Great Scientists and Inventors

8/12/2019 Great Scientists and Inventors

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Ms. Janice Magbujos-Florida

Instructor


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Albert Einstein


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Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955): In the year 1905,

Einstein elaborated on the experimental results of

Max Planck who noticed that electromagnetic

energy seemed to be emitted from radiatingobjects in quantities that were discrete. The energy

of these emitted quantities- the so-called l ight -

quanta-was directly proportional to the frequencyof the radiation which was completely contrary to

classical electromagnetic theory, based on

Maxwell's equations and the laws of

thermodynamics. Einstein used Planck's quantumhypothesis to describe visible electromagnetic

radiation, or light. According to Einstein's

viewpoint, light could be imagined to consist ofdiscrete bundles of radiation.


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Andr Marie

Ampre


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Andr Marie Ampre (1775-1836) in France gave a

formalized understand ing of

the relat ionships between

electr ic i ty and magnet ism

using algebra. The unit forcurrent is named after him.


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Benjamin Franklin


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Benjamin Franklin (1746-52 ) flew kites to

demonstrate that lightning is a form of static electricity

(ESD). He would run a wire to the kite and produce

sparks at the ground, or charge a Leyden jar. This ledFranklin to invent the l ightn ing rod. Franklin also

made several electrostatic generators with rotating

glass balls to experiment with. These experiments led

him to formulate the single fluid (imponderable fluid)theory of electricity. Previous theories had held there

were two electrical fluids and two magnetic fluids.

Franklin theorized just one imponderable electrical

fluid (a fluid under conservation) in the universe. Thedifference in electrical charges was explained by an

excess ( + ) or defect ( - ) of the single electrical fluid.

This is where the positive ( + ) and negative ( - )

symbols come from in electrical science.


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Franklin Electrostatic

Generator


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K l F i d i h


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Karl Friedrich

Gauss


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Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) Gauss is known as

one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. At very

early age he overturned the theories and methods of

18th-century mathematics. Beginning in 1830, Gaussworked closely with Weber. They organized a

worldwide system of stat ions for systemat ic

observat ion s o f terrestr ial magnetism. The most

important result of their work in electromagnetism was

the development, by others, of telegraphy. Weber, a

German physicist, also established a system of

absolute electrical units. His work on the ratiobetween the electrodynamics and electrostatic units

was crucial to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of

light. The CGS unit of magnetic field density in named

after Gauss


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Charles Proteus

Steinmetz


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Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865 - 1923)

discovered the mathemat ics of hysteresis

loss, thus enabling engineers of the time to

reduce magnetic loss in transformers. He

also applied the mathematics of complex

numbers to AC analysis and thus putengineering design of electrical systems on

a scientific basis instead of a black art. Along

with Nikola Tesla, he is responsible forwresting the generation of power away from

Edison's inefficient DC system to the more

elegant AC system.


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Charles Augustus

Coulomb


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Charles Augustus Coulomb (1736-1806)

invented the torsion balance in 1785. The

tors ion balanceis a simple device- a horizontal

cross-bar is mounted on a stretched wire. A ball

is then mounted on each end of the cross bar.

Given a positive or negative charge, those balls

will then attract or repel other objects that carrycharges. The balls responding to these charges

will try to twist the wire holding the cross bar. The

wire resists twisting, and how much twisting

occurs tells you how much force the attraction (orrepulsion) exerted. Coulomb showed electrical

attraction and repulsion follow an inverse square

law. The unit of charge is named after him.


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Count Alessandro Volta


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In is 1800 Count Alessandro Volta (1745-

1827) announced the results of his

experiments investigation Galvani's claims

about the source of electricity in the frog legexperiment. He undertook to prove that he

could produce electricity without the frog. He

took the same bimetallic arcs (many of them)and dipped them in glasses of brine. This was

Volta's Couronne des Tasses- his f irst

battery. The voltaic pile was an improvedconfiguration for a battery. With it he showed

that the bimetallic arcs were the source of

electricity. The unit of voltage is named after

him.


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Luigi Galvani


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Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) investigated

electricity as the source of life in 1791.

Galvani believed that living tissues containedelectricity and did a number of experiments:

connecting pieces of metal (zinc, copper, iron,

tin, etc.) to a piece of wire- zinc and copper

worked really well -to create what's called a

bimetal l ic arc. He held one end of this

bimetallic arc in his mouth and touched the

other end to the wet area in the corner of hiseye and sees a brilliant flash of light. His most

famous experiment was to arc and spark a

dead frogs leg, and make it jump.


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Galvani's Frog Legs


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George Simon Ohm


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1826 George Simon Ohm (1787-

1854) wanted to measure the

motive force of electrical currents .He found that some conductors

worked better than others and

quantified the differences. He

waited quite some time to

announce " Ohm 's Law" becausehis theory was not accepted by his

peers. The unit for resistance is

named after him.


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Guglielmo Marconi


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Guglielmo Marconi (1874 - 1937) Known

as the "father o f wireless", was an Italian

national who expanded on theexperiments that Hertz did, and believed

that telegraphic messages could be

transmitted without wires. 1897, Marconiformed his w ireless telegraph company,

and in December 1901 he did the first

trans Atlantic radio transmission in Morsecode. When Marconi died all the radio

transmitters in the world were silent for

two minutes.


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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff


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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887)

was a German physicist. He

announced the laws which allow

calculation of the currents, voltages,

and resistance of electrical networks,also known as KirchhoffsLaw in

1845 when he was only 21. In further

studies he demonstrated that currentflows through a conductor at the

speed of light.


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Hans Christian Oersted


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In the year 1820 Hans Christian

Oersted (1777-1851) in Denmarkdemonstrated a relat ionship

between electr ic i ty and

magnet ism by showing that an

electrical wire carrying a current will

deflect a magnetic needle. The CGSunit for magnetic field strength is

named after him.


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Heinrich F.E. Lenz


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1832 Heinrich F.E. Lenz (1804-1865),

born in the old university city of Tartu,

Estonia (then in Russia), was a professorat the University of St. Petersburg who

carried out many experiments following

the lead of Faraday. He is memorializedby the law which bears his name - the

electrodynamic action of an induced

current equally opposes the mechanicalinducing action- which was later

recognized to be an exp ress ion of the

conservation of energy.


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Heinrich Rudolph Hertz


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Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857 -

1894) was the first person to

demonstrate the existence of

rad io waves. His inspiration came

from Helmholtz and Maxwell.Hertz demonstrated in 1887 that

the velocity of radio waves (also

called Hertzian waves) was equalto that of light. The unit of

frequency is named after him.

Hermann Lud wig Ferdinand


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Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand

von

Hermann L d ig Ferdinand on


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Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von

Helmholtz (1821 - 1894) was an all

around universal scientist andresearcher. He was one of the 19th

centuries greatest scientists. In

1870, after analyzing all theprevalent theor ies of

electrodynamics, he lent hissupport to Maxwell's theory which

was little known on the European

continent.


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Jack St. Clair Kilby


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Jack St. Clair Kilby developed

the in teg rated c ircu i twhile at

Texas instruments. While

conducting research into

miniaturization he built the firsttrue integrated circuit, a

phase-shift oscillator withindividually wired parts. Kilby

received a patent in 1959.


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James Clerk Maxwell


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M ll l l l t d th t th d f


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Maxwell also calculated that the speed of

propagation of an electromagnetic field is

approximately that of the speed of light. He

proposed that the phenomenon of light is thereforean electromagnetic phenomenon. Because charges

can oscillate with any frequency, Maxwell concluded

that visible light forms only a small part of the entire

spectrum of possible electromagnetic radiation. Ananecdotal story about Maxwell recalls that he and a

friend were at an inn, and Maxwell cleared the table

saying "That's it", and promptly started to write

calculus on the table cloth. He later took the cloth

home, but I have no idea how he remunerated the

innkeeper. The CGS unit of magnetic flux is named

after him.


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John Ambrose Fleming


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Sir John Ambrose Fleming

(1849 - 1945) made the f i rst

d iode tube, the Flem ing valve

in the year 1905. The devicehad three leads, two for the

heater/cathode and the other

for the plate.


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Sir Joseph John Thomson


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Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856 - 1940) is

universally recognized as the British scientist

who discovered and identified the electron inthe year 1897. Thomson demonstrated that

cathode rays were actually units of electrical

current made up of negatively charged

particles of subatomic size. He believed

them to be an integral part of all matter and

theorized the "p lum pudd ing" model of

atomic structure in which a quantity ofnegatively charged electrons was embedded

in a sphere of positive electricity, the two

charges neutralizing each other.


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Joseph Wilson Swan


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Joseph Wilson Swan (1828 -

1914) Joseph Swandemonstrated his electr ic

lamp in Britain in February

1879. The filament used

carbon and had a partial

vacuum and precededEdison's demonstration by six

months.


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Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry (1799 1878) was a professor in a


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Joseph Henry (1799-1878) was a professor in a

small school in Albany, New York. He worked to

improve electromagnets and was the first to

super impose coi ls of wire wrapped on an ironcore. It is said that he insulated the wire for one of

his magnets using a silk dress belonging to his

wife. In 1830 he observed electromagnetic

induction, a year before Faraday. He was roundlycriticized for not publishing his discovery, losing the

distinction for American science. Henry did obtain

priority for the discovery of self induction, however.

He received an appointment at New Jersey

College (later Princeton University) and in 1846

became the first director of the Smithsonian

Institution. The unit of induction is named after him.


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Lee De Forest


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Lee De Forest (1873 - 1961) added a

grid electrode to Flemings' valve and

created the triode tube, later improvedand called the Audion. This increased

the distance that radio could be

received by two orders of magnitude.He was a prolific inventor, and was

granted more than 300 patents in the

fields of wireless telegraphy, radio, wiretelephone, sound-on-film, picture

transmission, and television.


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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday (1791 1867) 1820s Faraday


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Michael Faraday (1791-1867). 1820s Faraday

postulated that an electrical current moving through

a wire creates "fields of force" surrounding the wire.

He believed that as these "fields of force" whenestablished and collapsed could move a magnet.

This led to a number of experiments with electricity

as a motive (moving) force. 1821 Faraday built the

f i rs t electr ic moto r--a device for transforming anelectrical current into rotary motion. 1331 Faraday

made the f i rs t trans former--a device for inducing

an electrical current in a wire not connected to an

electrical source, also known as Faraday's Ring. It

was powered by a voltaic pile and used a manually

operated key to interrupt the current. The unit of

capacitance is named after him.


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Pieter Van Musschenbroek


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C d M h b k i L d


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Cuneus and Muschenbrock, in Leyden

(Netherlands), discovered the Leyden jar in

1745. The first electrical capacitor- a storagemechanism for an electrical charge. The first

ones were a glass jar filled with water-two

wires suspended in the water.

Muschenbrock got such a shock out of the

first jar he experimented with that he nearly

died. Later, the water was replaced with

metal foils wrapped so that there wasinsulation between the layers of foil-the two

wires are attached to the ends of the sheets

of foil.


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Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1943) devised the polyphase


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Nikola Tesla (1856 1943) devised the polyphase

alternating-current systems that form the modern

electrical power industry. In 1884, Tesla

emigrated to the United States. He worked brieflyfor Thomas Edison, who as the advocate of direct

current became Tesla's unsuccessful rival in

electricpower development. In 1888, Teslashowed how a magnetic field could be made to

rotate if two coils at right angles were supplied

with alternating currents 90 degrees out of phase

with each other at 60 hertz. GeorgeWestinghouse bought rights to the patents on this

motor and made it the basis for the

Westinghouse power system at Niagara Falls.

Tesla's other inventions included the Tesla co il,


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a kind of transformer, and he did research on

high-voltage electricity and wireless

communication. In 1905, he demonstrated awireless remote control boat, while at the same

time Marconi was still transmitting Morse code.

Despite his many patents and genius, he died

poor. Congress declared Tesla the " father ofradio", (not wireless as Marconi was), because

Marconi's four tuned circuit radio used Tesla's

1897 radio patent describing the four tunedstages, two on input and two on output. To get a

sense of electronics in the 1900s, read Tesla,

Man Out of Time by Margaret Cheney. The unit

of magnetic field density is named after him.


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Oliver Heaviside

Oliver Heaviside (1850 1925) Worked with


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Oliver Heaviside (1850 - 1925) Worked with

Maxwell's equations to reduce the fatigue

incurred in solving them. In the process, he

created a form of vector analysis called

"Operat ional Calculus" that replaced the

differential d/dt with the algebraic variable p,

thus transforming differential equations toalgebraic equations (Laplace Transforms). This

increased the speed of solution considerably.

He also proposed the ionized air layer named

after him (the Heavisids layer), that inductance

can be added to transmission lines to increase

transmission distance, and that charges will

increase in mass when accelerated.


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Robert Norton Noyce

Robert Norton Noyce (1927 1990) also


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Robert Norton Noyce (1927 - 1990) also

developed the in tegrated circui t with a

more pract ical app roach to s caling the

size of the circu it .He became a founder of

Fairchild Semiconductor Company in 1957.

In 1959, he and a co-worker developed the

design of a semiconducting chip; the sameidea occurred independently that same year

to Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. Noyce

and Kilby were both granted patents. In 1968he formed Intel with Gordon Moore, and in

1971 Intel designer Ted Hoff developed the

f i rst m icrop rocessor, the 4004.

Samuel Finley Breese


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Samuel Finley BreeseMorse


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S C


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Seymour Cray


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Seymour Cray (1925 - 1996)

Also known as "The Father o f

the Supercomputer", along

with George Amdahl, definedthe supercomputer industry in

the year 1976.


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Sir William Crookes

Sir William Crookes (1832 - 1919)


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( )

investigated electrical discharges

through highly evacuated "Crookestubes" in the year 1878. These

studies laid the foundation for J. J.

Thomson's research in the late1890s concerning discharge-tube

phenomena and the electron. He

also discovered the element

Thal l ium and made the

radiometer


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Thomas Alva Edison

1882 Edison installed the f i rst large centralt t i P l St t i N Y k Cit


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power stat ionon Pearl Street in New York City

in 1882; its steam-driven generators of 900

horsepower provided enough power for 7,200lamps. He consistently fought the use of

alternating current AC, and continued to market

direct current DC systems. This eventually

destroyed this arm of his marketing empire dueto inadequate technology. During his

experiments on the incandescent bulb, Edison

noted a flow of electricity from a hot filamentacross a vacuum to a metal wire. This effect,

known as thermionic emission, or the Edison

effect, was the foundation of the work later

refined by Lee De Forest to create the Audion.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847 - 1931): In 1878, Edisonbegan work on an electric lamp and sought a


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began work on an electric lamp and sought a

material that could be electrically heated to

incandescence in a vacuum. At first he used

platinum wire in glass bulbs at 10 volts. He

connected these bulbs in series to utilize a higher

supply voltage; however, he realized that

independent lamp control would be necessary forhome and office use. He then developed a three-wire

system with a supply of 220 volts DC. Each lamp

operated at 110 volts, and the higher voltage

required a resistance vastly greater than that ofplatinum. Edison conducted an extensive search for

a filament material to replace platinum until, on Oct.

21, 1879, he demonstrated a lamp containing a

carbonized cotton thread that glowed for 40 hours.


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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845 - 1923)discovered X for which he received the


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discovered X rays, for which he received the

first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901. He

observed that barium platinocyanide crystalsacross the room fluoresced whenever he turned

on a Crooke's, or cathode-ray discharge, tube,

even when the tube was shielded by thin metal

sheets. Roentgen correctly hypothesized that apreviously unknown form of radiation of very

short wavelength was involved, and that these X

rays (a term he coined) caused the crystals toglow. He later demonstrated the metallurgical

and medical use of X rays which later brought a

revolution the medical science.. The unit of

radiation exposure is named after him.


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Wilhelm Eduard Weber

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) Gauss is


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( )

known as one of the greatest mathematicians of all

time. At very early age he overturned the theories

and methods of 18th-century mathematics.Beginning in 1830, Gauss worked closely with

Weber. They organized a worldwide system of

stations for systematic observations of terrestrial

magnetism. The most important result of their workin electromagnetism was the development, by

others, of telegraphy. Weber, a German physicist,

also established a system of absolu te electr ical

uni ts . His work on the ratio between the

electrodynamics and electrostatic units was crucial

to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. The

MKS unit of flux is named after Weber.


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Great Scientists and Inventors