'n
THEFUTUREANDAORISTOFLIQUIDVERBS TheFuture andAoristof
verbswhosestemsendina so-calledletter,AtLvorP. present some
peculiarities: (I)They havenoabefore theendings. (2)The Future has
the e!(dings of the Presentr(These endings are added to the verbal
stem.As the table below shows, there is usually a lengthening of
this stem both inthe Present and in the Aorist. d7TOO"T
AAWprovidesanexampleofthreedifferentstemsinthefirst
threeprincipalparts.) The explanationof
thisisthatthesefuturesoriginallyendedin -0''''.but the0'has
droppedout.So for apO')",wehavetip"', 104 LIQUIDVERBS First
(orSecond) PresentFutureAorist ,,, apw7Jpa Iliftup ,aTfUpwaTfEpW
Isow ,,EyE'pWEyEpWIraise """",,aTfO-KT WWaTfO-KT VWaTf-EKTE,vaIkill
aTfO-O"TEAAWaTfO-aTEAwIsend ayyEAAwayyEAwIannounce
,fLEVWfLEVWEfLEwaIremain ,KPWWKPWWEKpwaI judge {3aAAw{3aAw(
l{3aAov)Ithrow a7To8vy}aKWhasa deponentMiddle Future:
aTfO-8vy}aKwaTfo-8avOufLat(aTf-E8avov)Idie The First
AoristImperative of alpw (by analogy with Auaov) is: dpov. The
First Aorist Infinitive of alpw (by analogy with AUaat) is: apat.
The Present and Future of alpw areconjugated as follows: ,, apw
,apE'S ,,a'pEtapEt ,,atpOfLEVapoufLEv alpETEapL,!;E alpouat(v)apoua
t( v) Astheverbalstem(usedintheFuture)andthePresentstem generally
differ, the factthat the endings of the singular and of the third
person plural are the same causes no difficulty.Inthe caseof
fLEVWand KptVW,however,both stems and endings are the same,and the
meaning must be inferredfromthecontext.In anaccentedtext the
Presentis accentedfLEVWfLivE'fLivoua,vandthefuturefLEVWfLEVELS
fLEVELfLEvovaw.This isanaccentualdistinction worth noting.We shall
addthecircumflexaccentwhenusingthefourFutureformsof these
twoverbswhichwouldotherwisebeambiguous,butweshalladd110
accentwhenusingthePresenttenseorthefirstandsecondperson Future
plural. r I.e., Present:Kp'Y'"KP"""'iKp'YlKP,vOfL"VKp'Y7KptVOVOW.
Future:KPWWKptV'SKptV"KP'YOVfLVKptVt7KpTOVBovElfLLiswithout it.
EXERCISE26 A 1.'OnOf:o{aTpaTtWTat dsT7]VolKLava71'7]YYLAaVdn
a1TaTEtAEVaUTOVS.2.OVTOLKptVOVeTLVTasX7]pasKata71'0KTEVovaLVTaTEKva"tI;UTWV;3.OUfLEVELTEV
TepT071'epTOVTepa'\'\' a71'0fJaVtaOEEV
T1/Y1ITWVEXOpWVvfLwv.4.olOa71'0aToAot
a71'tpaVTOVAOYOVvTaLSKapoLaLsTWVOAtYWVot V1TCl.KOVEtV aUTep.5.
ouvTOVaTavpovKatomawTOV'I7]aov. 6.EV EKEtVepTepKatpepot
KptTaLKptVaVTasamaTovs.7.JfLEtVa 0..:EV
TeplOLepT071'epWSaVEYVWTO{3L{3AWV.S.OVVaaOmELVTO
71'0T7]pLOV0OELfLmw;9.EfLEtVafLEVOEEV TeplEPepWSot
PyaTaLcPKOOOfLoVVTOVOpOVOV.10.OTOETaUTa71'apa ,,,'''''A.\'
T7]SX7]pasfLEtVaV71'apaVTl/.II.ovaEW'f'EtI\ESapyvpLOVTOtS
TEAwvaLS.12.0O'I7]aovsEl71'EVTep71'apaAVTtKep,'ApovaUTO
KaLV71'aYEEisTOVolKovaov'OTEOETaVTa aUTOKat
(J1T7]YEV.13.a71'GTELAafLEvouvTOVSaYYEAovShotfLaaatT7]V '''''A."A
,,,oaov.14.071'pO'f'7]T7]SEL71'VOTtilvvaTOVEaTtV.EL71'EV OTt
ovvaTOVEaTtV.El71'EV,EaTtv.15.71'ap7]YYEtAaTEaUToLS
fL7]aOLK7]aaLOAOVTOVAaov.16.Kat71'ap'aUTOV
OTtOELcptAEtVTOVSaOEAcpovS 17.dX\'ot 4>apwawL
EAEYOVOTta8LEL71'apaG,fLaPTWAep.IS. olaEtS OETOVaTavpov omaw
fLov.19.KatPEtTaVTaaUT1/OTtcptAOVawdX\7]AOVS.20.fLa8ES ,, )r, on
EpXETaL0taxvposKpLT7]S.21.Et71'aVontKaVOYOtYOY71'tVOvaw. ,.,
K'.1.'\'r22.EYVWVOTL0vpWS71'EfL'f'EVTOVayyEI\OVEtSTOaw",ELVfLE.
t,,\, ', 23.EWOVOTt7]yayofLEvTOV0XI\OVEtSTYJvaVT7]vavyaywy'l]v. !O8
[27]AORISTMIDDLE B
1.Sendtheyoungmentorousethesoldiers.2.Buthetookthe child and
departed.3.They will not die in the desert, for the soldiers
willsavethem.4.ThereforeI mypeopleat thattime. 5.And
thePhariseeswent toeat breadwithlthe prophet.6.And when he heard
these wordshe sent them tokill his enemy.7.They
willremaininthehousewhiletheparalysedmanisdying.8.We
announcedthereforethattheapostlehadfallen.9.Butyouought not to
judge these widows.10.Andhe willcast oue his'right eye,
becauseyouareweak.II.Whenthedisciplescametothevillage sowedthe
wordintheheartsof the people.12.Willyounot killthe
evilmen,0Lord?13.Youwillthrow the stones beside the temple.14.But
the Pharisees said that the disciples of John did not
eatwithltax-collectorsandsinners.15.Ishallfallbutnotdie,
becauseyouwillraiseme.16.And they willsay,'He diedonthe firstday
while wewere working'. LESSON 27 The First andSecond Aorist Middle
YLVOP.(U THEFORMATIONOFTHEAORISTMIDDLE
TheconjugationofthetwoAoristMiddleIndicativetensesfollows
closelytheImperfectMiddleAVOfL'l]v.TheFirstAorist,however(as
mightbeexpected),insertsthecharacteristicaa,andtheSecond
AoristusesitsownSecondAorist stem. IUse 7Tapa. Use.>.oo.I09
AORISTMIDDLE[27] First AoristSecond Aorist IndicativeIndicative
i/IVaap:YjvIloosediYEVOJLYJVIbecame i.\vawI YEVOV i.\vaaToiYEVETO
l.\VaaJLEfJa YEVOJLE8a i.\vaaafJEiYEVEa8E i'\uaaVToeYEvovTO
TheImperativeandInfinitivefollowthePresentMiddleIIIa similarway:z
ImperativeImperative .\vaaLlooseYEVOVbecome .\vaaa8wYEvEa8w
.\vaaa8:"YEvEa8E .\vaaa8waavYEvEa8waav InfinitiveInfinitive
.\vaaa8attolooseYEvEa8attobecome THEUSEOFTHEFIRSTAORISTMIDDLE The
FirstAoristMiddleisfoundmainlyindeponentverbssuch
asthosealreadylearntinVoc.23.Theyareregularlyformed.Itis
necessarymerelytorecalltheordinaryrulesforinitialvowelchanges inthe
formationof pasttensesandforthecombinationof muteswith
atoobtainthefollowingforms: Present ActiveAoristMiddle
d.7TTOJLatapxoJLat oEXOJLatiOEgaJLYJv ipya'oJLat
EvaYYEAt'oJLatEi'YJrYE'\taaJLYJv ,JAvawisa contraction of
.1-Av-a,,-(O")oasJy.vavisa contraction of .1-YEv-.-{a)o.
'Whenthisisrealised,thecorrespondencebetweentheImperfectandFirst
AoristMiddles is seen tobe exact. >ExceptforAva,,,,whichhasno
similaritytothePresentform.Note: Avaa, isalsothe form of the First
AoristInfinitive Active. lIO [27]ywoJLac (a7ToKpWOJLathas mainly
Passive forms,but a7TEKpwaTO,'he answered', issometimesfound.) The
firstthreeprincipal parts of a typicaldeponent verbarethus:
OExoJLatOEgOJLatiOEgaJLYJv ......
THEUSEOFTHESECONDAOJ!ISTMIDDLE;YL'II0!-lCU
TheSecondAoristMiddleisfoundina7To.\.\vJLt,whoseformis explained
inLesson44: d7TO.\.\VJLtIdestroyd7TW.\OJLYJVIperished andinthe
extremely common ywoJLatIbecome,etc.eYEvoJLYJVIbecame,etc. The
firstthreeprincipal parts of ytvoJLatare thus:
ytVoJLatYEvYJaoJLateYEVoJLYJV ytvoJLathasa widerange of possible
translationsbesides'become'.It
canmean'comeintobeing','happen','appear','arise','bemade', , be',or
even'come'.For thelast,cf. eYEvETo poaol\vp.a.
,';;'\J\\'","\,{;II.KaK Wo,>a1TWI\ TO,WIllOt VIOLaVTov OVK
a1TWI\OVTO.12.'l}p", W a1ToTWVEaxaTWV W'>TWV1TpWTWV.13.OLDyww8
1Tp0'> aAA'I}Aov,>.14.OiJKEV OVaaTotp.anovKatEVraOlKLq.OiJK
EP. V V.ISKaLEY V TOEVTI.{Ja1T p VdMaE1TW V1Tapa'T'I}V &OOV. B
I.And Jesus began to say to the crowds concerning John, 'He
prepared my way'.2.Let a man deny himself and come after
me.3.Peter, gointothe houseof theunbelievingwomanandgreet her.4.And
onthatdaytheremainingsaintspreachedthegospelandworked
righteousness.5.Buthewentupintothetempletopray.
6.Sinner,receivethewordwithfear.7.Donotbelikethe hypocrites,but
befaithfultooneanother.8.Anditcametopass, ashesowed, the seeds
fellbeside the way.9.He wasinthe world, and the world came into
being through him, and the world did not know him.10.It isnotlawful
fora prophet to perish outside Jerusalem.
Ir.Peter,donotbefaithless. 112 REVISIONTESTS3 The Verb "'..,.
Allow50minuteseachforTestsAandB.Totalnumberof marks: 60foreachtest.
Whenwriting out conjugations,givethe firstword infull,then only the
endings. A 1.Givethe followingtensesof Avw:
Active:PresentIndicative,FirstAoristIndicative,Present
Imperative,First AoristInfinitive. Middle: Imperfect Indicative,
Future Indicative, Present Imperative,First AoristImperative.
Passive:PresentIndicative.[9marks] 2.Givethe rulesof contractionof
- Wverbs.[3] 3.GivetheFuture and AoristIndicativeof fJaAAw.
4.GivetheImperfectandInfinitive of lp.t. 5.Give
thePresentIndicative andInfinitive of 3vvap.at.[2] 6.Tabulate the
contractions of muteswith a.[3] 7.Givethe Second AoristIndicative
Activeof -fJaww. 8.Give the Greek for:Iam beside,Ibind,Ibuild,
Ibuy,Icleanse, Idraw near,Iexhort,Ifollow,Iheal,Iam
ill,Iinjure,Ikeep,Ihave
mercyon,itisnecessary,Iobey,Ipersecute,Ipractise,Ireckon,I
recognise,Irejoice,Irepent,Irule,Iseek,Iseem,Icause tostumble,
Itempt.[13] 9.Give the Greek for:I shall begin,Ishall deny,I shall
pray, I shall receive
(twowords),Ishallprepare.Ifled,Ihid,Ilearnt,Iperished,
Isinned,Iwasthrowing out.[6] 10.Give the first three principal
parts of the verbs meaning:Iloose,
Ibecome,Icommand,Icryout,Idepart,Idie,Ieat,Ifall,Ihave,
Iknow,Iliftup,Ilookat,Iraise,Iremain,Isay.[IS]
I!.GivesimpleGreeksentencesillustratingfourusesofthe infinitive.
II3 REVISIONTESTS3 B I. Give the followingtenses of - xO 7T,
13,if;+ 0-?>- if;O T,0,0+ 0-?>- uO 1# [35]
IRREGULARAORISTPASSIVES Examples: First Aorist
VerbalStemPresentPassiveFuture Passive . ay , ayw ax 7]uop.aL
7Tpay7TpauuwE7TfbliY]v7Tpax y]eJOp.aL
7TP.7T7TP.7TWE7Tp.if;OY]v7TP.OY]uop.aL
f3a7TTLOf3a7TTL'wEf3a7TTWOY]vf3a7TTLo:Oy]o:op.aL
7TLO7TLOW.?7TLO:Oy]V7Tw07]o:op.aL IRREGULARFORMS The
followingimportant verbshaveirregularFirst Aorist forms:
aKovwo:w'wEO:WO-qV f3aAAw.?f3A7]O-qV\{EPP7]O-qV
,'0I\yw,0YLPW7JYP7]1' PP-qv KaAwEKA-qOY]V6pawclJO-qv
Aap.f3avwEA7]p.if;O-qvif;pWThe Aorist PassivesgivenforAyw,6pawand
if;pwarereallyfrom different verbs,asexplainedinLesson25. The
followingverbswhich wehave already met haveSecond Aorist Passives:
ypaif;wEYpaif;Y] va7TOUTAAWa7TO:TaA7]V
U7TELPWE(17Tapy]vKPV7TTWEKpvf3Y]V Totheseshouldbeadded:
O:Tpif;WEO:Tpaif;7]vIturn if;awwEif;av-qvIshine; pass.appear These
irregular Aoristshavecorresponding Future forms, e.g.First
Futures:aKovo:O-qo:op.aL,f3A7]O-qo:op.aL;
SecondFutures:O:Tpaif;7]uOp.aL,if;av-qo:op.aL.
WiththeexceptionofKPV7TTW,GTpif;wandaww,alltheabove
irregularFirstandSecondAoristsbelongtoverbswhosecomplete principal
parts have to be learnt.EKpvf3-qV,fJTpaTJV and Eif;aV7]vshould
thereforebe speciallynotedat thispoint. 145 EXERCISE [35]
EXERCISE35 A
1.'HXB'I]OE0''I'I]uovS'017'0'TOV1TVEVfLa'T0S'ElS''TaofYl11TEtpauB'I]vat
lJ1TO 'TOVOtaj3oAov.2.atOEywatKES'1TapEKA'I]B'I]uav1117'0 'TWV
avopwvau'Twv.3.'TOouvovofLafLOVK'I]PVxO'l]UE'Tativ 1Tauw'TOtS'
EOVUtV.4.'Tnyapxapt'TLiuw(J'I]fLEVota1TLU'TEWS'.5.ot
'B"A.'\VEKpOtEyEp'l]UOV'TatV'Tn'l]fLEPC!:'T'I]S'KptUEWS''Tn'f'WV'[}'TOVaYYEI\Ov.,
6.KaLO''TEE'Ej3A'I](J'I]'TOoatfLOVtOV 0'0xAOS',EAEYOVOE
1T0),.,\OtO'TtTaV'Ta'Ta'TEpa'TaOUKE1TpaX{)'I]EV 'TatS''TW'/)
1TaTEpwv 7.fLE'Ta'TaV'Ta I1Tauw'TOLS'a1T0U'TOAOtS'.,
8.1Tap'l]yYEtAEVTOVavopaEVEX{)'I]Vmota'T'I]S'1T0AEWS'.9. EI)
EKEtVn'Tn 1TaS'0'AaoS'KA'I]O'l]UETataytoS' 'TepKvptep. 10.Kat
,,,j3',\\'
oapXtEpEVS'EKpV'I]EV'TOtS'OpEUtV1T01lilaE'T'I].II.1T0t'l]UWyap 'Ta/
,'''l>()"'0:fYI1fLa'TafLOVaKOVU'l]vat'TOtS'WUWav'TWV.12.OVOEtS''TWV
aYYEAWVaKovu{)'I]UETat;13.1TaV'TS'otlX{)vS'Ej3A'I]{)'I]uavflS''TO
oowp.14.'TaV'Ta EPP'l]{)'I]ota
U'TOfLa'TOS'LlaVEtO.15.1TEfL.oyovsTOVTOUS7Tf.ClWVd7T 8av v,Kat i!Y
V TOo{3osjk ya,E7Tt7TaVTa,TOV,dKovovTa,.8.KatTO 7TV
VjkaTOdKaeapTOVwV1]O"avWVTJ jk yaATIEg1]>'8(vEgmhou. 9.Kat
EVT'l}EP1]jkC{!T ClClapaKOVTa KatTf.ClClapaKOVTa VUKTa,7T tpa{ojk
VO,{)7T0TOV'1:.aTava.10.aKOVaaT OVVT1]V
7Tapa{3o>.1]vTOUO"7Tf.tpaVTO,.I I.Katw81]aVTOt'Mwiia1],Kat 'HA
ta,ClvvAaAOVVTESjk T'aVTOV.12.flpXETat7TpO,aVTOV MaptaKa>.OVjk
V1]May8aA1]V1],a' 8atjkovLaE7TTaflg A1]AVeEt. 13T'[}EKKA1]Cltq,TOV0
ouT'[}ova7}EVKoptv8C{!.14.apgajk Vo,
,R'1',,a7TOTOUt'a7TTLCljkaTo,wavou (W, TavT1], T1], 1]jk
pas.IS.OVTO, 153 EXERCISE [36] "'-0\ot'IY)aovs0t aVatlY)p,'f''".\
LS ''''-'' VP,WVLS, 'TOVovpavov, 1TaIUV 1\ Va 'TaL.'\a'f'
16.Katp'Y)ifJo{3 LaO d1TO'TWVa1TOK'T WOV'TWV'TO
awp,a.,'TY)VOif;vxY)vp'Y)ovvap, VWVa1TOK'T WaL. ifJo{3 LaO
p,a.'\'\OV'TOVovvap, VOVKat if;vxY)vKatawp,aa1To'\ aaLEVY
WTl.17.71'OP vO V'T SOa71'Y)YY L,\al''TotSaPXL pwawd71'av'Ta'TaY
Vop, va.IS.'Tav'TY)v O Ovya'T pa'A{3paap,ouaal',~ VEoy)a
V02::a'TavasO KaKatOK'TW E'Ty),OUKEO L'\vOY)vat'Tn~ P , p q
.'TOVaa{3{3a'Tov;19.0 O KopvY)'\LOS avvKa'\ aap, vos'TOVSavYY V
LSav'TOV TJCJ'71'aaa'Toav'TOV.20.) O lowsav'TWV'TY)VV1TOKPWW l1T
Vau'TO'S,TtP, 71' 'p a S 'T ; 21.~O yVVY), lOVLa0y yoV
Vau'Tl/,ij,\O VKa,71'poa 71' CJ' VavTC.p. 22.ifJo{3Y)OY)'T 'TOVp,
'Ta'TOa1TOK'T watEXOV'TaE,ovmavEp'{3aA W ls 'TY)vy vvav. B
Participles1Shouldbeusedtotranslateallthe wordsmarked'*'and alsoall
the Englishparticiples.
1.Andthosethathadpreached'*'thewordweresentbytheSpirit.
2.Andhavingcometotheseaof Galileethedisciplestaughtmany
people.3.Blessedarethosethathear'*'and thosethat believe'*'the
wordsofthisbook.4.Manyofthepublicansthereforewere baptised
repenting ofI their sins.5.. But he answered '*' and said, 'You
willnotenterthekingdomofheaven'.6.Thesower'*'sowsthe
seeds.7.Andwhenhehadcomeout'*'hesawagreatcross. S.But wewere
afraidbecause wedidnot believe'*'that his compassion
wastrue.9.Andallthosethatheard'*'keptthepromiseintheir
hearts.10.Forthisishethatwassent'*'bytheking.II.But
whiletheywereteaching'*'thepeopletheyremainedinthetemple. 12.And
having come out of the city he wentto another place.13.But the
prophet cried, saying, < Behold the man who comes* after me; him
you willhear'.14.Whenthe rulerthereforeheard *this he wasafraid and
all that were* with him.15.But her husband being a righteous man
wished to divorce (release) her.16.And when they had come'"' to the
city those that guarded*it threwthem out.17.But asIwas
walking*through the fieldsIsawa great light from heavenand heard a
voicespeakingtome.IS.Thescriberemainedinthemountain IUse d1TO.154
[37] GENITIVEABSOLUTE fortydaysand
fortynightswritingallthecommandmentsof thelaw. 19.He whoisnot* with
me isagainst me.zooFor he fearedJohn, knowing him (tobe)a
righteousman. ....... LESSON 37 The genitive absolute
Periphrastictenses THEGENITIVEABSOLUTE Sometimes a participle and
noun or pronoun are bothin the genitive. Considerthe sentences:
KaL71'OP VoP, VWVav'Twv EV'Tl/000/ l71' vns 71'pOS av'Tov (Luke 9
57) Andastheyweregoinginthe way,acertainmansaidtohim. Ka,EK{3'\YjO
V'TOS'TOVaatp,OVLOvE,\a,\Y)a v0KWifJOS(Matt.933) Andwhen the
demonhad beencast out,thedumbmanspoke. It
willbenoticedthatineachcasethenounthatgoeswiththe participle is
neither subject, object nor indirect object of the mainverb. The
clause containing the participle isAos Wll apTt
fJAE7TW.33.YEllOfLEVTjSOE8Atif;EWSOtaTOllAOYOVEv8vsUk:allOaA'OllTa.34.00'0
yapElsXPWTOll fJa7TTtu8TjTE,XptUTOll lIEOVuau8E.
B The clauses marked"" shouldbetranslatedby aGenitiveAbsolute.
I.Andwhenthediscipleshadenteredintotheboat""Jesussent the
multitudesintothe mountains.2.Anda certainmancametohim and said,
"hat are you doing here?'3.\hat power shall we receive
whentheHolySpirithascomeuponus?""4.Whenthedayhas
drawnnear""theSonofmanwillcomewiththecloudsofheaven. 5.But Peter
came to him walking upon the water.6.But when the
messengershadgoneaway""thedisciplestalkedtoJesusprivately. 7But
althoughhesent his ownson to them""they werenotwilling to
receivehim.8.Andwhilehewasholdingmyhand * Ireceived power to
walk.9.And while they were drawing near to the city"" the
wholemultitude wasrejoicing saying,'Blessedishe whocomesinthe name
of the Lord'.10.And now, 0Father, glorify me.II.How
canyou,beingevil,stillspeak good things?12.Bywhatauthority
areyoustilldoingthesethings?13.The greattribulationisnear.
14Theysaytohim,'Where,Lord?'Butweshallsaytohim,
'How,Lord?'IS.HereinJerusalemistheplacewhereitis necessary to
worship.16.How then does he now see?17.He who
doesnotbelievehasbeenjudgedalready.18.Butwhoisthisof whomIhear such
things? 158 [38]THESUBJUNCTIVE In thefollowingsentences
useperiphrastic forms:
19.Thecenturionswereeatinganddrinking.20.Thisthinghas
beendonebeforemanywitnesses.21.Hereyouwillalwaysbe
walkinginthewayofrighteousness.22.Thenallthecrowdwas gathered
togethertothe sea........ LESSON 38 The Subjunctive mood
THEFORMSOFTHESUBJUNCTIVE The Subjunctive ismuch usedinGreek and its
formsarevery simple. There arethree points tonote: (I)There isnever
anaugment. (2)The stem isalways the same asinthe corresponding
tense of the Indicative. (3)The endingsarethesameasthoseof
thePresentIndicativeof AVWexcept that initial syllables are
lengthened where possible and their iotaswritten subscript. Thus
the Present Subjunctive Active is: AVW AU[}S AvO AvwfLEll
AVTjTAVWU(ll) And the followingtensesallhavethese same endings:
.First Aorist Active:AVuW Second Aorist Active:fJaAw First
AoristPassive:Av8w SecondAoristPassive:ypa>w Subjunctive of
ElfLt:W Subjunctive of oloa:dow. 159 THESUBJUNCTIVE [38]
The,Present SubjunctiveMiddleandPassiveis: AvwfLa IIvTJ IIvY)Ta
IIvWfL ()a IIvy)a()IIvwVTa Andthe followingtenseshavethe same
endings: First AoristMiddle:IIvawfLa SecondAoristMiddle:y vWfL a -
WVerbs Since all Subjurfetive endings have a long vowel,the of -
Wverbs will alwaysdropout,andtheformswillbethe sameasthoseof IIvw.
THEUSEOFTHESUBJUNCTIVE
ReferencemaybemadeheretoIntroduction:EnglishGrammar, Section14.
(4),butitneedstobenotedthattheuseoftheGreek Subjunctive
ismuchwiderthanthat of the EnglishSubjunctive.It is therefore
better not tolearnanyone formof wordsasanequivalentof
theSubjunctive. In general it maybe said that theSubjunctive isthe
mood of doubtful assertion.In nearlyallitsusesthereissomeelementof
indefiniteness inthesentence. There areeight mainuses.
(I)Indefiniteclauses. (a)Whoever, whatever.The Subjunctive is used
in clauses introduced by a relative pronoun (e.g.oS'or oanS') which
does not refer toa definite
personorthing.Intheseclausestheparticleavisplacedafterthe
relativepronoun.avisusuallyuntranslatable,butitisintroducedto
addanelementof indefinitenesstothe clause: ITJTTJVElvat. 17.fJ,TJ
VOfJ,taTJTEonTJA80vKaTaAVaaLTOVVOfJ,OVTJ TOVSlTpo4>TJTas.
18.loov OOVATJKvpwv' YVOtTOfJ,OtKaTa TOpTJfJ,aaov.19.ovat
aotovaLaot BTJ8aaroav'OTtEi EV Tvpep KaLYVOVTO
at3vvafJ,LSat.YVOfJ,vatEV vfJ,tv,1TaAaLa.vVaaKKepKaLalT03ep
fJ,TVOTJaav.20.TlOVVlpovfJ,V;1TtfJ,EVWfJ,VTTlrtfJ,apnq.,tva
XapLS1TAOVaaTl;fJ,TJ yVotTO.21.KVPL,lTJ,W3E,OUKav ,8\,,1-
",",,a?Tavv0aUEI\,/,OSfJ,OV.22.EtEyWTJfJ,TJV 0VtOSaVTOv,aVTOS
as,EiTEKoafJ,OSEirE EiTE
BavaTOS,1TaVTaVfJ,WV,VfJ,EtS3EXpLaTOV,XpLaTOS3 0ov. 169
-awAND-owVERBS [39] B
I.Lord,ifyouwill,youcancleanseme.2.Donotbringthe
Gentilesintothetemple.3.Let usnotseekthe thingsof thisage. 4.Is
thelawthenagainstthepromises of God?God forbid.5.If
youweremymother,hewasmybrother.6.If youweremy
mother,hewouldbemybrother.7.If youhadknownme,you
wouldhaveknownmyFather also.8.Donotcontinuetoreceive the enemies of
the gospel.9.May ithappen tous according tothy will.10.If you were
blind, you would not have sin.II.If dead
menarenotraised,neitherhasChristbeenraised.12.Sinno
longer.13.Donotcarrywinetotheslaves.14.If theenemy
drawsnear,Iwillsendthesoldiersagainsthim.15.Donot
continuetojudge,lestyoubejudged. ,"""LESSON 40 Contracted verbs in
-(xwand -ow In additiontocontracted verbs like tAEw,which havestems
ending in E,there arecontracted verbslikeTtfJ-aw,'I
honour',whichhavestems endingina,andavEpow,'I
makeclear',whichhavestemsending ino. Their principalparts
followthepattern of AEW:
tAEWtA7JawetATJaa7TEtATJKa7TEtATJJLatetATJBTJV
TtfJ-awTfJ-TJawETtfJ-7JaaTETtfJ-TJlcaTET.fJ-TJfJ-atETtfJ-TJBTJv
avEpowavEpwaweavEpwaa7TEavEpwKaeavEpwBTjv In allthe parts exceptthe
present, a lengthens to TJ,I olengthenstow, andthe
tensesareformedasforAvw. For this lengthening of ato ou8?TWOUSHS
T8LfLVOS. 18.'TtOTtE80vI'TTJ KapDLq.aovTO?TpaYfLaTOVTO;19.KatTOV
llTPOVE8v'TOdsVAaK1]V.20.KaTafLtavaa{3{3aTOvEKaaTOS
VfLWV?Tap'EaV'T'f!n8TW.21.fLaxatpaTL8TaLiv TnXtptTOV {3aatAWS. B
n81]fLL(or Emn81}fLt)istobe usedfor'place','lay', 'lay down','put'.
I.Wemustplacethelawof loveinourheartsdaily.2.Place
theresimilarly.3.Wherehaveyoulaidhim?4.Howshallwe
placeourdaughterat l hisfeet?5.TheyputZ theirbooksinthe
synagogue.6.We shall put them there also.7.You have placed
meinagoodland.8.Laydownyourlivesforthebrethren. 9.Do not place this
writing upon the cross.10.Put the body in the
tomb.II.Layingtheirhandsuponus,theapostlesblessedus. 12.But the
sick man was brought in and placed before him.13.Come andput your
hand uponher. I1Topa.Use AoristMiddle. 177 LESSON 42 8lSWP.t
Principal parts: owawEOWKaolioWKaolioofLatEoollryv When 8li is
replaced by 00 the Present and Aorist forms of are identicalwith
those of n8T)fLt,except that: (1)ovmust be written for
(2)thereisanWinallSubjunctiveendings.(The0ofthestem
prevailsoveranT) inthe endings.But the iota subscriptsremain.)
PRESENT Active
IndicativeSubjunctiveParticipleImperativeInfinitive
OtOWSOtoc.psooovs-ovaa-ovStOov otowa(v)Stoc.potoonaOOOTWOtOOfL
l'OtOWfLlil' OOOT OtOWTliOOOTotowat(v)OtOo1'waal' Middleand Passive
OtSO-fLatOtOO-fLlil'OSj)tOo-aOat SECONDAORIST Active Use Firstow
Aoristoc.psOOVSOovaaSOl'OOS oc.pSonaOO1'WDoVl'at OWfL l' OWT
OOTowat(l')OOTwaal' 178 EXERCISE[42] Middle Indicative JoofLT)l'
ioofLliBa Joov ..;- 0(0')0 JSOTO ..,.. JooaBli EOOVTO EXERCISE42 A
1.fUOWfLOEvfLwJgovatavEKf3aM v7TVliVfLa1'adKaOapTa.2.0 yapElws
TO7TV vfLaTOaywv TOtSal1'ovaLVaU1'ov.3TtS Janv0
oovsaot1'T)VJgovatal'TaVTT)V;4BliAWivaoc.psfLOt1'T)V
KlicpaAT)V'Iwal'ov.S.KatOtaTt OUKJOWKasfLOVTOdpyvpwvTOtS 6.vfLwO
OOTat TO.fLvaTT)ptaTT)Sj3aatAEtas. 7.d7TOOOSfLottilnJcp tAlitS.8.0
OliOVK dMaa7TEABwv Jf3aA VaVTovcpvAaKT)VEWSd7TOOc.pTOJcpEtAOfL
Vov.9EgEOnv ooVVatKT)vaovKataaptov;OWfLEl'fLT)OWfLliV;10.EOoBT)fLOt
7TaaaJgovataEVoupavc.pEmyT)S.II.07TaTT)pdya7TrtTOV
viol',Ka7TaV'TaOEOWK VEVTTl 12.fLaKaptOVEaTW
fLaMol'oovvatAafLj3aVEtV.13.TtSaocptaooBliwaTOVTc.p; 14. l7Tli til
TOXwpwl'a7TliooaBli.ISTavTa7TaVTaowaw
Jal'7TEOWl'7TpOOKVVT)CFTJS16.Kat6s(343) JdHJpw1Tor;(548)
,.dm{(TTOAOS(79) Ota'KOllOS(29) OtOaaKaAOS(59) X8prls (32)
8dllaTos(120) 8p6110S(62) K6ap.os(185) Klf'pWS(718) M,os(141) A
7Tpr:)S(9) Ai80s(58) Ao'yoS(331) ll(;p.oS(191) VOCABULARIES4,5
Irepent. Ihate.[misogynist:woman-hater;yVllTJ,'woman' (Vocab.
Ido,make.[poem;pharmacopoeia:makingof drugs] Ikeep.
Ilove.[philosophy:love of ao4>tct, 'wisdom' (Vocab. 9);
abibliophileisalover of 'books' (Vocab.7)] LESSON5 O!
and;(sometimes)even,also. Israel(indeclinable masculine noun).
Jew.[I.e. member of the tribe of Judah] Pharisee.
Christ.[Hebrew:Messiah,Le.Anointed One] messenger,angel.
[Cf.agriculture] brother.[Christadelphians:aChristian brotherhood]
man.[anthropology:theword(AOYOS)orscienceof Man] apostle.
servant,deacon.[diaconate] teacher.[didactic] enemy.
death.[euthanasia: death induced ell ('well', Vocab. 33),
i.e.gently andeasily] throne. world.[cosmos,cosmic]
lord,theLord.[Kyrie:namegiventotheliturgical
response,'Lord(vocativeKvpte),havemercyupon
Kvpwswithacapitallettermeans'The Lord'.
ItisthewordusedintheSeptuaginttodenotethe
sacrednameofJehovah.Itsometimeshasthe definitearticleand
sometimesnot-seenextlesson. people.[The laity arethepeople of God]
leper. stone.[Palaeolithic,Mesolithic,Neolithic:belonging tothe
Old,Middle, New Stonemonolith:see alsoVocabs.II, 12] word[Sameroot
asAeyw,'I say'] law.[Deuteronomy:TheSecondLaw.SevTepos, 'second'
(Vocab.12)] 194 VOCABULARIES5,6 (100)eye.[ophthalmic]
1TapaAVTtKris(10)paralytic,paralysed man. 1TbTap.os(I 7 )
river.[hippopotamus:riverhorse;Mesopotamia:the
landinthemiddle(lyingbetween)theRivers (Euphrates andTigris)]
1Tpeaf3;T pOe;(65)presbyter,elder......
T01Toe;(95)place.[topography] 4>'iAos(29)friend.[Cf.4>J..ew]
4>6f30e;(47)fear.[phobia] LESSON6 an(ll)(894)\.a.is.
'I7]aove;(90S) 'IaKwf3oe;(42) ap.ap-rwM'c;(47) af,ep.oe;(31) afros
(97) Ot(;f3oAos(37) SovAoe;(124) (32) 0eo'"(1314) KafJ1TOe; (66)
p.ta8cfs(29) lld.oe;(45) o[Koe;(112) (34) Ollpctllbe;(272)
0XAoe;(174) 7Tetpaap.6e;(21) aTavpoe;(27) vto'S(375) K;'poe;(85)
Xpbvoe;(54) Jesus. James.Uacobite:supporter of King James] sinner.
wind.[Thewind-flowerisananemone.Ananemometer measures wind speed]
bread,loaf. (the)devil.[diabolical] slave. sun.[helium: an element
first known through studying the spectrum of the
sun.Heliopolis:cityof thesun (1ToA.e;,Vocab.31)] God.[theology]
fruit. reward,pay. temple;especially the shrine of the temple.
house. wine. heaven.[Theelementuranium;theplanetUranus]
Thoughtherearemanyexceptions,oi'Jpavoe;usually takesthearticle
andisusuallyput in the plural,e.g. 'the kingdom of heaven',
{3aatAetUTWVollpavwv. crowd.[ochlocracy:mob temptation. cross. son
Twowords fortime fittingseason,opportunity,time. time.[chronology]
195 ,/)PTJp.oS'(47 600S(101) 1rap8tI'0S'(15) dpy6pLol'(21)
IN3)"t'ov(34) (63) otvoPOI'(25) lpyol' (169) (76) {p61'(70) . ,(60)
p.I'TJp./iol'(37) P.OO1"'1'/pLoI'(27) =tOiOv (52)} TtKI'OI'(99)
1r)..dZol'(66) 1rOrr)pLoI'(3 I) 1rpb{JaTol'(37) 1rptfaw1rol'(74)
GTJp.l:ov(77) IlVI':8pwv (22) VOCABULARIES6,7 Three femininenouns
desert.[eremite = hermit] way.[exodus; g'out of'(Vocab.10)]
virgin.[parthenogenesis:virgin birth] LESSON7
silver,money.[Cf.French andheraldic 'argent'] book.[Bible] demon.
tree.[rhododendron:lit.rose-tree] work.[energy;erg isthe physical
unit of work] gospel.[evangel] temple.[Ahierarchyisasystemof
sacredrulers(cf. apxw 'I rule',Vocab.23)]Usually I'aoswouldrefer
"-'"tothesanctuary,whereas wouldincludethe
precinctsasawhole.Notethatthebreathingison thenoton the Whereasru,
arediphthongs (pronouncedasasinglesyllable), .0 formtwo
separatesyllables.Henceoo-t-a(Vocab.9), tp.aT-t-OI',[-f.P-OI'.
garment;pI.clothes. tomb.[Thought of as something by which to
remember (p.I'TJp.ol'ww)thedead.Amnemonicisanaidto memory] mystery.
child.[paediatrics,Paedo-baptist]Inongmtheending was a diminutive,
so that apyvpwl' wasa small
pieceofsilver,oruP.OI'WValesserdemon,1rCUOtol'a little 1ratS'('
child', Vocab. 28).But in many cases the diminutive forcehas
disappeared.1ratOtol' and Tf.KI'OI' areused of children of
allages.[Apedagogue is one wholeads (ayw,Vocab.13)achild] boat.
cup. sheep. face. sign.[semaphorecarries (Pw,Vocab.13)a sign]
council,theSanhedrin.(Sanhedrinisoneofthe
rareinstancesofHebrewborrowingaGreek word.) 196 VOCABULARIES.7,8
atif3{JaTOI'(68)Sabbath.(TheAramaicforSabbathwas'Shabbata'.
Sothepluralformaa{J{JaTa(aswellasthesingular
formaa{J{JaTOI')isoften used with singular meaning.) The
Greekformof thewordfor' Jerusalem'isalsoSecondDeclension neuter
plural: (TO.)(63) ./' There isalso a Hebrew form which is feminine
singular and indeclinable: 'IpovaaAi(p.(76) 6 TO(19,734) aytTrTJ(II
6) dPXTJ(55)Y;;(248) yprfTJ(50) ota8rlKTJ(33) (30) (91) dp7}1'TJ(9
1) l"To)..TJ(68) maTo)..i{ (24) tWr} (135) Kf.aAf (75) KC:P.TJ(27)
1'f.t>..TJ (25) 6pY{(36) 1rapa{Jo)..f(50) 1rPoav;0(36)
awaywy{(56) np.1i(4I) rmop.ovr} (32) v)..aKi[ (46) wvr}(137)
ifivxf(101) LESSON8 the. love.[The Agape in the Early Church was a
love feast] beginning.[archaic] earth,land.[geography,geology]
writing,Scripture(cf.ypaw).[autograph:writingof the man'himself',
aUTOS'(Vocab.15)] covenantKrul'TJota87]K7J:'The New Testament').
teaching (cf.OtOaaKa)..os).['The Didache'isthename by which an
early Christian writhlg,TheTeachingof
theTwelveApostles,isgenerallyknown.] righteousness.
peace.[eirenical] commandment. letter.[epistle] life.[zoology]
head.[cephalic;autocephalous:self-governing] village.
cloud.[Cf.nebula,acloudy star-duster; nebulous] anger. parable.
prayer. synagogue. honour,price.[Timothy:honouring God]
steadfastness(remaining(p.f.l'w)steadfastunder(V1rO,
Vocab.16)trial}. guard,prison.[Aphylacterywas a guardagainstevil;
prophylactic:preventative] sound, voice.[phonetic; telephone: voice
at adistance] soul,life.[psychology]
Thereareabout137,500wordsintheNew Testament.'Weare .now
familiarwith one-third of them. 14197 WE (25) (109) al-'apTt'a(173)
(3aatA;'ia(162) YEvta(43) I
