Great Lakes Region FAASTeam Date: May 23, 2015 Federal Aviation Administration Stabilized Approaches & Landings FAASTeam FAASTeam North Dakota

Great Lakes Region FAASTeam

Date: April 18, 2023

Federal AviationAdministration

Stabilized Approaches &

Landings

FAASTeamFAASTeam North Dakota

FAASTeamFAASTeam North Dakota

Stabilized Approaches & Landings2Federal Aviation

AdministrationApril 18, 2023

LET’S TALK…I DON’T SING OR

DANCE, SO YOU NEED TO PARTICIPATE

IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS, BRING THEM UP WHILE WE’RE ON THE SUBJECT



Purpose of this event:

Raise Awareness of the Issues

Communicate safe landing guidelines and

best practices



Here’s what we have learned…

• Stabilized Approach Criteria has successfully elevated the in-cockpit

awareness of risk during approaches.

• However, runway accidents are still at the top of the list.



Runway Excursion?...



vs. Runway Incursion…A runway incursion is an incident at an airport

which adversely affects runway safety.



Approach & Landing Accidents:National: 2008 - 2011 Accidents – Approach and Landing



Environmental Issues:



Top Four Environmental Causal Factors:

• Wind (142)• Object / Animal / Substance (80)• Terrain (60)• Runway / Land / Takeoff /

Taxi / Surface (44)

Honorable Mention:• Temperature / Humidity /

Pressure (28)



2008-2011 Human Factors



Top Five Human Factors:• Use of Equipment and information (58)• Action (37)• Information Processing and ADM (18)• Attention and Monitoring (12)• Planning and Preparation (12)

Honorable Mention:• Experience and Qualifications (9)• Perception, Orientation, or Illusion (7)



Runway Excursion Accidents…



Common results…



Approach & Landing data to date…



Runway Excursion Accidents…



Accidents last 5 years…



Excursion break down…

• Takeoff• landing



Related factors…

• The FSF cites the major risk factors in landing excursions were: go-around not conducted,

• long landings, • ineffective braking (contaminated runways), • gear malfunctions, and • fast approaches and landings.



Landing Certification Criteria…

• FAR Section 25.125 specifies the requirement to provide landing distances, defined as:

the horizontal distance necessary to land from a point 50 feet above a dry hard surface and come to a

complete stop.



And…

• The aircraft must be in the landing configuration, having flown a stabilized approach at a speed of not less than VREF down to the 50 foot height,

amongst other requirements.



And…

• The Flight Test Guide for the Certification of Transport Category Airplanes, Advisory Circular 25-7A, provides manufacturers with guidance to ensure compliance with the regulations.



Landing Certification…

• Distances are treated in two parts: – the airborne distance from 50 feet to touchdown,

and– the ground distance from touchdown to stop




• Airborne Distance – 3 or 3½ degree approach path– Sink rates as much as 8 feet per second at

touchdown (480 fpm)




• Ground Distance • Transition within 2 sec. • Based on FULL Braking



FAA Opinion on Certification…“Landing distances determined during certification are aimed at demonstrating the shortest landing distances… Therefore, the landing distances determined under 14 CFR Part 23.75 and 25.125 are much shorter than the landing distances achieved in normal operations”.

(AC 91-79, App. 1, p. 8)





Threats to Safe Landings…

According to AC 91-79: •Un-stabilized Approach •Excess Airspeed •Excess Threshold Crossing Height •Landing Long (Beyond the touchdown zone) •Adverse wind conditions •Failure to assess required landing distance



Un-Stabilized Approach…

• There are strong associations with unstable approaches and long/hard/fast landings

• However data exists to show that landing risks exist following both stabilized and un-stabilized approaches

• Failure to Go-Around contributed to one-third of all landing excursion accidents.

• Could be avoided by a go-around as required with stabilized approach criteria



Un-Stabilized Approach…

Why do pilots continue to attempt to salvage un-stabilized approaches?

Four Possible Behaviors:

Excessive confidence in a quick recovery;Excessive confidence because of runway or

environmental conditions;Inadequate preparation or lack of commitment to

conduct a go-around; or,Absence of decision because of fatigue or workload



Excess Airspeed…• Excess airspeed has been a cause factor in

nearly 15% of landing excursion accidents • The performance data is normally based

upon Vref not Vapp at a height of 50 feet above the threshold – Corrections to Vref are meant to be bled off to arrive

at threshold on speed

• Excess Speed affects either airborne or ground landing distances – or both



FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICE

Fargo, North Dakota

4620 Amber Valley Parkway

Fargo, ND 581041



Program Managers for North Dakota:

Jay M FlowersFAASTeam Program Manager

Operations, North [email protected]

Fargo FSDO (701) 492-5809

Jeffry BoeFAASTeam Program Manager

Airworthiness, North Dakota and South Dakota

[email protected]

Fargo FSDO

(701) 492-5817



As Inspectors and FAA Safety Team Educators…

We care, and we need you to care. If that works for you, then aviation has a chance.



Aviation Award Support:___________

The following is a list of awards that are supported by the FAASTeam:

– Pilot Proficiency Program

(AC 61-91) (FAR 61.56(e))– Aviation Maintenance Technician Awards Program

(AC 65-25)– Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award

(AC 65-26)– Wright Brothers “Master Pilot” Award

(FAA/FS-I-8700-2)– Annual General Aviation Awards Program





Recognizes outstanding individuals in their field roles of promoting aviation safety, education and professionalism



Winners will be recognized:

Locally Regionally Nationally.

National winners will be recognized during:

EAA AirVenture in Oshkosh

Winners will receive gifts and merchandise provided by sponsors and contributors.



Contact your local FAASTeam Program Manageror Flight Standards District Office

for further information.

Jay M. Flower FAASTeam, OPS 701-492-5809

Or Jeffry R. Boe FAASTeam, AWS

701-492-5817Or

FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICEFargo, North Dakota / 4620 Amber Valley Parkway

Fargo, ND 581041

701-492-5800



This Years Sponsors:______________

• Aircraft Electronics Association• Aviation Maintenance Technician Society• Aircraft Owners and Pilot’s Association• Aeronautical Repair Station Association• Experimental Aircraft Association• Federal Aviation Administration• General Aviation Manufacturers Association• National Business Aviation Association• National Association of State Aviation Officials• Society of Aviation & Flight Educators• Professional Aviation Maintenance Association• Women in Aviation International



“I am convinced that human flight is both possible and practical."

Wilbur Wright, 1899



Wright Brothers/Charles Taylor:_____

The Wright Brothers had a simple fascination with flight as did their mechanic, Charles Taylor.

It is their passion for aviation that has inspired these awards.



Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Placed into effect on August 11, 2003, the FAA has a program to recognize those pilots who have 50 or more consecutive years of safe flight operations: the Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award Program. (FAA/FS-I-8700-2 (Rev. 1))

Eligibility:

• 50 years or more U.S. Piloting experience• Up to 20 of which may be military• 3 letters of recommendation from FAA certificates pilots who can attest to the applicants 50 years of experience.• U.S. citizen for 50 consecutive years• No disqualifying revocations, Civil Penalty, or Suspensions• If accidents, reviewed on a case by case basis• If pilot has passed away, have 2 years to receive posthumously



Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award:Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award:

Placed into effect on August 11, 2003, the FAA has a program to recognize those mechanics that have 50 or more years of aviation operations as a “master Mechanic”. The Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award Program is explained fully in AC65-26D.

Eligibility:

• 50 years or more in an aviation maintenance career• 30 of the past 50 must have been working on “N” numbered

aircraft.• 1 or more letters of recommendation from FAA certificated

mechanics or repairman who can attest to the applicants 50 years of experience.

• U.S. citizen• No revocations.• If pilot has passed away, have 3 years to receive posthumously



Where do I sign up?



http://faasafety.gov

Awards:• Charles Taylor Master Pilot• Wright Brothers Master Pilot

WINGS “Safety Program Airmen Notification System” or SPANS Course acceptance and approvals Course notifications and aviation safety notices in general.

TFRs Workshops Aviation events









Applications are available at:_______

www.generalaviationawards.org

- and -

www.faasafety.gov



The Great Lakes Region FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam) values your input.

We would appreciate your feedback using the following link:

•http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/stakeholder_feedback/afs/field/

Documents

Great Lakes Region FAASTeam Date: May 23, 2015 Federal Aviation Administration Stabilized Approaches & Landings FAASTeam FAASTeam North Dakota