Greater Paris, Global Big Science Equipment Fab Lab?...Towards Openness and Collaboration •Scientific competition eased after the Cold War •Tendency changed to enhancing openness

Large Hadron Collider (LHC), Geneva, Switzerland

Greater Paris,Global Big Science Equipment Fab Lab?

Introduction Slide

• Who are we?

• International students (France, South Korea, China) enrolled in “Governing the Large Metropolis”

Masters programme in Sciences Po

• A research based on intuition of Greater Paris Investment Agency

• Capstone project conducted from February to June

• How did we conduct our research?

• Reports and articles (OECD, UNESCO, EU, Official websites of Scientific Organizations)

• Interviews with researchers and scientists from Greater Paris

• Visit of the Accelerators, Cryogenics and Magnetism Division (DACM) in CEA-Saclay

• Our general methodology

• Data collection

• Data treatment

• Data analysis

Background Information of Research

2© Paris-Ile de France Capitale Economique & Sciences Po

• Aggregated monetary value of Big Science Equipment (BSE) located in France is the

highest

• French institutions involved in science are #1 biggest contributors in the most

prominent BSE in the world

• Greater Paris is the global European metropolis at the centre of Big Science




Table of Contents

1. Greater Paris: An Attractive Region for Knowledge Production and Dissemination

2. Big Science and Big Science Equipment

3. Methodology and Global Big Science Equipment Overview

4. Positioning Greater Paris in the Global Landscape of Big Science Equipment

5

5. Concluding Remarks

© Paris-Ile de France Capitale Economique & Sciences Po

European XFEL, Hambourg, Germany

Greater ParisAttractiveness

Greater Paris: An Attractive Region for Knowledge Production and Dissemination

• Academic fields of excellence (Academic Ranking of World University, 2015)

• Mathematics: Université Pierre Marie Curie (#5), Université Paris-Sud (#10)

• Physics: Université Paris-Sud (#23), Université Pierre Marie Curie (#29)

7

Source: Institut de l’Amenagement du Territoire et de l’Urbanisme, Paris region key figures 2017, pp. 11-12


Big ScienceEquipment

Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe (FAIR), Darmstadt, Germany

What is Big Science?

• Term coined by Alvin Weinberg(1961)

• Description of scientific research model during

and after World War II

• Example: Manhattan Project with United States,

Canada and United Kingdom

• Contrary to Small Science(or Little Science)

• Science research conducted in small scale

• Individuals, teams in universities


Characteristics of Big Science

• Long term, large-scale scientific research

• Normally funded by a national government or a

group of governments

• Contribute to advancements in fundamental science

• Provide innovations that can be used in applied

science

• Spinoff technologies have impact on our daily life

• World Wide Web from CERN

• Particle accelerators for cancer treatment

Big Science

Big

Budget

Big

Staff

Big Equipment

Big Laboratories


Towards Openness and Collaboration

• Scientific competition eased after the Cold War

• Tendency changed to enhancing openness and fostering collaboration of scientific research

• Term “open science” is used to describe the effort of scientific circle towards making research

data accessible and transparent

• Also driven by the motivation of achieving scientific advancement for the humanity


Big Science Equipment

• Big Science Project (BSP) • Big Science Equipment (BSE)

Accelerators and Detectors at CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC)


Big Science, BSP & BSE

13

Field of Big Science

Big Science Project (BSP)

Big Science Equipment (BSE)

Produces

Utilizes

Means of experiment


Methodology & Overview

Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), Atacama Desert, Chile

Classification of BSE

77 BSE

- Almost 30 countries

- Data gathered through

official documents, articles

and reports

GLOBAL

BSE

LIST

Cost

Scientific Characteristics

Rarity

Location

International Collaboration

Operating Organisation

Scientific Domain

Country and city

Business/Government/Education/Private non profit

- Joint construction and operation

- Lead country collaborations

- Distributed science projects

- Domestic project

- Other: None of the above

Construction Cost/Operation & Management Cost

Number One/International/National/Other


Construction Cost as a Strong Indicator for the Performance of BSE

16

• Construction cost is correlated to the

level of performance of Big Science

Equipment

• Statistically significant (p<0.01)

relationship between construction

cost and rarity

Average construction cost of BSE by rarity

International

€ 68.32 MillionNational

€ 27.04 Million

Number One

€ 84.08 Million


Overview of Global Big Science Equipment

Scientific Discipline

Location

17

Physics

Astronomy & Astrophysics

Earth and Environmental Sciences

36% 25% 21% 5% 5% 5% 3%

Asia Europe North America South America

Africa Australia/Oceania Antarctica

62%

30%

8%

Physics Astronomy & Astrophysics Earth & Environmental


Comparing the Number of BSE by Country


Rarity of BSE by Country


Mode of Collaboration of BSE


Location of World’s 10 Most Expensive BSE

21

Scientific Discipline

Const

ruct

ion C

ost

inB

illio

nEuro

s

7

3

Physics Astronomy & Astrophysics

* Estimated construction cost of BSE under construction, obtained from official sources

Chile

€1.3Germany

€1.357*

USA

€1.4*

France

€1.5*South Africa

€1.5*

USA

€2.852

France & Switzerland

€3

France

€12.8*

Sweden

€1.843*

France

€7


Aggregated Value of Global Big Science Equipment by Country of Location

22

(Million Euros)


Synchrotron Soleil (SOLEIL), Saclay, France

PositioningGreater Paris

Identification of 9 Top-Class BSE

1) Construction Cost: Over 1 billion euros

2) Rarity: Number one and international

3) Mode of Collaboration: Internationally led

24

Global BSE

Inventory

Selection of

9 Top-Class

BSE

1)Construction

Cost

2)Rarity 3)Mode of

Collaboration


9 Top-Class BSE Map

Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)

European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT)

European Spallation Source (ESS)

European XFEL

Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR)

ITER

Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR)

Large Hydron Collider (LHC)

Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) 25© Paris-Ile de France Capitale Economique & Sciences Po

Case Study: European XFEL

• Currently the largest and brightest X-ray laser in the world, located in Hamburg

• European collaboration (13 countries involved)

• Construction cost: 1,226 Million Euros

• CNRS and CEA as the only French stakeholders: In-kind contributors from these two national agencies are

located in Greater Paris

• 3.14% of the construction cost, equally divided between the two institutes

• Third position in terms of construction contribution among 13 countries involved


Summary of Country Contribution to Top 9 BSE

27

• Top 5 countries : France, USA, Russia, Germany, and Japan


Research Institutes of the Top 5 Countries Involved in Top 9 BSE


Recurrence of Institutes in the Construction of Top 9 BSE


Greater Paris as a Cluster of Assets for Building Top 9 BSE

30

CNRS

CEA


What’s Next ? Towards Open Science?

• Europe as the biggest player in Big Science

• The European Union fosters collaboration and transparency for scientific projects

• Example: ITER

⇒ Matching context for Big Science and Open Science


Greater Paris: International Hub for Big Science

32

• Greater Paris can be considered as the international hub for Big Science in Europe

• Steps for further research: % of the workforce contributing to building or operating

the BSE, other indicators about contribution

• Examples: soft power (influence), impact on society as a whole and scientific value. Need to

be tested for Greater Paris


ITER, Cadarache, France

ThankYou



Documents

Greater Paris, Global Big Science Equipment Fab Lab?...Towards Openness and Collaboration •Scientific competition eased after the Cold War •Tendency changed to enhancing openness