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GREAT CITIESPROFILES IN MUNICIPAL EXCELLENCE
FOR
TH
E FI
RST
TIM
E IN
HU
MA
N
HIS
TOR
Y,
THE
MA
JOR
ITY
O
F TH
E W
OR
LD’S
P
OP
ULA
TIO
N
RES
IDES
IN
CIT
IES.
GR
EAT
CIT
IES E
MP
LOY
INN
OV
ATI
VE
AN
D S
USTA
INA
BLE
FIN
AN
CE
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Loca
l gov
ernm
ents
are
incr
easi
ngly
ca
lled
upon
to d
evel
op in
fras
truc
ture
an
d pr
ovid
e hig
h qu
ality
pub
lic se
rvic
es
with
lim
ited
finan
cial
mea
ns. I
n fa
ct,
mun
icip
aliti
es a
cros
s Can
ada
now
co
ntro
l clo
se to
70%
of a
ll ca
pita
l in
fras
truc
ture
, des
pite
onl
y co
llect
ing
appr
oxim
atel
y 8%
of t
ax re
venu
es.
Incr
easi
ng ta
xes t
o pa
y fo
r exp
andi
ng
serv
ice d
eman
ds is
uns
usta
inab
le
and
can
crea
te si
gnifi
cant
long
term
ne
gativ
e effe
cts f
or a
city
and
a lo
cal
econ
omy.
Inst
ead,
the b
est c
ities
find
cr
eativ
e way
s to
do m
ore w
ith le
ss
whe
n pr
ovid
ing
serv
ices
to th
e pub
lic.
This
repo
rt w
ill lo
ok a
t wha
t loc
al
gove
rnm
ents
in v
ario
us ci
ties h
ave
done
to m
aint
ain
high
qua
lity
publ
ic
serv
ices
am
idst
ever
-tig
hten
ing
publ
ic
finan
ces,
and
wha
t Cal
gary
can
do to
pr
ovid
e hig
h qu
ality
pub
lic se
rvic
es
as it
cont
inue
s to
grap
ple w
ith th
e ch
alle
nges
inhe
rent
in ro
bust
gro
wth
.
Cur
rent
ly 8
3 pe
r cen
t of A
lber
ta’s
popu
latio
n liv
es in
urb
an a
reas
and
, ov
er h
alf o
f the
wor
ld’s
popu
latio
n liv
ed in
citie
s in
2010
. Citi
es p
lay
an
incr
easi
ngly
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
the
func
tion
of th
e ec
onom
y an
d pu
blic
life
. Th
e ac
tions
of m
unic
ipal
gov
ernm
ents
ar
e in
crea
sing
ly v
ital t
o ho
w th
e w
orld
de
velo
ps a
nd si
gnifi
cant
ly a
ffect
s the
w
ay th
eir c
itize
ns li
ve, i
nter
act,
and
cond
uct b
usin
ess.
Cal
gary
as a
city
con
tinue
s to
lead
C
anad
a in
term
s of p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
an
d, a
s its
eco
nom
y co
ntin
ues t
o gr
ow,
incr
easi
ngly
com
pete
s on
a gl
obal
sc
ale
for b
oth
busi
ness
and
tale
nt.
As C
alga
ry b
ecom
es re
cogn
ized
as a
gl
obal
city
, it n
eeds
to k
eep
up w
ith
othe
r Gre
at C
ities
to a
ttra
ct su
cces
sful
bu
sine
sses
, elit
e-le
vel t
alen
t, an
d pr
ovid
e cr
itica
l inf
rast
ruct
ure
supp
ort
for e
cono
mic
succ
ess.
W
ith C
alga
ry’s
grow
th in
min
d,
the
Cal
gary
Cha
mbe
r lau
nche
d th
e G
reat
Citi
es in
itiat
ive,
whi
ch lo
oks t
o un
ders
tand
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f citi
es
in th
e gl
obal
eco
nom
y, an
d th
e im
pact
m
unic
ipal
dec
isio
ns a
nd a
ctio
ns h
ave
on th
e su
cces
s of a
com
mun
ity.
To
bet
ter u
nder
stan
d th
e im
pact
th
at c
itize
ns a
nd lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts
have
on
the
vita
lity
of th
eir c
ities
, th
e C
alga
ry C
ham
ber h
as id
entifi
ed
four
are
as w
here
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
deci
sion
-mak
ing
has t
he m
ost d
irec
t in
fluen
ce o
n m
unic
ipal
succ
ess.
In
look
ing
at th
ese
topi
cs, t
he C
alga
ry
Cha
mbe
r has
iden
tified
wha
t the
m
ost s
ucce
ssfu
l citi
es d
o to
rem
ain
glob
ally
com
petit
ive,
wha
t Cal
gary
do
es w
ell c
ompa
red
to th
ese
citie
s, an
d w
hat C
alga
ry c
an d
o to
bec
ome
a to
p in
tern
atio
nal c
ity th
at re
mai
ns g
loba
lly
com
petit
ive,
attr
acts
wor
ld c
lass
bu
sine
sses
and
reta
in to
p-tie
r tal
ent.
The
four
topi
cs th
e C
ham
ber h
as
iden
tified
are
:
4
11T
he n
umbe
r of g
loba
l city
dw
elle
rs
cont
inue
s to
rise
, with
75
perc
ent
of th
e w
orld
’s po
pula
tion
expe
cted
to
cal
l citi
es h
ome
by 2
050.
1 The
w
orld
is b
ecom
ing
so e
cono
mic
ally
de
pend
ent o
n ci
ties t
hat s
ome
citie
s, su
ch a
s Bru
ssel
s, Bo
gota
, and
Seo
ul a
re
acco
untin
g fo
r mor
e th
an 4
0 pe
rcen
t of
thei
r cou
ntry
’s G
DP.
2
GR
EAT
CIT
IES H
AR
NES
S
THE
PO
WER
OF
HU
MA
N C
AP
ITA
L
Whi
le g
ood
citie
s are
fina
ncia
lly
resp
onsi
ble,
econ
omic
ally
vib
rant
, an
d w
ell p
lann
ed, g
reat
citie
s als
o ac
know
ledg
e tha
t im
prov
ing
soci
al
outc
omes
crea
tes n
umer
ous s
ocie
tal
and
econ
omic
ben
efits
. Fai
lure
to
addr
ess t
hese
pro
blem
s cre
ates
si
gnifi
cant
bur
dens
on
educ
atio
n,
heal
th a
nd o
ther
pub
lic se
rvic
es, a
nd
has n
egat
ive i
mpa
cts o
n la
bour
forc
e av
aila
bilit
y an
d sk
ills.
Citi
es w
ho
wor
k to
impr
ove t
he o
utco
mes
of t
he
wor
st o
ff in
thei
r soc
iety
ensu
re th
at
thei
r city
, as a
who
le, r
ealiz
es b
ette
r ou
tcom
es. T
his s
ectio
n w
ill lo
ok a
t the
eff
ects
soci
al is
sues
hav
e on
a ci
ty a
nd
wha
t oth
er ci
ties h
ave d
one t
o im
prov
e so
cial
out
com
es, h
ow im
prov
ing
soci
al
outc
omes
rela
tes t
o th
e oth
er a
spec
ts o
f a
grea
t city
, and
wha
t Cal
gary
is d
oing
to
add
ress
soci
al is
sues
.
GR
EAT
CIT
IES A
RE
LEA
DER
S
IN R
EGIO
NA
L C
OLL
AB
OR
ATI
ON
It is
easy
to th
ink
of a
city
as a
solit
ary
unit
isol
ated
from
the a
ctiv
ities
oc
curr
ing
beyo
nd it
s geo
grap
hica
l bo
unda
ry. I
n re
ality
, citi
es d
o no
t ex
ist a
s isl
ands
, and
the d
ecis
ions
of
grea
t citi
es si
gnifi
cant
ly im
pact
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
are
as th
at su
rrou
nd
them
. Gre
at ci
ties u
nder
stan
d th
at th
e im
plic
atio
ns o
f the
ir d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
exte
nd b
eyon
d th
eir b
orde
rs. T
he b
est
citie
s als
o re
cogn
ize t
he n
eed
to w
ork
with
nei
ghbo
urin
g m
unic
ipal
ities
to
enab
le su
cces
s thr
ough
out t
he re
gion
. Co
oper
atio
n fa
cilit
ates
bet
ter e
cono
mic
de
velo
pmen
t, re
duce
s adm
inis
trat
ive
redu
ndan
cies
, and
ensu
res a
mor
e effi
cien
t use
of c
olle
ctiv
e res
ourc
es
rath
er th
an tr
ying
to o
ut-c
ompe
te
one a
noth
er fo
r lab
our a
nd b
usin
ess.
This
sect
ion
will
look
at w
hich
citie
s ha
ve fo
und
effec
tive w
ays t
o w
ork
with
thei
r nei
ghbo
rs, a
nd id
entif
y th
e po
sitiv
e out
com
es o
f goo
d re
gion
al
plan
ning
. Thi
s sec
tion
will
als
o lo
ok a
t th
e cos
ts a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e abs
ence
of
good
coor
dina
tion,
and
wha
t Cal
gary
an
d its
nei
ghbo
rs ca
n do
to re
mai
n a
com
petit
ive,
affor
dabl
e reg
ion
that
en
able
s bus
ines
ses t
o gr
ow.
GREA
T CIT
IES
BO
OST
MU
NIC
IPA
L IQ
Wir
eles
s and
dig
ital t
echn
olog
ies
are n
ow d
eepl
y in
tegr
ated
into
our
ev
eryd
ay a
ctiv
ities
. In
man
y ca
ses,
citiz
ens a
nd b
usin
esse
s can
bar
ely
cons
ider
a w
orld
with
out t
he in
fluen
ce
of te
chno
logi
cal i
nteg
ratio
n in
thei
r da
ily o
pera
tions
. The
pro
lifer
atio
n of
the s
mar
t pho
ne a
nd w
irel
ess
inte
rnet
has
crea
ted
an in
form
ed,
tech
savv
y, w
ell-c
onne
cted
soci
ety
that
exp
ects
mor
e out
of t
he se
rvic
es
they
cons
ume.
Citie
s tha
t do
not k
eep
up w
ith th
e rap
id a
dvan
cem
ents
of
tech
nolo
gy ri
sk fa
lling
beh
ind
othe
r ci
ties,
and
may
bec
ome u
nabl
e to
mee
t the
dem
ands
of i
ts ci
tizen
s an
d bu
sine
sses
. Con
sequ
ently
, man
y ci
ties h
ave a
dopt
ed a
ggre
ssiv
e dig
ital
stra
tegi
es to
fund
amen
tally
tran
sfor
m
how
they
pro
vide
serv
ices
to ci
tizen
s an
d bu
sine
sses
. Thi
s sec
tion
will
look
at
how
Cal
gary
com
pare
s to
the m
ost
tech
-sav
vy ci
ties,
and
wha
t it c
an d
o to
stay
com
petit
ive i
n an
incr
easi
ngly
di
gita
l age
.
5
23
42
34
To w
hat e
xten
t loc
al g
over
nmen
ts o
r com
mun
ities
can
con
trib
ute
to th
e su
cces
s of t
heir
city
can
var
y gr
eatly
, and
eac
h ci
ty a
ddre
sses
thes
e pr
oble
ms i
n th
eir o
wn
way
s. W
hat i
s
univ
ersa
l is t
he fa
ct th
at c
ities
are
incr
easi
ngly
influ
enci
ng th
eir o
wn
outc
omes
bot
h lo
cally
and
glob
ally
, and
thei
r infl
uenc
e on
glo
bal e
cono
mic
succ
ess i
s mor
e si
gnifi
cant
than
it e
ver
has b
een
in th
e pa
st. B
y un
ders
tand
ing
wha
t exa
ctly
mak
es a
city
succ
essf
ul, l
ooki
ng a
t
wha
t the
bes
t citi
es d
o in
thes
e ar
eas,
and
seei
ng h
ow C
alga
ry m
easu
res u
p, w
e ca
n en
sure
that
Cal
gary
em
erge
s as a
Gre
at C
ity –
one
that
att
ract
s top
bus
ines
ses,
reta
ins t
alen
t, an
d is
reco
gniz
ed th
e w
orld
ove
r for
its e
xcel
lenc
e.
ALL
CIT
IES P
RO
VID
E IM
PO
RTA
NT
publ
ic se
rvic
es to
thei
r res
iden
ts
such
as i
nfra
stru
ctur
e de
velo
pmen
t, em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
, wat
er tr
eatm
ent,
was
tew
ater
rem
oval
, and
gar
bage
co
llect
ion.
The
se se
rvic
es a
re fu
nded
th
roug
h ta
xes p
aid
by re
side
nts
to th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e ci
ty, w
hich
is
expe
cted
to a
ct a
s the
resp
onsi
ble
stew
ard
of ta
xpay
er d
olla
rs. W
ith th
e pu
blic
mor
e in
form
ed a
nd e
duca
ted
than
eve
r, ci
tizen
s exp
ect t
o re
ceiv
e th
e be
st p
ossi
ble
valu
e fo
r the
ir
mon
ey a
nd c
ities
mus
t thi
nk m
ore
cons
ciou
sly
abou
t how
they
can
serv
e th
e pu
blic
as e
ffici
ently
as p
ossi
ble.
How
The
City
of C
alga
ry p
ays
for a
nd p
rovi
des p
ublic
serv
ices
is
impe
rativ
e to
the
long
-ter
m
com
petit
iven
ess o
f our
city
, esp
ecia
lly
as C
alga
ry is
gro
win
g by
upw
ards
of
30,
000
peop
le e
ach
year
.1 Ser
vice
dem
and
will
con
tinue
to ri
se a
nd T
he
City
will
nee
d ne
w in
fras
truc
ture
in
resp
onse
. Uns
usta
inab
le a
nnua
l pr
oper
ty ta
x in
crea
ses,
how
ever
, will
cr
eate
long
-ter
m n
egat
ive
effec
ts o
n C
alga
ry’s
com
petit
iven
ess.
Com
bine
d w
ith th
e un
pred
icta
bilit
y of
pro
vinc
ial
and
fede
ral t
rans
fers
, Cal
gary
nee
ds
to fi
nd n
ew w
ays o
f max
imiz
ing
the
valu
e it
prov
ides
its c
itize
ns, w
hile
lim
iting
cos
t inc
reas
es.
T
houg
h T
he C
ity d
oes m
any
thin
gs
wel
l in
term
s of fi
nanc
ial m
anag
emen
t an
d se
rvic
e de
liver
y, th
ere
is a
lway
s ro
om fo
r im
prov
emen
t. By
add
ress
ing
som
e of
the
area
s for
impr
ovem
ent
iden
tified
bel
ow, C
alga
ry c
an c
ontin
ue
on it
s pat
h of
succ
ess a
nd re
mai
n a
glob
al m
agne
t for
labo
ur a
nd b
usin
ess.
SP
END
ING
WIS
ELY
: C
ITIE
S,
BU
DG
ETS,
AN
D R
AIS
ING
REV
ENU
ES
At th
e he
art o
f eve
ry lo
cal g
over
nmen
t ar
e th
e va
riou
s ser
vice
s the
y pr
ovid
e to
th
eir c
itize
ns. W
ithou
t bas
ic se
rvic
es,
as w
ell a
s ade
quat
e in
fras
truc
ture
, th
e su
cces
s and
com
petit
iven
ess o
f a
city
can
qui
ckly
ero
de. C
ities
nee
d to
lo
ok a
t eve
ry to
ol to
hel
p pr
ovid
e th
e be
st p
ossi
ble
valu
e fo
r mon
ey, w
hich
is
nec
essa
ry to
ens
ure
that
citi
zens
re
mai
n sa
tisfie
d an
d se
rvic
es a
re c
ost
effec
tive
for c
ities
.
The
trad
ition
al m
odel
of p
rovi
ding
th
ese
serv
ices
has
bee
n th
roug
h a
loca
l go
vern
men
t dep
artm
ent.
Ope
ratio
ns
are
fund
ed th
roug
h ta
x do
llars
or
user
fees
and
equ
ipm
ent i
s ow
ned
and
oper
ated
by
the
gove
rnm
ent.
With
lim
ited
abili
ty to
rais
e re
venu
e,
citie
s nee
d to
look
at w
hat s
ervi
ces
they
pro
vide
and
whe
ther
ther
e ar
e
GREA
T CIT
IES
EMPLO
Y
INN
OVA
TIV
E A
ND
SU
STA
INA
BLE
FI
NA
NCE
TECH
NIQ
UES
1
6
inno
vativ
e w
ays t
o lo
wer
cost
s with
out
redu
cing
pub
lic sa
tisfa
ctio
n. O
ther
wis
e,
poor
spen
ding
hab
its, g
row
ing
budg
ets,
and
low
pro
duct
ivity
may
resu
lt.
Traditio
nal b
udget
ing
Like
a b
usin
ess,
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
bu
dget
for t
he v
ario
us g
oods
and
se
rvic
es p
rovi
ded
to th
eir c
itize
ns.
Trad
ition
al li
ne it
em b
udge
ting
estim
ates
futu
re c
ost b
ased
on
the
prev
ious
yea
r’s c
ost o
f del
iver
y, th
e ad
ditio
nal i
nves
tmen
t nee
ded
to
mai
ntai
n ex
istin
g se
rvic
e le
vels
, and
th
e ex
pect
ed ri
se in
dem
and.
Whi
le
this
met
hod
aim
s to
crea
te st
abili
ty
and
mai
ntai
n qu
ality
, bas
ing
futu
re
spen
ding
on
a pr
evio
us b
udge
t doe
s no
t refl
ect t
he a
ctua
l cos
t of o
pera
tion
or p
ublic
dem
and.
Thi
s cre
ates
a
cycl
e of
con
tinuo
usly
risi
ng c
osts
for
gove
rnm
ents
rega
rdle
ss o
f whe
ther
pr
ogra
ms r
equi
re a
dditi
onal
fund
ing.
C
ontin
ually
add
ing
fund
ing
also
di
scou
rage
s inn
ovat
ion
and
proc
ess
impr
ovem
ent,
crea
ting
long
-ter
m
effici
ency
issu
es.
As c
ity se
rvic
es e
xpan
d, a
dded
di
scre
tion
is re
quir
ed to
lim
it th
e ra
te o
f bud
get i
ncre
ases
. The
cyc
le o
f in
crea
sing
cos
ts to
mai
ntai
n se
rvic
es
will
infla
te p
rope
rty
taxe
s, lo
wer
aff
orda
bilit
y fo
r bus
ines
ses a
nd
citiz
ens,
ham
peri
ng C
alga
ry’s
over
all
com
petit
iven
ess.
Reco
gniz
ing
the
ineff
ectiv
enes
s of t
radi
tiona
l bud
gets
, so
me
mun
icip
aliti
es h
ave
foun
d ne
w
way
s to
asse
ss th
e co
st o
f pro
vidi
ng
mun
icip
al se
rvic
es.
Alter
native
budget
appro
ach
es
To m
ore
accu
rate
ly a
sses
s ser
vice
le
vels
, ser
vice
qua
lity,
and
thei
r as
soci
ated
cos
ts, s
ome
citie
s hav
e m
oved
to a
zer
o-ba
sed
budg
etin
g pr
oces
s. In
zer
o-ba
sed
budg
etin
g,
the
initi
al c
ost o
f eac
h se
rvic
e is
as
sum
ed to
be
zero
, rat
her t
han
the
prev
ious
yea
r’s c
ost.
Dep
artm
ents
m
ust t
hen
pres
ent a
pro
posa
l for
fu
ndin
g ba
sed
on th
e de
sire
d le
vel o
f se
rvic
e, re
sour
ces r
equi
red,
ass
ocia
ted
prog
ram
s, an
d th
e ex
pect
ed c
ost.
Thi
s is
inte
nded
to a
void
sim
ply
incr
easi
ng
fund
ing
oblig
atio
ns fr
om th
e pr
evio
us
year
’s nu
mbe
rs, c
reat
ing
savi
ngs
thro
ugh
the
elim
inat
ion
of in
effici
ent,
surp
lus f
undi
ng. H
owev
er, r
evie
win
g ea
ch sp
endi
ng it
em m
eans
that
zer
o-ba
sed
budg
etin
g ca
n be
com
e a
time
cons
umin
g, a
nd c
ostly
, pro
cess
.
Ano
ther
alte
rnat
ive
appr
oach
to th
e bu
dget
ing
proc
ess i
s per
form
ance
or
resu
lts-b
ased
bud
getin
g. A
resu
lt-ba
sed
budg
etin
g sy
stem
focu
ses
on p
rovi
ding
serv
ices
bas
ed o
n sp
ecifi
c pr
iori
ties w
ith m
easu
reab
le
outc
omes
. Ser
vice
s are
then
app
rove
d ba
sed
on th
eir a
bilit
y to
ach
ieve
thos
e ou
tcom
es th
roug
h th
e m
ost c
ost
effec
tive
mea
ns p
ossi
ble.
H
ow d
olla
rs a
re sp
ent i
s im
pera
tive
befo
re e
ven
cons
ider
ing
how
reve
nues
ar
e co
llect
ed a
nd e
ffect
ive
budg
etin
g is
cru
cial
to th
e su
cces
s of c
ities
. M
ore
citie
s are
usi
ng a
ltern
ativ
e bu
dget
ing
met
hods
to m
axim
ize
cost
eff
ectiv
enes
s, an
d ar
e fin
ding
are
as o
f sa
ving
s with
out c
ompr
omis
ing
serv
ice
qual
ity o
r citi
zen
satis
fact
ion.
To
best
im
plem
ent t
hese
pra
ctic
es, c
ities
ne
eds t
o un
ders
tand
pub
lic d
eman
d,
wha
t ser
vice
s the
y sp
end
on, a
nd th
e va
lue
for m
oney
the
publ
ic re
ceiv
es
from
serv
ices
.
Per
form
ance
mea
sure
men
t
and p
ublic
engagem
ent
Perf
orm
ance
mea
sure
men
t and
be
nchm
arki
ng h
as le
d to
pos
itive
re
sults
in o
ther
juri
sdic
tions
and
can
in
crea
se th
e ov
eral
l com
petit
iven
ess
of a
city
, mai
ntai
ning
the
high
qu
ality
of l
ife th
at m
akes
a c
ity a
n at
trac
tive
plac
e to
live
and
wor
k. B
y ev
alua
ting
the
effici
ency
and
qua
lity
of th
e se
rvic
es it
pro
vide
s, T
he C
ity
of C
alga
ry c
an im
prov
e its
abi
lity
to
dete
rmin
e th
e ac
tual
val
ue fo
r mon
ey
that
Cal
gary
taxp
ayer
s are
rece
ivin
g.
Budget
ing a
nd
The
City o
f Calg
ary
The
City
of C
alga
ry h
as re
cogn
ized
sh
ortc
omin
gs a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e tr
aditi
onal
bud
getin
g pr
oces
s, an
d in
20
11 C
ity C
ounc
il ap
prov
ed a
zer
o-ba
sed
revi
ew p
ilot p
rogr
am fo
r The
C
ity’s
fleet
serv
ices
dep
artm
ent.
Thi
s has
sinc
e be
en e
xpan
ded
to a
ll de
part
men
ts. T
he p
urpo
se o
f the
zer
o-ba
sed
revi
ews a
re to
acc
ount
for e
ach
dolla
r spe
nt b
y T
he C
ity, a
nd a
lso
to
exam
ine
the
mos
t effe
ctiv
e m
etho
d to
de
liver
the
serv
ice
with
in T
he C
ity’s
adm
inis
trat
ive
stru
ctur
e.3 W
hile
zer
o-ba
sed
budg
etin
g do
es h
elp
ensu
re
tran
spar
ency
and
cos
t effi
cien
cy, t
he
proc
ess i
tsel
f is t
ime
cons
umin
g, a
nd
only
80
perc
ent o
f all
serv
ices
are
ex
pect
ed to
be
revi
ewed
by
2020
.4 T
houg
h ze
ro-b
ased
revi
ews a
re a
goo
d st
art t
o un
ders
tand
ing
wha
t ser
vice
s sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ed a
pri
ority
, mor
e ne
eds t
o be
don
e to
find
savi
ngs.
In
add
ition
to z
ero-
base
d re
view
s, T
he C
ity sh
ould
exa
min
e ot
her
alte
rnat
ive
budg
etin
g m
etho
ds to
m
axim
ize
publ
ic v
alue
. Cal
gary
ha
s im
plem
ente
d el
emen
ts o
f re
sults
-bas
ed b
udge
ting,
such
as
esta
blis
hing
a n
umbe
r of l
ong-
rang
e pr
iori
ties w
ith th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
imag
ineC
ALG
ARY
.5 How
ever
, im
agin
eCA
LGA
RY h
as 2
8 pr
iori
ties
and
over
100
long
-ter
m p
erfo
rman
ce
targ
ets.
Serv
ices
are
als
o or
gani
zed
by
depa
rtm
ent r
athe
r tha
n by
pri
ority
, ca
usin
g do
llars
to g
o to
som
e pr
ogra
ms
that
may
ove
rlap
oth
ers,
resu
lting
in
an
ineffi
cien
t allo
catio
n of
pub
lic
reve
nues
. Whi
le c
redi
t sho
uld
be g
iven
fo
r am
bitio
n, fo
cusi
ng o
n fe
wer
, mor
e m
easu
rabl
e pr
iori
ties a
llow
s for
mor
e
7
RES
ULT
S-B
ASED
BU
DG
ETIN
G
AN
D T
HE
CIT
Y O
F B
ALT
IMO
RE
Follo
win
g th
e 20
09 re
cess
ion,
the
City
of B
altim
ore
expe
rien
ced
sign
ifica
nt p
opul
atio
n lo
ss a
nd
mou
ntin
g m
unic
ipal
deb
t. R
athe
r tha
n co
ntin
uing
to ta
ke o
n de
bt a
nd fa
ce
the
thre
at o
f mun
icip
al b
ankr
uptc
y, th
e C
ity o
f Bal
timor
e de
cide
d to
re
orga
nize
its b
udge
ting
proc
ess b
y m
ovin
g to
a re
sults
-bas
ed b
udge
ting
proc
ess.
Balti
mor
e’s m
odel
relie
s on
thre
e m
ajor
fact
ors t
o cr
eate
succ
ess.
In o
rder
to in
crea
se th
e ov
eral
l effi
cien
cy o
f its
pub
lic fi
nanc
es,
Balti
mor
e ha
s mad
e su
re th
at:
on k
ey so
ciet
al p
rior
ities
, with
bu
dget
item
s gro
uped
by
serv
ice
prio
rity
rath
er th
an d
epar
tmen
tal
resp
onsi
bilit
y.
colle
ctin
g pe
rfor
man
ce d
ata
and
eval
uatin
g ea
ch p
rogr
am’s
effec
tiven
ess.
inno
vatio
n. If
one
dep
artm
ent
prop
oses
that
it c
an p
rovi
de a
se
rvic
e fo
r les
s, th
e se
rvic
e ca
n be
m
oved
to a
noth
er d
epar
tmen
t.
In c
onst
ruct
ing
a re
sults
-bas
ed
budg
et, t
he M
ayor
’s O
ffice
iden
tified
si
x ke
y pr
iori
ties i
n 20
09, u
sing
th
em a
s the
fram
ewor
k fo
r wha
t se
rvic
es sh
ould
be
deliv
ered
. Eac
h pr
iori
ty h
as a
n ac
com
pany
ing
guid
elin
e do
cum
ent t
hat p
rovi
des
key
mun
icip
al d
ata
on th
e st
ate
of th
at p
rior
ity a
rea,
and
pro
vide
s st
rate
gies
abo
ut h
ow to
add
ress
the
issu
e. F
undi
ng c
omm
itmen
ts a
re a
lso
now
ass
igne
d by
serv
ice
area
rath
er
than
dep
artm
ent t
o em
phas
ize
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f the
serv
ice
over
who
is
resp
onsi
ble
for d
eliv
erin
g it.
To
ens
ure
that
pri
oriti
es a
re
met
, the
City
of B
altim
ore
crea
ted
a pe
rfor
man
ce m
anag
emen
t offi
ce
know
n as
Citi
Stat
. Citi
Stat
col
lect
s dat
a fr
om e
ach
city
dep
artm
ent,
com
pari
ng
whi
ch se
rvic
es e
ffect
ivel
y ad
dres
s bu
dget
pri
oriti
es a
nd w
hich
do
not
func
tion
as in
tend
ed. B
y fo
cusi
ng o
n pe
rfor
man
ce a
nd se
tting
targ
ets f
or
cont
inuo
us im
prov
emen
t, Ba
ltim
ore
has a
cle
arer
pic
ture
of h
ow it
s fin
ance
s add
ress
the
city
’s ne
eds.
C
ompe
titio
n fo
r dol
lars
bet
wee
n de
part
men
ts is
enc
oura
ged,
with
re
spon
sibi
lity
awar
ded
to w
hich
ever
ca
n pr
ovid
e th
e se
rvic
e m
ost
effec
tivel
y fo
r the
low
est c
ost.
For
exam
ple,
Bal
timor
e’s H
ousi
ng a
nd
Com
mun
ity D
evel
opm
ent d
epar
tmen
t to
ok o
ver r
espo
nsib
ility
for b
urgl
ar
alar
m re
gist
ratio
ns fr
om B
altim
ore’
s po
lice
depa
rtm
ent i
n 20
10. T
he
resu
lt w
as a
n ex
pect
ed $
2.6
mill
ion
in a
dditi
onal
reve
nue
whi
le fr
eein
g up
the
polic
e de
part
men
t for
mor
e pr
essi
ng is
sues
, allo
win
g th
e C
ity to
be
tter
serv
e its
citi
zens
.
The
shift
to re
sults
-bas
ed b
udge
ting
in B
altim
ore
is e
xpec
ted
to le
ad to
pr
ojec
ted
cost
savi
ngs o
f $20
2 m
illio
n by
202
2, w
hile
ove
rall
reve
nues
from
ta
xes a
nd u
ser f
ees a
re e
xpec
ted
to
incr
ease
by
only
1 pe
rcen
t fro
m 2
013
to 2
015.
Fac
ed w
ith a
fina
ncia
l cri
sis,
the
City
of B
altim
ore
has t
rans
form
ed
itsel
f int
o a
grea
t city
by
bein
g m
ore
effici
ent w
ith p
ublic
dol
lars
.
BA
LT
IMO
RE
89
effec
tive
use
of li
mite
d fu
nds.
C
alga
ry is
cur
rent
ly a
par
tner
in
the
Ont
ario
Mun
icip
al B
ench
mar
king
In
itiat
ive
and
subm
its so
me
perf
orm
ance
dat
a su
ch a
s the
val
ue o
f bu
ildin
g pe
rmits
issu
ed p
er c
apita
and
em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
cos
ts p
er c
apita
to
the
initi
ativ
e.6 H
owev
er, T
he C
ity
does
not
pub
lish
thei
r ben
chm
arki
ng
for C
alga
rian
s to
revi
ew. S
ince
The
C
ity a
lrea
dy c
olle
cts t
his d
ata,
it
shou
ld m
ake
this
info
rmat
ion
mor
e ac
cess
ible
to C
alga
rian
s by
publ
ishi
ng
it cl
earl
y on
the
fron
t pag
e of
thei
r w
ebsi
te, s
how
ing
exac
tly w
here
ta
xpay
ers d
olla
rs g
o. T
his w
ill h
elp
iden
tify
trou
ble
spot
s and
iden
tify
area
s of i
mpr
ovem
ent.
To
mor
e cl
osel
y al
ign
serv
ices
with
pu
blic
dem
and,
The
City
of C
alga
ry
rece
ntly
trie
d to
incr
ease
pub
lic
enga
gem
ent i
n th
eir b
udge
t cyc
le w
ith
Actio
n Pl
an 2
015-
2018
.7 In a
dditi
on
to p
erfo
rman
ce m
easu
rem
ent,
enga
gem
ent i
s im
pera
tive
to
impr
ovin
g th
e bu
dget
ing
proc
ess.
Enga
gem
ent h
elps
ens
ure
that
citi
es
are
resp
onsi
ve to
the
need
s of t
heir
ci
tizen
s and
mai
ntai
n se
rvic
e qu
ality
as
effi
cien
cies
are
iden
tified
.
Tha
t sai
d, e
ngag
emen
t mus
t be
done
car
eful
ly to
hav
e m
eani
ngfu
l va
lue.
With
The
City
of C
alga
ry’s
Actio
n Pl
an, t
here
wer
e co
ncer
ns w
ith
the
usef
ulne
ss o
f the
eng
agem
ent
beca
use
of lo
w re
spon
se ra
tes a
nd
pros
pect
ive
chan
ges t
o se
rvic
es w
ere
poor
ly c
omm
unic
ated
to th
e pu
blic
.8 In
spite
of t
hese
issu
es, i
dent
ifyin
g cr
itica
l are
as o
f pub
lic d
eman
d w
ill
help
cre
ate
long
-ter
m sa
ving
s and
on
goin
g pu
blic
eng
agem
ent s
houl
d be
a
prio
rity
for T
he C
ity.
RA
ISIN
G R
EVEN
UES
FO
R S
ERV
ICES
Part
of t
he b
udge
tary
pro
cess
incl
udes
de
term
inin
g ho
w to
fund
pub
lic
serv
ices
. For
a v
arie
ty o
f rea
sons
,
mun
icip
al sp
endi
ng h
as b
een
stea
dily
ri
sing
sinc
e 19
88. W
ith li
mite
d re
venu
e op
tions
, Can
adia
n ci
ties m
ore
than
eve
r nee
d to
thin
k ab
out h
ow
they
rais
e th
eir r
even
ues a
nd p
ay fo
r se
rvic
es in
a m
anne
r tha
t doe
s not
ov
erbu
rden
the
taxp
ayer
.
Pro
per
ty t
ax
es
Prop
erty
taxe
s are
the
prim
ary
sour
ce o
f rev
enue
s for
mos
t Can
adia
n m
unic
ipal
ities
. The
y ar
e co
llect
ed
base
d on
the
tota
l ass
essm
ent v
alue
of
pro
pert
ies –
usu
ally
a c
ombi
natio
n of
phy
sica
l bui
ldin
gs a
nd la
nd –
w
ithin
a c
ity. T
he p
rope
rty
tax
is
a re
lativ
ely
stab
le fo
rm o
f tax
atio
n be
caus
e bu
ildin
gs a
nd la
nd st
ay
with
in th
e m
unic
ipal
ity, a
nd d
o no
t m
ove
like
indi
vidu
als.
Thi
s pro
vide
s a
pred
icta
ble
sour
ce o
f rev
enue
for
citie
s bec
ause
of t
he re
lativ
ely
stab
le
tax
base
com
pare
d to
oth
er fo
rms o
f ta
xatio
n. P
rope
rty
taxe
s, ho
wev
er,
tend
to b
e un
resp
onsi
ve to
eco
nom
ic
chan
ges.
Giv
en C
alga
ry’s
rela
tivel
y hi
gh p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
, the
hig
h re
lianc
e on
pro
pert
y ta
x do
es a
poo
r
job
of a
ccom
mod
atin
g th
e de
man
ds
a ra
pidl
y in
crea
sing
pop
ulat
ion
puts
on
exi
stin
g in
fras
truc
ture
and
pub
lic
serv
ices
.
Prop
erty
taxe
s are
als
o tr
oubl
esom
e be
caus
e th
ey d
o no
t nec
essa
rily
refle
ct
an in
divi
dual
’s ab
ility
to p
ay, h
ow
muc
h se
rvic
es a
re co
nsum
ed, a
nd d
oes
not a
ccou
nt fo
r fre
e ri
ders
. In
turn
, th
e pr
oper
ty ta
x is
an
ineffi
cien
t way
to
pay
for s
ervi
ces.
This
is n
ot to
say
that
pro
pert
y ta
xes a
re a
bad
bas
is fo
r m
unic
ipal
reve
nues
. Whi
le th
ey d
o no
t di
rect
ly co
rrel
ate
to se
rvic
es co
nsum
ed,
prop
erty
tax
rate
s mus
t be
incr
ease
d to
ge
nera
te si
gnifi
cant
reve
nue,
mak
ing
them
hig
hly
visi
ble.
In tu
rn, t
his
ensu
res t
hat c
itize
ns a
re in
form
ed if
th
eir t
axes
go
up, t
houg
h th
ey m
ay n
ot
be su
re o
f why
cost
s are
risi
ng.
Pr
oper
ty ta
xes a
ct a
s a g
ood
foun
datio
n fo
r ser
vice
s tha
t are
w
idel
y co
nsum
ed a
nd d
o no
t fluc
tuat
e he
avily
with
dem
and.
A b
road
er se
t of
reve
nue
tool
s, ho
wev
er, w
ould
en
able
citi
es to
mor
e ap
prop
riat
ely
and
sust
aina
bly
man
age
all C
ity
expe
nditu
res.
THE
CIT
Y O
F SA
SK
ATO
ON
MU
NIC
IPA
L O
PER
ATI
ON
S
BEN
CH
MA
RK
PR
OJE
CT
Reco
gniz
ing
the
need
to m
easu
re th
e pe
rfor
man
ce o
f the
ir se
rvic
es a
nd
the
valu
e fo
r mon
ey th
eir c
itize
ns
rece
ive,
The
City
of S
aska
toon
has
be
nchm
arke
d th
e se
rvic
es o
f five
w
este
rn C
anad
ian
citie
s on
an a
nnua
l ba
sis s
ince
200
9. T
he b
ench
mar
k re
port
com
pare
s the
var
ious
serv
ices
pr
ovid
ed b
y lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts
in S
aska
toon
, Reg
ina,
Win
nipe
g,
Edm
onto
n, a
nd C
alga
ry, a
nd m
easu
res
a va
riet
y of
serv
ices
bas
ed o
n th
e co
st
SA
SK
AT
OO
Npe
r cap
ita a
nd c
itize
n sa
tisfa
ctio
n,
as d
escr
ibed
in e
ach
city
’s re
spec
tive
citiz
en su
rvey
. Som
e of
the
item
s co
mpa
red
incl
ude:
orde
rs o
f gov
ernm
ent p
er c
apita
The
resu
lts o
f the
ben
chm
arki
ng
exer
cise
pro
vide
val
uabl
e in
form
atio
n fo
r the
City
of S
aska
toon
and
the
cost
eff
ectiv
enes
s of p
ublic
serv
ices
, as
wel
l as p
ublic
val
ue fo
r mon
ey. T
he
10
2012
ben
chm
ark
repo
rt n
otes
that
the
City
of S
aska
toon
was
the
leas
t rel
iant
of
the
five
citie
s on
taxe
s to
fund
its
oper
atio
ns a
nd w
as th
e le
ast r
elia
nt
on d
ebt t
o fu
nd it
s cap
ital b
udge
t, de
spite
hav
ing
the
high
est c
apita
l bu
dget
per
cap
ita. S
aska
toon
als
o ha
d th
e he
alth
iest
mun
icip
al re
serv
es o
f an
y of
the
citie
s in
the
com
pari
son.
2
TAX
ATI
ON
GR
AN
TS I
N L
IEU
OF
TAX
ES
UTI
LITI
ES/S
PEC
IAL
OP
ERA
TIN
G A
GEN
CIE
S
SEL
F-G
ENER
ATE
D R
EVEN
UE
GO
VER
NM
ENT
SU
PP
OR
TS/G
RA
NTS
RES
ERV
ES
OTH
ER R
EVEN
UES
SA
SK
ATO
ON
REG
INA
WIN
NIP
EG
EDM
ON
TON
CA
LGA
RY
MU
NIC
IPA
L O
PER
ATI
NG
R
EVEN
UE
BY
TY
PE
20
11
Sour
ce: C
ity o
f Sas
kato
on
11
Rev
enues
in t
he
City o
f D
enve
rT
he C
ity o
f Den
ver h
as o
ne o
f the
m
ost d
iver
se a
nd sa
les-
tax
heav
y re
venu
e m
odel
s of a
ny c
ity in
Nor
th
Am
eric
a. U
nlik
e C
anad
ian
citie
s, pr
oper
ty ta
xes a
ccou
nt fo
r onl
y 18
pe
rcen
t of D
enve
r’s to
tal r
even
ues.
Usi
ng sa
les t
axes
allo
ws D
enve
r to
min
imiz
e th
e is
sue
of fr
ee ri
ding
be
twee
n ju
risd
ictio
ns b
y co
llect
ing
taxe
s at a
poi
nt o
f con
sum
ptio
n,
rath
er th
an b
ased
on
resi
denc
y. T
his
mak
es th
eir r
even
ues m
ore
resp
onsi
ve
to th
e ec
onom
ic c
ondi
tions
of t
he c
ity,
and
ensu
res t
hose
who
use
serv
ices
ar
e th
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
fund
them
. T
he re
spon
sive
ness
is e
vide
nt in
D
enve
r’s b
udge
t, w
hich
saw
sale
s ta
x re
venu
e gr
ow b
y 10
per
cent
–
appr
oxim
atel
y $4
6 m
illio
n –
from
th
e he
ight
of t
he re
cess
ion
in 2
009
to 2
011,
quic
kly
brin
ging
the
city
’s
reve
nues
nea
r its
pre
-rec
essi
on p
eak
in o
nly
two
year
s.11
D
enve
r’s m
unic
ipal
reve
nues
ar
e te
lling
of t
he b
enefi
ts o
f usi
ng
som
e fo
rm o
f sal
es ta
xes t
o fu
nd
mun
icip
al se
rvic
es; t
he C
ity o
f C
alga
ry a
nd th
e C
ity o
f Den
ver b
oth
colle
cted
app
roxi
mat
ely
$1.6
bill
ion
in m
unic
ipal
reve
nue
in 2
012.
12,13
Tha
t sa
id, T
he C
ity o
f Cal
gary
col
lect
s th
ree
times
as m
uch
in p
rope
rty
taxe
s pe
r cap
ita th
an D
enve
r. T
his m
akes
ho
meo
wne
rs a
nd b
usin
esse
s sho
ulde
r a
sign
ifica
ntly
hig
her p
otio
n of
the
cost
s, fa
iling
to a
ccou
nt fo
r fre
e ri
ders
fr
om n
eigh
bour
ing
mun
icip
aliti
es
who
may
util
ize
som
e se
rvic
es fa
r m
ore
than
cer
tain
resi
dent
s.
Reve
nues
that
are
resp
onsi
ve to
ec
onom
ic c
hang
es, h
owev
er, c
an a
lso
have
neg
ativ
e eff
ects
dur
ing
rece
ssio
ns,
with
a m
ajor
reve
nue
com
pone
nt
unex
pect
edly
dro
ppin
g be
caus
e of
ch
ange
s in
cons
umpt
ion
beha
viou
r. Th
is is
the
case
with
Den
ver’s
sale
s ta
x, w
hich
was
a m
ajor
con
trib
utin
g fa
ctor
to it
s neg
ativ
e fin
anci
al si
tuat
ion
at th
e he
ight
of t
he re
cess
ion.
The
re
spon
sive
ness
of s
ales
taxe
s mak
es
this
form
of t
axat
ion
bette
r for
di
scre
tiona
ry se
rvic
es, r
athe
r tha
n co
re
item
s tha
t are
use
d by
the
maj
ority
of
the
popu
latio
n. T
his w
ay, c
ities
can
ad
just
the
leve
l of s
ervi
ce a
ccor
ding
to
the
degr
ee o
f eco
nom
ic a
ctiv
ity w
ithin
th
eir m
unic
ipal
ities
.
Wha
t we
lear
n fr
om D
enve
r is
that
a g
reat
er m
ix o
f rev
enue
s can
he
lp th
e fin
anci
al c
apac
ity o
f a lo
cal
gove
rnm
ent,
whi
le o
ver-
relia
nce
on
any
sing
le fo
rm o
f tax
reve
nue
can
be
pote
ntia
lly d
ange
rous
. A c
ritic
al v
iew
of
how
to b
est f
und
vari
ous s
ervi
ces
can
help
citi
es d
eter
min
e th
e m
ost
effici
ent m
ix o
f rev
enue
sour
ces.
DE
NV
ER
12
PR
OP
ERTY
TA
XES
PER
CA
PIT
A,
20
12
DEN
VER
$4
52
.39
CA
LGA
RY
$1
,42
2.4
3
CIT
Y O
F D
ENV
ER R
EVEN
UES
, 2
01
2
Sour
ce: C
ity a
nd C
ount
y of D
enve
r, Co
lora
do10
Sour
ce: Th
e City
of C
alga
ry, C
ityan
d Co
unty
of D
enve
r, Co
lora
do
13
SA
LES
AN
D U
SE
TA
X 3
1%
CH
AR
GE
S F
OR
SE
RV
ICE
S 2
1%
PR
OP
ER
TY T
AX
18%
OP
ER
ATI
NG
GR
AN
TS 1
6%
LOD
GE
RS
TA
X 4
%
OC
CU
PATI
ON
AL
PR
IVIL
AG
E T
AX
3%
OTH
ER
TA
XE
S 2
%
CA
PIT
AL
GR
AN
TS 2
%
OTH
ER
RE
VE
NU
E 2
%
INV
ES
TME
NT
INC
OM
E 1
%
Financi
al l
imitations
on C
anadia
n c
itie
s
In a
dditi
on to
pro
pert
y ta
xes,
Can
adia
n ci
ties r
ely
on a
com
bina
tion
of u
ser f
ees a
nd tr
ansf
ers f
rom
hi
gher
ord
ers o
f gov
ernm
ent t
o fu
nd se
rvic
es a
nd d
evel
opm
ent.
As
entit
ies o
f the
pro
vinc
ial g
over
nmen
t, C
anad
ian
mun
icip
aliti
es h
ave
few
op
tions
to ra
ise
thei
r ow
n re
venu
es
beyo
nd in
crea
sing
pro
pert
y ta
xes o
r in
trod
ucin
g ne
w u
ser f
ees.
Citi
es m
ust
also
stri
ke a
bal
ance
bet
wee
n co
veri
ng
the
long
-ter
m c
osts
of i
nves
ting
in
core
infr
astr
uctu
re w
ith th
e sh
ort-
term
cos
ts o
f pay
ing
for o
pera
tions
an
d m
aint
enan
ce. G
iven
the
finan
cial
lim
itatio
ns C
anad
ian
citie
s hav
e, th
is
is a
diffi
cult
scen
ario
to b
alan
ce.
By
con
tras
t, A
mer
ican
citi
es a
re
prov
ided
mor
e to
ols t
o fin
ance
th
eir i
nfra
stru
ctur
e an
d se
rvic
es. I
n ad
ditio
n to
a n
umbe
r of a
ltern
ativ
e ta
x st
ream
s suc
h as
tour
ism
taxe
s, lo
cal s
ales
taxe
s, an
d m
otor
veh
icle
ta
xes,
Am
eric
an c
ities
are
als
o ab
le to
use
oth
er re
venu
e to
ols l
ike
issu
ing
mun
icip
al b
onds
.14 T
his g
ives
A
mer
ican
citi
es g
reat
er c
ontr
ol o
ver
wha
t ser
vice
s the
y pr
ovid
e an
d ho
w.
Fo
r Eur
opea
n ci
ties,
ther
e ar
e si
gnifi
cant
var
iatio
ns in
thei
r m
unic
ipal
reve
nue
colle
ctio
n fo
rmul
a. F
or e
xam
ple,
pro
pert
y ta
xes a
ccou
nt fo
r alm
ost a
ll lo
cal
reve
nues
in L
ondo
n, E
ngla
nd,15
w
hile
Ger
man
y re
lies m
ore
heav
ily
on in
terg
over
nmen
tal t
rans
fers
, w
ith p
rope
rty
taxe
s onl
y ac
coun
ting
for n
ine
perc
ent o
f loc
al re
venu
es.16
A
dditi
onal
ly so
me
citie
s, lik
e Lo
ndon
, ar
e no
t res
pons
ible
for p
rovi
ding
so
me
emer
genc
y se
rvic
es, a
ffect
ing
the
mix
of r
even
ues a
nd se
rvic
es
prov
ided
. The
diff
eren
t ser
vice
s and
re
spon
sibi
litie
s of e
ach
city
resu
lts in
a
need
for a
diff
eren
t mod
el to
rais
e th
e re
venu
e ne
eded
.
D
espi
te th
e va
riou
s situ
atio
ns th
at
exis
t in
diffe
rent
citi
es, s
ome
have
be
com
e su
cces
sful
in h
ow th
ey m
anag
e th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e si
tuat
ions
. Man
y le
sson
s can
be
glea
ned
from
thes
e ci
ties t
o en
sure
Cal
gary
rem
ains
a g
reat
ci
ty w
ith to
p qu
ality
pub
lic se
rvic
es
and
infr
astr
uctu
re, b
ut m
anag
es th
e gr
owth
of i
ts m
unic
ipal
bud
get.
Tax
es a
nd t
ransp
are
ncy
Con
sum
ers l
ike
to k
now
exa
ctly
w
hat t
hey
are
payi
ng fo
r and
how
m
uch
it co
sts.
The
diffi
culty
with
ci
ty re
venu
es is
that
pro
pert
y ta
xes
do a
poo
r job
of m
atch
ing
how
muc
h pe
ople
pay
with
wha
t the
y us
e. F
or
exam
ple,
an
indi
vidu
al m
ay n
ot
see
the
valu
e in
mor
e bu
ses i
f the
y pr
efer
to d
rive
, whi
le a
noth
er p
erso
n m
ight
see
it as
an
extr
emel
y va
luab
le
inve
stm
ent f
or th
eir t
ax d
olla
rs. T
he
loos
e re
latio
n be
twee
n ho
w re
venu
es
are
colle
cted
and
whe
re fu
nds a
re
spen
t cre
ates
citi
zen
mis
trus
t whe
n it
com
es to
pub
lic sp
endi
ng.
A
ltern
ativ
e re
venu
e st
ream
s for
ci
ties w
ould
hel
p im
prov
e ho
w a
city
m
anag
es it
s fina
nces
, as w
ell a
s how
th
ose
finan
cial
dec
isio
ns a
re p
erce
ived
by
the
taxp
ayin
g pu
blic
. The
nee
d fo
r new
tax
tool
s is n
ot a
bout
rais
ing
mor
e re
venu
e. R
athe
r, al
tern
ativ
e re
venu
e st
ream
s acc
ompl
ish
two
thin
gs: t
hey
bett
er id
entif
y en
d-us
ers
of a
pub
lic se
rvic
e, a
nd e
nsur
e th
at
thos
e w
ho re
ceiv
e th
e m
ost v
alue
from
th
e se
rvic
e ar
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
pay
for
it. T
his i
nclu
des a
ccou
ntin
g fo
r fre
e ri
ders
who
live
in a
noth
er c
ity, b
ut u
se
serv
ices
and
infr
astr
uctu
re o
n an
othe
r m
unic
ipal
ity’s
dim
e. C
onsu
mpt
ion
taxe
s and
use
r fee
s can
hel
p fu
nd h
igh
use
publ
ic se
rvic
es li
ke ro
ads a
nd
publ
ic tr
ansi
t, an
d ca
n he
lp re
side
nts
bett
er id
entif
y w
here
thei
r tax
dol
lars
ar
e go
ing.
Inte
rgove
rnm
enta
l tra
nsf
ers
Beca
use
of C
alga
ry’s
relia
nce
on
prop
erty
taxe
s and
the
visi
bilit
y of
tax
incr
ease
s, pr
oper
ty ta
xes a
re o
ne o
f th
e m
ost d
ebat
ed to
pics
in m
unic
ipal
fin
ance
. Whi
le it
is th
e pr
imar
y so
urce
of r
even
ue fo
r Cal
gary
, the
re
need
s to
be a
bro
ader
dis
cuss
ion
abou
t alte
rnat
ive
reve
nue
tool
s. Fu
ndin
g lo
ng-t
erm
inve
stm
ents
in
infr
astr
uctu
re is
equ
ally
impo
rtan
t as
fund
ing
daily
ope
ratio
ns, a
nd fu
ndin
g th
ese
proj
ects
thro
ugh
a pr
oper
ty
tax-
base
d, p
ay-a
s-yo
u go
met
hod
will
on
ly in
crea
se th
e bu
rden
s on
exis
ting
syst
ems w
hile
rais
ing
long
-ter
m
cost
s for
pro
ject
s tha
nks t
o de
lays
, de
ferr
als,
and
infla
tion.
In a
dditi
on to
pro
pert
y ta
xes,
Can
adia
n ci
ties r
ecei
ve fu
ndin
g fr
om
high
er o
rder
s of g
over
nmen
t in
the
form
of g
rant
s or t
rans
fers
for m
ajor
in
fras
truc
ture
pro
ject
s and
oth
er
expe
nditu
res.
The
se fu
nds a
re u
sual
ly
cond
ition
al, b
ut h
elp
acco
unt f
or so
me
or a
ll of
the
cost
s of a
dev
elop
men
t or
pro
ject
. In
Cal
gary
’s ca
se, t
he
city
rece
ives
gra
nt fu
ndin
g fr
om th
e pr
ovin
cial
and
fede
ral g
over
nmen
ts
for v
ario
us in
fras
truc
ture
pro
ject
s th
roug
h fu
nds s
uch
as G
reen
TR
IP, t
he
Mun
icip
al S
usta
inab
ility
Initi
ativ
e,
and
the
Build
ing
Can
ada
Fund
. The
C
ity a
lso
rece
ives
a p
ortio
n of
the
reve
nues
from
the
fede
ral g
asol
ine
tax,
whi
ch is
ear
mar
ked
for v
ario
us
infr
astr
uctu
re p
roje
cts.17
Fa
ctor
s suc
h as
eco
nom
ic c
limat
e an
d hi
gher
ord
ers o
f gov
ernm
ent
look
ing
to c
ontr
ol th
eir o
wn
finan
ces
have
resu
lted
in u
npre
dict
able
and
vo
latil
e re
venu
e co
min
g fr
om th
ese
agre
emen
ts. F
or in
stan
ce, f
undi
ng
from
the
Mun
icip
al S
usta
inab
ility
In
itiat
ive
has b
een
defe
rred
due
to
unfa
vora
ble
econ
omic
dat
a,18
del
ayin
g th
e fu
ndin
g fo
r som
e m
unic
ipal
pr
ojec
ts. C
ondi
tions
that
mig
ht
14
be p
lace
d on
gra
nts m
ay a
lso
shift
pr
iori
ties f
rom
wha
t is n
eede
d to
w
hat f
undi
ng c
an b
e se
cure
d, h
urtin
g a
city
’s ov
eral
l abi
lity
to d
elib
erat
ely
plan
its d
evel
opm
ent a
nd a
ddre
ss th
e ne
eds o
f its
resi
dent
s.19
Use
r fe
es a
nd o
ther
rev
enues
Use
r fee
s can
, in
som
e ca
ses,
help
pa
y fo
r the
cos
ts a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
mai
ntai
ning
and
ope
ratin
g co
re
infr
astr
uctu
re o
r ser
vice
s. U
ser
fees
are
att
ract
ive
beca
use
they
are
di
rect
ly li
nked
to th
e co
nsum
ptio
n of
a
good
or s
ervi
ce. H
owev
er, t
hey
are
usua
lly u
nfav
oura
ble
with
the
publ
ic,
mak
ing
them
diffi
cult
to im
plem
ent.
Tha
t sai
d, u
ser f
ees a
re a
n effi
cien
t m
etho
d of
pay
ing
for t
he m
aint
enan
ce
and
oper
atio
n of
som
e se
rvic
es,
and
can
help
a p
riva
te se
ctor
act
or
reco
up c
osts
thro
ugh
a pu
blic
-pri
vate
pa
rtne
rshi
p.
So
me
citie
s in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es
have
als
o us
ed w
hat i
s kno
wn
as
tax-
incr
emen
t fina
ncin
g to
pay
for
deve
lopm
ents
. The
se a
rran
gem
ents
ar
e us
ed to
stim
ulat
e re
deve
lopm
ent
in b
light
ed a
reas
, usi
ng th
e ex
pect
ed
futu
re ta
x re
venu
es fr
om in
crea
sed
prop
erty
val
ues t
o fu
nd th
e re
deve
lopm
ent a
nd in
fras
truc
ture
cost
s as
soci
ated
with
the
new
ly-d
evel
oped
ar
ea. T
he u
se o
f the
com
mun
ity
revi
taliz
atio
n le
vy in
Cal
gary
’s Ea
st
Villa
ge re
deve
lopm
ent i
s the
onl
y in
stan
ce o
f tax
-incr
emen
t fina
nce
bein
g us
ed in
Cal
gary
, tho
ugh
it ha
s be
en p
ropo
sed
as a
tool
for t
he fu
ture
re
deve
lopm
ent o
f com
mun
ities
.20
C
ities
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
can
als
o ra
ise
fund
s thr
ough
the
issu
ing
of
mun
icip
al b
onds
. The
se a
re o
ffere
d as
a m
eans
of r
aisi
ng fu
nds q
uick
ly b
y off
erin
g a
port
ion
of m
unic
ipal
deb
t to
inve
stor
s.21 In
tere
st fr
om m
unic
ipal
15
bond
s is g
uara
ntee
d an
d ta
x-fr
ee fo
r th
e pu
rcha
ser,
mak
ing
them
a st
able
an
d pr
edic
tabl
e fo
rm o
f inv
estm
ent.
For m
unic
ipal
ities
, the
inte
rest
rate
th
ey p
ay o
n th
e bo
rrow
ing
tend
s to
be lo
wer
than
the
mar
ket r
ate,
and
is
mor
e co
st e
ffect
ive
than
trad
ition
al
borr
owin
g. T
houg
h bo
nds a
re a
n at
trac
tive
optio
n to
rais
e m
oney
qu
ickl
y, im
plem
entin
g th
is fi
nanc
ing
tool
in C
anad
a w
ould
requ
ire
sign
ifica
nt c
hang
es to
the
exis
ting
legi
slat
ion
gove
rnin
g C
anad
ian
citie
s. T
his w
ould
als
o ex
pose
mun
icip
al
gove
rnm
ents
to a
hei
ghte
ned
leve
l of
fina
ncia
l ris
k, w
hich
can
be
prob
lem
atic
if lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts la
ck
appr
opri
ate
finan
cial
con
trol
s.
CIT
Y O
F C
ALG
AR
Y R
EVEN
UES
, 2
01
2
PR
OP
ER
TY T
AX
40%
US
ER
FE
ES
26%
CA
PIT
AL
GA
INS
14%
OTH
ER
RE
VE
NU
E 1
1%
BU
SIN
ES
S T
AX
6%
OP
ER
ATI
NG
GR
AN
TS 2
%
INV
ES
TME
NT
INC
OM
E 1
%
Sour
ce: Th
e City
of C
alga
ry9
CO
NS
UM
PTI
ON
TA
XES
A
ND
TO
UR
ISM
TA
XES
Wha
t is i
t?D
irec
t tax
es to
use
r of v
ario
us se
rvic
es a
t po
int o
f con
sum
ptio
n.
Adv
anta
ges
serv
ice
user
s
econ
omy
Dis
adva
ntag
es
reve
nues
user
s
Ava
ilabl
e in
Can
ada?
prov
inci
al sa
les t
ax w
ith m
unic
ipal
ities
orde
rs o
f gov
ernm
ent t
o im
plem
ent
SO
UR
CES
OF
REV
ENU
ES F
OR
CIT
IES
PR
OP
ERTY
TA
XES
Wha
t is i
t?
Tax
paid
by
prop
erty
ow
ners
bas
ed o
n th
e va
lue
of la
nd a
nd p
rope
rty
with
in a
m
unic
ipal
ity.
Adv
anta
ges
asse
ts, c
reat
ing
a st
able
sour
ce o
f re
venu
e fo
r mun
icip
aliti
es
shor
t-te
rm e
cono
mic
shift
s
diffi
cult
to e
vade
Dis
adva
ntag
es
plac
ing
high
er ta
x bu
rden
on
perm
anen
t re
side
nts
econ
omic
and
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th
paid
to u
se
reve
nues
requ
ire
tax
rate
s to
rise
Ava
ilabl
e in
Can
ada?
num
ber o
f ser
vice
s
US
ER F
EES
Wha
t is i
t?N
on-t
ax fe
e pa
id to
cov
er p
art o
r all
of th
e co
st o
f a se
rvic
e
Adv
anta
ges
serv
ice
user
s
econ
omy
Dis
adva
ntag
es
Ava
ilabl
e in
Can
ada?
publ
ic tr
ansi
t, pa
rkin
g, a
nd so
me
recr
eatio
nal f
acili
ties
road
way
s
16
TAX
IN
CR
EMEN
T FI
NA
NC
ING
A
ND
CO
MM
UN
ITY
R
EVIT
ALI
ZA
TIO
N F
EES
Wha
t is i
t?Fu
ndin
g is
secu
red
for f
utur
e de
velo
pmen
t ba
sed
on e
xpec
ted
incr
ease
in p
rope
rty
valu
es a
nd c
orre
spon
ding
incr
ease
d ta
x re
venu
e
Adv
anta
ges
thos
e w
ho w
ill b
enefi
t fro
m c
ompl
etio
n of
the
proj
ect
Dis
adva
ntag
es
area
Ava
ilabl
e in
Can
ada?
revi
taliz
atio
n le
vy, w
hich
is si
mila
r to
tax-
incr
emen
t fina
nce
arra
ngem
ents
INTE
RG
OV
ERN
MEN
TAL
TRA
NS
FER
S
Wha
t is i
t?C
ondi
tiona
l or u
ncon
ditio
nal g
rant
fund
s fr
om h
ighe
r ord
ers o
f gov
ernm
ent t
o m
unic
ipal
ities
Adv
anta
ges
addi
tiona
l rev
enue
s dir
ectly
Dis
adva
ntag
es
abili
ty to
pla
n de
velo
pmen
t
refle
ct re
side
nt d
eman
d or
use
Ava
ilabl
e in
Can
ada?
rate
s, va
lues
, and
per
iods
MU
NIC
IPA
L B
ON
DS
Wha
t is i
t?M
unic
ipal
deb
t offe
red
to in
vest
ors w
ith a
gu
aran
teed
tax-
free
retu
rn.
Adv
anta
ges
than
out
righ
t bor
row
ing
Dis
adva
ntag
es
mun
icip
aliti
es to
fina
ncia
l ris
k
bodi
es, s
uch
as p
ensi
on fu
nds o
r so
vere
ign
wea
lth fu
nds
Ava
ilabl
e in
Can
ada?
with
out l
egis
lativ
e ch
ange
from
hig
her
orde
rs o
f gov
ernm
ent
17
DO
ING
TH
ING
S D
IFFE
REN
TLY
:
ALT
ERN
ATI
VE
SER
VIC
E D
ELIV
ERY
AN
D I
NN
OV
ATI
ON
In a
dditi
on to
alte
rnat
ive
budg
etin
g pr
actic
es a
nd re
venu
e st
ream
s, ho
w
mun
icip
aliti
es d
eliv
er se
rvic
es h
as
a si
gnifi
cant
impa
ct o
n m
unic
ipal
fin
anci
al p
erfo
rman
ce. I
dent
ifyin
g w
hich
ele
men
ts o
f city
serv
ices
cou
ld
be im
prov
ed th
roug
h al
tern
ativ
e de
liver
y m
odel
s can
hel
p cr
eate
ad
ditio
nal s
avin
gs a
s mun
icip
aliti
es
face
fina
ncia
l pre
ssur
es to
do
mor
e w
ith le
ss.
Pri
vatiza
tion
Priv
atiz
atio
n of
a p
ublic
serv
ice
invo
lves
the
part
ial o
r com
plet
e w
ithdr
awal
of g
over
nmen
t fro
m
serv
ice
prov
isio
n. In
som
e ca
ses,
the
gove
rnm
ent m
ay c
ontin
ue re
gula
ting
the
area
, but
the
serv
ice
is p
rovi
ded
like
any
othe
r mar
ket g
ood.
W
ith p
riva
tizat
ion,
loca
l go
vern
men
ts a
re n
o lo
nger
fina
ncia
lly
com
mitt
ed to
pro
vidi
ng th
at se
rvic
e di
rect
ly, c
reat
ing,
in so
me
case
s, si
gnifi
cant
cos
t sav
ings
. For
mos
t m
arke
t goo
ds, t
he p
riva
te se
ctor
is
expe
cted
to d
eliv
er th
ese
serv
ices
m
ore
effici
ently
than
the
publ
ic
sect
or si
nce
ther
e is
a g
reat
er le
vel o
f co
mpe
titio
n be
twee
n bu
sine
sses
.
How
ever
, if l
imite
d co
mpe
titio
n ex
ists
, thi
s cou
ld d
rive
up
pric
es fo
r ci
tizen
s and
low
er th
e ov
eral
l qua
lity
of se
rvic
e. P
riva
tizat
ion
is a
lso
only
eff
ectiv
e if
ther
e is
via
ble
profi
t for
bu
sine
sses
and
an
ince
ntiv
e to
pro
vide
th
e se
rvic
e. In
stea
d, c
ontr
actin
g ou
t ser
vice
s ten
ds to
be
pref
erab
le
for c
ities
, as t
he lo
cal g
over
nmen
t re
tain
s som
e co
ntro
l ove
r ser
vice
le
vels
and
qua
lity.
Dec
isio
ns re
gard
ing
priv
atiz
atio
n re
quir
e a
criti
cal e
ye
and
a de
taile
d an
alys
is o
f alte
rnat
ives
be
fore
ens
urin
g th
at it
is th
e pr
uden
t de
cisi
on to
mak
e fo
r a c
ity a
nd it
s
citiz
ens,
but i
s an
area
that
The
City
of
Cal
gary
shou
ld e
xam
ine
to se
e if
it ca
n cr
eate
long
-ter
m sa
ving
s.
Contr
act
ing
Rath
er th
an co
mpl
ete
priv
atiz
atio
n,
som
e ci
ties t
rans
ition
serv
ices
to
priv
ate
sect
or p
rovi
ders
thro
ugh
a co
mpe
titiv
e bi
ddin
g pr
oces
s, w
here
m
ultip
le co
mpa
nies
try
to se
cure
th
e ri
ght t
o pr
ovid
e th
e se
rvic
e. T
he
win
ning
com
pany
is se
lect
ed b
ased
on
fact
ors s
uch
as q
ualit
y an
d co
st. T
his
is b
enefi
cial
for l
ocal
gov
ernm
ents
, as
com
petit
ion
for c
ontr
acts
is
inte
nded
to lo
wer
ove
rall
cost
s and
en
hanc
e th
e pu
blic
’s va
lue
for m
oney
. O
nce
a w
inni
ng b
idde
r is s
elec
ted,
m
unic
ipal
ities
are
onl
y re
quire
d to
pa
y ou
t the
cont
ract
. Thi
s res
ults
in
addi
tiona
l sav
ings
as l
ocal
gov
ernm
ents
ow
n le
ss ca
pita
l, do
not
mai
ntai
n an
y eq
uipm
ent,
do n
ot p
ay st
aff, a
nd d
o no
t de
al w
ith co
st o
verr
uns.
In a
dditi
on,
cont
ract
term
s allo
w m
unic
ipal
ities
to
mai
ntai
n a
leve
l of c
ontr
ol o
ver q
ualit
y an
d am
ount
of s
ervi
ce.
St
udie
s sho
w th
at c
ontr
acte
d ga
rbag
e co
llect
ion,
bus
serv
ice,
and
re
cycl
ing
gene
rate
d co
st sa
ving
s of
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
per
cent
with
out
havi
ng to
redu
ce se
rvic
e le
vels
,22
thou
gh so
me
repo
rts a
lso
note
that
co
ntra
ctin
g in
are
as li
ke tr
ansi
t se
rvic
e ge
nera
ted
mix
ed re
sults
on
the
over
all q
ualit
y of
serv
ice
deliv
ery,
trad
ing
off c
osts
for
citiz
ens s
atis
fact
ion.
23 If
a n
umbe
r of
com
petit
ors e
mer
ge to
ens
ure
the
bidd
ing
proc
ess i
s com
petit
ive
and
serv
ice
leve
l exp
ecta
tions
can
be
clea
rly
com
mun
icat
ed a
nd m
onito
red,
co
ntra
ctin
g is
a h
ighl
y su
cces
sful
m
etho
d of
del
iver
y th
at c
an g
ener
ate
real
savi
ngs.
Pri
vate
sec
tor
part
ner
ship
s
Rat
her t
han
cont
ract
ing
or p
riva
tizin
g se
rvic
es o
utri
ght,
publ
ic-p
riva
te
part
ners
hips
(P3s
) hav
e in
crea
sed
in p
opul
arity
as a
fram
ewor
k fo
r de
velo
ping
maj
or in
fras
truc
ture
an
d de
liver
ing
key
serv
ices
. In
P3
arra
ngem
ents
, a m
ixtu
re o
f pub
lic a
nd
priv
ate
mon
ey is
use
d to
fina
nce
the
proj
ect,
and
the
priv
ate
cont
ract
or is
ge
nera
lly re
spon
sibl
e fo
r the
des
ign,
bu
ild, o
pera
tion,
and
mai
nten
ance
of
the
deve
lopm
ent o
r ser
vice
ove
r a
set p
erio
d.24
Con
trac
ts a
re u
sual
ly
desi
gned
to b
e lo
ng e
noug
h fo
r th
e pr
ivat
e co
mpa
ny to
reco
up it
s co
sts,
and
once
the
cont
ract
term
is
com
plet
ed, t
he in
fras
truc
ture
is
tran
sfer
red
to p
ublic
ow
ners
hip.
P3s h
ave
been
use
d ex
tens
ivel
y in
som
e ci
ties s
uch
as L
ondo
n,
Engl
and,
to d
eliv
er se
rvic
es, a
nd a
re
popu
lar f
or A
mer
ican
infr
astr
uctu
re
deve
lopm
ent.
P3s a
re a
ttra
ctiv
e fo
r th
e pu
blic
sect
or b
ecau
se o
f the
abi
lity
to tr
ansf
er p
art o
f the
risk
in p
roje
cts
to th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
and
acc
ess a
gr
eate
r poo
l of f
undi
ng fo
r cap
ital.
Con
trac
ts, w
hen
done
cor
rect
ly, a
lso
clea
rly
outli
ne th
e re
spon
sibi
litie
s of
the
part
ies i
nvol
ved
and
any
pena
lties
fo
r fai
lure
to m
eet d
eadl
ines
.
The
rela
tive
adva
ntag
es o
f P3s
ha
ve h
elpe
d so
me
citie
s del
iver
la
rge
proj
ects
on
time
and
at lo
wer
co
st.25
In A
ustr
alia
, cos
t ove
rrun
s for
tr
aditi
onal
ly d
evel
oped
infr
astr
uctu
re
proj
ects
wer
e 11
.5 ti
mes
hig
her
than
pro
ject
s dev
elop
ed u
nder
P3
agre
emen
ts.26
How
ever
, suc
cess
ful
P3s m
ust h
ave
a ta
ngib
le p
roje
ct
timel
ine
with
cle
ar te
rms i
n or
der t
o be
effe
ctiv
e, a
nd th
e G
over
nmen
t of
Can
ada
crea
ted
P3 C
anad
a in
200
9 to
he
lp C
anad
ian
citie
s ide
ntify
via
ble
P3
proj
ects
.27
T
he C
ity o
f Cal
gary
has
had
pr
evio
us e
xper
ienc
e us
ing
P3s,
havi
ng
1819
TRA
DIT
ION
AL
DEL
IVER
Y
How
doe
s it w
ork?
Serv
ice
deliv
ery
is d
esig
ned,
arr
ange
d,
and
fund
ed b
y go
vern
men
t dep
artm
ent
Adv
anta
ges
Loca
l gov
ernm
ent s
ets
and
mai
ntai
ns se
rvic
e le
vel
Dis
adva
ntag
es
due
to la
ck o
f com
petit
ion
ra
isin
g ta
xes
the
purc
hase
and
mai
nten
ance
of
capi
tal a
nd c
ost o
f ope
ratio
ns
Exa
mpl
eC
ity o
f Cal
gary
cur
ren
garb
age
colle
ctio
n37
PR
IVA
TIZ
ATI
ON
How
doe
s it w
ork?
Gov
ernm
ent i
nter
est i
s sol
d to
pri
vate
bi
dder
s, w
ho c
reat
e a
com
petit
ive
mar
ket f
or a
serv
ice
Adv
anta
ges
to p
ay fo
r cos
t of w
ages
or c
apita
l eq
uipm
ent
over
runs
and
is n
ot e
xpos
ed to
fin
anci
al ri
sk
cost
s of d
eliv
ery
a ce
rtai
n de
gree
thro
ugh
regu
latio
n of
indu
stry
Dis
adva
ntag
es
reta
ins l
ittle
con
trol
ove
r sta
ndar
ds
and
qual
ity
effec
tive
whe
n co
ntra
cted
out
or
priv
atiz
ed
Exa
mpl
eC
ity o
f Cal
gary
gar
bage
col
lect
ion
prio
r to
2009
SER
VIC
E D
ELIV
ERY
MO
DEL
OP
TIO
NS
CO
NTR
AC
TIN
G A
ND
PU
BLI
C-
PR
IVA
TE P
AR
TNER
SH
IPS
How
doe
s it w
ork?
Priv
ate
com
pani
es b
id o
n co
ntra
cts
to d
esig
n, b
uild
, and
ope
rate
a se
rvic
e fo
r a se
t per
iod.
In so
me
case
s, as
sets
an
d co
ntro
l are
tran
sfer
red
back
to
publ
ic o
wne
rshi
p af
ter c
osts
hav
e be
en re
coup
ed.
Adv
anta
ges
publ
ic a
nd p
riva
te se
ctor
and
qual
ity th
roug
h co
ntra
ct
to p
ay fo
r cos
t of w
ages
or c
apita
l eq
uipm
ent
over
runs
and
is n
ot e
xpos
ed to
fin
anci
al ri
sk
low
er c
osts
of d
eliv
ery
Dis
adva
ntag
es
area
mus
t hav
e m
ultip
le b
idde
rs
and
com
petit
ors t
o ac
hiev
e co
st
effec
tive
savi
ngs
stru
ctur
e, ti
mel
ines
and
pen
altie
s m
ust b
e cl
earl
y ou
tline
d to
be
effec
tive
Exa
mpl
eTo
ront
o hi
ghw
ay 4
07
SH
AR
ED S
ERV
ICES
How
doe
s it w
ork?
M
unic
ipal
ities
or o
rder
s of
gove
rnm
ent c
entr
aliz
e se
rvic
es u
nder
si
ngle
dep
artm
ent o
r org
aniz
atio
n
Adv
anta
ges
over
laps
bet
wee
n go
vern
men
ts
min
imiz
ing
indi
vidu
al c
osts
gove
rnm
ent s
ervi
ces m
ight
ove
rlap
Dis
adva
ntag
es
m
ust b
e id
entifi
ed
resp
onsi
bilit
ies m
ust b
e es
tabl
ishe
d be
twee
n pa
rtie
s
Exa
mpl
eTr
i-bor
ough
shar
ed se
rvic
es
20
BU
ILD
-OW
N-O
PER
ATE
-TR
AN
SFE
R
oper
atio
n fo
r dur
atio
n of
con
trac
t
publ
ic p
artn
er, t
rans
ferr
ing
mos
t life
cycl
e ri
sks t
o pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Sour
ce: A
ECO
M32
PR
OC
UR
EMEN
T M
OD
ELS
FO
R P
UB
LIC
-PR
IVA
TE P
AR
TNER
SH
IPS
1 2 3 4 5
DES
IGN
-BU
ILD
can
be b
orne
by
priv
ate
sect
or
mai
nten
ance
cos
ts b
orne
by
the
publ
ic se
ctor
DES
IGN
-BU
ILD
-FIN
AN
CE
cost
of c
apita
l
cost
s bor
ne b
y th
e pu
blic
sect
or
DES
IGN
-BU
ILD
-FIN
AN
CE-
MA
INTA
IN
tran
sfer
ring
larg
er p
ortio
n of
risk
to p
riva
te se
ctor
DES
IGN
-BU
ILD
-FIN
AN
CE-
OP
ERA
TE-M
AIN
TAIN
ag
reed
per
iod
tran
sfer
ring
larg
er p
ortio
n of
risk
to p
riva
te se
ctor
had
an a
pplic
atio
n fo
r the
cre
atio
n of
recr
eatio
n ce
ntre
s rej
ecte
d by
P3
Can
ada
in 2
009.
28 P
revi
ous n
egat
ive
expe
rien
ces w
ith c
ontr
act o
vera
ges
and
high
er th
an e
xpec
ted
cost
s at
the
prov
inci
al le
vel,
incl
udin
g po
rtio
ns o
f Cal
gary
’s St
oney
Tra
il29
and
a re
cent
del
ay re
gard
ing
18 n
ew
scho
ols t
hrou
ghou
t the
pro
vinc
e,30
ha
s gen
erat
ed sk
eptic
ism
abo
ut th
e eff
ectiv
enes
s of P
3s. T
he C
ity la
ter
rece
ived
app
rova
l for
a c
ompr
esse
d na
tura
l gas
bus
gar
age
in 2
013
that
in
clud
ed a
fede
ral c
omm
itmen
t of
$48.
4 m
illio
n in
fund
ing,
31 a
nd w
ill
hope
fully
serv
e as
a p
rom
isin
g st
art t
o fu
ture
P3
succ
ess.
T
he re
sults
of P
3 ag
reem
ents
el
sew
here
incl
ude
sign
ifica
nt
proc
urem
ent a
nd d
evel
opm
ent
savi
ngs i
n ot
her p
arts
of t
he w
orld
. In
vest
men
t in
thes
e ty
pes o
f ar
rang
emen
ts, w
hen
done
pro
perl
y, he
lp g
reat
citi
es p
rovi
de m
uch-
need
ed in
fras
truc
ture
for t
heir
ci
tizen
s, bu
t fina
nced
in a
way
that
is
mor
e m
anag
eabl
e fo
r the
city
. C
ritic
al
to P
3 su
cces
s is t
he c
lear
out
linin
g of
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
key
targ
ets l
inke
d to
con
trac
t pay
outs
, and
the
need
fo
r bid
s to
be a
s com
petit
ive
as
poss
ible
. With
out t
hese
ele
men
ts,
P3s a
nd o
utso
urci
ng p
rovi
de n
o re
al b
enefi
ts a
nd o
nly
crea
te a
lack
of
acc
ount
abili
ty b
etw
een
loca
l go
vern
men
t and
the
priv
ate
sect
or.
Shari
ng c
ost
s and r
esponsi
bili
ties
In th
e in
tere
st o
f inc
reas
ing
effici
ency
an
d lo
wer
ing
cost
s, so
me
gove
rnm
ents
ha
ve lo
oked
at t
he sh
arin
g of
serv
ices
as
an
alte
rnat
ive
to p
riva
tizat
ion
and
cont
ract
ing.
Sha
red
serv
ice
agre
emen
ts
can
be m
ade
both
hor
izon
tally
be
twee
n m
unic
ipal
ities
, but
can
als
o be
est
ablis
hed
vert
ical
ly b
etw
een
diffe
rent
leve
ls o
f gov
ernm
ent.
Sh
ared
serv
ices
can
be
used
for
corp
orat
e se
rvic
es a
s wel
l as p
ublic
se
rvic
es th
at e
xpan
d be
yond
a
sing
le c
ity’s
bord
ers.
The
pri
mar
y ad
vant
age
of th
ese
agre
emen
ts is
that
ci
ties m
aint
ain
cont
rol o
ver q
ualit
y of
serv
ice,
but
can
cre
ate
savi
ngs
by re
duci
ng se
rvic
e ov
erla
p ac
ross
pa
rtic
ipat
ing
gove
rnm
ents
. The
se
agre
emen
ts a
lso
min
imiz
e th
e eff
ect
of fr
ee ri
ding
bet
wee
n m
unic
ipal
ities
by
acc
urat
ely
assi
gnin
g ro
les,
cost
s an
d ac
coun
tabi
litie
s am
ong
the
part
ies i
nvol
ved.
Shar
ed se
rvic
e ag
reem
ents
are
a
viab
le a
ltern
ativ
e to
trad
ition
al
serv
ice
deliv
ery
that
cou
ld c
reat
e sa
ving
s for
Cal
gary
, but
wou
ld
requ
ire
addi
tiona
l sup
port
from
ne
ighb
ouri
ng m
unic
ipal
ities
. H
owev
er, b
ette
r reg
iona
l coo
rdin
atio
n an
d sh
ared
serv
ices
has
cre
ated
sa
ving
s els
ewhe
re. F
or e
xam
ple,
The
G
over
nmen
t of I
rela
nd h
as re
port
ed
that
shar
ed se
rvic
es th
roug
hout
th
e co
untr
y ha
ve a
ccou
nted
for
the
equi
vale
nt o
f €83
9 m
illio
n,
appr
oxim
atel
y $1
.2 b
illio
n C
anad
ian,
in
savi
ngs b
etw
een
2010
and
201
2.33
A
dditi
onal
ly, C
alga
ry c
urre
ntly
has
so
me
shar
ed se
rvic
e ag
reem
ents
w
ith n
eigh
bori
ng m
unic
ipal
ities
, su
ch a
s pro
vidi
ng d
rink
ing
wat
er
and
was
tew
ater
trea
tmen
t to
the
City
of A
irdr
ie. C
ontin
uing
to p
ursu
e op
port
uniti
es w
here
this
is p
ossi
ble,
es
peci
ally
if it
alig
ns w
ith th
e ov
eral
l go
als o
f the
Cal
gary
Met
ropo
litan
Pl
an, s
houl
d be
con
side
red
and
purs
ued
as a
mea
ns o
f rec
oupi
ng c
osts
or
cre
atin
g effi
cien
cies
.
Item
s lik
e w
ater
, was
tew
ater
, was
te
disp
osal
, cor
pora
te se
rvic
es a
nd
tran
spor
tatio
n pr
ovid
e si
gnifi
cant
op
port
uniti
es fo
r sav
ings
thro
ugho
ut
the
regi
on th
roug
h be
tter
coo
rdin
ated
de
velo
pmen
t, m
ore
effici
ent
plan
ning
of c
ore
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd
tran
spor
tatio
n. In
add
ition
, sha
red
21
corp
orat
e se
rvic
es fo
r var
ious
m
unic
ipal
gov
ernm
ents
cou
ld re
sult
in a
dmin
istr
ativ
e sa
ving
s. If
citi
es c
an
iden
tify
whe
re se
rvic
es a
re re
gion
al
in n
atur
e or
cou
ld b
e ce
ntra
lized
w
ithou
t sig
nific
ant c
hang
es, t
his c
an
redu
ce se
rvic
e re
dund
ancy
and
allo
w
gove
rnm
ents
to b
e m
ore
effici
ent w
ith
thei
r res
ourc
es.
Tech
nolo
gic
al i
nnova
tion
Ano
ther
em
ergi
ng o
ptio
n fo
r citi
es
look
ing
to im
prov
e co
st m
anag
emen
t an
d se
rvic
e qu
ality
is in
vest
men
t in
tech
nolo
gy. T
he e
mer
genc
e of
sm
art c
ities
– c
ities
that
util
ize
new
te
chno
logi
cal p
latf
orm
s to
impr
ove
resp
onse
tim
es, m
inim
ize
cost
s, an
d in
crea
se o
vera
ll pu
blic
satis
fact
ion
with
the
serv
ices
and
info
rmat
ion
they
can
acc
ess –
is h
elpi
ng c
ities
go
from
liva
ble
citie
s to
trul
y gr
eat c
ities
.
Adv
ance
men
ts d
o no
t sim
ply
mea
n in
vest
ing
in n
ew id
eas o
r lar
ge,
tran
sfor
mat
iona
l pro
ject
s. T
he a
bilit
y to
leve
rage
tech
nolo
gy m
eans
that
ci
ties a
re n
ow m
ore
capa
ble
than
eve
r at
ben
chm
arki
ng th
eir p
erfo
rman
ce
and
shar
ing
that
dat
a w
ith th
e pu
blic
and
oth
er m
unic
ipal
ities
. T
his a
bilit
y to
see
how
a c
ity is
do
ing
can
help
dri
ve th
e pu
sh fo
r co
ntin
ual i
mpr
ovem
ent a
nd m
ore
effici
ent u
se o
f pub
lic m
oney
, but
re
quir
es c
ompl
ete
supp
ort t
o in
vest
in
tran
sfor
min
g ho
w g
over
nmen
t pr
ovid
es g
oods
and
serv
ices
.
The
City
of C
alga
ry h
as a
lrea
dy
mad
e so
me
inve
stm
ents
in te
chno
logy
to
incr
ease
its s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery
and
finan
cial
man
agem
ent.
With
thin
gs
like
a 3-
1-1 a
pp fo
r sm
art p
hone
s an
d th
e Pa
rkPl
us e
lect
roni
c pa
rkin
g sy
stem
, The
City
of C
alga
ry h
as
mad
e ad
vanc
emen
ts to
enh
ance
th
e qu
ality
and
cos
t effe
ctiv
enes
s of
publ
ic se
rvic
es th
roug
hout
Cal
gary
. C
ontin
ued
inve
stm
ents
in te
chno
logy
22
LO
ND
ON
The
Tri-
boro
ugh
Share
d S
ervi
ces
of
London
Dev
elop
ed in
201
1 by
the
boro
ughs
of
Ham
mer
smith
and
Ful
ham
, K
ensi
ngto
n an
d C
hels
ea, a
nd th
e C
ity o
f Wes
tmin
ster
, the
tri-b
orou
gh
shar
ed se
rvic
es p
ropo
sal i
s a sh
ared
se
rvic
es a
gree
men
t tha
t com
bine
s se
rvic
e de
liver
y in
are
as li
ke c
hild
se
rvic
es, l
ibra
ry se
rvic
es, h
uman
and
in
form
atio
n te
chno
logy
serv
ices
, and
pr
ocur
emen
t.34 T
he se
rvic
e ag
reem
ent
addr
esse
s adm
inis
trat
ive
over
laps
an
d co
mbi
nes t
hese
serv
ice
area
s to
elim
inat
e ad
min
istr
ativ
e re
dund
anci
es.
T
he p
ropo
sal e
xpec
ts to
ge
nera
te sa
ving
s of £
33.8
mill
ion
(app
roxi
mat
ely
$62
mill
ion
Can
adia
n)
by 2
015,
whi
le st
ill p
rovi
ding
eac
h bo
roug
h go
vern
ing
auto
nom
y ov
er
othe
r are
as o
f ser
vice
del
iver
y. Sa
ving
s w
ill b
e re
aliz
ed p
rim
arily
thro
ugh
redu
cing
mid
dle
man
agem
ent b
y 50
pe
rcen
t and
redu
cing
cos
t ove
rhea
ds
asso
ciat
ed w
ith m
anag
emen
t pos
ition
s by
50
perc
ent.
The
redu
ctio
ns w
ill
occu
r thr
ough
the
elim
inat
ion
of
over
lapp
ing
role
s and
adm
inis
trat
ive
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
whi
le m
aint
aini
ng
fron
tline
serv
ice
leve
ls a
nd q
ualit
y.
As a
n in
itial
eva
luat
ion
of th
e sh
ared
serv
ices
pro
gram
, a p
rogr
ess
repo
rt fr
om th
e th
ree
boro
ughs
in
2013
not
ed th
at £
9.9
mill
ion
in sa
ving
s ha
d be
en re
aliz
ed a
lrea
dy, a
nd th
at
the
shar
ed se
rvic
es a
rran
gem
ent w
as
now
on
trac
k to
exc
eed
initi
al ta
rget
s, cr
eatin
g a
savi
ngs o
f £40
mill
ion
by
2015
.35 A
dditi
onal
ly, t
he tr
i-bor
ough
sh
ared
serv
ices
ann
ounc
ed J
uly
24, 2
014
that
an
inde
pend
ent b
oard
w
ould
revi
ew it
s pro
gres
s.36 T
he
revi
ew is
exp
ecte
d to
eva
luat
e se
rvic
e qu
ality
and
effi
cien
cy, i
dent
ify a
reas
of
impr
ovem
ent,
and
prop
ose
othe
r se
rvic
es th
at c
ould
be
shar
ed b
eyon
d th
e tr
i-bor
ough
mod
el to
gen
erat
e ad
ditio
nal s
avin
gs.
T
hank
s to
stro
ng le
ader
ship
and
su
ppor
t, th
e C
ity o
f Wes
tmin
ster
an
d th
e bo
roug
hs o
f Ham
mer
smith
an
d Fu
lham
and
Ken
sing
ton
and
Che
lsea
hav
e ill
ustr
ated
the
impa
ct
of c
olla
bora
ting
to p
rovi
de b
ette
r se
rvic
es a
nd im
prov
e va
lue
for m
oney
.
TRI-
BO
RO
UG
H S
HA
RED
SER
VIC
ES
SA
VIN
GS,
20
10
-20
13
(£ M
illio
ns)
Are
a E
stim
ated
Sav
ings
Libr
arie
s 0.
92A
dult
soci
al c
are
2.85
Chi
ef e
xecu
tive
lead
ersh
ip
0.26
Cor
pora
te S
ervi
ces
0.48
Envi
ronm
enta
l Ser
vice
s 0.
87C
hild
ren’
s ser
vice
s 4.
54To
tal
9.92
Sour
ce: L
ondo
n Bo
roug
h of
Ham
mer
smith
&
Ful
ham
, Roy
al B
orou
gh o
f Ken
sing
ton
and
Chel
sea
and
Wes
tmin
ster
City
Cou
ncil
23
Mun
icip
al fi
nanc
es a
nd se
rvic
e de
liver
y ar
e si
gnifi
cant
to th
e co
mpe
titiv
enes
s of a
city
, esp
ecia
lly
in li
ght o
f inc
reas
ed in
fras
truc
ture
pr
essu
res,
popu
latio
n gr
owth
, and
pr
essu
re o
n m
unic
ipal
ities
to p
rovi
de
high
er le
vels
of s
ervi
ce. W
hile
Cal
gary
ha
s not
don
e po
orly
in e
ither
of t
hese
ar
eas,
alte
rnat
ive
deliv
ery
thro
ugh
shar
ed se
rvic
es a
nd P
3s p
rovi
de
oppo
rtun
ities
for m
ore
savi
ngs
for C
alga
ry. I
n ad
ditio
n, a
dopt
ing
inno
vativ
e bu
dget
pra
ctic
es li
ke
resu
lts-b
ased
bud
getin
g co
uld
resu
lt in
mor
e eff
ectiv
e an
d co
st e
ffici
ent
serv
ices
. With
lim
ited
abili
ty to
rais
e m
unic
ipal
reve
nues
and
unp
redi
ctab
le
fund
s fro
m h
ighe
r ord
ers o
f go
vern
men
t, C
alga
ry n
eeds
to th
ink
abou
t wha
t it c
an d
o to
con
tinue
to
deve
lop
a gr
eat c
ity.
can
help
enh
ance
del
iver
y an
d pr
ovid
e po
tent
ial a
reas
for l
ong-
term
sa
ving
s, su
ch a
s with
the
Park
Plus
sy
stem
, whi
ch h
as re
duce
d its
op
erat
ing
cost
s by
thre
e pe
rcen
t sin
ce
2009
.38 M
any
oppo
rtun
ities
exi
st
in th
is a
rea,
and
as C
alga
ry b
egin
s to
form
ulat
e its
dig
ital s
trat
egy,
it ca
n off
er b
ette
r val
ue fo
r mon
ey fo
r C
alga
rian
s.
Sinc
e 20
10, T
he C
ity h
as b
een
wor
king
on
the
Cut
Red
Tap
e in
itiat
ive.
39 T
hrou
gh th
is, T
he C
ity o
f
Cal
gary
has
mov
ed a
ll of
its p
erm
its
and
appl
icat
ions
onl
ine
and
into
one
de
part
men
t, so
citi
zens
hav
e fu
ll-tim
e ac
cess
to th
e in
itial
app
licat
ion
proc
ess a
nd c
an a
cces
s eve
ryth
ing
they
nee
d th
roug
h a
one-
win
dow
ap
proa
ch. W
hile
mor
e pr
ogre
ss c
an
be m
ade
thro
ugh
this
pro
gram
, thi
s is
a go
od fi
rst s
tep
in re
desi
gnin
g ho
w
The
City
of C
alga
ry se
rves
Cal
gari
ans.
T
he C
ity o
f Cal
gary
mus
t co
mm
unic
ate
the
savi
ngs
tech
nolo
gica
l inn
ovat
ions
gen
erat
e fo
r
Con
side
r ado
ptin
g re
sults
-bas
ed b
udge
ting
to m
oder
nize
the
mun
icip
al
budg
etin
g pr
oces
s and
incr
ease
val
ue fo
r mon
ey.
Benc
hmar
k se
rvic
e de
liver
y co
sts t
o th
ose
of o
ther
citi
es in
add
ition
to tr
acki
ng
over
all c
itize
n sa
tisfa
ctio
n to
eva
luat
e ov
eral
l effe
ctiv
enes
s of p
rogr
ams a
nd
serv
ices
offe
red
to th
e pu
blic
.
Wor
k m
ore
clos
ely
with
the
priv
ate
sect
or to
inve
st in
the
city
, and
iden
tify
area
s whe
re p
ublic
-pri
vate
par
tner
ship
s can
be
succ
essf
ul.
Con
tinue
to id
entif
y an
d in
vest
in te
chno
logi
cal i
mpr
ovem
ents
that
can
cre
ate
pote
ntia
l cos
t sav
ings
and
redu
ce o
pera
tiona
l cos
ts.
Wor
k w
ith n
eigh
bour
ing
mun
icip
aliti
es to
iden
tify
oppo
rtun
ities
to e
ngag
e in
sh
ared
serv
ice
deliv
ery
the
publ
ic a
nd h
ow th
ey c
an in
crea
se
conv
enie
nce
for c
itize
ns. I
nves
ting
in
new
tech
nolo
gies
com
es w
ith a
hig
h in
itial
inve
stm
ent c
ost,
whi
ch c
an b
e m
et w
ith re
sist
ance
from
the
publ
ic.
If re
al sa
ving
s can
be
achi
eved
, as i
n th
e ca
se w
ith P
arkP
lus,
com
mun
icat
ing
thes
e sa
ving
s sho
uld
incr
ease
ove
rall
supp
ort f
or th
ese
inve
stm
ents
.
REC
OM
MEN
DA
TIO
NS
AS C
ITY
PO
PU
LATI
ON
S G
RO
W
and
budg
ets s
hrin
k, it
bec
omes
mor
e im
port
ant t
han
ever
for c
ities
such
as
Cal
gary
to u
se te
chno
logy
effe
ctiv
ely
to re
duce
cos
ts, i
nfor
m p
ublic
de
cisi
on m
akin
g, im
prov
e se
rvic
e de
liver
y, en
gage
citi
zens
, and
bui
ld a
n ev
en g
reat
er c
ity. A
city
that
inte
grat
es
tech
nolo
gy a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
ns
effec
tivel
y in
its d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
and
daily
ope
ratio
ns is
kno
wn
as a
smar
t ci
ty. C
reat
ing
smar
t citi
es is
abo
ut
driv
ing
deci
sion
s by
data
inst
ead
of
dogm
a to
cre
ate
glob
al c
onne
ctio
ns
and
vibr
ant q
ualit
y of
life
thro
ugh
impr
ovin
g m
unic
ipal
com
mun
icat
ion,
en
gage
men
t, an
d effi
cien
cy.
Si
nce
the
conc
ept o
f sm
art c
ities
is
a re
lativ
ely
new
and
evo
lvin
g id
ea, i
t is
diffi
cult
to d
efine
wha
t exa
ctly
a sm
art
city
is. I
t is e
asy
to g
et ca
ught
up
on
“sm
art c
ity” a
s a b
uzzw
ord
beca
use
alm
ost e
very
defi
nitio
n of
it b
egin
s with
cl
aim
ing
it is
an
ambi
guou
s con
cept
. Bu
t at i
ts co
re, c
reat
ing
a sm
art c
ity
is a
bout
crea
ting
a vi
bran
t, ac
cess
ible
ci
ty. I
t is a
ntic
ipat
ed th
at b
y 20
25 th
ere
will
be
over
26
glob
al sm
art c
ities
and
th
at 5
0 pe
rcen
t of t
hose
citie
s will
be
in
Nor
th A
mer
ica
and
Euro
pe.1
Sm
art c
ity c
once
pts a
pply
in
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
ns
tech
nolo
gy (I
CT
) to
impr
ove
and
optim
ize
its re
sour
ces,
crea
te c
ost
and
ener
gy sa
ving
s, im
prov
e se
rvic
e de
liver
y an
d qu
ality
of l
ife, a
nd
redu
ce it
s env
iron
men
tal f
ootp
rint
. Sm
art,
ICT-
enab
led
citie
s col
lect
and
co
mm
unic
ate
data
mor
e ro
bust
ly
and
effici
ently
thro
ugh
chan
nels
su
ch a
s pub
lic W
i-Fi,
open
dat
abas
es,
mob
ile d
eliv
ery
of se
rvic
es, a
nd b
y be
tter
inte
grat
ion
of p
ublic
act
iviti
es
thro
ugh
digi
tizat
ion.
Whe
n ci
ties
are
smar
t and
hav
e th
e ab
ility
to
del
iver
serv
ices
fast
er, s
pend
m
ore
resp
onsi
bly,
and
beco
me
mor
e re
spon
sive
to b
usin
ess a
nd
publ
ic in
quir
ies a
like,
it fo
ster
s an
envi
ronm
ent w
here
bus
ines
s is
able
to th
rive
and
cre
ates
a m
ore
econ
omic
ally
com
petit
ive
Cal
gary
.
Gre
at c
ities
are
smar
t. T
hey
reco
gniz
e th
e m
erits
of u
sing
te
chno
logy
to m
axim
ize
reso
urce
s, be
com
e gl
obal
ly in
fluen
tial,
and
crea
te
happ
ier a
nd m
ore
effec
tive
citiz
ens.2
THE
BEN
EFIT
S O
F B
OO
STI
NG
MU
NIC
IPA
L IQ
City
gov
ernm
ents
face
incr
easi
ng
pres
sure
to m
anag
e fis
cal c
onst
rain
ts
whi
le d
eliv
erin
g hi
gh q
ualit
y se
rvic
es e
ffici
ently
. Gre
ater
dem
ands
fr
om c
itize
ns fo
r res
pons
ive
and
indi
vidu
aliz
ed se
rvic
es re
quir
e
GREA
T CIT
IES
BO
OST
M
UN
ICIP
AL
IQ2
24
refo
rms t
o ex
istin
g se
rvic
e de
liver
y m
anag
emen
t. C
itize
ns w
ant g
reat
er
choi
ce in
how
they
use
mun
icip
al
serv
ices
, and
ICT
initi
ativ
es o
ffer
the
abili
ty to
tran
sfor
m sy
stem
s and
op
timiz
e re
sour
ce u
se. T
he n
ew
chal
leng
es th
at c
ities
face
as t
hey
grow
mea
ns th
at th
e tr
aditi
onal
m
etho
ds o
f doi
ng th
ings
no
long
er
wor
k. In
vest
men
t in
inno
vatio
n is
re
quir
ed to
ade
quat
ely
addr
ess t
he
need
s of c
itize
ns.
C
itize
ns a
nd g
over
nmen
ts a
like
incr
easi
ngly
und
erst
and
the
bene
fits
of a
dopt
ing
smar
t city
pra
ctic
es
for b
usin
ess,
citiz
en e
ngag
emen
t, an
d se
rvic
e de
liver
y. N
ot o
nly
does
te
chno
logi
cal i
nnov
atio
n off
er
econ
omic
and
gov
erna
nce
bene
fits,
it al
so o
ffers
hum
an, e
nvir
onm
enta
l, an
d in
fras
truc
ture
ben
efits
. Sm
art c
ities
ar
e ca
pabl
e ci
ties.
O
ne o
f the
gre
ates
t cha
lleng
es th
at
citie
s fac
e is
bal
anci
ng b
udge
ts a
nd
defic
its w
ith in
vest
men
t in
inno
vativ
e te
chno
logy
. Inv
estin
g in
inte
llige
nt
initi
ativ
es m
akes
it p
ossi
ble
to d
o m
ore
with
less
thro
ugh
impr
oved
effi
cien
cy a
nd re
duci
ng c
osts
. Sm
art
citie
s can
offe
r pro
duct
ivity
and
effi
cien
cy th
roug
h co
st sa
ving
s and
en
cour
agin
g an
inno
vativ
e an
d en
trep
rene
uria
l spi
rit.
In so
me
citie
s, in
effici
ent a
dmin
istr
ativ
e sy
stem
s can
co
st a
s muc
h as
6.8
per
cent
of G
DP.
Em
ploy
ing
e-go
vern
ance
pro
cess
es,
such
as p
olic
e in
cide
nt re
port
s or
prop
erty
tax
asse
ssm
ents
, can
redu
ce
adm
inis
trat
ive
cost
s by
25 p
erce
nt a
nd
can
lead
to sa
ving
s of u
p to
1.5
perc
ent
of G
DP.
3
Reg
ional c
ooper
ation
in e
mer
gen
cy m
anagem
ent
Even
in to
day’
s glo
bal e
cono
my,
whe
re
issu
es th
at ci
ties f
ace
seld
om st
op a
t the
25
VA
NC
OU
VER
CA
LGA
RY
SEA
TTLE
SA
N F
RA
NC
ISC
O
LOS
AN
GEL
ES
CH
ICA
GO
TOR
ON
TON
EW Y
OR
K
BA
RC
ELO
NAPA
RIS
VIE
NN
A
BER
LIN
OS
LO
STO
CK
HO
LM
HEL
SIN
KI
BEI
JIN
G
WU
HA
N
TIA
NJI
N
SH
ENZ
HEN
SIN
GA
PO
RE
SEO
UL
TOY
KO
SY
DN
EY
AM
STE
RD
AM
CO
PEN
HA
GEN
LON
DO
N
city
lim
its, o
pera
tions
are
kep
t sep
arat
e an
d da
ta b
etw
een
depa
rtm
ents
is
rare
ly sh
ared
. Adv
ance
s in
open
dat
a an
d te
chno
logy
can
help
crea
te sm
art
citie
s by
givi
ng ci
ties t
he o
ppor
tuni
ty
to co
ordi
nate
bet
ter w
ith e
ach
othe
r, al
low
ing
mun
icip
al d
epar
tmen
ts
to co
llabo
rate
mor
e effi
cien
tly a
nd
cent
raliz
e ke
y op
erat
ions
.
Con
side
r Rio
de
Jane
iro.
The
C
ity is
col
labo
ratin
g w
ith IB
M o
n th
e cr
eatio
n of
a C
ity O
pera
tions
C
ente
r to
help
impr
ove
the
spee
d of
em
erge
ncy
resp
onsi
vene
ss.4 In
201
0,
Rio
de J
anei
ro lo
st 10
0 liv
es to
a se
ries
of
floo
ds a
nd m
udsl
ides
and
, in
an
effor
t to
miti
gate
the
fallo
ut o
f fut
ure
natu
ral d
isas
ters
, is i
nteg
ratin
g ov
er 2
0 go
vern
men
t dep
artm
ents
and
pub
lic
agen
cies
to im
prov
e sa
fety
. The
cen
ter
is th
e fir
st in
the
wor
ld to
inte
grat
e al
l sta
tes o
f cri
sis m
anag
emen
t, fr
om p
redi
ctio
n, m
itiga
tion,
and
SM
AR
T C
ITIE
S O
F TH
E W
OR
LD
Sour
ce: F
rost
& S
ulliv
an
Mad
rid
is th
e m
ost e
cono
mic
ally
po
wer
ful c
ity in
Spa
in a
nd w
as
iden
tified
in 2
011 b
y th
e G
loba
l Ec
onom
ic P
ower
inde
x as
the
14th
m
ost e
cono
mic
ally
pow
erfu
l city
in
the
wor
ld.6 W
hile
oth
er S
pani
sh
citie
s, su
ch a
s Bar
celo
na a
nd M
alag
a,
scor
e hi
gher
ove
rall
in sm
art c
ity
initi
ativ
es, M
adri
d is
a le
ader
in
smar
t gov
erna
nce
and
smar
t ser
vice
de
liver
y. M
adri
d ha
s a fu
lly in
tegr
ated
em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent s
yste
m
that
coo
rdin
ates
fire
, pol
ice,
and
m
edic
al e
mer
genc
y de
part
men
ts.
The
dec
isio
n w
as m
ade
to c
reat
e a
smar
ter e
mer
genc
y re
spon
se
syst
em in
the
afte
rmat
h of
a m
ajor
te
rror
ist a
ttac
k. T
he 2
004
Mad
rid
trai
n bo
mbi
ngs h
ighl
ight
ed th
e ne
ed fo
r mor
e effi
cien
t em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent w
hen
diso
rgan
izat
ion
and
mis
com
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
diffe
rent
em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
—th
e po
lice,
am
bula
nce,
and
fire
de
part
men
t—m
ade
the
inci
dent
eve
n m
ore
cata
stro
phic
than
it sh
ould
hav
e be
en. U
nder
the
new
syst
em, M
adri
d ha
s see
n a
25 p
erce
nt in
crea
se in
re
spon
se ti
me
and
effec
tiven
ess.7
M
adri
d ha
s als
o m
ade
adva
nces
in
ele
ctri
c m
obili
ty w
ith it
s Mov
ele
proj
ect,
whi
ch a
ims t
o cr
eate
a
netw
ork
of 2
80 c
harg
ing
poin
ts
for e
lect
ric
vehi
cles
. In
addi
tion
to e
lect
ric
mob
ility
, Mad
rid
has a
su
cces
sful
car
shar
ing
prog
ram
that
ch
arge
s onl
y fo
r act
ual c
ar-u
se ti
me.
M
adri
d al
so re
cent
ly la
unch
ed it
s firs
t pu
blic
bik
e sh
are
proj
ect,
Bici
Mad
. A
lthou
gh p
ublic
bik
e sh
are
proj
ects
ar
e no
thin
g ne
w in
Eur
ope,
Mad
rid’
s Bi
ciM
ad is
diff
eren
t tha
n its
Eur
opea
n ne
ighb
ours
in o
ne h
uge
way
: its
bi
kes a
re e
lect
ric.
8 Bic
iMad
pla
ns to
deve
lop
60 k
ilom
etre
s of b
ike
lane
s in
the
city
. Mad
rid
is tr
aditi
onal
ly a
car
he
avy
met
ropo
lis, a
nd im
plem
entin
g a
bike
shar
e pr
ogra
m w
ill h
elp
redu
ce
cong
estio
n is
sues
.
The
Spa
nish
cap
ital i
s als
o on
e of
the
mos
t con
nect
ed c
ities
in th
e w
orld
. In
2013
, The
City
par
tner
ed
with
GO
WEX
, a le
ader
in c
reat
ing
wir
eles
s citi
es, t
o cr
eate
a W
i-Fi
netw
ork
in M
adri
d’s m
ain
squa
res a
nd
open
spac
es, a
s wel
l as a
t bus
stop
s an
d on
pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tion.
Mor
e th
an 4
0 pe
rcen
t of M
adri
d is
now
co
vere
d by
GO
WEX
Wi-F
i.9
MA
DR
ID
26
BEC
OM
ING
SM
AR
T: T
HE
KEY
TO
DEV
ELO
PIN
G S
MA
RT
CIT
Y S
TATU
S
Beco
min
g a
smar
t city
is n
ot o
nly
abou
t im
plem
entin
g ne
w te
chno
logi
es
to re
duce
cos
ts. I
t beg
ins w
ith a
co
mpr
ehen
sive
stra
tegy
that
will
gu
ide
the
proc
ess a
nd a
llow
for
perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rs. T
he p
roce
ss
itsel
f mus
t be
mar
kedl
y in
nova
tive,
ai
min
g to
max
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial
of th
e ci
ty in
div
erse
way
s. C
ivic
en
gage
men
t is v
ital b
ecau
se c
itize
ns
can
help
iden
tify
ineffi
cien
cies
an
d fo
rmul
ate
and
test
inno
vativ
e so
lutio
ns. F
inal
ly, a
smar
t city
mus
t be
sust
aina
ble
and
acce
ssib
le.
C
alga
ry h
as a
his
tory
of s
ucce
ss
with
tech
nolo
gy, a
nec
essa
ry fe
atur
e of
gre
at c
ities
in th
e 21
st c
entu
ry.
With
Cal
gary
con
tinui
ng to
gro
w a
nd
publ
ic b
udge
ts st
rain
ed m
ore
and
mor
e, it
is m
ore
impo
rtan
t tha
n ev
er
to im
plem
ent s
mar
t city
con
cept
s to
redu
ce c
osts
and
impr
ove
serv
ices
. Sm
art c
ities
are
flui
d, a
nd in
nova
tion
in th
e fie
ld is
in a
con
stan
t sta
te o
f tr
ansf
orm
atio
n. A
s suc
h, c
ities
nee
d to
be
capa
ble
and
will
ing
to st
rate
gize
an
d ad
apt a
ccor
ding
ly.
Stra
tegy a
nd s
ust
ain
abili
ty
Smar
t citi
es a
re n
ot o
nly
abou
t te
chno
logy
. The
smar
test
citi
es
are
the
ones
that
look
to th
e fu
ture
an
d th
at re
quir
es m
ore
than
sim
ple
app
deve
lopm
ent.
A la
ck o
f a sm
art
city
mod
el th
at w
ill la
st w
ell i
nto
the
futu
re c
an le
ad to
ineq
uitie
s in
acce
ssin
g in
form
atio
n. In
Cal
gary
, and
m
any
othe
r citi
es a
roun
d th
e w
orld
, fib
re o
ptic
s are
con
trol
led
by o
nly
a se
lect
gro
up o
f pro
vide
rs. W
ithou
t fai
r an
d eq
ual a
cces
s to
this
infr
astr
uctu
re,
the
econ
omy
is st
ifled
and
inno
vatio
n is
supp
ress
ed.
D
evel
opin
g a
robu
st m
unic
ipal
st
rate
gy is
a c
ruci
al fi
rst s
tep
beca
use
a st
rong
stra
tegy
will
hel
p
dete
rmin
e w
hich
goa
ls a
nd p
rogr
ams
to im
plem
ent a
nd h
ow to
mea
sure
su
cces
s, id
entif
y m
ilest
ones
, and
qu
antif
y re
turn
s on
inve
stm
ent,
as
wel
l as i
dent
ify w
here
the
gaps
in
gove
rnan
ce a
nd p
olic
ies e
xist
to
crea
te a
sust
aina
ble
mod
el. T
his m
ust
begi
n w
ith a
sses
smen
ts. I
n th
e ca
se o
f C
alga
ry, w
here
are
we
over
spen
ding
? W
hat a
reas
cou
ld m
ost b
enefi
t fro
m
smar
t tec
hnol
ogy?
The
citi
es m
ost s
ucce
ssfu
l in
purs
uing
gre
ater
use
of s
mar
t te
chno
logy
did
not
ove
rhau
l exi
stin
g te
chno
logi
es, b
ut c
once
ntra
ted
thei
r eff
orts
on
one
tria
l pro
ject
. Alo
ng
with
a st
rong
stra
tegy
, citi
es n
eed
thor
ough
ass
essm
ent m
echa
nism
s to
eva
luat
e sh
ort-
term
and
long
-te
rm g
oals
, as w
ell a
s a lo
ng-t
erm
st
rate
gy a
nd p
rior
itiza
tion
of se
lect
ar
eas f
or in
vest
men
t tha
t wou
ld h
ave
the
grea
test
and
mos
t mea
sura
ble
impa
ct. A
stro
ng a
sses
smen
t allo
ws
A S
MA
RT
CIT
Y I
S A
BLE
TO
MEE
T
THE
FOLL
OW
ING
CR
ITER
IA
1
STR
ATE
GIC
AN
D S
USTA
INA
BLE
2
INN
OV
ATI
VE
3
CIV
ICA
LLY
EN
GA
GED
4
EFFI
CIE
NT
27
prep
ared
ness
to im
med
iate
resp
onse
ca
paci
ty, a
s wel
l as f
eedb
ack
to b
e us
ed
for f
utur
e in
cide
nts.
Si
mila
rly,
Mau
i Cou
nty,
Haw
aii
deve
lope
d a
Civ
icPl
us e
mer
genc
y no
tifica
tion
subs
crib
er se
rvic
e in
20
08 to
bet
ter c
oord
inat
e em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent s
ervi
ces a
nd k
eep
the
publ
ic in
form
ed u
sing
text
mes
sagi
ng
and
emai
l not
ifica
tion,
web
site
in
form
atio
n, a
nd so
cial
med
ia.5 T
he
syst
em is
hos
ted
in a
secu
re, o
ff-si
te
loca
tion
that
pro
tect
s it f
rom
dam
age
and
can
be u
pdat
ed fr
om a
nyw
here
w
ith a
n In
tern
et c
onne
ctio
n. W
hen
disa
ster
stru
ck J
apan
dur
ing
the
2011
ear
thqu
ake
and
tsun
ami,
larg
e ts
unam
i wav
es tr
avel
led
acro
ss th
e Pa
cific
at 8
00 k
ilom
etre
s per
hou
r to
war
d th
e H
awai
ian
Isla
nds.
Mau
i C
ount
y w
as p
repa
red.
Dur
ing
the
tsun
ami,
Mau
i Cou
nty’
s web
site
us
e sp
iked
from
32,
000
page
vie
ws
the
day
befo
re to
96,
500
page
vi
ews t
he d
ay o
f the
dis
aste
r, an
d co
mm
unic
atio
ns d
urin
g th
e ts
unam
i w
ere
unin
terr
upte
d.
Att
ract
ive
cities
Inno
vativ
e te
chno
logy
is a
pos
itive
, dr
ivin
g fo
rce
for b
oth
citiz
ens a
nd
the
busi
ness
com
mun
ity. S
mar
t, co
mpa
ct c
ities
are
mag
nets
for h
uman
ca
pita
l; in
itiat
ives
that
hel
p ci
ties s
tay
loca
lly a
nd g
loba
lly c
ompe
titiv
e ar
e ab
le to
reta
in a
tale
nted
labo
ur fo
rce.
Te
chno
logi
cal i
nnov
atio
n no
t onl
y sp
urs l
abou
r for
ce d
evel
opm
ent b
ut
also
enc
oura
ges t
ouri
sm. P
eopl
e w
ant
to li
ve in
and
vis
it en
erge
tic, v
ibra
nt
citie
s tha
t offe
r the
m a
cces
sibi
lity,
enga
gem
ent,
and
oppo
rtun
ity, o
ften
pr
ovid
ed v
ia te
chno
logy
. The
smar
test
ci
ties c
onsi
der h
ow th
ey w
ill p
rom
ote
them
selv
es a
s att
ract
ive
plac
es in
w
hich
to li
ve—
and
in a
way
that
’s aff
orda
ble
for m
unic
ipal
aut
hori
ties.
ED
MO
NT
ON
The
City
of E
dmon
ton
has b
een
a gl
obal
lead
er in
ope
n da
ta si
nce
2009
,13 w
ith 4
15 p
ublic
dat
aset
s av
aila
ble
on e
very
thin
g fr
om W
i-Fi
spot
s to
elec
tion
resu
lts to
veh
icle
co
llisi
on ra
tes.14
In 2
011,
Edm
onto
n be
cam
e th
e fir
st c
ity in
Can
ada
to
publ
ish
an o
pen
data
syst
em th
at
incl
udes
City
Cou
ncil
data
sets
and
in
form
atio
n pr
evio
usly
exc
lusi
ve
to th
e co
unci
l. Ed
mon
ton
was
the
four
th c
ity in
Can
ada
to re
leas
e an
op
en d
ata
cata
logu
e, w
ith in
form
atio
n re
gard
ing
mee
ting
deta
ils, a
gend
a ite
ms,
mot
ions
, att
enda
nce,
and
vot
ing
reco
rds.15
The
ope
n da
ta sy
stem
is
impo
rtan
t not
onl
y be
caus
e it
offer
s tr
ansp
aren
cy, b
ut a
lso
beca
use
the
data
on
Edm
onto
n’s “
Citi
zen
Das
hboa
rd” i
s und
erst
anda
ble
to
the
aver
age
citiz
en a
nd m
easu
res
perf
orm
ance
.16
In p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith it
s Ope
n D
ata
prog
ram
, The
City
als
o ho
sted
the
Apps
4Edm
onto
n C
ompe
titio
n fo
r an
yone
inte
rest
ed in
dev
elop
ing
mun
icip
al a
pplic
atio
ns fo
r sm
art
phon
es. T
his c
ompe
titio
n w
as
the
first
of i
ts k
ind
in C
anad
a.17
T
hirt
y-tw
o ne
w a
pplic
atio
ns w
ere
deve
lope
d, in
clud
ing
apps
for
rest
aura
nt in
spec
tions
, bus
sche
dule
s an
d de
lays
, bik
e pa
ths,
and
fest
ival
ac
tiviti
es. T
he c
ompe
titio
n in
tegr
ated
th
e tr
ansp
aren
cy a
nd o
penn
ess o
f th
e op
en d
ata
syst
em w
ith c
ivic
en
gage
men
t, th
us p
rovi
ding
cre
dibi
lity
to g
over
nmen
t in
its d
evel
opm
ent o
f op
en d
ata.
In
2011
, City
Cou
ncil
also
ap
prov
ed th
e Sm
art B
us P
ilot P
roje
ct,
whi
ch g
ives
use
rs re
al-t
ime
sche
dule
in
form
atio
n, a
s wel
l as i
nfor
min
g se
curi
ty a
nd tr
ansi
t offi
cial
abo
ut
serv
ice
and
secu
rity
issu
es.
In
Mar
ch 2
011,
IBM
nam
ed
Edm
onto
n as
the
first
Can
adia
n ci
ty, a
nd ju
st o
ne o
f 24
wor
ldw
ide,
to
rece
ive
the
IBM
Sm
art
28
The
per
form
ance
indi
cato
rs
are
divi
ded
into
cle
ar c
ateg
orie
s:
And
the
perf
orm
ance
out
com
es
are
code
d as
:
Citi
es C
halle
nge
awar
d gr
ant o
f U
S$40
0,00
0.18
In p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith
IBM
, Edm
onto
n de
cide
d to
bec
ome
a gl
obal
lead
er in
urb
an tr
affic
safe
ty
thro
ugh
the
anal
ysis
of t
raffi
c da
ta a
nd
dete
rmin
ing
how
to im
prov
e tr
affic
and
road
safe
ty.19
Add
ition
ally
, the
city
de
velo
ped
a sy
stem
cal
led
Wir
eles
s Ed
mon
ton;
the
city
now
has
20
area
s w
here
citi
zens
can
con
nect
to th
e In
tern
et o
n th
eir d
evic
es.
Si
nce
Febr
uary
201
4, E
dmon
ton
has a
lso
been
con
side
ring
smar
t far
e ca
rds t
o he
lp re
duce
fare
eva
sion
. Ed
mon
ton
Tran
sit S
ervi
ce (E
TS)
es
timat
es th
at th
is te
chno
logy
wou
ld
save
$12
.5 m
illio
n fr
om it
s ope
ratin
g bu
dget
ove
r 10
year
s.20 H
owev
er, a
re
port
from
the
Edm
onto
n Tr
ansi
t Sy
stem
Adv
isor
y Bo
ard
clai
ms i
t co
uld
cost
an
addi
tiona
l $13
mill
ion
over
10 y
ears
, usi
ng in
form
atio
n fr
om
The
City
of V
anco
uver
. Van
couv
er
switc
hed
to sm
art f
are
card
s but
has
be
en sl
owed
dow
n by
del
ays,
cost
ov
erru
ns, a
nd th
e is
sue
of fa
re e
vasi
on
that
the
card
s wer
e m
eant
to c
omba
t. Ed
mon
ton
May
or D
on Iv
eson
arg
ues
that
the
finan
cial
ben
efit o
f sm
art
fare
car
ds is
not
the
only
ben
efit:
he
belie
ves t
here
is a
n ec
onom
ic b
usin
ess
case
in th
at th
e si
mpl
icity
of t
he
tech
nolo
gy c
ould
att
ract
mor
e ri
ders
, th
ereb
y ge
nera
ting
mor
e re
venu
e. T
he
conv
enie
nce
and
utili
ty o
f the
smar
t fa
re c
ards
wou
ld a
lso
redu
ce p
rint
ing
cost
s, al
low
for m
ore
accu
rate
serv
ice
fore
cast
ing,
and
gen
erat
e m
ore
reve
nue
thro
ugh
selli
ng c
ard
fron
t ad
vert
isem
ents
.21 E
TS
offici
als h
ope
to in
stal
l the
tech
nolo
gy b
y 20
15.
The
City
has
set a
side
$7
mill
ion
to
help
pay
for s
mar
t car
d sc
anne
rs a
nd
will
app
ly fo
r gra
nt m
oney
from
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
f Alb
erta
to h
elp
offse
t th
e re
mai
ning
$27
mill
ion.
Ed
mon
ton
Polic
e Se
rvic
es w
as
also
one
of t
he fi
rst C
anad
ian
polic
e
forc
es to
use
IBM
’s bu
sine
ss a
naly
tics
soft
war
e in
law
enf
orce
men
t effo
rts.22
T
he c
apita
l city
spen
t thr
ee y
ears
st
abili
zing
dat
a an
d cr
eatin
g a
syst
em th
at a
llow
s cri
me
tren
ds a
nd
loca
tion
trac
king
. The
syst
em h
as
incr
ease
d th
e EP
S’ a
ccou
ntab
ility
an
d eff
ectiv
enes
s thr
ough
allo
win
g th
e EP
S to
bet
ter a
lloca
te th
eir
reso
urce
s on
a ne
ighb
ourh
ood
by
neig
hbou
rhoo
d le
vel t
o th
e ar
eas t
hat
need
it th
e m
ost.
A
city
cou
ncil
repo
rt a
lso
outli
ned
the
tang
ible
and
inta
ngib
le b
enefi
ts
of in
trod
ucin
g a
smar
t car
d fo
r tra
nsit
fare
s:23 th
e co
st sa
ving
s ove
r 10
year
s in
clud
ed a
$25
.8 m
illio
n re
duct
ion
in fa
re e
vasi
on c
osts
, a $
5.6
mill
ion
redu
ctio
n in
fare
med
ia p
rodu
ctio
n co
sts,
and
an $
8.3
mill
ion
redu
ctio
n in
sale
s and
dis
trib
utio
n co
sts.24
Th
e re
port
als
o de
fined
num
erou
s in
tang
ible
, non
-mon
etar
y be
nefit
s, in
clud
ing
redu
ced
fare
dis
pute
s, be
tter
data
to su
ppor
t ser
vice
pla
nnin
g an
d m
arke
ting,
and
an
over
all b
ette
r cu
stom
er e
xper
ienc
e. R
athe
r tha
n on
e-off
stra
tegi
es w
ith li
ttle
long
-ter
m
com
mun
ity im
pact
, the
repo
rt fo
cuse
d on
cre
atin
g a
com
preh
ensi
ve sm
art c
ity
plan
. Thi
s pro
ved
bene
ficia
l fro
m b
oth
an e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t sta
ndpo
int
and
a go
vern
ance
stan
dpoi
nt, s
ince
it
is a
n ex
ampl
e of
wor
king
with
oth
er
regi
onal
gov
ernm
ents
, suc
h as
The
C
ity o
f Edm
onto
n an
d Th
e C
ount
y of
St
rath
cona
.
Rece
ntly
, St.
Alb
ert a
lso
sign
ed a
“M
emor
andu
m o
f Und
erst
andi
ng”
to fo
rm a
new
Sm
art C
ity A
llian
ce
prov
inci
ally
for A
lber
ta; t
he
Uni
vers
ity o
f Alb
erta
, NA
IT, I
BM
Can
ada,
and
CIS
CO
Can
ada
have
als
o si
gned
on.
25 T
he a
llian
ce is
ope
n to
all
of A
lber
ta, i
nclu
ding
mun
icip
aliti
es,
busi
ness
es, a
nd a
cade
mic
inst
itutio
ns.
29
A g
ood
exam
ple
of te
chno
logi
cal
plan
ning
can
be
foun
d as
nea
rby
as
St. A
lber
t, A
lber
ta. S
t. A
lber
t, a
smal
l co
mm
unity
nor
thw
est o
f Edm
onto
n,
is in
the
mid
st o
f for
mul
atin
g its
ow
n la
rge-
scal
e sm
art c
ity m
aste
r pla
n,
an e
ndea
vor t
hat w
as a
ppro
ved
by
its C
ity C
ounc
il in
Feb
ruar
y 20
13.
In it
s pre
limin
ary
repo
rt, S
t. A
lber
t id
entifi
es w
hich
fram
ewor
k an
d de
finiti
on o
f a sm
art c
ity it
wan
ts to
ad
opt,
why
it n
eeds
to im
plem
ent a
m
aste
r str
ateg
y, an
d w
hat t
he c
ity
is a
lrea
dy d
oing
to e
ngag
e w
ith
tech
nolo
gica
l inn
ovat
ion.
The
repo
rt
iden
tifies
the
need
to d
evel
op a
ho
listic
app
roac
h to
impr
ovin
g ci
ty
effici
ency
and
qua
lity
of li
fe a
nd
divi
des t
he p
lan
into
six
phas
es to
be
impl
emen
ted
over
thre
e ye
ars.
St. A
lber
t has
alr
eady
intr
oduc
ed a
pl
etho
ra o
f inn
ovat
ions
. The
se in
clud
e
wor
king
with
Goo
gle
Tran
sit t
o be
tter
in
tegr
ate
mun
icip
al tr
ansp
orta
tion
data
with
Goo
gle’
s map
ping
te
chno
logy
, rev
italiz
ing
traffi
c in
fras
truc
ture
thro
ugh
inst
allin
g tr
affic
light
s tha
t use
cam
eras
to
impr
ove
wai
ting
traffi
c de
tect
ion,
and
de
sign
ing
a w
ater
met
er te
chno
logy
th
at w
ould
allo
w T
he C
ity to
read
w
ater
met
ers m
ore
freq
uent
ly, e
ven
hour
ly, w
hile
als
o m
onito
ring
The
C
ity’s
own
cost
s with
real
-tim
e da
ta.10
T
hese
effo
rts e
mer
ged,
in p
art,
out
of th
e qu
estio
n of
how
to m
anag
e gr
owth
sinc
e St
. Alb
ert i
s pre
dict
ed to
gr
ow b
y 50
per
cent
in th
e ne
xt e
ight
to
ten
year
s.11 A
s a c
ity w
ith fe
wer
re
sour
ces t
han
larg
er m
unic
ipal
ities
su
ch a
s Cal
gary
and
Edm
onto
n, S
t. A
lber
t is u
sing
tech
nolo
gy a
nd d
ata
in sm
art w
ays t
o he
lp m
anag
e gr
owth
an
d as
sets
. For
exa
mpl
e, b
y em
ploy
ing
tech
nolo
gy to
mon
itor t
raffi
c, T
he
City
can
obs
erve
pat
tern
s and
mak
e im
prov
emen
ts to
ope
ratin
g effi
cien
cy
with
out m
akin
g ex
pens
ive
gues
ses
usin
g tr
ial a
nd e
rror
. Thi
s allo
ws t
he
city
to sa
ve re
sour
ces.
In
its p
rese
ntat
ion
to c
ounc
il, S
t. A
lber
t ide
ntifi
ed so
me
curr
ent a
nd
pote
ntia
l tan
gibl
e be
nefit
s of s
mar
t ci
ty in
itiat
ives
. For
exa
mpl
e, sm
art
grid
initi
ativ
es in
Sili
con
Valle
y ha
ve
crea
ted
over
12,0
00 jo
bs.12
ST
.AL
BE
RT
30
mun
icip
al g
over
nmen
ts to
wei
gh
chal
leng
es a
nd b
enefi
ts. A
dditi
onal
ly,
mea
sure
men
t of g
oals
and
ana
lysi
s of
bene
fits—
econ
omic
or o
ther
wis
e—is
cr
ucia
l in
dete
rmin
ing
the
succ
ess
of sm
art c
ities
. Onc
e th
ere
is a
cle
ar
visi
on, c
ities
mus
t tra
nsfo
rm th
eir
obje
ctiv
es in
to im
plem
enta
tion.
Sm
art
city
pol
icy
mus
t tak
e pr
eced
ence
ove
r sm
art c
ity te
chno
logy
.
Cal
gary
has
a h
isto
ry o
f sm
art c
ity
thin
king
bec
ause
pop
ulat
ion
and
econ
omic
boo
ms h
ave
crea
ted
a ne
ed
for i
mpr
oved
com
mun
icat
ions
and
se
rvic
e de
liver
y. In
200
2, C
alga
ry w
as
nam
ed th
e w
orld
’s to
p In
telli
gent
C
omm
unity
at t
he In
telli
gent
C
omm
uniti
es F
orum
, alo
ng w
ith
Seou
l, So
uth
Kor
ea. I
n 20
09, C
alga
ry
was
nam
ed a
s one
of F
orbe
s’ to
p Sm
art C
ities
.29 T
hese
are
impo
rtan
t re
cogn
ition
s of T
he C
ity’s
effor
ts
to im
prov
e ci
ty se
rvic
es th
roug
h di
gitiz
atio
n up
to th
is p
oint
.
T
he p
robl
em w
ith C
alga
ry’s
tech
nolo
gica
l dev
elop
men
t is t
hat
it ha
s bee
n ha
phaz
ard,
with
litt
le
over
arch
ing
stra
tegy
or l
ong-
term
go
als.
A tr
uly
smar
t city
is n
ot a
n in
depe
nden
t clu
ster
of t
echn
olog
ies
and
min
or in
nova
tions
, but
a sy
stem
w
hose
foun
datio
n re
lies o
n a
holis
tic st
rate
gy. A
smar
t city
nee
ds
a st
rate
gic
plan
, civ
ic e
ngag
emen
t, an
d in
nova
tion.
Whi
le d
igiti
zing
m
unic
ipal
serv
ices
, esp
ecia
lly th
roug
h ci
vic
enga
gem
ent a
nd c
onsu
ltatio
n,
is c
omm
enda
ble,
Cal
gary
has
nee
ded
to lo
ok p
ast s
impl
e te
chno
logi
cal
mod
erni
zatio
n an
d fo
rmul
ate
a st
rate
gic
plan
that
add
ress
es
mor
e th
an c
ivic
eng
agem
ent a
nd
tech
nolo
gy, a
nd th
e C
ity h
as b
egun
to
do so
with
its n
ew D
igita
l Str
ateg
y.
The
City
will
be
shor
tly re
leas
ing
its e
Gov
ernm
ent D
igita
l Str
ateg
y, ba
sed
on th
e w
ork
of th
e ci
tizen
ad
viso
ry e
Gov
ernm
ent c
omm
ittee
.
Its g
oal i
s to
crea
te a
dig
ital e
cono
my,
supp
ort d
igita
l lite
racy
, and
impr
ove
digi
tal a
cces
s to
The
City
’s se
rvic
es,
and
it fo
cuse
s on
five
key
area
s:
for p
artic
ipat
ion
In th
e st
rate
gy, t
he C
ity re
cogn
izes
C
alga
ry’s
issu
es w
ith im
plem
entin
g in
itiat
ives
on
an a
d ho
c ba
sis:
“The
C
ity h
as a
lrea
dy h
ad su
cces
s in
deliv
erin
g on
line
serv
ices
whe
n ap
plyi
ng fo
r per
mits
, boo
king
tee
times
, and
subm
ittin
g 31
1 ser
vice
re
ques
ts. H
owev
er, t
hese
effo
rts h
ave
been
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
mee
ting
citiz
en
dem
ands
rath
er th
an c
onne
ctin
g to
a
larg
er st
rate
gic
visi
on fo
r all
city
se
rvic
es o
nlin
e.”30
T
he g
reat
est c
ompo
nent
of t
his
digi
tal s
trat
egy
is it
s rec
ogni
tion
that
up
until
now
, tec
hnol
ogic
al
inno
vatio
n an
d op
en d
atas
ets h
ave
been
pro
duce
d th
roug
h ci
tizen
de
man
ds a
nd n
ot a
s par
t of a
hol
istic
st
rate
gy. R
ecog
nizi
ng a
n is
sue
or a
n ar
ea fo
r im
prov
emen
t allo
ws T
he C
ity
to a
ddre
ss th
e ar
eas t
hat m
ost n
eed
atte
ntio
n.
Benc
hmar
king
is a
noth
er a
rea
whe
re C
alga
ry c
an im
prov
e.
Whi
le T
he C
ity h
as c
ompl
eted
a
self-
asse
ssm
ent o
f its
stra
tegy
, we
reco
mm
end
that
The
City
beg
in
a pr
oces
s of a
sses
sing
its s
trat
egy,
succ
ess f
acto
rs, g
oals
, inn
ovat
ion,
and
co
st sa
ving
s aga
inst
oth
er C
anad
ian
and
glob
al c
ities
. A g
ood
star
t wou
ld
be to
ana
lyze
St.
Alb
ert’s
dyn
amic
sm
art c
ity m
aste
r pla
n.
Innova
tion
The
wor
ld’s
grea
test
citi
es—
New
thei
r ow
n un
ique
cha
lleng
es in
thei
r ris
e to
glo
bal s
tatu
s. T
here
is
no “s
mar
t city
in a
box
” tha
t can
be
tran
spla
nted
from
one
city
to th
e ne
xt
in th
e ho
pes o
f cre
atin
g a
smar
ter,
mor
e effi
cien
t city
. Citi
es n
eed
to b
e in
nova
tive
whe
n de
term
inin
g ne
w a
nd
best
tech
nolo
gies
to m
ore
effici
ently
ha
ndle
thei
r spe
cific
pri
oriti
es a
nd
chal
leng
es. I
n th
is sp
irit,
Mad
rid
has b
uilt
the
Cat
hedr
al o
f New
Te
chno
logi
es, a
bui
ldin
g de
dica
ted
to h
ighl
ight
ing
the
inno
vatio
ns o
f M
adri
d’s b
usin
ess,
educ
atio
n, a
nd
gove
rnm
ent c
omm
uniti
es.31
Con
side
r Bar
celo
na’s
inno
vativ
e ap
proa
ch to
pro
cure
men
t. Tr
aditi
onal
ly, c
ities
app
roac
h th
e bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
with
a p
re-
dete
rmin
ed id
ea o
f wha
t the
y ne
ed
to b
uy in
goo
ds a
nd se
rvic
es to
solv
e a
prob
lem
. Thi
s stifl
es in
nova
tion,
si
nce
it co
mm
its th
e ci
ty to
one
ap
proa
ch th
at m
ay n
ot b
e th
e be
st
optio
n. A
ltern
ativ
ely,
citie
s sho
uld
appr
oach
the
busi
ness
com
mun
ity
whe
n se
ekin
g so
lutio
ns, w
hich
pr
ovid
es th
em w
ith m
ultip
le so
lutio
ns
from
mul
tiple
voi
ces.
The
city
shou
ld
open
up
the
prob
lem
to th
e bu
sine
ss
com
mun
ity, w
hich
wou
ld p
rovi
de
them
with
mul
tiple
solu
tions
from
m
ultip
le v
oice
s. W
hile
the
trad
ition
al
mod
el re
lies o
n hi
t-or
-mis
s opt
ions
an
d ho
pes t
he so
lutio
n th
ey c
ome
to is
the
righ
t one
, inn
ovat
ive
citie
s su
ch a
s Bar
celo
na tu
rn th
e tr
aditi
onal
m
odel
on
its h
ead,
eng
agin
g w
ith
the
busi
ness
com
mun
ity to
iden
tify
the
mos
t inn
ovat
ive
solu
tion.
The
n,
the
busi
ness
that
iden
tifies
the
best
so
lutio
n is
aw
arde
d a
cont
ract
by
the
city
.32 T
he B
arce
lona
mod
el
tran
sfor
ms t
he tr
aditi
onal
app
roac
h to
han
dlin
g pr
ocur
emen
t fro
m to
p-do
wn
to a
bot
tom
-up
mod
el, w
hich
en
cour
ages
gre
at c
olla
bora
tion.
Barc
elon
a’s s
trat
egic
pro
cure
men
t br
eeds
com
petit
iven
ess.
It e
nhan
ces
31
In 19
60, a
Dut
ch e
cono
mis
t tas
ked
by th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns w
ith th
e jo
b of
aid
ing
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t in
Sing
apor
e de
scri
bed
it as
a “p
oor l
ittle
m
arke
t in
a da
rk c
orne
r of A
sia.”
26
Toda
y, Si
ngap
ore
boas
ts th
e w
orld
’s se
vent
h la
rges
t GD
P pe
r cap
ita, a
nd
has m
ade
head
way
in m
ultip
le a
rena
s of
urb
an in
telli
genc
e, in
clud
ing
tran
spor
tatio
n, p
ublic
hou
sing
, ene
rgy
man
agem
ent,
and
wat
er tr
eatm
ent.
Thi
s yea
r, Si
ngap
ore
unve
iled
its
plan
to b
ecom
e th
e w
orld
’s fir
st
‘smar
t nat
ion’
, an
impr
essi
ve fe
at fo
r a
city
-sta
te th
at o
nly
a fe
w d
ecad
es
ago
was
rela
tivel
y po
or. F
or y
ears
, the
go
vern
men
t has
inve
sted
regu
larl
y in
ICT
tech
nolo
gy, i
nclu
ding
thei
r so
phis
ticat
ed tr
affic
man
agem
ent
syst
em, a
nd p
lans
to c
reat
e a
fibre
ne
twor
k in
eve
ry n
eigh
bour
hood
th
at w
ould
bui
ld se
nsor
s to
dete
ct
eart
hqua
kes,
and
has p
ursu
ed a
pro
-
busi
ness
and
pro
-for
eign
inve
stm
ent
econ
omy
polic
y.
Tran
spor
tatio
n lie
s at t
he c
entr
e of
a c
ity’s
effici
ency
. The
way
we
mov
e ar
ound
affe
cts e
very
citi
zen
and
ever
y sy
stem
in th
e ci
ty, a
nd
as a
city
gro
ws,
so d
oes t
raffi
c an
d po
llutio
n. T
he k
ey to
effi
cien
cy is
to
use
tech
nolo
gy a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
ns
to sy
nch
civi
c sy
stem
s, su
ch a
s the
tr
ansp
orta
tion
syst
em. C
onsi
der
Sing
apor
e’s I
ntel
ligen
t Tra
nspo
rt
Syst
em. S
igni
fican
t pop
ulat
ion
grow
th
in a
smal
l spa
ce h
as fo
rced
the
city
-st
ate
to b
ecom
e a
lead
er in
smar
t tr
ansp
orta
tion.
Sin
gapo
re p
ione
ered
a
seri
es o
f sm
art t
echn
olog
y in
itiat
ives
, in
clud
ing
the
wor
ld’s
first
Ele
ctro
nic
Road
Pri
cing
syst
ems (
a co
nges
tion
char
ge th
at v
arie
s acc
ordi
ng to
traffi
c flo
w),
as w
ell a
s offe
ring
free
pub
lic
tran
spor
tatio
n in
pea
k m
orni
ng
com
mut
e ho
urs.
All
tran
spor
tatio
n
info
rmat
ion
acro
ss a
ll sy
stem
s fe
eds b
ack
into
the
Inte
llige
nt
Tran
spor
tatio
n Sy
stem
’s O
pera
tions
C
ontr
ol C
entr
e, w
hich
fuse
s all
data
in
to re
al-t
ime
traffi
c in
form
atio
n fo
r pu
blic
use
.27
Si
ngap
ore,
in o
rder
to a
chie
ve sm
art
natio
n st
atus
, has
laun
ched
its S
mar
t N
atio
n Pl
atfo
rm (S
NP)
, a st
rate
gy
that
com
bine
s the
stre
ngth
of p
olic
y, pe
ople
, and
tech
nolo
gy.2
8 Th
e st
rate
gy
focu
ses o
n co
mm
unic
atio
ns, s
enso
r ne
twor
ks, d
ata
anal
ytic
s, an
d pr
actic
al
appl
icat
ions
. Ide
ally
, SN
P w
ill se
rve
as a
foun
datio
n fo
r bus
ines
s and
go
vern
men
t to
inno
vate
and
inte
rpre
t da
ta u
se to
ope
rate
mor
e effi
cien
tly.
N
ot o
nly
has S
inga
pore
had
im
men
se su
cces
s in
impl
antin
g sm
art s
trat
egie
s int
erna
lly, b
ut th
e Si
ngap
ore
mod
el h
as su
cces
sful
ly
been
exp
orte
d to
oth
er ju
risd
ictio
ns,
incl
udin
g Su
zhou
, Tia
njin
and
G
uang
zhou
in C
hina
.
SIN
GA
PO
RE
32
In 19
60, a
Dut
ch e
cono
mis
t tas
ked
by th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns w
ith th
e jo
bof
aid
ing
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t in
Sing
apor
e de
scri
bed
it as
a “p
oor l
ittle
mar
ket i
n a
dark
cor
ner o
f Asi
a.”26
Toda
y, Si
ngap
ore
boas
ts th
e w
orld
’s se
vent
h la
rges
t GD
P pe
r cap
ita, a
nd
has m
ade
head
way
in m
ultip
le a
rena
s of
urb
an in
telli
genc
e, in
clud
ing
tran
spor
tatio
n, p
ublic
hou
sing
, ene
rgy
man
agem
ent,
and
wat
er tr
eatm
ent.
Thi
s yea
r, Si
ngap
ore
unve
iled
its
plan
to b
ecom
e th
e w
orld
’s fir
st‘sm
art n
atio
n’, a
n im
pres
sive
feat
for
a ci
ty-s
tate
that
onl
y a
few
ago
was
re
busi
ness
and
pro
-for
eign
inve
stm
ent
econ
omy
polic
y.Tr
ansp
orta
tion
lies a
t the
cen
tre
of a
city
’s effi
cien
cy. T
he w
ay w
em
ove
arou
nd a
ffect
s eve
ry c
itize
nan
d ev
ery
syst
em in
the
city
, and
as a
city
gro
ws,
so d
oes t
raffi
c an
dpo
llutio
n. T
he k
ey to
effi
cien
cy is
tous
e te
chno
logy
and
com
mun
icat
ions
to sy
nch
civi
c sy
stem
s, su
ch a
s the
tran
spor
tatio
n sy
stem
. Con
side
rSi
ngap
ore’
s Int
ellig
ent T
rans
port
Syst
em. S
igni
fican
i
info
rmat
ion
acro
ss a
ll sy
stem
sfe
eds b
ack
into
the
Inte
llige
ntTr
ansp
orta
tion
Syst
em’s
Ope
ratio
ns
Con
trol
Cen
tre,
whi
ch fu
ses a
ll da
ta
into
real
-tim
e tr
affic
info
rmat
ion
for
publ
ic u
se.27
Sing
apor
e, in
ord
er to
ach
ieve
smar
tna
tion
stat
us, h
as la
unch
ed it
s Sm
art
Nat
ion
Plat
form
(SN
P), a
stra
tegy
th
at c
ombi
nes t
he st
reng
tpe
ople
, a
SIN
GA
PO
RE
busi
ness
eng
agem
ent t
hrou
gh
cons
ulta
tion
and
rela
tions
hip
build
ing,
whi
le c
apita
lizin
g on
bu
sine
ss in
nova
tion
to im
prov
e se
rvic
e de
liver
y, go
vern
ance
and
qu
ality
of l
ife.
In 2
007,
Cal
gary
Par
king
Aut
hori
ty
deve
lope
d on
e of
the
mos
t inn
ovat
ive
park
ing
man
agem
ent s
yste
ms i
n th
e w
orld
; the
Par
kPlu
s sys
tem
use
s sol
ar-
pow
ered
pay
mac
hine
s and
allo
ws
user
s to
pay
by m
obile
pho
ne th
roug
h its
MyP
arki
ng iP
hone
app
. It a
lso
uses
lic
ence
pla
te re
cogn
ition
soft
war
e to
year
, The
City
exp
orte
d its
Par
kPlu
s sy
stem
to E
dmon
ton.
Cal
gary
is a
lso
one
of o
nly
appr
oxim
atel
y 30
citi
es
in th
e w
orld
to h
ave
the
Ger
man
car
sh
arin
g se
rvic
e C
ar2G
o, a
long
with
gr
eat,
glob
al c
ities
such
as B
erlin
, W
ashi
ngto
n, A
mst
erda
m, S
an D
iego
, Va
ncou
ver,
and
Mon
trea
l.C
alga
ry, h
owev
er, s
houl
d fin
d m
ore
way
s to
enco
urag
e in
nova
tion
in th
e ci
ty. T
oo o
ften
, inn
ovat
ion
is
sim
ply
a bu
zzw
ord,
and
with
out a
ta
ngib
le p
lan,
inno
vatio
ns a
re u
nlik
ely
to c
ome
to fr
uitio
n. In
this
cas
e,
it is
impo
rtan
t to
pair
inno
vatio
n w
ith c
ivic
eng
agem
ent,
such
as t
he
Apps
4Edm
onto
n co
mpe
titio
n di
d.
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Par
kPlu
s sh
ows t
hat C
alga
ry is
cap
able
of
inno
vatio
n an
d ab
le to
exe
cute
smar
t in
itiat
ives
that
oth
er c
ities
will
em
ulat
e, su
ch a
s Edm
onto
n di
d w
ith
its e
Park
tria
l par
king
syst
em.
Cal
gary
has
don
e a
grea
t job
of
embr
acin
g so
me
grea
t citi
es’ b
est
prac
tices
in sm
art i
nitia
tives
, suc
h as
the
mob
ile 3
11 a
pp (w
hich
allo
ws
citiz
ens t
o co
nnec
t with
the
City
to
subm
it se
rvic
e re
ques
ts) a
nd
open
dat
a in
itiat
ives
, how
ever
it is
im
port
ant t
hat m
unic
ipal
ities
lay
the
foun
datio
n fo
r civ
ic in
nova
tion.
Whi
le
city
gov
ernm
ents
them
selv
es c
an b
e
inno
vativ
e in
som
e ar
eas o
f mun
icip
al
serv
ices
, mos
t rea
l inn
ovat
ion
com
es
from
the
priv
ate
sect
or, a
cade
mic
in
stitu
tions
and
citi
zens
. The
City
ca
n he
lp e
ncou
rage
inno
vatio
n th
roug
h es
tabl
ishi
ng p
olic
ies t
hat
prot
ect a
cces
s to
info
rmat
ion.
Non
e of
The
City
’s hi
gh le
vel p
lans
, suc
h as
Im
agin
e C
alga
ry, 2
020
Sust
aina
bilit
y, or
the
Tran
spor
tatio
n Pl
an, r
ecog
nize
th
e im
port
ant r
ole
that
info
rmat
ion
play
s in
our s
ocie
ty. T
his i
s a c
halle
nge
that
affe
cts a
lmos
t all
larg
e ci
ties i
n C
anad
a, n
ot o
nly
Cal
gary
. A c
ity’s
prim
ary
role
in in
nova
tion
shou
ld b
e sa
fegu
ardi
ng it
s pop
ulat
ion’
s acc
ess t
o in
form
atio
n, p
rovi
ding
them
with
the
abili
ty to
inno
vate
.
Ove
rall,
the
Dig
ital S
trat
egy
is a
la
rge,
impr
essi
ve st
ep in
the
righ
t di
rect
ion.
It re
cogn
izes
pas
t and
cu
rren
t bar
rier
s, st
rate
gize
s a lo
ng-
term
pla
n of
tech
nolo
gica
l and
dig
ital
impr
ovem
ents
, and
pri
oriti
zes c
ivic
en
gage
men
t. Th
e ke
y pi
ece
that
is
mis
sing
in th
e st
rate
gy is
inno
vatio
n.
Whi
le th
e st
rate
gy n
ames
inno
vatio
n as
a
valu
e, th
ere
are
few
tang
ible
poi
nts i
n th
e st
rate
gy th
at e
ncou
rage
inno
vatio
n.
The
Cha
mbe
r rec
omm
ends
that
T
he C
ity e
ngag
e m
ore
with
its c
itize
ns
to p
rodu
ce m
ore
inno
vativ
e id
eas.
Civ
ic e
ngagem
ent
The
use
of s
ocia
l med
ia a
nd d
igita
l te
chno
logi
es is
a g
reat
way
to sp
ark
publ
ic e
ngag
emen
t. C
astle
Roc
k,
Col
orad
o is
usi
ng it
s Civ
icPl
us o
nlin
e to
ol to
seek
citi
zen
inpu
t on
its
Phili
p S.
Mill
er P
ark
proj
ect,
aski
ng
for f
eedb
ack
on p
rosp
ectiv
e us
es
incl
udin
g sp
orts
fiel
d, a
wat
er p
ark,
an
d ca
mpi
ng fa
cilit
ies.33
One
hun
dred
an
d tw
enty
five
vot
es w
ere
cast
in
favo
ur o
f dev
elop
ing
spor
ts, c
ourt
s an
d fie
lds i
n th
e pa
rk. K
aren
McG
rath
, C
astle
Roc
k’s C
omm
unity
Rel
atio
ns
Cre
ativ
e Se
rvic
es S
uper
viso
r,
33
expl
aine
d th
e be
nefit
of o
nlin
e in
put:
“Get
ting
125
onlin
e vo
tes i
s lik
e ha
ving
125
peop
le w
alk
into
you
r m
eetin
g an
d ca
st a
vot
e. W
e m
ade
it ea
sier
for r
esid
ents
to g
ive
us th
eir
opin
ion
with
out h
avin
g to
get
in a
car
, dr
ive,
sche
dule
som
eone
to w
atch
th
eir k
ids,
or fi
gure
out
if th
ey n
eed
to le
ave
wor
k ea
rly.
We
mad
e it
easi
er
for t
he re
side
nts t
o ta
lk w
ith u
s. A
nd
that
’s w
hat I
thin
k is
so im
port
ant
abou
t thi
s mod
ule.”
34
A
noth
er e
xam
ple
is B
osto
n, w
hich
is
usi
ng sm
artp
hone
app
licat
ions
to
impr
ove
its se
rvic
e de
liver
y. In
201
2,
the
city
rele
ased
a n
ew a
pp, S
tree
t Bu
mp,
whi
ch c
an d
etec
t pot
hole
s th
roug
h th
e vi
brat
ions
they
cau
se in
ve
hicl
es a
nd th
en u
se G
PS to
tran
smit
the
loca
tion
and
size
of t
he p
otho
le to
T
he C
ity.35
As a
resu
lt, th
e re
spon
se
time
to fi
ll a
poth
ole
has b
een
redu
ced
from
thre
e da
ys to
app
roxi
mat
ely
a da
y an
d a
half.
36 N
ot o
nly
has t
he
app
impr
oved
resp
onse
tim
e, it
has
al
so im
prov
ed c
ivic
eng
agem
ent a
nd
citiz
en sa
tisfa
ctio
n; 3
4 pe
rcen
t of
citiz
ens r
epor
t pot
hole
s usi
ng th
e ap
p, 8
9 pe
rcen
t of s
urve
y re
spon
dent
s re
com
men
d its
use
, and
ther
e ha
s be
en a
21 p
erce
nt ri
se in
con
stitu
ent
satis
fact
ion.
Thi
s is a
pri
me
exam
ple
of h
ow in
nova
tive
tech
nolo
gy c
an
impr
ove
serv
ice
deliv
ery
effici
ency
an
d en
gage
citi
zens
.
The
y ca
n se
e go
vern
men
t wor
king
fo
r the
m in
real
-tim
e.
Alm
ost h
alf o
f the
Can
adia
n po
pula
tion
own
smar
tpho
nes.37
W
hen
gove
rnm
ents
take
adv
anta
ge
of e
-gov
ernm
ent a
nd e
lect
roni
c se
rvic
e th
roug
h av
enue
s suc
h as
ap
p de
velo
pmen
t, ci
tizen
s res
pond
po
sitiv
ely.
Was
hing
ton,
San
Fr
anci
sco,
and
New
Yor
k C
ity h
ave
all
deve
lope
d ap
ps si
mila
r to
Bost
on’s.
C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o M
ayor
Mic
hael
B.
Col
eman
has
take
n m
unic
ipal
app
Th
e C
ity h
as d
one
a gr
eat j
ob in
re
leas
ing
the
data
: the
har
dest
par
t of
dev
elop
ing
open
dat
a sy
stem
s is
gain
ing
the
polit
ical
will
to d
o so
. The
ar
ea th
at n
eeds
impr
ovem
ent,
how
ever
, is
the
syst
em. T
he d
ata
is th
ere,
but
bu
ried
in a
n ar
chai
c sy
stem
that
off
ers l
ittle
usa
bilit
y an
d di
scou
rage
s ci
vic
enga
gem
ent.
The
grea
ter t
he
usab
ility
of t
he d
ata,
the
bette
r eq
uipp
ed th
e bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
is
to m
ake
econ
omic
dec
isio
ns. C
alga
ry’s
open
dat
a ca
talo
gue
incl
udes
89
raw
da
tase
ts, w
hile
Edm
onto
n ha
s 438
ea
sy-t
o-ac
cess
dat
aset
s.39
Effici
ency
Smar
t citi
es e
valu
ate
how
to d
o m
ore
with
exi
stin
g re
sour
ces a
nd
mak
e th
eir c
ities
mor
e effi
cien
t by
inte
grat
ing
tech
nolo
gy a
nd
com
mun
icat
ions
into
thei
r dai
ly
oper
atio
ns. J
ust a
s roa
ds a
nd ra
il en
able
the
mov
emen
t of p
eopl
e,
good
s, an
d se
rvic
es, fi
bre
optic
s, en
able
s the
mov
emen
t of i
nfor
mat
ion.
Fi
bre
optic
s are
the
railr
oads
of t
he
21st
cen
tury
. Doi
ng m
ore
with
less
is
not
alw
ays a
bout
impr
ovin
g w
ork
inte
nsity
; it’s
abo
ut in
crea
sing
out
put
and
prod
uctiv
ity. G
reat
er a
dvan
ces
in te
chno
logy
allo
w C
anad
ians
to
wor
k sm
arte
r, no
t nec
essa
rily
har
der.
Incr
easi
ng p
rodu
ctiv
ity c
omes
with
fo
ster
ing
tech
nolo
gica
l inn
ovat
ion.
A
key
effi
cien
cy m
easu
re is
the
abili
ty to
use
tech
-ena
bled
dec
isio
n m
akin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
ope
n da
ta
can
prov
ide
busi
ness
with
the
tool
s ne
eded
to im
plem
ent c
ost s
avin
g m
easu
res.
Hav
ing
acce
ss to
dat
a su
ch a
s whe
re n
ew re
side
ntia
l de
velo
pmen
ts a
re sl
ated
, or w
here
po
pula
tion
grow
th is
focu
sed,
can
al
low
bus
ines
s ow
ners
to d
eter
min
e ne
w lo
catio
ns. I
t can
als
o im
prov
e effi
cien
cy in
gov
ernm
ent,
sinc
e it
allo
ws m
unic
ipal
dep
artm
ents
to ta
ke
deve
lopm
ent f
urth
er b
y in
tegr
atin
g it
into
four
of h
is m
ayor
al in
itiat
ives
: M
y N
eigh
borh
ood,
Get
Act
ive,
Get
G
reen
, and
311
. My
Nei
ghbo
urho
od
allo
ws c
itize
ns to
exp
lore
eve
ryth
ing
from
rest
aura
nt h
ealth
insp
ectio
ns,
recr
eatio
n fa
cilit
ies,
and
gove
rnm
ent
build
ing
map
s to
bus s
ched
ules
and
C
apita
l Pro
ject
info
rmat
ion.
Whe
n ci
tizen
s use
tech
nolo
gy su
ch
as th
e St
reet
Bum
p ap
p to
eng
age
with
go
vern
men
t, it
help
s bri
dge
the
gap
in
taxp
ayer
s’ m
ind
betw
een
wha
t the
y pa
y in
taxe
s and
wha
t the
y re
ceiv
e in
se
rvic
es fr
om th
ose
taxe
s: th
ey c
an
see
gove
rnm
ent w
orki
ng fo
r the
m in
re
al-t
ime.
Citi
zens
nee
d to
be
wel
l in
form
ed a
nd e
ncou
rage
d to
eng
age
in th
e pr
oces
s of b
uild
ing
a sm
art c
ity.
With
out t
his l
evel
of e
ngag
emen
t, th
e St
reet
Bum
p ap
p w
ould
not
hav
e be
en
as w
ell r
ecei
ved.
In 2
010,
The
City
pilo
ted
its
Ope
n D
ata
cata
logu
e pr
ojec
t, w
hich
pu
blic
izes
mun
icip
al d
ata
for f
ree
and
with
out r
estr
ictio
n. C
urre
ntly
, The
C
ity h
as 13
0 op
en d
atas
ets,
as w
ell a
s a
full-
tim
e st
aff p
ositi
on o
f Ope
n D
ata
Stra
tegi
st. I
n 20
11, T
he C
ity e
mba
rked
Fren
ch te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns c
ompa
ny,
to c
ompl
ete
a co
re sw
itch
upgr
ade
that
w
ould
lay
the
foun
datio
n fo
r fut
ure
ende
avou
rs in
smar
t citi
es in
itiat
ives
an
d in
nova
tion
by im
plem
entin
g
38
T
he sy
stem
hel
ped
to e
ase
the
stra
in o
f inc
reas
ing
usag
e on
the
city
’s ne
twor
k an
d cr
eate
d th
e ap
prop
riat
e in
fras
truc
ture
to fa
cilit
ate
futu
re
data
nee
ds. I
t als
o im
prov
ed T
he
City
’s ab
ility
to q
uick
ly re
spon
d to
ci
tizen
nee
ds. T
he n
etw
ork
impr
oves
us
er e
xper
ienc
e an
d ha
s low
er
adm
inis
trat
ion
cost
s tha
n th
e pr
evio
us
mod
el. I
t is t
here
fore
a g
ood
retu
rn o
n in
vest
men
t.
3435
Cal
gary
has
mad
e m
any
grea
t in
road
s to
beco
min
g a
trul
y sm
art
city
, esp
ecia
lly th
e in
nova
tions
in
park
ing
and
netw
ork
infr
astr
uctu
re.
How
ever
, The
City
nee
ds to
ado
pt a
co
mpr
ehen
sive
stra
tegy
that
can
take
th
ese
initi
ativ
es a
nd tr
ansf
orm
them
in
to g
rand
er a
nd m
ore
sust
aina
ble
goal
s. It
is a
lso
esse
ntia
l for
Cal
gary
to
ben
chm
ark
this
stra
tegy
, as w
ell
as th
e in
itiat
ives
that
hav
e be
en
impl
emen
ted
up to
this
poi
nt, i
n or
der t
o pr
oper
ly id
entif
y w
here
C
alga
ry si
ts a
mon
g gl
obal
smar
t ci
ties.
Are
we
a le
ader
, or a
re w
e la
ggin
g? C
alga
ry is
a c
ompe
titiv
e ci
ty a
nd a
n ec
onom
ic p
ower
hous
e;
how
ever
its c
ompe
titiv
enes
s cou
ld b
e co
mpr
omis
ed if
it c
anno
t find
mor
e co
st e
ffici
ent a
nd in
nova
tive
way
s of
addr
essi
ng in
fras
truc
ture
, gov
erna
nce,
tran
spor
tatio
n, a
nd p
lann
ing
chal
lang
es. T
hrou
gh a
dopt
ing
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
app
roac
h to
bec
omin
g a
smar
ter c
ity, C
alga
ry c
an e
nsur
e its
cont
inue
d ec
onom
ic c
ompe
titiv
enes
s in
Nor
th A
mer
ica
and
inte
rnat
iona
lly
and
beco
me
a gl
obal
gre
at c
ity.
adva
ntag
e of
info
rmat
ion
that
cou
ld
info
rm th
em o
f whi
ch d
epar
tmen
ts
are
over
spen
ding
or w
hich
are
as
requ
ire
mor
e re
sour
ces,
sync
h in
terd
epar
tmen
tal i
nitia
tives
, and
m
ore
effec
tivel
y pr
ovid
e se
rvic
es a
nd
depl
oy re
sour
ces.
C
alga
ry h
as c
entr
aliz
ed a
cces
s to
serv
ices
and
info
rmat
ion
for t
he
gene
ral p
ublic
and
has
dev
elop
ed
mob
ile a
pplic
atio
ns to
bet
ter
deliv
er o
n-de
man
d pu
blic
serv
ices
th
roug
hout
the
city
. For
exa
mpl
e, la
st
year
, Cal
gary
intr
oduc
ed w
irel
ess,
pape
rles
s cen
sus t
akin
g. C
ivic
cen
sus
take
rs re
cord
ed d
oor-
to-d
oor d
ata
on
iPad
s ins
tead
of t
he tr
aditi
onal
pen
, pa
per a
nd c
lipbo
ard.
The
mov
e to
di
gita
l sav
ed T
he C
ity 7
25,0
00 p
ages
an
d el
imin
ated
the
cost
of c
ontr
actin
g an
ext
erna
l com
pany
to e
nter
dat
a.40
Cal
gary
, how
ever
, mus
t mov
e pa
st
the
basi
cs w
hen
it co
mes
to sm
art
city
initi
ativ
es in
ord
er to
max
imiz
e th
e effi
cien
cy o
f the
se e
ndea
vors
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, w
hen
com
pari
ng h
ow
Cal
gary
and
Air
drie
com
plet
e ce
nsus
co
llect
ion,
it is
cle
ar th
at C
alga
ry is
la
ggin
g be
hind
in th
e sp
eed
and
scal
e of
smar
t tec
hnol
ogy
impl
emen
tatio
n.
Cal
gary
’s sw
itch
to d
igita
l dat
a co
llect
ion
was
a g
ood
first
mov
e;
how
ever
Cal
gary
cou
ld d
o so
muc
h m
ore.
Air
drie
has
bee
n us
ing
tabl
ets
to d
igita
lly c
olle
ct it
s cen
sus b
efor
e Ap
ple
even
rele
ased
the
iPad
, and
in
doi
ng so
, sav
es $
11,0
00 a
yea
r on
pape
r and
cut
s sta
ff co
sts i
n ha
lf.41
A
irdr
ie a
lso
allo
ws i
ts c
itize
ns to
co
mpl
ete
the
cens
us o
nlin
e. A
uni
que
PIN
is d
eliv
ered
to e
ach
hous
ehol
d ap
prox
imat
ely
one
mon
th b
efor
e th
e ph
ysic
al c
ensu
s col
lect
ion
begi
ns.
Peop
le w
ithou
t Int
erne
t acc
ess a
re st
ill
usin
g th
e di
gitiz
ed p
roce
ss b
y us
ing
publ
ic c
ompu
ters
at t
he li
brar
y or
the
com
pute
rs o
f fam
ily a
nd fr
iend
s. T
hey
also
hav
e th
e op
tion
of u
sing
thei
r PIN
nu
mbe
r to
phon
e in
thei
r inf
orm
atio
n.
If a
citi
zen
does
not
wan
t to
phon
e in
or
com
plet
e th
e ce
nsus
dig
itally
, he
or sh
e do
es n
ot in
put t
he in
form
atio
n an
d an
enu
mer
ator
will
vis
it hi
s or h
er
hom
e. B
y fu
lly d
igiti
zing
the
cens
us
proc
ess,
Air
drie
not
onl
y cu
ts d
own
on
pape
r cos
ts a
nd st
affing
cos
ts b
ut a
lso
enco
urag
es g
reat
civ
ic p
artic
ipat
ion.
T
his y
ear,
Can
mor
e an
d Ba
nff
follo
wed
suit
by u
sing
Air
drie
’s ce
nsus
so
ftwar
e pr
ogra
m.
Th
e C
ity o
f Cal
gary
mus
t als
o do
m
ore
than
pro
vide
ope
n da
ta to
its
citiz
ens a
nd si
mpl
y di
gitiz
e se
rvic
es. I
n th
e ca
se o
f cen
sus c
olle
ctio
n in
Air
drie
an
d C
alga
ry, b
oth
citie
s use
the
sam
e te
chno
logy
to m
ake
cens
us c
olle
ctio
n m
ore
effici
ent.
The
diffe
renc
e is
that
A
irdr
ie ta
kes i
t a st
ep fu
rthe
r.
Dev
elop
a lo
ng-t
erm
stra
tegi
c pl
an th
at h
as c
lear
goa
ls. A
n eff
ectiv
e sm
art c
ity
plan
nee
ds to
be
resp
onsi
ve to
inev
itabl
y ch
angi
ng te
chno
logi
es.
Sele
ct a
n in
itial
pro
ject
to a
llow
The
City
to te
st it
s str
ateg
y an
d ei
ther
bui
ld o
n th
e su
cces
s of t
hat p
roje
ct o
r rev
ise.
Stre
ngth
en c
ivic
eng
agem
ent t
hrou
gh c
onsu
ltatio
n in
the
stra
tegi
c pr
oces
s as
wel
l as c
apita
lizin
g on
citi
zen
inno
vatio
n, su
ch a
s app
dev
elop
men
t.
Cre
ate
polic
ies t
hat p
rote
ct a
nd v
alue
citi
zen
acce
ss to
info
rmat
ion
and
the
role
in
form
atio
n pl
ays i
n th
e ab
ility
to in
nova
te
Reac
h be
yond
sim
ple
digi
tizat
ion
of se
rvic
es a
nd im
plem
ent s
usta
inab
le
initi
ativ
es th
at im
prov
e se
rvic
e de
liver
y, go
vern
ance
, and
qua
lity
of li
fe.
Benc
hmar
k C
alga
ry a
gain
st o
ther
Can
adia
n ci
ties,
as w
ell a
s citi
es a
roun
d th
e w
orld
, to
gaug
e its
per
form
ance
.
REC
OM
MEN
DA
TIO
NS
WH
EN T
HIN
KIN
G A
BO
UT
ever
yday
act
iviti
es, w
e te
nd to
thin
k lo
cally
. We
cele
brat
e ou
r tou
rist
de
stin
atio
ns, o
ur th
rivi
ng b
usin
ess,
and
our s
port
s fra
nchi
ses t
hrou
gh a
ve
ry lo
cal l
ens.
For a
long
tim
e, c
ities
w
ould
mak
e fa
irly
subs
tant
ial p
ublic
po
licy
deci
sion
s at t
he m
unic
ipal
leve
l w
ith sc
ant r
egar
d fo
r dev
elop
men
ts
beyo
nd th
eir b
orde
rs. B
ut a
s the
ec
onom
y be
com
es in
crea
sing
ly
glob
al, t
hink
ing
loca
lly h
as li
mite
d us
eful
ness
. Citi
es to
day
have
to
thin
k be
yond
thei
r im
med
iate
scop
e.
For C
alga
ry, t
hat m
eans
wor
king
w
ith th
e su
rrou
ndin
g re
gion
s to
mut
ually
pla
n a
succ
essf
ul fu
ture
fo
r the
ent
ire
regi
on. T
he n
umbe
rs
alon
e un
ders
core
this
impe
rativ
e.
As o
f 201
1, ro
ughl
y 21
4,00
0 of
the
Cal
gary
Met
ropo
litan
Are
a’s 1
.3
mill
ion
resi
dent
s liv
ed o
utsi
de o
f
Cal
gary
– a
ppro
xim
atel
y 16
per
cent
of
the
curr
ent t
otal
pop
ulat
ion
and
an in
crea
se o
f 24
perc
ent s
ince
200
6.
The
se n
umbe
rs a
re e
xpec
ted
to g
row
as
Cal
gary
bum
ps u
p on
the
oute
r lim
its o
f its
geo
grap
hic
boun
dary
. M
oreo
ver,
som
e of
toda
y’s l
eadi
ng
chal
leng
es, l
ike
wat
er m
anag
emen
t, eff
ectiv
e la
nd-u
se, t
rans
port
atio
n pl
anni
ng a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l pr
otec
tion,
do
not r
espe
ct a
rtifi
cial
bo
unda
ries
. Thu
s, eff
ectiv
e an
d m
eani
ngfu
l col
labo
ratio
n be
twee
n al
l com
mun
ities
with
in o
ur re
gion
is
para
mou
nt in
ord
er fo
r us t
o bu
ild a
su
stai
nabl
e, c
ompe
titiv
e fu
ture
.
THE
NEE
D F
OR
REG
ION
AL
PLA
NN
ING
The
bou
ndar
ies t
hat d
elin
eate
city
ce
ntre
s, ur
ban
frin
ges,
and
rura
l fa
rmla
nds a
re n
o lo
nger
cle
ar. A
s
our p
erce
ptio
ns o
f urb
an a
nd ru
ral
incr
easi
ngly
blu
r, it
beco
mes
mor
e di
fficu
lt to
con
side
r citi
es a
s an
isol
ated
uni
t of e
cono
mic
act
ivity
. A
s the
New
Yor
k-ba
sed
Regi
onal
Pl
an A
ssoc
iatio
n no
tes,
a si
gnifi
cant
po
rtio
n of
resi
dent
s in
maj
or
popu
latio
n ce
ntre
s are
now
livi
ng
outs
ide
the
cent
re-c
ity’s
bord
ers.1
W
ith th
is in
min
d, th
e co
ncep
t of
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g un
ders
tand
s ec
onom
ic a
nd u
rban
dev
elop
men
t as
mor
e th
an a
loca
l phe
nom
enon
. It
reco
gniz
es th
at th
e ac
tions
of
one
mun
icip
ality
hav
e si
gnifi
cant
eff
ects
on
neig
hbou
ring
are
as.
Wor
king
toge
ther
as a
regi
on c
reat
es
mut
ual u
nder
stan
ding
of h
ow o
ne
mun
icip
ality
’s de
cisi
ons a
ffect
oth
ers.
Thi
s col
labo
ratio
n is
impe
rativ
e fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
gre
at c
ity a
nd
a gr
eat r
egio
n—a
regi
on th
at a
ttra
cts
GREA
T CIT
IES
ARE
LEA
DER
S IN
REG
ION
AL
CO
LLA
BO
RA
TIO
N
3
36
labo
ur a
nd b
usin
ess,
fost
ers e
ffici
ent
deve
lopm
ent,
rem
ains
affo
rdab
le, a
nd
thri
ves e
cono
mic
ally
.C
olla
bora
tion
is im
pera
tive
for
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a g
reat
city
and
a
grea
t reg
ion.
A p
robl
em fo
r Cal
gary
and
its
regi
on h
as b
een
how
to m
ost
effec
tivel
y an
d effi
cien
tly p
ay fo
r th
e se
rvic
es re
side
nts u
se o
n a
daily
bas
is. A
s mor
e pe
ople
live
in
one
mun
icip
ality
and
com
mut
e to
ano
ther
, the
obs
curi
ty b
etw
een
who
use
s and
who
pay
s—co
mm
only
kn
own
as th
e fr
ee ri
der p
robl
em—
incr
ease
s. W
orki
ng to
geth
er c
an
help
mun
icip
aliti
es fi
nd b
ette
r way
s to
dis
trib
ute
the
cost
s of p
rovi
ding
se
rvic
es m
ore
effici
ently
.
HO
W C
ITIE
S W
OR
K T
OG
ETH
ER:
REG
ION
AL
GO
VER
NA
NC
E M
OD
ELS
Befo
re u
nder
stan
ding
how
citie
s and
th
eir n
eigh
bour
ing
mun
icip
aliti
es
deve
lop
regi
onal
pla
ns a
nd a
chie
ve
thei
r col
lect
ive
goal
s, w
e m
ust
unde
rsta
nd th
e va
riou
s typ
es o
f re
gion
al g
over
nanc
e m
odel
s tha
t exi
st.
A re
curr
ing
them
e in
bot
h re
gion
al
gove
rnan
ce a
nd re
gion
al p
lann
ing
is
that
ther
e is
no
perf
ect s
olut
ion.
The
ph
ysic
al re
aliti
es o
f eac
h ci
ty a
nd it
s su
rrou
ndin
g re
gion
influ
ence
the
best
fo
rm o
f gov
erna
nce.
In a
ll ca
ses,
ther
e ar
e ad
vant
ages
and
dis
adva
ntag
es w
ith
each
met
hod
of g
over
nanc
e.
Shari
ng a
gre
emen
ts
Shar
ing
agre
emen
ts a
re th
e si
mpl
est
form
of c
oope
ratio
n. S
hari
ng
agre
emen
ts a
re o
ften
use
d to
shar
e ei
ther
the
reve
nues
or c
osts
from
a
com
mon
ly d
eliv
ered
serv
ice,
such
as
build
ing
road
s, m
aint
aini
ng se
wag
e,
or p
rovi
ding
gar
bage
col
lect
ion.
2 O
ne e
xam
ple
is th
e C
ity o
f Air
drie
’s ag
reem
ent t
o pu
rcha
se d
rink
ing
wat
er fr
om T
he C
ity o
f Cal
gary
, thu
s
elim
inat
ing
the
City
of A
irdr
ie’s
need
to
hav
e its
ow
n tr
eatm
ent f
acili
ties.3
Th
ese
agre
emen
ts ar
e m
ost e
ffect
ive
whe
n m
unic
ipal
ities
hav
e id
entifi
ed
a com
mon
inte
rest
in a
conc
rete
is
sue
and
have
det
erm
ined
thei
r re
spon
sibi
litie
s. Sh
arin
g ag
reem
ents
al
so w
ork
best
whe
n re
lativ
ely
few
mun
icip
aliti
es p
artic
ipat
e. As
th
e nu
mbe
r of m
unic
ipal
ities
or
agre
emen
ts g
row
s, a c
ompl
ex w
eb o
f po
tent
ially
confl
ictin
g ag
reem
ents
and
inte
rest
s mak
e sh
arin
g ag
reem
ents
in
effec
tive.
Redu
ndan
cies
in se
rvic
e de
liver
y ca
n al
so st
ill o
ccur
. Sha
ring
agre
emen
ts sh
ould
ther
efor
e on
ly
be u
sed
to ad
dres
s ite
ms t
hat a
ffect
a l
imite
d nu
mbe
r of m
unic
ipal
ities
w
ithin
a re
gion
.
Plan
ning
is o
nly
effec
tive
whe
n th
ere
is a
stro
ng d
esir
e fo
r co
oper
atio
n an
d co
mpr
omis
e.
Volu
nta
ry c
ooper
ation
The
sim
ples
t for
m o
f tru
e re
gion
al
plan
ning
is a
chie
ved
thro
ugh
volu
ntar
y co
oper
atio
n am
ong
seve
ral m
unic
ipal
ities
. Rat
her t
han
esta
blis
hing
indi
vidu
al a
gree
men
ts
amon
g m
unic
ipal
ities
, a re
gion
al
orga
niza
tion
with
repr
esen
tativ
es
from
the
entir
e re
gion
is fo
rmed
with
m
inim
al in
volv
emen
t or d
irec
tion
from
hig
her o
rder
s of g
over
nmen
t. T
his o
rgan
izat
ion
sets
the
key
obje
ctiv
es o
f the
regi
on. T
his f
orm
of
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g re
lies o
n co
nsen
sus
build
ing
to a
chie
ve c
omm
on g
oals
an
d ad
dres
s iss
ues s
uch
as th
e de
velo
pmen
t of i
nfra
stru
ctur
e,
serv
ices
, and
land
-use
pla
nnin
g.
The
re is
no
legi
slat
ed su
ppor
t for
th
ese
boar
ds, p
rovi
ding
mun
icip
aliti
es
invo
lved
a h
igh
leve
l of a
uton
omy
and
allo
win
g th
em to
det
erm
ine
the
best
w
ay to
mee
t the
ir re
side
nts’
need
s w
ithin
the
regi
on’s
goal
s.
For m
ost A
mer
ican
citi
es a
nd
regi
ons,
volu
ntar
y co
oper
atio
n is
the
pref
erre
d fo
rm o
f reg
iona
l go
vern
ance
and
col
labo
ratio
n.4 It
av
oids
rigi
d pr
oces
ses t
hat m
ight
no
t wor
k as
effe
ctiv
ely
for o
ne
mun
icip
ality
as a
noth
er a
nd, s
ince
no
legi
slat
ive
chan
ges a
re re
quir
ed,
agre
emen
ts a
re re
lativ
ely
easy
to
crea
te. H
owev
er, t
he e
ase
with
whi
ch
mun
icip
aliti
es c
an jo
in a
nd le
ave
can
limit
regi
onal
coo
pera
tion.
Pla
nnin
g is
onl
y eff
ectiv
e w
hen
ther
e is
a
stro
ng d
esir
e fo
r coo
pera
tion
and
com
prom
ise.
Vol
unta
ry c
oope
ratio
n te
nds t
o be
eas
ier t
o es
tabl
ish
betw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es o
f a si
mila
r siz
e w
ith
sim
ilar c
once
rns.5
Legis
late
d r
egio
nal b
oard
s
The
legi
slat
ed fo
rmat
ion
of a
re
gion
al p
lann
ing
boar
d m
anda
tes
the
part
icip
atio
n of
all
the
regi
on’s
mun
icip
aliti
es. T
his m
odel
of
colla
bora
tion
addr
esse
s the
issu
e of
vo
lunt
ary
resi
gnat
ion
with
out t
akin
g aw
ay th
e au
tono
my
to a
ccom
plis
h go
als t
hat a
re m
ore
spec
ific
to
indi
vidu
al m
unic
ipal
ities
. How
ever
, le
gisl
atin
g co
oper
atio
n do
es li
ttle
to
add
ress
dis
agre
emen
ts o
r lac
k of
co
nsen
sus a
mon
g m
unic
ipal
ities
. Thi
s ca
n hu
rt a
regi
on b
y fr
eezi
ng re
gion
al
plan
ning
effo
rts w
hen
disa
gree
men
ts
occu
r.
A c
lear
exa
mpl
e of
this
form
of
gov
erna
nce
is th
e Ed
mon
ton
Met
ropo
litan
Are
a’s C
apita
l Reg
ion
Boar
d. T
he b
oard
, ena
cted
in 2
007
unde
r the
Cap
ital R
egio
n Bo
ard
Regu
latio
n,12
is p
rim
arily
a d
ispu
te
reso
lutio
n m
echa
nism
and
reve
nue-
shar
ing
body
for t
he m
unic
ipal
ities
in
volv
ed. M
unic
ipal
ities
are
exp
licitl
y in
clud
ed a
s par
t of t
he re
gula
tion,
lim
iting
thei
r abi
lity
to v
olun
tari
ly
resi
gn, b
ut th
e la
ck o
f hig
her l
evel
go
vern
ance
mea
ns th
at d
isag
reem
ents
an
d co
nflic
ting
inte
rest
s hav
e lim
ited
37
UT
AH
VO
LUN
TAR
Y C
ON
SEN
SU
S
BU
ILD
ING
: EN
VIS
ION
UTA
H
In re
spon
se to
the
rapi
d ec
onom
ic
grow
th th
at th
e G
reat
er W
asat
ch
regi
on—
cons
istin
g of
Sal
t Lak
e C
ity,
Prov
o, W
est V
alle
y C
ity, W
est J
orda
n,
and
Ogd
en—
expe
rien
ced
duri
ng
the
1990
s, th
e C
oalit
ion
for U
tah’
s Fu
ture
laun
ched
Env
isio
n U
tah
in
1997
.6 Env
isio
n U
tah
is a
non
-par
tisan
pu
blic
-pri
vate
par
tner
ship
that
br
ings
toge
ther
resi
dent
s, el
ecte
d offi
cial
s, an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
lead
ers,
and
plan
ning
exp
erts
to d
iscu
ss h
ow
the
Gre
ater
Was
atch
regi
on sh
ould
de
velo
p an
d gr
ow.7 It
was
cre
ated
to
addr
ess i
ssue
s suc
h as
con
gest
ion,
air
qu
ality
, and
the
long
-ter
m im
plic
atio
ns
of u
rban
spra
wl o
n th
e re
gion
.
The
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g do
ne b
y En
visi
on U
tah
and
its p
artn
ers i
s re
gard
ed a
s a m
ajor
succ
ess d
espi
te it
s
volu
ntar
y na
ture
. It e
njoy
s sig
nific
ant
supp
ort f
rom
bot
h st
ate
gove
rnm
ent
plan
ning
bod
ies a
nd th
e br
oade
r co
mm
unity
.
An
exam
ple
of su
cces
s was
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f Uta
h’s t
rans
port
atio
n sy
stem
. Env
isio
n U
tah
brou
ght
toge
ther
resi
dent
s, bu
sine
ss le
ader
s, an
d po
litic
al le
ader
s to
addr
ess
the
issu
e of
con
gest
ion.
Bec
ause
co
nges
tion
is k
now
n to
cau
se
econ
omic
loss
es,8 in
crea
se w
orke
r st
ress
,9 and
dim
inis
h ai
r qua
lity,
the
Gre
ater
Was
atch
regi
on c
omm
itted
to
enh
anci
ng tr
ansi
t acc
essi
bilit
y th
roug
hout
the
regi
on. T
hrou
gh th
is
colla
bora
tion,
89
perc
ent o
f wor
king
-ag
e re
side
nts n
ow h
ave
acce
ss to
pu
blic
tran
sit,
and
clos
e to
60
perc
ent
of c
omm
utes
by
tran
sit t
ake
less
th
an 9
0 m
inut
es.10
In a
dditi
on S
alt
Lake
City
, the
big
gest
mun
icip
ality
in G
reat
er W
asat
ch, h
as so
me
of th
e lo
wes
t con
gest
ion
in N
orth
Am
eric
a.11
T
he k
ey to
Env
isio
n U
tah’
s suc
cess
ha
s bee
n its
com
mitm
ent t
o pu
blic
en
gage
men
t and
edu
catio
n in
the
plan
ning
pro
cess
. Res
iden
ts w
ere
pres
ente
d w
ith th
ree
poss
ible
gro
wth
sc
enar
ios f
or th
e fu
ture
and
wer
e gi
ven
data
abo
ut th
e po
tent
ial b
enefi
ts
and
the
asso
ciat
ed c
osts
to a
chie
ve
the
desi
red
scen
ario
. By
keep
ing
resi
dent
s eng
aged
, it w
as e
asie
r to
acce
pt th
e ch
ange
s tha
t mun
icip
aliti
es
had
to m
ake
to a
chie
ve th
e de
sire
d ou
tcom
es. R
esid
ent e
ngag
emen
t als
o cr
eate
d a
com
mon
und
erst
andi
ng o
f ho
w to
acc
ompl
ish
the
regi
on’s
goal
s.
38
Bene
fits o
f reg
iona
l coo
rdin
atio
n C
osts
with
out i
t
Com
bine
d se
rvic
e del
iver
y an
d in
crea
sed
effici
ency
Li
mite
d re
venu
e bas
e and
abili
ty to
pro
vide
serv
ices
Dec
reas
ed re
dund
anci
es fr
om o
verla
ppin
g pr
iorit
ies
Incr
ease
d co
sts fr
om se
rvic
e ove
rlaps
Coo
rdin
ated
, mor
e effi
cien
t lan
d us
e and
zoni
ng
Disj
oint
ed d
evelo
pmen
t pat
tern
s
Low
er co
st of
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evelo
pmen
t H
ighe
r cos
ts fro
m u
npla
nned
infr
astr
uctu
re, s
low
er
im
plem
enta
tion
of fu
lly-s
ervi
ced
com
mun
ities
Abili
ty to
bet
ter p
lan
tran
spor
tatio
n ne
twor
ks
Pote
ntia
l del
ay in
dev
elopi
ng tr
ansp
orta
tion
netw
orks
;
unde
rser
vice
d po
pulat
ions
Impr
oved
abili
ty to
fund
serv
ices
via
use
r fee
s Li
mite
d ab
ility
to ac
coun
t for
free
ride
rs
Sequ
ence
d pl
anni
ng th
at h
elp d
evelo
p ec
onom
ic h
ubs
Disj
oint
ed p
lann
ing
resu
lting
in d
owns
tream
indu
strie
s
and
incr
ease
affor
dabi
lity
loca
ting
away
from
hea
dqua
rter
s, lo
wer
ing
affor
dabi
lity
and
econ
omic
effici
ency
the
boar
d’s e
ffect
iven
ess.13
Thi
s mod
el
may
act
ually
resu
lt in
less
opp
ortu
nity
to
acc
ompl
ish
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g go
als
than
a v
olun
tary
stru
ctur
e.
Reg
ional g
ove
rnm
ent
Ano
ther
app
roac
h is
to c
reat
e a
form
al
regi
onal
gov
ernm
ent.
Thi
s app
roac
h is
pop
ular
in E
urop
e an
d w
as u
sed
in
the
Gre
ater
Tor
onto
Are
a be
fore
its
amal
gam
atio
n. It
als
o is
em
ploy
ed b
y so
me
area
s in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es su
ch
as th
e Po
rtla
nd m
etro
polit
an a
rea
and
the
Twin
Citi
es a
rea.
Regi
onal
gov
ernm
ents
are
es
tabl
ishe
d by
pro
vinc
ial o
r sta
te
gove
rnm
ents
and
are
pro
vide
d le
gal
auth
ority
whe
n se
rvic
es a
re b
est
deliv
ered
ove
r an
entir
e re
gion
, w
hen
sign
ifica
nt sp
illov
er b
etw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es e
xist
s, or
whe
re th
ere
is fr
eque
nt in
ter-
mun
icip
al u
sage
an
d po
tent
ial f
ree
ridi
ng.14
As w
ith
legi
slat
ed re
gion
al b
oard
s, ci
ties s
till
have
the
auto
nom
y to
del
iver
mor
e lo
caliz
ed se
rvic
es b
ut a
lso
addr
ess
area
s whe
re c
osts
are
unf
airl
y sh
ared
and
can
ove
rrid
e ge
ogra
phic
bo
unda
ries
whe
n de
alin
g w
ith is
sues
su
ch a
s the
mov
emen
t of p
eopl
e, a
ir
qual
ity, a
nd w
ater
trea
tmen
t.
Re
gion
al g
over
nmen
ts so
met
imes
es
tabl
ish
regi
onal
util
ity p
rovi
ders
to
coo
rdin
ate
road
dev
elop
men
t, w
ater
and
sew
age
trea
tmen
t, an
d th
e de
liver
y of
ele
ctri
city
. Som
e re
gion
al
gove
rnin
g bo
dies
are
als
o pr
ovid
ed th
e au
thor
ity to
set l
and-
use
and
zoni
ng
prac
tices
for m
unic
ipal
ities
, ens
urin
g gr
owth
is m
ore
effici
ently
and
logi
cally
or
gani
zed,
thus
min
imiz
ing
serv
ice
redu
ndan
cies
that
can
resu
lt in
an
incr
ease
d co
st o
f liv
ing.
Si
mpl
y cr
eatin
g a
new
leve
l of
gove
rnm
ent,
how
ever
, is n
ot a
n ea
sy p
rosp
ect.
Publ
ic re
sist
ance
to
the
idea
of m
ore
bure
aucr
acy
and
pote
ntia
lly m
ore
taxe
s mak
es th
is a
po
litic
ally
unp
opul
ar c
once
pt, a
nd
affec
ted
mun
icip
aliti
es a
re li
kely
to
resi
st th
e th
reat
of l
ost a
uton
omy.
Nev
erth
eles
s, ci
ties c
ould
ben
efit f
rom
ha
ving
an
effec
tive
regi
onal
aut
hori
ty
for p
lann
ing
and
serv
ice
deliv
ery,
rath
er th
an a
ll of
them
indi
vidu
ally
pr
ovid
ing
sim
ilar s
ervi
ces.
Am
alg
am
ation
In a
n eff
ort t
o el
imin
ate
issu
es o
f co
nflic
ting
mun
icip
al in
tere
sts,
min
imiz
e se
rvic
e de
liver
y du
plic
atio
n,
and
cent
raliz
e re
venu
e co
llect
ion,
pr
ovin
cial
and
stat
e go
vern
men
ts
have
, on
occa
sion
, am
alga
mat
ed
seve
ral m
unic
ipal
ities
into
a si
ngle
lo
cal g
over
nmen
t. By
redu
cing
the
num
ber o
f dec
isio
n-m
akin
g bo
dies
, am
alga
mat
ion
ensu
res a
hig
h le
vel
of tr
ansp
aren
cy a
nd a
ccou
ntab
ility
. It
als
o ce
ntra
lizes
serv
ice
deliv
ery
and
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
resp
onsi
bilit
ies u
nder
one
m
unic
ipal
ity, l
imiti
ng th
e po
ssib
ility
of
confl
ict o
r dis
agre
emen
t in
the
proc
ess.
A
mal
gam
atio
n ha
s als
o be
en
prop
osed
as a
way
to lo
wer
serv
ice
deliv
ery
cost
s thr
ough
the
elim
inat
ion
of d
uplic
atio
n an
d ec
onom
ies o
f sc
ale.
19 In
stea
d, th
e la
rger
are
a an
d nu
mbe
r of r
esid
ents
that
fall
unde
r the
re
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e m
unic
ipal
ity te
nd
to li
mit
its a
bilit
y to
resp
ond
to th
e po
pula
tion’
s nee
ds a
nd e
ngag
e ci
tizen
s. A
com
mon
exa
mpl
e of
am
alga
mat
ion
not w
orki
ng a
s int
ende
d is
the
City
of
Toro
nto,
whi
ch h
as n
ot e
xper
ienc
ed
redu
ctio
ns in
its o
pera
tiona
l cos
ts o
r m
ore
effici
ent s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery.20
39
SH
AR
ING
AG
REE
MEN
TS
How
doe
s it w
ork?
Info
rmal
or c
ontr
acte
d ag
reem
ents
betw
een
two
or m
ore m
unic
ipal
ities
for
serv
ices
Exam
ples
City
of A
irdrie
and
City
of C
alga
ry
drin
king
wat
er p
urch
ase a
gree
men
t
Adva
ntag
es
Disa
dvan
tage
s
with
mor
e mun
icip
aliti
es
can
beco
me c
umbe
rsom
e
faci
ng a
who
le re
gion
or
resu
lt in
confl
ict
betw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es
Wor
ks b
est f
or
mun
icip
aliti
es w
ithin
a re
gion
emer
genc
y se
rvic
es an
d w
aste
wat
er
whe
re re
spon
sibili
ties c
an b
e cle
arly
esta
blish
ed
REG
ION
AL
GO
VER
NA
NC
E
MO
DEL
S
VO
LUN
TAR
Y C
OO
PER
ATI
ON
How
doe
s it w
ork?
legi
slate
d bo
ard.
A v
otin
g str
uctu
re is
us
ed to
esta
blish
non
-bin
ding
gui
danc
e on
regi
onal
issu
es
Exam
ples
Adva
ntag
es
and
leav
e agr
eem
ent
thro
ugho
ut a
regi
on
addr
esse
d ar
e of c
omm
on co
ncer
n
Disa
dvan
tage
s
agre
emen
t, m
akin
g it
hard
to h
ave
tota
l reg
iona
l coo
rdin
atio
n
impl
emen
tatio
n of
dec
ision
s diffi
cult
betw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es
Wor
ks b
est f
or
and
issue
s
urba
n m
unic
ipal
ities
40
LEG
ISLA
TED
REG
ION
AL
BO
AR
DS
How
doe
s it w
ork?
bind
ing
and
mus
t rela
te to
legi
slate
d ro
le
of th
e boa
rd
Exam
ples
Adva
ntag
es
mun
icip
aliti
es w
ithin
a re
gion
Disa
dvan
tage
s
to ac
com
plish
goa
ls
prio
ritie
s con
flict
or
coop
erat
ion
Wor
ks b
est f
or
mun
icip
aliti
es an
d iss
ues
REG
ION
AL
GO
VER
NM
ENT
How
doe
s it w
ork?
Ano
ther
ord
er o
f gov
ernm
ent i
s for
med
be
twee
n th
e sta
te an
d lo
cal l
evel.
gove
rnm
ent o
r ele
cted
sepa
rate
ly.
Exam
ples
Adva
ntag
es
regi
on
acco
unta
bilit
y w
hen
deliv
erin
g re
gion
al se
rvic
es
fre
e rid
er p
robl
ems
Disa
dvan
tage
s
poss
ibly
crea
ting
mor
e ad
min
istra
tive b
urde
n
losin
g au
tono
my
Wor
ks b
est f
or
AM
ALG
AM
ATI
ON
How
doe
s it w
ork?
ar
e mer
ged
into
a sin
gle m
unic
ipal
ity
Exam
ples
Adva
ntag
es
an
d se
rvic
e pro
vide
r
Disa
dvan
tage
s
as q
uick
ly
is qu
estio
nabl
e
amal
gam
atio
ns
from
mun
icip
aliti
es in
volv
ed
Wor
ks b
est f
orH
ighe
r pop
ulat
ion
area
s tha
t req
uire
41
MIN
NE
AP
OL
IS-
ST
. P
AU
LTW
IN C
ITIE
S S
UC
CES
S T
HR
OU
GH
REG
ION
AL
GO
VER
NM
ENT:
THE
MIN
NEA
PO
LIS-S
T. P
AU
L
MET
RO
PO
LITA
N C
OU
NC
IL
The
Met
ropo
litan
Cou
ncil
is th
e re
gion
al g
over
ning
bod
y fo
r the
Tw
in C
ities
met
ropo
litan
are
a of
Min
neap
olis
-St.
Paul
. The
M
etro
polit
an C
ounc
il is
gra
nted
au
thor
ity fr
om th
e M
inne
sota
Sta
te
legi
slat
ure
and
is re
spon
sibl
e fo
r th
e lo
ng-t
erm
pla
nnin
g of
gro
wth
an
d ho
usin
g, d
eliv
ery
of w
aste
wat
er
serv
ices
, and
tran
spor
tatio
n th
roug
hout
the
regi
on.15
It re
ceiv
es
its fu
ndin
g m
ostly
thro
ugh
a co
mbi
natio
n of
use
r fee
s for
tran
sit
and
wat
er tr
eatm
ent a
nd fe
dera
l and
st
ate
fund
ing,
and
rece
ives
aro
und
ten
perc
ent o
f its
reve
nues
thro
ugh
a pr
oper
ty ta
x le
vied
on
the
who
le
regi
on.16
It a
lso
has j
uris
dict
ion
to
set r
egio
nal p
olic
y, th
ough
eac
h m
unic
ipal
ity p
rovi
des s
ervi
ces l
ocal
ly
unle
ss th
ere
are
sign
ifica
nt re
gion
al
impl
icat
ions
.
Ano
ther
pri
ority
for t
he
Met
ropo
litan
Cou
ncil
is th
e ec
onom
ic
deve
lopm
ent a
nd c
ompe
titiv
enes
s of
the
regi
on a
s a w
hole
. The
M
etro
polit
an C
ounc
il is
cur
rent
ly in
th
e pr
oces
s of d
evel
opin
g T
hriv
e M
SP
2040
,17 w
hich
will
set t
he re
gion
’s lo
ng-r
ange
dev
elop
men
t str
ateg
y un
til
the
year
204
0.
Whi
le re
gion
al p
lann
ing
help
s en
sure
the
coor
dina
ted
succ
ess
of th
e Tw
in C
ities
met
ropo
litan
ar
ea, t
he M
etro
polit
an C
ounc
il en
sure
d th
at b
ench
mar
king
was
pa
rt o
f the
pre
viou
s lon
g-ra
nge
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t fra
mew
ork
it ap
prov
ed in
200
4. P
ublis
hed
in 2
011,
the
benc
hmar
k re
sults
of th
e M
etro
polit
an C
ounc
il ar
e en
cour
agin
g: w
hile
regi
onal
em
ploy
men
t gro
wth
was
ham
pere
d by
rece
ssio
ns in
ear
ly 2
001 a
nd a
gain
in
200
8, T
he T
win
Citi
es m
etro
polit
an
area
met
or e
xcee
ded
its ta
rget
s in
term
s of t
rans
port
atio
n de
velo
pmen
t, co
nges
tion
leve
ls, t
rans
it us
age,
and
m
etro
polit
an h
ousi
ng a
fford
abili
ty.
T
he u
se o
f out
put t
arge
ts a
nd
perf
orm
ance
mea
sure
men
t allo
ws
the
Met
ropo
litan
Cou
ncil
to e
valu
ate
the
stat
us o
f its
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t eff
orts
and
com
petit
iven
ess.
By
regu
larl
y re
view
ing
its p
erfo
rman
ce,
the
Twin
Citi
es c
an se
e ex
actly
how
w
ell i
t is d
oing
in c
reat
ing
a th
rivi
ng,
com
petit
ive
regi
on a
nd e
stab
lish
wha
t it
need
s to
do to
con
tinue
ach
ievi
ng
the
regi
on’s
desi
red
outc
omes
.
42
PO
PU
LATI
ON
DIS
TRIB
UTI
ON
(m
illio
ns)
20
10
S
ourc
e: R
egio
nal P
lan
Ass
ocia
tion
BA
RC
ELO
NA
1.6
| 5
.0H
ON
G K
ON
G7
.1 |
0.0
LON
DO
N7
.8 |
17
.7
LOS
AN
GEL
ES3
.8 |
17
.9M
EXIC
O C
ITY
8.9
| 2
1.2
MO
NTR
EAL
1.6
| 5
.0
NEW
YO
RK
8.2
| 2
2.2
SA
NTI
AG
O5
.9 |
6.9
SA
O P
AU
LO1
1.3
| 2
0.4
SIN
GA
PO
RE
5.1
| 0
.0S
TOC
KH
OLM
0.8
| 1
.2W
AS
HIN
GTO
N1
.0 |
5.2
CEN
TRA
L C
ITY
MET
RO
PO
LITA
N A
REA
43
CO
LU
MB
US
IMP
RO
VIN
G R
EGIO
NA
L
CO
MP
ETIT
IVEN
ESS:
THE
CO
LUM
BU
S R
EGIO
N
AN
D C
OLU
MB
US 2
02
0
The
Col
umbu
s Reg
ion
is a
col
lect
ion
of 11
mun
icip
al c
ount
ies a
ncho
red
by th
e ci
ty o
f Col
umbu
s, O
hio.
21 It
is
curr
ently
the
seco
nd fa
stes
t gro
win
g m
etro
polit
an a
rea
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
an
d is
one
of o
nly
11 m
etro
polit
an
area
s to
have
reco
vere
d al
l job
s lo
st d
urin
g th
e 20
08 re
cess
ion.
22 A
la
rge
part
of t
he C
olum
bus R
egio
n’s
succ
ess c
an b
e at
trib
uted
to th
e st
rong
ec
onom
ic p
lann
ing
that
supp
orts
the
regi
on a
nd th
e co
oper
atio
n of
the
publ
ic a
nd p
riva
te se
ctor
s.
The
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g bo
dy is
a
priv
ate,
non
-pro
fit o
rgan
izat
ion
that
rece
ives
fund
ing
supp
ort f
rom
bo
th th
e re
gion
’s m
unic
ipal
ities
and
th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.23 T
he C
olum
bus
Regi
on, a
long
with
its p
ublic
and
priv
ate
part
ners
hips
, dev
elop
ed
Colu
mbu
s 202
0, th
e lo
ng-t
erm
re
gion
al g
row
th st
rate
gy, i
n 20
08.24
D
urin
g th
is p
erio
d, th
e C
olum
bus
Regi
on id
entifi
ed th
at a
lack
of
a co
mm
on e
cono
mic
vis
ion
was
re
sulti
ng in
lim
ited
grow
th in
skill
ed
jobs
and
was
cau
sing
the
mig
ratio
n of
col
lege
stud
ents
to o
ther
citi
es
desp
ite a
larg
e co
ncen
trat
ion
of
corp
orat
e he
adqu
arte
rs a
nd o
ne o
f th
e hi
ghes
t con
cent
ratio
ns o
f col
lege
st
uden
ts in
the
coun
try.25
Col
umbu
s 20
20 id
entifi
ed th
at th
e re
gion
as a
w
hole
nee
ded
to b
e m
arke
ted
as a
n ec
onom
ic c
entr
e an
d th
at a
col
lect
ive
appr
oach
wou
ld b
e ne
eded
to c
reat
e lo
ng-t
erm
eco
nom
ic g
row
th.
To
incr
ease
the
Col
umbu
s Reg
ion’
s ex
posu
re a
s a p
lace
to d
o bu
sine
ss,
the
regi
on p
rovi
des r
esea
rch
and
info
rmat
ion
abou
t var
ious
fact
ors
that
affe
ct b
usin
ess s
uch
as ta
xatio
n,
labo
ur fo
rce
dem
ogra
phic
s, ed
ucat
iona
l ins
titut
ions
and
rese
arch
ca
pabi
litie
s, an
d ex
istin
g in
dust
ries
. It
als
o do
es b
usin
ess o
utre
ach,
m
arke
ts th
e re
gion
nat
iona
lly a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
lly, a
nd fa
cilit
ates
pa
rtne
rshi
ps b
etw
een
the
publ
ic a
nd
priv
ate
sect
or.
Re
sults
from
the
coor
dina
ted
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t str
ateg
y in
the
Col
umbu
s Reg
ion
appe
ar
posi
tive.
The
regi
on’s
econ
omy
is
wel
l-di
vers
ified
, hel
ping
reta
in sk
illed
w
orke
rs in
a v
arie
ty o
f ind
ustr
ies
and
prof
essi
ons.
In a
dditi
on, t
he
Col
umbu
s Reg
ion
has o
utpa
ced
the
Am
eric
an a
vera
ge in
per
cap
ita
pers
onal
inco
me
grow
th si
nce
the
2009
rece
ssio
n.26
The
Col
umbu
s Re
gion
show
s tha
t by
shar
ing
a co
mm
on g
oal a
nd w
orki
ng to
geth
er to
fo
ster
eco
nom
ic g
row
th, r
egio
ns c
an
help
cre
ate
glob
ally
com
petit
ive
citie
s.
44
RE
GIO
NA
L P
LA
NS
: B
LU
EP
RIN
TS
FO
R R
EG
ION
AL
CO
OP
ER
AT
ION
Each
regi
on fa
ces u
niqu
e ch
alle
nges
, an
d th
e re
sulti
ng re
gion
al g
over
nanc
e m
odel
shou
ld re
flect
this
fact
. The
co
mm
on c
hara
cter
istic
of a
ll re
gion
s is
a w
ell-a
rtic
ulat
ed re
gion
al p
lan
that
add
ress
es th
e sp
ecifi
c ne
eds
and
inte
rest
s of t
he re
gion
. Pla
ns
that
focu
s on
deve
lopm
ent l
ook
at
popu
latio
n gr
owth
and
its e
ffect
on
hous
ing
affor
dabi
lity
and
the
cost
of
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd ro
ads.
The
se p
lans
em
phas
ize
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t as a
w
ay to
avo
id th
e co
sts a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
poor
ly c
oord
inat
ed p
lann
ing,
whi
ch
can
nega
tivel
y im
pact
eco
nom
ic
com
petit
iven
ess,
labo
ur a
ttra
ctio
n,
and
the
expa
nsio
n of
bus
ines
ses
with
in a
regi
on. S
ome
regi
onal
pl
ans a
lso
seek
to d
evel
op e
cono
mic
hu
bs. T
hese
pla
ns re
cogn
ize
that
m
unic
ipal
ities
can
diff
er in
thei
r ab
ility
to c
ater
to b
usin
ess n
eeds
, us
ing
colla
bora
tion
to b
ring
a v
arie
ty
of jo
bs a
nd in
dust
ries
to th
e re
gion
.
AC
HIE
VIN
G R
EGIO
NA
L SU
CC
ESS
Sim
ply
impl
emen
ting
regi
onal
pl
anni
ng o
r cha
ngin
g th
e m
odel
of
regi
onal
gov
erna
nce
does
no
t sud
denl
y im
prov
e re
gion
al
outc
omes
. Whe
n de
sire
d ou
tcom
es
diffe
r, te
nsio
ns c
an o
ccur
bet
wee
n m
unic
ipal
ities
. The
nee
d to
bui
ld
supp
ort i
s a si
gnifi
cant
con
cern
in
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g, a
nd p
revi
ous
stud
ies s
how
that
con
sens
us b
uild
ing
beco
mes
mor
e di
fficu
lt w
hen
mun
icip
aliti
es v
ary
in si
ze a
nd w
hen
urba
n ce
ntre
s are
mix
ed w
ith ru
ral
land
s.27 R
egio
nal s
ucce
ss b
egin
s with
st
rong
lead
ersh
ip th
at re
cogn
izes
that
m
unic
ipal
col
labo
ratio
n ca
n ge
nera
te
supe
rior
out
com
es fo
r bus
ines
ses a
nd
com
mun
ities
. Thi
s lea
ders
hip
need
s to
pro
vide
a c
lear
vis
ion
with
defi
ned
outc
omes
to d
eter
min
e th
e ty
pe o
f
succ
ess i
t asp
ires
to h
ave.
To
faci
litat
e re
gion
al le
ader
ship
, so
me
regi
onal
pla
ns a
re a
lso
supp
orte
d by
hig
her o
rder
s of
gove
rnm
ent t
o en
sure
coo
pera
tion
betw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es. S
ome
regi
onal
gov
ernm
ents
, lik
e th
e M
inne
apol
is-S
t. Pa
ul a
rea’
s M
etro
polit
an C
ounc
il, e
xist
bec
ause
of
stat
e le
gisl
atio
n. T
his l
egis
latio
n as
al
so g
ives
them
cle
ar a
utho
rity
ove
r so
me
area
s of r
egio
nal p
lann
ing
and
serv
ice
deliv
ery.
For o
ther
regi
ons,
the
invo
lvem
ent o
f sta
te o
r pro
vinc
ial
gove
rnm
ent i
s les
s for
mal
, suc
h as
stat
e fu
ndin
g fo
r the
Col
umbu
s Re
gion
28 a
nd E
nvis
ion
Uta
h.29
In
add
ition
to st
ate
supp
ort,
the
mos
t suc
cess
ful r
egio
ns d
o no
t m
argi
naliz
e m
unic
ipal
ities
in th
e na
me
of th
e re
gion
. Mun
icip
aliti
es
mai
ntai
n au
thor
ity o
ver h
ow th
ey
prov
ide
loca
l ser
vice
s, bu
t def
er to
a
regi
onal
ent
ity in
cas
es w
here
ther
e is
no
clea
r mun
icip
al re
spon
sibi
lity.
Whi
le le
ader
ship
mus
t wor
k to
geth
er
to im
prov
e ou
tcom
es, g
ood
regi
ons t
ry
to m
inim
ize
area
s of p
ossi
ble
tens
ions
be
twee
n m
unic
ipal
ities
.
Part
of m
inim
izin
g te
nsio
n an
d bu
ildin
g a
regi
on a
lso
mea
ns h
avin
g cl
ear l
ines
of a
ccou
ntab
ility
and
sh
arin
g th
e co
sts o
f dev
elop
men
t. It
is
eas
y to
say
that
bec
ause
act
ivity
oc
curs
out
side
its j
uris
dict
ion,
a
mun
icip
ality
doe
s not
hav
e to
wor
ry
abou
t the
cos
t of r
oads
, wat
er, o
r el
ectr
icity
. How
ever
, if r
esid
ents
w
ork
in o
ne m
unic
ipal
ity a
nd p
ay
thei
r tax
es o
r spe
nd o
n go
ods i
n an
othe
r, th
ere
is th
e po
ssib
ility
that
m
unic
ipal
ities
will
be
unab
le to
pr
ovid
e th
e se
rvic
es th
at e
very
one
in th
e re
gion
ben
efits
from
. Whi
le
ther
e ap
pear
s to
be su
ppor
t fr
om m
unic
ipal
ities
for s
hari
ng
cost
s, sh
arin
g re
venu
es a
mon
g m
unic
ipal
ities
has
bee
n a
mor
e
diffi
cult
issu
e to
add
ress
. The
onl
y ex
ampl
e of
not
able
pro
pert
y ta
x sh
arin
g be
twee
n m
unic
ipal
ities
is
the
Met
ropo
litan
Cou
ncil’
s Fis
cal
Dis
pari
ties p
rogr
am th
at, a
t bes
t, sh
ows m
ixed
resu
lts w
hen
it co
mes
to
prop
erty
tax
shar
ing.
Fi
nally
, the
mos
t suc
cess
ful r
egio
ns
mak
e co
nsci
ous e
ffort
s to
benc
hmar
k th
eir p
erfo
rman
ce a
nd m
easu
re th
e ou
tcom
es o
f coo
rdin
ated
regi
onal
pl
anni
ng b
ased
on
the
com
mon
vis
ion
they
est
ablis
h. O
rego
n M
etro
pro
vide
s da
ta a
nd st
atis
tics t
o Po
rtla
nd S
tate
U
nive
rsity
’s In
stitu
te o
f Por
tland
M
etro
polit
an S
tudi
es th
at p
ublis
hes
data
on
vari
ous m
easu
res r
elat
ed to
th
e re
gion
’s de
sire
d ou
tcom
es. I
ssue
s su
ch a
s air
qua
lity,
vehi
cle
mile
s tr
avel
led,
une
mpl
oym
ent,
hous
ing
affor
dabi
lity,
and
aver
age
wag
es a
re
all f
ound
on
the
Gre
ater
Por
tland
Pu
lse
web
site
, whi
ch c
omm
unic
ates
to
the
publ
ic th
e st
ate
of th
e Po
rtla
nd
met
ropo
litan
are
a.35
The
Met
ropo
litan
C
ounc
il an
d C
olum
bus R
egio
n al
so
trac
k th
eir e
cono
mic
per
form
ance
us
ing
thei
r ow
n pe
rfor
man
ce
indi
cato
rs, w
hich
allo
ws t
hem
to
mar
ket t
heir
regi
on b
ased
on
cost
of
livin
g, q
ualit
y of
labo
ur, a
nd e
cono
mic
gr
owth
. For
stro
ng re
gion
s, kn
owin
g w
here
you
stan
d co
mpa
red
to o
ther
ci
ties a
llow
s the
m to
und
erst
and
whe
re th
ey st
and
in th
e gl
obal
ec
onom
y an
d w
here
they
can
impr
ove
to st
ay c
ompe
titiv
e.
45
THE
MET
RO
PO
LITA
N A
REA
FISC
AL
DIS
PAR
ITIE
S P
RO
GR
AM
In a
n eff
ort t
o ad
dres
s tax
bas
e di
spar
ities
with
in th
e re
gion
, The
M
inne
sota
Sta
te L
egis
latu
re a
ppro
ved
the
Cha
rles
R. W
eave
r Met
ropo
litan
Re
venu
e D
istr
ibut
ion
Act i
n 19
71,
bette
r kno
wn
as th
e Fi
scal
Dis
pari
ties
Prog
ram
.30 T
he p
rogr
am re
quir
es e
ach
mun
icip
ality
and
cou
nty
with
in th
e M
inne
apol
is-S
t. Pa
ul m
etro
polit
an
area
to c
ontr
ibut
e 40
per
cent
of
the
grow
th o
f eac
h m
unic
ipal
ity’s
com
mer
cial
-indu
stri
al ta
x ba
se si
nce
1971
to th
e pr
ogra
m. T
he sh
ared
poo
l is
then
dis
trib
uted
to e
ach
mun
icip
ality
ba
sed
on th
e m
arke
t val
ue o
f the
ir
com
mer
cial
-indu
stri
al p
rope
rtie
s. 31
The
pro
gram
is d
esig
ned
to
equa
lize
the
diffe
renc
es in
tax
base
s am
ong
all o
f the
regi
on’s
mun
icip
aliti
es, a
nd p
rovi
de e
ach
mun
icip
ality
with
the
capa
city
to
prov
ide
adeq
uate
serv
ices
to th
eir
resi
dent
s. It
als
o lo
oks t
o re
duce
di
spar
ities
in c
omm
erci
al p
rope
rty
valu
es, r
educ
ing
the
leve
l of
com
petit
ion
betw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es
for b
usin
ess a
nd e
ncou
ragi
ng g
row
th
in e
ach
mun
icip
ality
.
A 2
012
revi
ew o
f the
pro
gram
by
Tic
hler
Bise
show
s mix
ed
resu
lts w
ith th
is ta
x ba
se sh
arin
g pr
ogra
m.32
One
are
a of
con
cern
with
th
e pr
ogra
m is
that
it is
bas
ed o
nly
on th
e co
mm
erci
al g
row
th o
f the
re
gion
’s m
unic
ipal
ities
sinc
e 19
71.
The
resu
lt is
that
St.
Paul
, whi
ch
was
a w
ell-
esta
blis
hed
com
mer
cial
ar
ea b
efor
e 19
71, i
s a n
et b
enefi
ciar
y of
the
prog
ram
whi
le B
loom
ingt
on,
whi
ch h
ouse
s the
Mal
l of A
mer
ica,
is
one
of t
he la
rges
t net
con
trib
utor
s to
the
prog
ram
, des
pite
the
two
mun
icip
aliti
es h
avin
g si
mila
rly
size
co
mm
erci
al-in
dust
rial
tax
base
s.33
Add
ition
ally
, whi
le th
e pr
ogra
m
cont
inue
s to
be su
ppor
ted,
ther
e is
lit
tle c
onse
nsus
on
the
impa
ct o
f the
pr
ogra
m o
n th
e re
gion
’s gr
owth
. In
som
e ca
ses,
mun
icip
aliti
es c
hoos
e no
t to
gro
w a
nd d
evel
op to
avo
id lo
sing
fu
ndin
g it
rece
ives
from
the
prog
ram
, w
hile
it h
as b
een
note
d th
at th
e fo
cus o
n co
mm
erci
al p
rope
rty
valu
es
has r
esul
ted
in b
enefi
ts fo
r wel
l off,
pr
imar
ily re
side
ntia
l mun
icip
aliti
es.34
46
TW
IN C
ITIE
S
REG
ION
AL
LEA
DER
SH
IP
Esta
blis
h ar
eas o
f com
mon
nee
d, su
ch a
s roa
d co
nnec
tivity
, wat
er se
rvic
es,
and
cost
ove
rrun
s
with
mea
sura
ble
goal
s for
eac
h m
unic
ipal
ity.
SU
PP
OR
T FR
OM
HIG
HER
OR
DER
S O
F G
OV
ERN
MEN
T
for n
onco
mpl
ianc
e
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g eff
orts
to p
artic
ipat
ing
mun
icip
aliti
es
CLE
AR
LY D
EFIN
ED A
REA
S O
F A
CC
OU
NTA
BIL
ITY
resp
onsi
bilit
y
SH
AR
ED C
OS
TS
infr
astr
uctu
re m
ay o
ccur
.
serv
ices
and
infr
astr
uctu
re.
of
acc
ount
abili
ties.
SP
ECIF
IC T
AR
GET
S A
ND
GO
ALS
for e
ach
indi
vidu
al m
unic
ipal
ity, a
ligne
d w
ith th
e ov
eral
l sha
red
visi
on.
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E M
EAS
UR
EMEN
T
amon
g its
ow
n m
unic
ipal
ities
, and
aga
inst
oth
er re
gion
s reg
ardi
ng c
osts
, re
venu
es, e
ffici
ency
, sat
isfa
ctio
n, e
tc.
1 2 3 4 65FAC
TOR
S A
FFEC
TIN
G R
EGIO
NA
L S
UC
CES
S
47
HO
W D
OES
CA
LGA
RY
CO
MPA
RE?
Cal
gary
face
s a u
niqu
e se
t of
chal
leng
es th
at in
fluen
ce re
gion
al
plan
ning
and
dev
elop
men
t. C
alga
ry’s
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g hi
stor
y ha
s als
o le
d to
a n
umbe
r of c
ircu
mst
ance
s th
at h
ave
influ
ence
d an
d lim
ited
the
Cal
gary
met
ropo
litan
are
a’s
deve
lopm
ent a
nd re
gion
al
coor
dina
tion.
How
ever
, bas
ed o
n th
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s of o
ther
succ
essf
ul
regi
ons,
Cal
gary
doe
s not
app
ear t
o be
fa
r fro
m e
mer
ging
as a
gre
at re
gion
.
Leader
ship
and v
isio
n
Unt
il 19
95, r
egio
nal p
lann
ing
com
mis
sion
s wer
e le
gisl
ated
by
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
f Alb
erta
to p
rovi
de
plan
ning
gui
danc
e to
smal
ler
mun
icip
aliti
es a
nd o
vers
ight
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of n
ew su
bdiv
isio
ns
arou
nd C
alga
ry a
nd E
dmon
ton.
36
Dur
ing
this
per
iod,
Cal
gary
ex
pand
ed th
roug
h an
nexa
tion
of
new
subd
ivis
ions
into
the
City
’s ju
risd
ictio
n. H
owev
er, w
ith th
e re
mov
al o
f exp
licit
prov
inci
al
supp
ort f
or th
em, r
egio
nal p
lann
ing
com
mis
sion
s wer
e di
sban
ded
in
1995
. Sin
ce th
en, r
egio
nal p
lann
ing
in
the
Cal
gary
regi
on h
as b
een
carr
ied
out v
olun
tari
ly.
T
he C
alga
ry R
egio
nal P
artn
ersh
ip
was
form
ed in
1999
to c
oord
inat
e re
gion
al d
evel
opm
ent i
n th
e C
alga
ry m
etro
polit
an a
rea.
37 T
o di
rect
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g eff
orts
, the
pa
rtne
rshi
p ad
opte
d th
e Ca
lgar
y M
etro
polit
an P
lan
in 2
012.
Unl
ike
the
Cap
ital R
egio
n Bo
ard
in E
dmon
ton,
th
e C
alga
ry R
egio
nal P
artn
ersh
ip h
as
a vo
lunt
ary
mem
bers
hip
stru
ctur
e,
whi
ch h
as c
reat
ed o
ngoi
ng is
sues
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, n
o ru
ral c
ount
y su
rrou
ndin
g C
alga
ry is
par
ticip
atin
g in
the
Cal
gary
Reg
iona
l Par
tner
ship
an
d th
e Ca
lgar
y M
etro
polit
an P
lan.
38
With
no
legi
slat
ion
to e
nfor
ce
the
deta
ils o
f the
pla
n, c
reat
ing
a co
llect
ive
iden
tity
and
coor
dina
ted
appr
oach
has
bee
n di
fficu
lt.
A
coo
rdin
ated
, com
mon
vis
ion
of su
cces
s is n
eede
d fo
r the
C
alga
ry M
etro
polit
an R
egio
n to
be
trul
y su
cces
sful
. Whi
le c
reat
ing
a re
gion
al g
over
nmen
t cou
ld
imm
edia
tely
add
ress
thes
e is
sues
, th
ere
wou
ld li
kely
be
sign
ifica
nt
resi
stan
ce to
cre
atin
g a
form
al
regi
onal
gov
ernm
ent.
Inst
ead,
C
alga
ry a
nd it
s nei
ghbo
urs n
eed
to fi
nd c
omm
on g
roun
d, e
stab
lish
a co
mm
on v
isio
n, a
nd re
ach
a co
mpr
omis
e on
dev
elop
men
t and
co
st-s
hari
ng is
sues
. With
out s
tron
g m
unic
ipal
lead
ersh
ip to
gen
erat
e su
ppor
t for
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
s, un
coor
dina
ted
grow
th w
ill
caus
e in
crea
sed
cong
estio
n, a
nd
incr
ease
the
cost
of m
aint
aini
ng a
nd
deve
lopi
ng in
fras
truc
ture
. Thi
s will
re
duce
the
regi
on’s
affor
dabi
lity,
limiti
ng C
alga
ry’s
abili
ty to
con
tinue
at
trac
ting
skill
ed la
bour
and
new
bu
sine
sses
to th
e ar
ea.
Com
mon b
ench
mark
s and d
ata
Lack
of c
oord
inat
ion
not o
nly
nega
tivel
y aff
ects
regi
onal
succ
ess,
but a
lso
limits
the
abili
ty to
ac
cura
tely
col
lect
dat
a to
com
pare
C
alga
ry a
nd it
s reg
ion
to o
ther
m
etro
polit
an a
reas
. Whi
le C
alga
ry, a
s an
indi
vidu
al c
ity, c
an b
e co
mpa
red
to o
ther
maj
or C
anad
ian
cent
res a
nd
Am
eric
an c
ensu
s sta
tistic
al a
reas
, sm
alle
r mun
icip
aliti
es la
ck th
e re
sour
ces t
o co
llect
thei
r ow
n da
ta.
W
ithou
t com
mon
ben
chm
arks
an
d in
form
atio
n, it
can
be
diffi
cult
to u
nder
stan
d w
hat
need
s to
be d
one
to im
prov
e th
e co
mpe
titiv
enes
s of t
he re
gion
an
d ac
hiev
e de
sire
d ou
tcom
es.
Read
ily a
vaila
ble
publ
ic a
cces
s to
info
rmat
ion
such
as r
egio
nal
inco
me,
com
mer
cial
and
resi
dent
ial
affor
dabi
lity,
the
cost
of s
ervi
ces,
the
leve
l of s
ervi
ces p
rovi
ded,
pr
oper
ty ta
xes,
and
popu
latio
n de
nsity
hel
p in
form
bot
h th
e pu
blic
an
d m
unic
ipal
ities
abo
ut th
e co
st
of se
rvic
es, i
nfra
stru
ctur
e, a
nd th
e re
gion
’s st
ate
of c
ompe
titiv
enes
s. Pe
ople
nee
d to
be
able
to fi
nd th
is
info
rmat
ion
easi
ly a
nd u
nder
stan
d it
with
out m
uch
effor
t. Tr
acki
ng
key
indi
cato
rs h
elps
ele
cted
offi
cial
s, pr
ivat
e or
gani
zatio
ns,
and
the
publ
ic u
nder
stan
d th
e im
plic
atio
ns o
f a re
gion
al st
rate
gy
and
how
it c
an e
nhan
ce e
cono
mic
co
mpe
titiv
enes
s, im
prov
e qu
ality
of
life,
fost
er e
ffici
enci
es, a
nd d
evel
op
supp
ort f
or n
ew in
itiat
ives
that
im
prov
e th
e re
gion
.
WH
ERE
CA
N W
E IM
PR
OV
E?
The
re is
no
doub
t tha
t Cal
gary
is
a gr
eat c
ity.
A st
rong
eco
nom
y, nu
mer
ous j
ob o
ppor
tuni
ties,
and
a re
lativ
ely
high
qua
lity
of li
fe th
at
attr
acts
labo
ur a
nd b
usin
esse
s to
Cal
gary
and
the
regi
on a
ll co
ntri
bute
to
the
city
’s su
cces
s. H
owev
er, t
he
Cal
gary
met
ropo
litan
are
a co
ntin
ues
to fa
ce so
me
chal
leng
es th
at a
re b
est
addr
esse
d by
regi
onal
solu
tions
.
The
Cha
mbe
r bel
ieve
s tha
t the
C
alga
ry m
etro
polit
an a
rea
can
be o
ne
of th
e le
adin
g re
gion
s to
live
and
do
busi
ness
in th
e w
orld
.
Luck
ily, t
he e
xist
ing
regi
onal
go
vern
ance
mod
el h
as b
een
rela
tivel
y su
cces
sful
in o
ther
ar
eas,
putt
ing
Cal
gary
in a
bet
ter
posi
tion
than
oth
er re
gion
s. T
he
Cha
mbe
r bel
ieve
s tha
t the
Cal
gary
m
etro
polit
an a
rea
can
be o
ne o
f th
e le
adin
g re
gion
s to
live
and
do
busi
ness
in th
e w
orld
if so
me
aspe
cts
of th
e re
gion
al p
lan
are
flesh
ed
out,
slig
ht c
hang
es to
the
regi
onal
go
vern
ance
mod
el a
re m
ade,
and
a
48
few
act
iona
ble
item
s are
dev
elop
ed
for t
he re
gion
.
Cohes
ive
regio
nal s
trate
gy
For t
he C
alga
ry m
etro
polit
an a
rea,
th
e vo
lunt
ary
Cal
gary
Reg
iona
l Pa
rtne
rshi
p sh
ould
be
reta
ined
. Le
gisl
atin
g pa
rtic
ipat
ion
will
on
ly se
rve
to m
ake
confl
icts
mor
e cr
ippl
ing
to th
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss.
Whi
le a
mal
gam
atio
n co
uld
be
an a
ttra
ctiv
e op
tion,
its h
ighl
y-ch
arge
d po
litic
al n
atur
e w
ill m
ake
it ex
trem
ely
diffi
cult
to a
chie
ve. G
iven
th
e la
ck o
f tru
e sa
ving
s in
othe
r am
alga
mat
ion
exam
ples
and
the
larg
e ru
ral l
ands
that
exi
st b
etw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es, t
he li
kelih
ood
of a
w
ide-
scal
e m
unic
ipal
mer
ger b
eing
su
cces
sful
is u
nlik
ely.
Whi
le C
alga
ry w
ill re
mai
n th
e m
ain
anch
or to
the
regi
on fo
r the
fo
rese
eabl
e fu
ture
, Cal
gary
’s sh
are
of
the
regi
on’s
popu
latio
n w
ill d
ecre
ase
over
tim
e as
mor
e pe
ople
mov
e to
th
e re
gion
and
try
to fi
nd h
ousi
ng.
Thi
s fur
ther
und
ersc
ores
the
need
fo
r mun
icip
aliti
es to
wor
k to
geth
er
for l
ong-
term
succ
ess.
Alth
ough
th
e la
ck o
f par
ticip
atio
n fr
om th
e m
unic
ipal
dis
tric
ts in
the
regi
on is
an
issu
e, u
nder
stan
ding
that
thei
r re
quir
emen
ts d
iffer
gre
atly
from
m
ore
urba
n m
unic
ipal
ities
will
he
lp b
ring
them
into
the
exis
ting
gove
rnan
ce m
odel
. The
com
mon
vi
sion
of t
he C
alga
ry M
etro
polit
an
Plan
shou
ld b
e re
tain
ed, b
ut sp
ecia
l pr
ovis
ions
that
acc
ount
for t
he
diffe
renc
es b
etw
een
rura
l and
ur
ban
stak
ehol
ders
cou
ld g
arne
r m
ore
supp
ort f
or th
e pl
an. T
hese
pr
ovis
ions
shou
ld n
ot, h
owev
er,
grea
tly c
hang
e th
e ov
eral
l vis
ion
for
the
regi
on.
To
reta
in th
is c
omm
on v
isio
n,
all t
he m
unic
ipal
ities
invo
lved
sh
ould
con
tinue
to id
entif
y ar
eas o
f
regi
onal
col
labo
ratio
n. B
ut c
lear
er
goal
s nee
d to
be
esta
blis
hed.
A
conc
rete
stat
emen
t of w
hat a
ll th
e m
unic
ipal
ities
wou
ld c
onsi
der t
o be
succ
ess n
eeds
to b
e ag
reed
upo
n.
Issu
es su
ch a
s ser
vice
del
iver
y, la
nd
use,
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent,
and
envi
ronm
enta
l ste
war
dshi
p m
ust
be a
ccom
pani
ed b
y pe
rfor
man
ce
info
rmat
ion
from
eac
h m
unic
ipal
ity
in o
rder
to u
nder
stan
d ho
w th
e re
gion
is d
oing
. The
Cal
gary
M
etro
polit
an P
lan
iden
tifies
w
ater
shed
and
env
iron
men
tal
man
agem
ent,
regi
onal
eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent,
land
-use
sequ
enci
ng
and
deve
lopm
ent,
regi
onal
in
fras
truc
ture
dev
elop
men
t and
co
llabo
rativ
e go
vern
ance
as k
ey
area
s of c
once
rn fo
r Cal
gary
and
ne
ighb
ouri
ng m
unic
ipal
ities
.39 T
he
over
all v
isio
n, h
owev
er, i
s bro
ad a
nd
the
plan
has
ver
y fe
w b
ench
mar
k ta
rget
s est
ablis
hed
outs
ide
of d
ensi
ty
requ
irem
ents
—an
are
a of
the
plan
th
at h
as b
een
met
with
resi
stan
ce
from
rura
l mun
icip
aliti
es.40
Data
and p
erfo
rmance
indic
ato
rs
Thi
ngs s
uch
as th
e co
st o
f ind
ivid
ual
mun
icip
al se
rvic
es n
eed
to b
e kn
own
in o
rder
to d
eter
min
e if
cent
raliz
atio
n w
ould
cre
ate
savi
ngs.
Popu
latio
ns, p
rope
rty
taxe
s, an
d co
sts n
eed
to b
e co
mm
unic
ated
be
twee
n m
unic
ipal
ities
to b
ette
r de
term
ine
how
to sh
are
cost
s. C
lear
ta
rget
s tha
t eve
ry m
unic
ipal
ity c
an
agre
e on
are
nee
ded
to d
eter
min
e ho
w w
ell t
he C
alga
ry m
etro
polit
an
area
is d
oing
. Thi
s will
als
o he
lp
info
rm th
e pu
blic
abo
ut re
gion
al
impr
ovem
ents
and
how
muc
h th
ey
will
cos
t. C
lear
targ
ets w
ill e
nsur
e th
at d
ata
colle
ctio
n is
mea
ning
ful a
nd
cont
ribu
tes t
o ge
nuin
e im
prov
emen
t.
Failu
re to
alig
n re
gion
al is
sues
w
ith c
lear
, ach
ieva
ble
targ
ets w
ill
only
resu
lt in
con
tinue
d m
unic
ipal
co
mpe
titio
n. T
axpa
yer d
olla
rs w
ill
be w
aste
d on
redu
ndan
cies
, an
ineffi
cien
t tra
nspo
rtat
ion
netw
ork
will
resu
lt in
lost
pro
duct
ivity
and
m
ore
cong
estio
n, a
nd c
ompe
titio
n fo
r tax
es w
ill e
rode
eac
h m
unic
ipal
ity’s
abili
ty to
pro
vide
the
mos
t bas
ic se
rvic
es.
Con
sequ
ently
, th
e C
alga
ry m
etro
polit
an a
rea
need
s to
com
e to
geth
er o
n re
gion
al is
sues
im
med
iate
ly, o
r els
e ri
sk lo
sing
all
the
succ
ess i
t has
enj
oyed
unt
il no
w.
Reg
ional u
tilit
ies
and s
ervi
ces
Part
of c
reat
ing
a co
mm
on re
gion
al
visi
on is
the
need
to m
inim
ize
self-
inte
rest
in a
reas
that
hav
e tr
uly
regi
onal
impa
cts.
Whi
le
mun
icip
aliti
es c
an a
gree
on
high
er
leve
l goa
ls a
nd st
rate
gies
, iss
ues
of d
eliv
ery
can
beco
me
high
ly
polit
iciz
ed, m
uch
like
the
ongo
ing
disp
ute
betw
een
Cal
gary
and
th
e M
unic
ipal
Dis
tric
t of R
ocky
Vi
ew o
ver w
ater
lice
nces
, whi
ch
influ
ence
d th
e M
unic
ipal
Dis
tric
t’s
choi
ce to
with
draw
from
the
regi
onal
pa
rtne
rshi
p. T
hing
s suc
h as
wat
er
trea
tmen
t, se
wag
e, w
aste
div
ersi
on,
and
emer
genc
y se
rvic
es d
o no
t ha
ve to
rigi
dly
follo
w m
unic
ipal
bo
unda
ries
, and
con
solid
atio
n of
thes
e se
rvic
es c
an im
prov
e re
gion
al d
eliv
ery
and
crea
te sa
ving
s. H
owev
er, i
f ind
ivid
ual m
unic
ipal
ities
re
tain
con
trol
ove
r the
se a
reas
, sel
f-in
tere
st c
an sl
ow d
evel
opm
ent a
nd
hurt
the
over
all c
ompe
titiv
enes
s of
Cal
gary
’s m
etro
polit
an re
gion
.
An
exam
ple
of a
coo
rdin
ated
re
gion
al se
rvic
e pr
ovid
er e
xist
s in
Met
ro V
anco
uver
. The
Gre
ater
Va
ncou
ver S
ewer
age
and
Dra
inag
e D
istr
ict a
nd th
e G
reat
er V
anco
uver
W
ater
Dis
tric
t pro
vide
sew
erag
e an
d dr
aina
ge, s
olid
was
te m
anag
emen
t, an
d w
ater
serv
ices
to M
etro
49
Vanc
ouve
r.41 B
oth
the
Gre
ater
Va
ncou
ver S
ewer
age
and
Dra
inag
e D
istr
ict a
nd th
e G
reat
er V
anco
uver
W
ater
Dis
tric
t are
gov
erne
d by
a
boar
d of
dir
ecto
rs c
ompo
sed
of
elec
ted
offici
als f
rom
the
mem
bers
of
Met
ro V
anco
uver
, with
dec
isio
ns
mad
e on
a m
ajor
ity b
asis
for c
ore
serv
ice
shar
ing
and
fund
ing.
The
co
nsol
idat
ion
of th
ese
serv
ices
un
der a
regi
onal
mod
el e
limin
ates
re
dund
anci
es in
serv
ice,
and
all
issu
es
can
be a
ddre
ssed
by
a si
ngle
pro
vide
r th
roug
hout
the
regi
on. T
he su
cces
s of
this
mod
el is
pro
ven
by th
e fa
ct th
at
thes
e re
gion
al d
istr
icts
con
tinue
to
oper
ate
even
afte
r reg
iona
l pla
nnin
g w
as e
limin
ated
as a
legi
slat
ed
requ
irem
ent i
n Br
itish
Col
umbi
a.42
Cre
atin
g a
regi
onal
serv
ice
prov
ider
als
o ad
dres
ses c
omm
on
regi
onal
issu
es o
f fre
e ri
ding
and
qu
ality
of s
ervi
ce, m
inim
izin
g th
e sh
ortc
omin
gs o
f vol
unta
ry
part
icip
atio
n. A
regi
onal
bod
y co
uld
beco
me
the
sole
poi
nt o
f re
venu
e co
llect
ion
and
dete
rmin
e th
e m
inim
al le
vel o
f ser
vice
for
the
who
le re
gion
, whi
le fa
irly
di
stri
butin
g co
sts.
With
the
prov
ider
pr
iori
tizin
g th
e ne
eds o
f the
regi
on,
it w
ould
als
o el
imin
ate
mun
icip
al
self-
inte
rest
that
cou
ld re
duce
the
effec
tive
deliv
ery
of se
rvic
es.
Ach
ievi
ng c
ost s
avin
gs th
roug
h el
imin
atio
n of
serv
ice
over
laps
and
be
tter
effi
cien
cy is
a si
gnifi
cant
op
port
unity
for C
alga
ry a
nd it
s ne
ighb
ours
. Whi
le so
me
auto
nom
y w
ould
hav
e to
be
give
n up
in th
e pr
oces
s, it
wou
ld a
llow
the
regi
on
to fo
cus o
n m
ore
pres
sing
long
-te
rm is
sues
.
Reg
ional t
ransi
t
The
num
ber o
f peo
ple
mig
ratin
g to
Cal
gary
’s ne
ighb
ouri
ng
mun
icip
aliti
es is
dri
ven
part
ly b
y
hous
ing
affor
dabi
lity.
Alth
ough
pr
ices
may
be
low
er in
nei
ghbo
urin
g m
unic
ipal
ities
, the
long
com
mut
e di
stan
ces n
eces
sita
te c
ar o
wne
rshi
p an
d in
crea
se fu
el c
onsu
mpt
ion.
M
ore
vehi
cles
incr
ease
con
gest
ion,
lo
wer
ing
prod
uctiv
ity a
nd re
duci
ng
the
abili
ty to
del
iver
goo
ds a
nd
serv
ices
effe
ctiv
ely.
The
Gov
ernm
ent
of O
ntar
io re
cent
ly n
oted
that
the
Regi
onal
Mun
icip
ality
of P
eel,
an a
rea
with
a si
mila
r pop
ulat
ion
and
dens
ity
to C
alga
ry, f
aces
an
annu
al lo
ss o
f $8
45 m
illio
n be
caus
e of
con
gest
ion.
43
Incr
easi
ng in
ter-
mun
icip
al
mob
ility
is n
eces
sary
, bot
h fo
r go
ods a
nd la
bour
. How
ever
, lim
ited
abili
ty to
inve
st in
infr
astr
uctu
re is
an
incr
easi
ngly
diffi
cult
chal
leng
e fo
r mun
icip
aliti
es. A
ccom
mod
atin
g th
e C
alga
ry m
etro
polit
an a
rea’
s gr
owin
g po
pula
tion
is im
pera
tive,
bu
t con
tinui
ng to
bui
ld ro
ads t
o ac
com
mod
ate
the
expe
cted
rise
in
vehi
cles
traffi
c is
pro
hibi
tivel
y co
stly
fo
r all
mun
icip
aliti
es in
volv
ed—
The
C
ity o
f Cal
gary
’s tr
ansp
orta
tion
budg
et is
alr
eady
the
larg
est o
f any
of
its d
epar
tmen
ts a
t $56
5 m
illio
n.44
A
s the
Cal
gary
met
ropo
litan
ar
ea’s
popu
latio
n in
crea
ses,
so
will
con
gest
ion.
It is
impe
rativ
e to
in
vest
in a
regi
onal
tran
sit n
etw
ork
that
will
min
imiz
e in
vest
men
ts in
in
fras
truc
ture
, hel
p ta
ke v
ehic
les o
ff th
e ro
ad, s
low
the
dete
rior
atio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce c
osts
of t
rans
port
atio
n in
fras
truc
ture
, red
uce
cong
estio
n,
and
faci
litat
e tim
ely
tran
spor
tatio
n of
goo
ds th
roug
hout
the
regi
on.
C
alga
ry c
urre
ntly
lack
s a
coor
dina
ted
regi
onal
tran
sit n
etw
ork.
In
stea
d, a
num
ber o
f res
iden
ts
from
Coc
hran
e, O
koto
ks a
nd o
ther
su
rrou
ndin
g ar
eas e
ither
dri
ve to
w
ork
in th
e ci
ty o
r use
a c
ombi
natio
n of
dri
ving
and
pub
lic tr
ansi
t to
get
to th
eir j
obs.
As o
f 201
4, th
e on
ly
neig
hbou
ring
mun
icip
ality
that
has
se
t up
any
kind
of i
nter
-mun
icip
al
tran
sit h
as b
een
the
City
of A
irdr
ie,
whi
ch la
unch
ed it
s Int
erC
ity E
xpre
ss
(IC
E) se
rvic
e in
Oct
ober
201
0.45
A
irdr
ie IC
E is
an
exam
ple
of h
ow
succ
essf
ul a
stro
ng re
gion
al tr
ansi
t sy
stem
can
be,
with
the
curr
ent
serv
ice
aver
agin
g ap
prox
imat
ely
80,0
00 p
asse
nger
trip
s ann
ually
46
and
gene
ratin
g $2
,000
to $
3,00
0 a
mon
th in
pro
fit.47
The
Cal
gary
Re
gion
al P
artn
ersh
ip h
as d
one
earl
y st
age
wor
k w
ith th
e m
etro
polit
an
area
’s m
unic
ipal
ities
to g
et a
regi
onal
tr
ansi
t sys
tem
in p
lace
. The
fast
er th
e re
gion
can
impl
emen
t the
syst
em,
the
bett
er e
quip
ped
Cal
gary
and
th
e re
gion
will
be
to m
anag
e fu
ture
gr
owth
whi
le re
mai
ning
com
petit
ive.
50
Met
ric
Cos
ts o
f ser
vice
s
Impo
rtan
ce
Hel
ps id
entif
y th
e qu
ality
and
leve
l of
serv
ice
betw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es
and
regi
ons.
mea
sure
pot
entia
l im
prov
emen
ts
from
con
solid
atin
g se
rvic
es
Exa
mpl
es
Met
ric
Econ
omic
and
dem
ogra
phic
acc
ount
s
Impo
rtan
ce
econ
omy,
com
petit
iven
ess,
and
affor
dabi
lity.
enco
urag
e co
ntin
ued
com
petit
iven
ess
and
that
dev
elop
men
t is d
one
effici
ently
and
effe
ctiv
ely.
oppo
rtun
ities
.
Exa
mpl
es
an
d pe
rcen
tage
of e
cono
my
KEY
REG
ION
AL
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E IN
DIC
ATO
RS 51
Cal
gary
and
its r
egio
n ha
ve b
een
bles
sed
by g
ood
econ
omic
fort
une
in
the
last
dec
ade.
Whi
le th
is su
cces
s sh
ould
be
cele
brat
ed, C
alga
ry
also
nee
ds to
mak
e pr
ogre
ss in
its
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t effo
rts a
nd
wor
k be
tter
with
nei
ghbo
urin
g m
unic
ipal
ities
to e
nsur
e lo
ng-t
erm
su
cces
s. If
act
ion
is n
ot ta
ken
now
, th
ere
coul
d be
neg
ativ
e co
nseq
uenc
es
for t
he re
gion
’s co
mpe
titiv
enes
s, pr
oduc
tivity
, and
affo
rdab
ility
.
The
se is
sues
, alo
ng w
ith th
e ri
sing
cos
ts th
at a
ll m
unic
ipal
ities
fa
ce, a
re th
e be
st ju
stifi
catio
n fo
r in
crea
sed
regi
onal
coo
pera
tion.
O
nly
thro
ugh
regi
onal
par
tner
ship
ca
n C
alga
ry b
ecom
e a
grea
t city
su
ppor
ted
by a
stro
ng, c
ompe
titiv
e,
and
coor
dina
ted
regi
on.
Mai
ntai
n th
e ex
istin
g re
gion
al g
over
nanc
e st
ruct
ure.
Am
end
the
Cal
gary
Met
ropo
litan
Pla
n to
acc
ount
for v
aria
tions
bet
wee
n ur
ban
and
rura
l mun
icip
aliti
es.
Esta
blis
h a
com
mon
vis
ion
that
allo
ws m
unic
ipal
ities
to g
ain
broa
d su
ppor
t th
roug
h co
ordi
nate
d le
ader
ship
on
issu
es.
Iden
tify
mea
sure
able
and
att
aina
ble
goal
s and
out
com
es w
ithin
the
Cal
gary
M
etro
polit
an P
lan,
with
rela
ted
perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rs.
Iden
tify
and
colle
ct in
form
atio
n on
key
per
form
ance
indi
cato
rs th
roug
hout
the
regi
on to
ass
ess p
rogr
ess i
n ar
eas s
uch
as c
onge
stio
n, c
ost s
avin
gs, a
nd re
gion
al
econ
omic
pro
duct
ivity
.
Ensu
re a
reas
of c
omm
on se
rvic
e de
liver
y or
dev
elop
men
t are
pro
vide
d th
roug
h a
regi
onal
bod
y, w
hile
giv
ing
mun
icip
aliti
es th
e au
tono
my
to p
rovi
de o
ther
se
rvic
es m
ost e
ffici
ently
to th
eir p
opul
atio
n.
Impl
emen
t a re
gion
al tr
ansp
orta
tion
netw
ork
to e
nsur
e th
e lo
ng-t
erm
co
mpe
titiv
enes
s of t
he re
gion
.
REC
OM
MEN
DA
TIO
NS
UR
BA
N S
OC
IAL
ISSU
ES S
UC
H
as p
oor h
ealth
, low
edu
catio
nal
perf
orm
ance
, and
subs
tanc
e ab
use
cont
ribu
te to
pov
erty
in m
ajor
ci
ties t
hrou
ghou
t the
wor
ld. W
hen
pove
rty
is n
ot a
llevi
ated
, citi
es lo
se
out b
ecau
se th
e ta
lent
s and
stre
ngth
s of
som
e ci
tizen
s are
unr
ealiz
ed.
The
re a
re a
lso
tang
ible
fina
ncia
l and
op
port
unity
cos
ts th
at a
ffect
bot
h th
e bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
and
the
broa
der
econ
omy.
A re
cent
repo
rt e
stim
ated
th
e an
nual
cos
t of p
over
ty in
Alb
erta
to
be
betw
een
$7.1
and
$9.5
bill
ion.
1
In C
alga
ry, l
ow e
duca
tiona
l pe
rfor
man
ce a
lso
limits
eco
nom
ic
grow
th b
ecau
se it
resu
lts in
a
shor
tage
of s
kille
d la
bour
. For
ex
ampl
e, v
acan
cy ra
tes i
n th
e sk
illed
tr
ades
hav
e be
en in
crea
sing
sinc
e th
e re
cess
ion
of 2
008,
esp
ecia
lly in
A
lber
ta a
nd S
aska
tche
wan
. At t
he
sam
e tim
e, th
e av
erag
e ap
pren
tices
hip
com
plet
ion
rate
in C
anad
a be
twee
n 20
00 a
nd 2
011 w
as o
nly
50 p
erce
nt.2
By
add
ress
ing
thes
e so
cial
issu
es,
Cal
gary
can
max
imiz
e its
cur
rent
la
bour
pot
entia
l and
stre
ngth
en
path
way
s for
mor
e pe
ople
to e
nter
the
labo
ur m
arke
t. Fo
r ins
tanc
e, w
orki
ng
to e
radi
cate
hom
eles
snes
s cre
ates
an
envi
ronm
ent w
here
mor
e C
alga
rian
s ha
ve th
e sk
ills a
nd re
sour
ces t
o be
an
effe
ctiv
e pa
rt o
f the
labo
ur fo
rce.
C
reat
ing
soci
al in
fras
truc
ture
for
new
com
ers t
o C
anad
a th
at h
elps
them
su
cces
sful
ly in
tegr
ate
and
crea
ting
an
envi
ronm
ent w
here
wom
en a
re v
alue
d as
cor
pora
te le
ader
s and
em
ploy
ees
will
enc
oura
ge th
ese
grou
ps to
eng
age
mor
e dy
nam
ical
ly in
the
wor
kfor
ce.
GREA
T CIT
IES
HA
RN
ESS
THE
PO
WER
O
F H
UM
AN
CA
PIT
AL
4
Ulti
mat
ely,
grea
t citi
es e
xem
plify
a
com
mitm
ent t
o po
sitiv
e so
cial
ou
tcom
es in
two
way
s: ho
usin
g an
d po
vert
y re
duct
ion,
and
opp
ortu
nity
fo
r all.
52
Gre
at, s
ocia
lly c
onsc
ious
citi
es
addr
ess t
he n
eeds
of a
ll of
its
citiz
ens,
spec
ifica
lly b
y:
affor
dabl
e ho
usin
g op
tions
of
the
cycl
e of
pov
erty
DO
ING
NO
THIN
G H
AS A
CO
ST:
BEN
EFIT
S O
F IN
VES
TIN
G
IN S
OC
IAL
OU
TCO
MES
It c
osts
mor
e to
mai
ntai
n ho
mel
essn
ess t
han
to e
radi
cate
it.
in h
ealth
car
e co
sts,
$560
mill
ion
in
cost
s att
ribu
tabl
e to
cri
me,
and
$4
.8 to
$7.2
bill
ion
in o
ppor
tuni
ty
cost
s, am
ong
othe
r cos
ts. A
ltoge
ther
, th
is is
bet
wee
n $7
.1 an
d $9
.5 b
illio
n of
an
nual
cos
ts.3 A
dditi
onal
ly, t
here
are
m
any
non-
finan
cial
cos
ts a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith p
over
ty, s
uch
as m
enta
l and
ph
ysic
al h
ealth
issu
es. A
Uni
vers
ity o
f C
alifo
rnia
stud
y fo
llow
ed
15 c
hron
ical
ly h
omel
ess i
ndiv
idua
ls
for 1
8 m
onth
s. T
he st
udy
reve
aled
th
at e
ach
pers
on c
onsu
med
$20
0,00
0 in
pub
lic se
rvic
es, a
n am
ount
gre
ater
th
an th
e co
st o
f pro
vidi
ng th
em
with
affo
rdab
le h
ousi
ng a
nd su
ppor
t se
rvic
es to
sust
ain
it.4
Som
e gr
oups
are
mor
e su
scep
tible
to
pov
erty
, dis
crim
inat
ion,
and
vu
lner
abili
ty th
an o
ther
s. Fo
r exa
mpl
e,
Abo
rigi
nals
hav
e ex
peri
ence
d a
long
hi
stor
y of
inte
rgen
erat
iona
l pov
erty
as
a re
sult
of sy
stem
atic
opp
ress
ion,
ra
cism
, dis
plac
emen
t, an
d po
litic
al
ineffi
cacy
, whi
ch h
ave
all t
aken
a to
ll on
thei
r abi
lity
to a
cces
s em
ploy
men
t, he
alth
, edu
catio
n, a
nd sk
ills t
rain
ing.
N
ew C
anad
ians
face
raci
al a
nd e
thni
c di
scri
min
atio
n an
d of
ten
lack
the
soci
al n
etw
orks
that
lead
to
empl
oym
ent.
Whi
le m
any
of th
em
are
high
ly e
duca
ted,
they
face
em
ploy
men
t bar
rier
s bec
ause
of
diffi
culty
with
cred
entia
l tra
nsfe
rabi
lity
and
lang
uage
pro
ficie
ncy.
Wom
en,
too,
are
mor
e pr
one
to p
over
ty th
an
men
. The
y of
ten
wor
k in
pos
ition
s th
at p
ay le
ss, h
ave
few
er b
enefi
ts,
and
offer
litt
le se
curi
ty. F
inal
ly, m
any
peop
le w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s str
uggl
e w
ith
pove
rty
beca
use
of th
e hi
gh c
osts
of
not a
lway
s cov
ered
by
publ
ic
prog
ram
s.
Fort
unat
ely,
mos
t bus
ines
s lea
ders
re
cogn
ize
that
div
ersi
ty b
enefi
ts th
eir
busi
ness
es. T
eam
s of m
ixed
gen
der,
ethn
icity
, age
, phy
sica
l abi
lity,
and
sexu
al o
rien
tatio
n be
tter r
epre
sent
cl
ient
s and
bri
ng n
ew p
ersp
ectiv
es to
th
e ta
ble.
Som
e of
thes
e be
nefit
s can
be
pote
ntia
l of g
roup
s tha
t tra
ditio
nally
ha
ve h
ad le
ss a
cces
s to
empl
oym
ent
of th
eir l
ife a
nd a
ddre
sses
skill
s and
la
bour
shor
tage
s in
man
y fie
lds.
THE
KEY
S T
O B
ECO
MIN
G
SO
CIA
LLY
CO
NSC
IOU
S
The
mar
k of
a g
reat
city
is a
city
that
su
ppor
ts a
ll of
its c
itize
ns, a
nd th
at
prov
ides
opp
ortu
nity
for a
ll. In
this
re
port
, the
Cha
mbe
r ide
ntifi
es th
ree
key
indi
cato
rs th
at m
easu
re th
e so
cial
co
nsci
ousn
ess o
f a c
ity:
la
bour
poo
ls
Inve
stin
g in
pove
rty
and
supp
ort t
he m
ost v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
in th
e co
mm
unity
. Giv
en th
e su
bsta
ntia
l num
bers
of C
alga
rian
s aff
ecte
d by
pov
erty
and
the
broa
der
impa
cts t
his h
as o
n th
e he
alth
of o
ur
econ
omy
and
com
mun
ities
, Cal
gary
ne
eds t
o m
ake
seri
ous c
omm
itmen
ts
to a
ddre
ssin
g po
vert
y an
d th
e so
cial
pr
oble
ms a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith it
.
Alb
erta
is th
e w
ealth
iest
pro
vinc
e in
Can
ada.
We
have
led
the
coun
try
in e
cono
mic
gro
wth
for 2
5 ye
ars,
and
we
have
the
high
est a
vera
ge in
com
e an
d lo
wes
t une
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
in
Can
ada.
5 How
ever
, not
eve
ryon
e in
C
alga
ry b
enefi
ts fr
om th
is p
rosp
erity
. W
e al
so h
ave
the
high
est l
evel
of
in p
over
ty in
Alb
erta
is fu
rthe
r beh
ind
than
any
whe
re e
lse
in th
e co
untr
y. In
20
10, t
here
wer
e 11
4,00
0 C
alga
rian
s liv
ing
belo
w th
e po
vert
y lin
e,6 a
nd
58,0
00 C
alga
ry h
ouse
hold
s wer
e
cris
is, a
way
from
hom
eles
snes
s.7 Man
y C
alga
rian
s who
man
age
to st
ay a
bove
th
e po
vert
y lin
e do
so a
t the
exp
ense
of
thei
r hea
lth, f
amily
, and
com
mun
ity.
Al
bert
a ha
s bee
n tr
ying
to re
duce
po
vert
y th
roug
h va
riou
s effo
rts f
or
deca
des,
and
ther
e ha
ve b
een
man
y su
cces
ses.
How
ever
, the
pov
erty
ra
te in
the
prov
ince
has
not
chan
ged
sign
ifica
ntly
ove
r the
last
five
yea
rs, a
nd
we
need
to re
-eva
luat
e ou
r pro
cess
es
and
impl
emen
t bes
t pra
ctic
es.8
Mun
icip
aliti
es a
re ca
pabl
e of
pla
ying
a
key
role
in in
vest
ing
in in
itiat
ives
to
tack
le th
e ro
ots o
f pov
erty
.
Cal
gary
, for
its p
art,
has a
lso
53
PO
SIT
IVE
RES
ULT
S T
O B
E G
AIN
ED
FRO
M S
OLV
ING
HO
MEL
ESSN
ESS
MA
INTA
ININ
G T
HE
STA
TUS Q
UO
OF
HO
MEL
ESSN
ESS
FOR
MA
RG
INA
LIZ
ED G
RO
UP
S
SH
OR
TAG
E B
Y E
NA
BLI
NG
IMP
OV
ERIS
HED
OR
HO
MEL
ESS
CA
LGA
RIA
NS T
O F
ULL
Y E
NG
AG
E
IN T
HE
WO
RK
FOR
CE
SU
PP
OR
TIV
E H
OU
SIN
G:
UTA
H’S
HO
USIN
G W
OR
KS
In 2
005,
Uta
h be
gan
hand
ing
out h
ousi
ng u
nits
to it
s hom
eles
s po
pula
tion
thro
ugh
its H
ousi
ng F
irst
/H
ousi
ng W
orks
pro
gram
. Dur
ing
the
pilo
t pro
gram
, Uta
h ho
used
17 c
itize
ns
who
had
spen
t an
aver
age
of 2
5 ye
ars
with
out a
hom
e an
d ho
used
them
in
Sal
t Lak
e C
ity a
part
men
ts. N
ine
year
s lat
er, l
ong-
term
hom
eles
snes
s ha
s bee
n re
duce
d by
74 p
erce
nt,
and
Uta
h is
on
trac
k to
com
plet
ely
erad
icat
e ho
mel
essn
ess b
y 20
15.11
In
the
Uta
h m
odel
, hom
eles
s citi
zens
are
give
n ac
cess
to th
eir o
wn
subs
idiz
ed
apar
tmen
ts, w
hile
the
stat
e pr
ovid
es
job
trai
ning
and
soci
al se
rvic
es to
he
lp th
e re
side
nts r
eint
egra
te in
to
soci
ety.
The
hou
sing
is n
ot e
ntir
ely
free
—re
side
nts u
se 3
0 pe
rcen
t of
thei
r sta
te-f
acili
tate
d in
com
e fo
r re
nt—
but t
he u
nits
are
affo
rdab
le
and
perm
anen
t.12 T
his m
odel
diff
ers
from
oth
er si
mila
r pro
gram
s bec
ause
th
e un
its a
re n
ot te
mpo
rary
or
avai
labl
e fo
r a fi
xed
peri
od o
f tim
e,
thus
offe
ring
long
-ter
m re
side
nce
and
stab
ility
. Nor
is it
con
tinge
nt o
n co
mpl
etin
g re
habi
litat
ion
prog
ram
s
54
or c
ouns
ellin
g. W
hile
cas
ewor
kers
are
av
aila
ble
to h
elp
the
resi
dent
s bec
ome
self-
suffi
cien
t, re
side
nts r
etai
n th
e ho
usin
g re
gard
less
of w
heth
er th
ey
fail
or su
ccee
d w
ith th
e re
sour
ces
offer
ed. U
tah’
s mod
el h
as b
een
tran
spla
nted
to o
ther
met
ropo
litan
ar
eas i
n th
e re
gion
. Uta
h fo
und
that
th
e av
erag
e an
nual
cos
t for
em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
and
inca
rcer
atio
n fo
r a
chro
nica
lly h
omel
ess i
ndiv
idua
l was
$1
6,67
0, w
hile
the
cost
to h
ouse
them
an
d pr
ovid
e ca
sew
ork
serv
ices
was
on
ly $
11,0
00 p
er p
erso
n.13
UT
AH
done
a n
otab
le jo
b of
man
agin
g ho
mel
essn
ess a
nd p
over
ty, b
ut n
ow
it ne
eds t
o in
vest
its r
esou
rces
to
end
hom
eles
snes
s. In
May
201
3,
Cal
gary
’s C
ity C
ounc
il un
anim
ousl
y
Redu
ctio
n In
itiat
ive
that
seek
s to
cut
pove
rty
by 5
0 pe
rcen
t ove
r the
nex
t 10
yea
rs. A
n im
plem
enta
tion
stra
tegy
is
bei
ng d
evel
oped
to su
ppor
t the
pl
an’s
actio
n pr
iori
ties.
Con
side
red
a m
ajor
mile
ston
e in
Cal
gary
’s so
cial
po
licy
deve
lopm
ent,
the
Cal
gary
initi
ativ
e of
the
City
of C
alga
ry a
nd
the
Uni
ted
Way
, aim
s to
erad
icat
e sy
stem
ic p
over
ty in
stea
d of
alle
viat
ing
its e
ffect
s. It
s goa
l is t
o en
sure
that
al
l Cal
gari
ans h
ave
acce
ss to
the
nece
ssar
y re
sour
ces n
eede
d to
thri
ve
and
acce
ss to
a st
rong
, sup
port
ive,
sa
fe, a
nd in
clus
ive
neig
hbou
rhoo
d an
d th
at th
ere
is a
syst
emat
ic c
hang
e to
pub
lic a
nd p
riva
te p
olic
ies t
o re
flect
citi
zen
part
icip
atio
n an
d em
pow
erm
ent t
o a
grea
ter e
xten
t.9
The
Cal
gary
Hom
eles
s Fou
ndat
ion
2008
. Cal
gary
was
the
first
city
in
Can
ada
to im
plem
ent s
uch
a pl
an a
nd
has b
een
a le
ader
in im
plem
entin
g be
st p
ract
ices
.10 S
o fa
r, th
e pl
an h
as
been
succ
essf
ul in
app
lyin
g “H
ousi
ng
prov
ides
hou
sing
to th
e ho
mel
ess a
s a
way
to w
ork
thro
ugh
othe
r cha
lleng
es
such
as a
ddic
tion
or u
nem
ploy
men
t in
stea
d of
the
trad
ition
al a
ppro
ach
of d
ealin
g w
ith th
ese
issu
es b
efor
e se
curi
ng h
ousi
ng. T
he p
rogr
am h
as
been
succ
essf
ul in
ass
istin
g yo
uth
and
thos
e ex
peri
enci
ng d
omes
tic v
iole
nce,
de
velo
ping
a to
ol th
at c
an p
redi
ct
mor
talit
y ri
sk a
nd p
rior
itize
Cal
gary
’s m
ost v
ulne
rabl
e ci
tizen
s, en
gagi
ng th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
thro
ugh
spon
sors
hip
oppo
rtun
ities
, and
impl
emen
ting
case
man
agem
ent s
tand
ards
and
ac
cred
itatio
n fo
r age
ncie
s wor
king
w
ith C
alga
rian
s liv
ing
in p
over
ty.
The
pla
n se
rves
as a
nat
iona
l ex
ampl
e, w
ith 11
oth
er C
anad
ian
citie
s fol
low
ing
suit
and
laun
chin
g m
unic
ipal
pla
ns to
era
dica
te
hom
eles
snes
s.
The
City
of C
alga
ry a
lso
owns
the
Cal
gary
Hou
sing
Com
pany
(CH
C)
whi
ch m
anag
es a
nd p
rovi
des 1
0, 0
00
subs
idiz
ed h
ousi
ng u
nits
to lo
w-
inco
me
Cal
gary
fam
ilies
.
Hal
f of t
he h
omel
ess i
n C
alga
ry a
re
empl
oyed
but
can
not a
fford
to h
ouse
th
emse
lves
.
pove
rty
redu
ctio
n in
Cal
gary
is
the
fact
that
, unl
ike
man
y ot
her
juri
sdic
tions
, whe
n C
alga
ry’s
econ
omy
stre
ngth
ens,
hom
eles
snes
s in
crea
ses.
Cal
gary
is th
e ep
icen
tre
of
hom
eles
snes
s in
Alb
erta
bec
ause
of i
ts
stro
ng la
bour
mar
ket,
high
mig
ratio
n,
and
limite
d aff
orda
ble
hous
ing.
D
urin
g pe
riod
s of e
cono
mic
gro
wth
, C
alga
ry a
ttra
cts l
arge
num
bers
of
mig
rant
wor
kers
, inc
reas
ing
the
alre
ady
high
dem
and
for a
fford
able
ho
usin
g, le
avin
g m
any
with
no
optio
n bu
t a h
omel
ess s
helte
r or t
he st
reet
.
1,200
citi
zens
hav
e be
en h
omel
ess f
or
mor
e th
an a
yea
r, an
d 40
0 ha
ve b
een
hom
eles
s for
mor
e th
an fi
ve y
ears
. T
he p
rovi
sion
of s
uppo
rtiv
e ho
usin
g re
duce
s hos
pita
l car
e, p
sych
iatr
ic
care
, and
pri
son
inta
ke; p
eopl
e in
su
ppor
tive
hous
ing
spen
d tw
o-th
irds
less
tim
e th
an th
e ho
mel
ess
popu
latio
n in
thes
e fa
cilit
ies.14
The
ac
cept
ed p
ract
ice,
how
ever
, has
be
en to
pro
vide
shor
t-te
rm h
ousi
ng
solu
tions
, suc
h as
shel
ters
, as o
ppos
ed
to st
able
, lon
g-te
rm h
ousi
ng o
ptio
ns.
C
alga
rian
s liv
e in
one
of C
anad
a’s
mos
t exp
ensi
ve h
ousi
ng m
arke
ts.
An
estim
ated
5,3
00 h
ouse
hold
s
are
wai
ting
for s
ocia
l hou
sing
in
15 A
lber
ta
has C
anad
a’s l
arge
st p
er c
apita
po
pula
tion
of e
mpl
oyed
hom
eles
s: ha
lf of
the
hom
eles
s in
Cal
gary
are
em
ploy
ed b
ut c
anno
t affo
rd to
hou
se
them
selv
es.16
Thi
s sta
tistic
spea
ks
volu
mes
. The
gre
ates
t bar
rier
to
elim
inat
ing
hom
eles
snes
s in
Cal
gary
is
the
hous
ing
cris
is a
nd la
ck o
f acc
ess
to a
fford
able
hou
sing
. Th
e ca
se f
or
aff
ord
able
housi
ng
Citi
es th
at la
ck a
fford
able
hou
sing
find
it
diffi
cult
to a
ttrac
t and
reta
in la
bour
in
cer
tain
fiel
ds su
ch a
s edu
catio
n an
d la
w e
nfor
cem
ent.
Affo
rdab
le
hous
ing
boos
ts e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t by
pro
vidi
ng th
e la
bour
forc
e w
ith
relia
ble
hom
es a
nd in
crea
sing
pe
ople
’s di
spos
able
inco
me,
mea
ning
ho
useh
olds
spen
d le
ss o
f the
ir m
onth
ly
inco
me
on h
ousi
ng c
osts
and
mor
e on
goo
ds a
nd se
rvic
es th
at su
ppor
t th
e lo
cal e
cono
my.
If C
alga
ry c
anno
t pr
ovid
e su
ffici
ent a
fford
able
hou
sing
, it
will
not
be
able
to d
eal w
ith it
s lab
our
shor
tage
.
In th
e 19
50s,
Can
ada
bega
n to
ex
plor
e so
cial
hou
sing
pro
gram
s at
the
fede
ral,
prov
inci
al, a
nd m
unic
ipal
fund
ed, w
hich
hel
ped
rem
edy
defic
ienc
ies i
n ow
ners
hip
and
prev
ent
hom
eles
snes
s.17 A
shift
occ
urre
d in
the
1990
s whe
n th
e fe
dera
l and
pr
ovin
cial
gov
ernm
ents
beg
an to
dra
w
away
from
dev
elop
ing
new
pro
gram
s an
d al
so e
ndin
g so
me
prog
ram
s. Si
nce
then
, whi
le th
ere
are
still
som
e so
cial
hou
sing
pro
gram
s int
act,
they
ar
e m
inor
and
usu
ally
in th
e fo
rm o
f in
divi
dual
gra
nts r
athe
r tha
n m
ulti-
year
com
mitm
ents
.
The
futu
re o
f affo
rdab
le h
ousi
ng
infr
astr
uctu
re, i
nclu
ding
indi
vidu
al
hom
es an
d ap
artm
ents
and
soci
al
55
hous
ing
units
, is d
ecay
ing
and
is co
stly
to
mai
ntai
n, le
t alo
ne u
pgra
de. I
f Ca
lgar
y do
es n
ot fi
nd b
ette
r way
s to
hous
e its
citiz
ens,
an in
crea
sing
num
ber
hous
ing
or in
no
hous
e at
all.
Affo
rdab
le h
ousi
ng sa
ves m
oney
Affo
rdab
le h
ousi
ng d
eliv
ers a
retu
rn
on in
vest
men
t. T
he C
alga
ry H
omel
ess
Foun
datio
n co
nduc
ted
a st
udy
on
the
cost
savi
ngs o
f im
plem
entin
g its
foun
datio
n di
scov
ered
that
alth
ough
th
e co
st o
f pro
vidi
ng h
ousi
ng a
nd
supp
ort o
utw
eigh
s the
cos
t of
emer
genc
y sh
elte
rs, t
he p
ayoff
is
grea
t. T
he b
urde
n on
soci
al se
rvic
es
is d
ram
atic
ally
redu
ced
by a
lmos
t 95
perc
ent o
nce
a pe
rson
has
secu
red
a st
able
livi
ng c
ondi
tion.
18
Si
mila
rly,
New
Yor
k es
timat
es th
at
95 p
erce
nt o
f its
hom
eles
s pop
ulat
ion
uses
pub
lic h
ealth
serv
ices
, 76
perc
ent
uses
out
patie
nt o
r inp
atie
nt se
rvic
es
at th
e lo
cal h
ospi
tal,
47 p
erce
nt u
ses
subs
tanc
e tr
eatm
ent s
ervi
ces,
65
perc
ent u
ses m
enta
l hea
lth se
rvic
es
outs
ide
the
hosp
ital s
yste
m, a
nd 4
0 pe
rcen
t rec
eive
s hea
lthca
re w
hile
in
carc
erat
ed.19
that
indi
vidu
als p
lace
d in
affo
rdab
le
hous
ing
expe
rien
ced
a re
duct
ion
in
serv
ice
use
of $
16,2
82 a
yea
r, w
hich
am
ount
s to
a 72
per
cent
redu
ctio
n in
pu
blic
hea
lth se
rvic
es, a
23
perc
ent
decl
ine
in sh
elte
r use
, and
a 5
per
cent
re
duct
ion
in in
carc
erat
ion.
20 A
se
para
te st
udy
cond
ucte
d on
the
cost
s of
hom
eles
snes
s in
Briti
sh C
olum
bia
had
sim
ilar fi
ndin
gs. I
t con
clud
ed th
at
soci
ety
coul
d sa
ve b
etw
een
$8,0
00 a
nd
$12,
000
dolla
rs p
er y
ear p
er p
erso
n.21
on o
ur h
ealth
car
e sy
stem
, our
cou
rts,
and
our m
unic
ipal
wal
let.
Incl
usio
nary
zon
ing
Incl
usio
nary
zon
ing
is a
soci
al
hous
ing
polic
y th
at a
lloca
tes a
cer
tain
nu
mbe
r or p
erce
ntag
e of
hou
sing
un
its in
a n
ew d
evel
opm
ent f
or
low
- to
mod
erat
e-in
com
e ea
rner
s. In
clus
iona
ry z
onin
g ca
n be
man
dato
ry
or v
olun
tary
: man
dato
ry p
rogr
ams
affor
dabl
e ho
usin
g un
its in
ord
er to
ha
ve th
e de
velo
pmen
t app
rove
d, w
hile
vo
lunt
ary
prog
ram
s pro
vide
ince
ntiv
es,
incr
ease
d flo
or a
rea
ratio
s, in
exc
hang
e fo
r affo
rdab
le u
nits
.22
In
man
y ca
ses i
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
an
d in
Can
ada,
incl
usio
nary
zon
ing
has p
rove
n to
be
effec
tive.
In th
e 19
90s,
Bost
on fa
ced
a si
tuat
ion
sim
ilar
to C
alga
ry. T
he c
ity o
f ove
r hal
f a
mill
ion
expe
rien
ced
an e
cono
mic
bo
om; h
owev
er, i
ncom
es fa
iled
to k
eep
pace
with
hou
sing
cos
ts.23
In re
spon
se
to th
e ho
usin
g cr
isis
, May
or T
hom
as
Men
ino
intr
oduc
ed a
n in
clus
iona
ry
hous
ing
polic
y in
200
0. T
he p
olic
y
set a
side
10 p
erce
nt o
f new
uni
ts a
s aff
orda
ble.
Dev
elop
ers a
lso
had
the
optio
n of
pro
vidi
ng th
e aff
orda
ble
units
off-
site
; how
ever
, thi
s opt
ion
clas
sifie
d as
affo
rdab
le. T
he u
nits
had
to
als
o re
mai
n aff
orda
ble
for a
t lea
st 3
0 ye
ars.
In th
e ye
ar o
f im
plem
enta
tion,
ei
ght n
ew, p
redo
min
antly
luxu
ry,
deve
lopm
ents
wer
e su
bjec
t to
the
200
affor
dabl
e ho
usin
g un
its w
ere
CO
ST O
FPU
BLI
C S
ERV
ICES
USE
D
EMER
GEN
CY
SH
ELTE
R C
OST
HO
USI
NG
WIT
H S
UPPO
RT
CO
ST
BEF
ORE
AFT
ER
$4
5,7
43
$9
,66
0
$2
,98
8
$1
8,2
83
HO
USIN
G F
IRST
CO
ST
SA
VIN
GS
56
Sour
ce: C
alga
ry H
omel
ess F
ound
atio
n
cons
truc
ted
as a
resu
lt. N
ew h
ousi
ng
deve
lopm
ent c
ontin
ues t
o bo
om in
Bo
ston
, and
new
dev
elop
men
t rem
ains
lu
crat
ive,
des
pite
the
affor
dabl
e
Th
e be
nefit
s inc
lude
add
ition
al
subs
idiz
ed u
nits
in th
e ho
usin
g po
ol, a
s wel
l as t
he c
reat
ion
of
bette
r int
egra
ted,
mix
ed in
com
e co
mm
uniti
es. M
ore
citiz
ens a
re in
ho
usin
g th
at th
ey c
an a
fford
, and
the
effec
ts o
f gen
trifi
catio
n ar
e m
itiga
ted.
24
Seco
ndar
y su
ites
Cal
gary
is n
ot k
eepi
ng p
ace
with
pr
ogre
ssiv
e re
form
s tha
t are
oc
curr
ing
acro
ss th
e co
untr
y an
d tu
rned
dow
n th
e de
cisi
on to
al
low
for s
econ
dary
suite
s whe
n it
cam
e be
fore
City
Cou
ncil
in 2
011.
Seco
ndar
y su
ites p
rese
nt a
gre
at
oppo
rtun
ity fo
r Cal
gary
to re
spon
d to
hig
h ho
usin
g co
sts a
nd c
erta
in
elem
ents
of i
ts h
ousi
ng c
risi
s whi
le
also
mak
ing
hom
e ow
ners
hip
a m
ore
affor
dabl
e op
tion
for m
any
Cal
gari
ans.
Seco
ndar
y su
ites a
re e
ffect
ive
in
attr
actin
g la
bour
, pro
vidi
ng c
entr
al
affor
dabl
e ho
usin
g, p
laci
ng d
ownw
ard
pres
sure
on
wag
e in
flatio
n, a
nd
incr
easi
ng th
e nu
mbe
r of h
ousi
ng
units
in th
e ci
ty.
W
hile
ther
e ar
e m
any
com
pelli
ng
reas
ons f
or le
galiz
ing
seco
ndar
y su
ites,
Cal
gary
’s bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
al
so su
ffers
if n
ew a
fford
able
hou
sing
st
rate
gies
are
not
impl
emen
ted:
cann
ot a
ttra
ct th
e sk
illed
labo
ur it
ne
eds.
Youn
g pr
ofes
sion
als w
ith
tale
nt a
nd p
oten
tial a
re fo
rced
to
look
to o
ther
citi
es fo
r car
eer
oppo
rtun
ities
bec
ause
of h
igh
hous
ing
cost
s. A
s a re
sult,
Cal
gary
’s vi
bran
t bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
beg
ins t
o lo
se it
s co
mpe
titiv
e ed
ge, a
nd n
ew b
usin
esse
s
stag
natio
n is
the
resu
lt.
Rea
lizin
g o
ur
full
labour
pote
ntial
Like
man
y ot
her d
evel
oped
nat
ions
, C
anad
a is
nav
igat
ing
the
chal
leng
es o
f a
decl
inin
g w
orki
ng-a
ge p
opul
atio
n.
Whi
le C
anad
ian
empl
oyer
s vie
w
the
labo
ur sh
orta
ge a
s the
ir to
p co
ncer
n, so
me
econ
omis
ts re
fute
this
pe
rcep
tion.
The
y ar
gue
that
Can
ada
is e
xper
ienc
ing
only
the
natu
ral
fluct
uatio
ns o
f a m
arke
t eco
nom
y an
d a
true
labo
ur sh
orta
ge w
ould
re
sult
in in
crea
sed
job
vaca
ncie
s an
d w
ages
. Acc
ordi
ng to
a re
sear
ch
repo
rt p
rodu
ced
by S
usan
McD
anie
l, th
e C
anad
a Re
sear
ch C
hair
in G
loba
l
empl
oyer
s may
be
expe
rien
cing
hir
ing
diffi
culti
es a
nd th
ere
may
be
skill
s sh
orta
ges i
n so
me
indu
stri
es a
nd
in so
me
part
s of t
he c
ount
ry, t
here
is
no
evid
ence
of a
nat
iona
l lab
our
shor
tage
.25
T
he p
robl
em w
ith th
is v
iew
is th
at
it fa
ils to
acc
urat
ely
inte
rpre
t the
dat
a
show
s tha
t the
cur
rent
labo
ur sh
orta
ge
is n
ot a
s sev
ere
as it
was
in 2
008.
The
sh
orta
ge a
ppea
rs to
be
less
of a
n is
sue
in 2
014,
how
ever
, bec
ause
Can
adia
n bu
sine
sses
hav
e be
en e
mpl
oyin
g se
vera
l str
ateg
ies t
o te
mpo
rari
ly
prov
ide
addi
tiona
l sou
rces
of l
abou
r, a
lear
ned
tact
ic fr
om th
eir p
re-r
eces
sion
ex
peri
ence
s. T
hese
tact
ics i
nclu
de
enco
urag
ing
empl
oyee
s to
rem
ain
in
the
labo
ur m
arke
t lon
ger,
exte
ndin
g w
ork
hour
s, an
d us
ing
prog
ram
s suc
h as
the
Tem
pora
ry F
orei
gn W
orke
rs
prog
ram
.26 W
hile
thes
e ap
proa
ches
te
mpo
rari
ly c
urb
a la
bour
shor
tage
, th
ey a
re n
ot su
stai
nabl
e be
caus
e w
orke
rs c
anno
t be
expe
cted
to
wor
k ov
ertim
e an
d de
lay
retir
emen
t in
defin
itely
.
Furt
herm
ore,
stag
nant
wag
es d
o no
t mea
n th
ere
is n
o la
bour
shor
tage
: em
ploy
ers c
anno
t sig
nific
antly
boo
st
wag
es to
att
ract
new
wor
kers
bec
ause
it al
so o
blig
es th
em to
incr
ease
wag
es
for t
heir
cur
rent
wor
kers
. Thi
s is
part
icul
arly
true
for C
alga
ry. T
he
dom
inan
ce o
f the
oil
and
gas i
ndus
try
in C
alga
ry a
lrea
dy m
eans
that
oth
er
indu
stry
em
ploy
ers m
ust i
ncre
ase
wag
es to
rem
ain
com
petit
ive
with
th
at se
ctor
. Whi
le e
mpl
oyer
s are
us
ing
non-
mon
etar
y in
cent
ives
such
as
hel
ping
to c
over
mov
ing
expe
nses
an
d si
gnin
g bo
nuse
s, th
ese
are
not
mea
sure
d in
the
data
that
eco
nom
ists
ar
e us
ing
to re
fute
the
exis
tenc
e of
a
labo
ur sh
orta
ge in
Wes
tern
Can
ada.
27
Im
prov
ing
acce
ss to
our
unt
appe
d la
bour
poo
ls, s
uch
as C
alga
ry’s
hom
eles
s and
Abo
rigi
nal p
opul
atio
ns,
will
be
cruc
ial t
o re
solv
ing
our l
abou
r sh
orta
ge. I
n fa
ct, u
sing
our
unt
appe
d la
bour
poo
ls is
the
one
of th
e lo
ng-
term
solu
tions
to W
este
rn C
anad
a’s
labo
ur sh
orta
ge.
Embra
cing o
ur
unta
pped
labour
pools
:
Calg
ary
’s A
bori
gin
al p
opula
tion
Cal
gary
’s A
bori
gina
l pop
ulat
ion
is it
s la
rges
t unt
appe
d la
bour
sour
ce a
nd
the
city
’s ar
ea o
f gre
ates
t pot
entia
l fo
r rep
leni
shin
g th
e la
bour
supp
ly.
in C
anad
a tu
rn 15
, whi
ch is
the
lega
l age
for e
nter
ing
the
labo
ur
mar
ket.28
In sp
ite o
f the
dem
ogra
phic
ad
vant
age,
how
ever
, the
off-
rese
rve
unem
ploy
men
t rat
e in
201
2 w
as 2
.5
times
gre
ater
than
the
prov
inci
al
aver
age.
29
W
hile
Can
ada’
s pop
ulat
ion
of
citiz
ens a
ctiv
e in
the
labo
ur fo
rce
cont
inue
s to
decl
ine,
ther
e is
a la
rge
and
grow
ing
popu
latio
n of
you
ng
Abo
rigi
nal p
eopl
e w
ho c
ould
be
inva
luab
le in
satis
fyin
g C
anad
a’s
labo
ur m
arke
t nee
ds. Y
et, t
heir
en
gage
men
t in
the
wor
kfor
ce
is h
inde
red
by e
duca
tion
and
empl
oym
ent i
ssue
s. In
Cal
gary
alo
ne
57
ther
e ar
e 15
org
aniz
atio
ns th
at p
rovi
de
job
sear
ch se
rvic
es fo
r our
Abo
rigi
nal
popu
latio
n, h
alf o
f whi
ch a
re p
rovi
ded
by A
bori
gina
l org
aniz
atio
ns. M
any
of
thes
e pr
ogra
ms a
re g
eare
d to
war
ds
yout
h. T
here
are
six
prog
ram
s tha
t off
er e
duca
tiona
l upg
rade
s and
thre
e th
at su
ppor
t tra
de a
nd o
ccup
atio
nal
trai
ning
, inc
ludi
ng a
31-
wee
k pr
ogra
m
on p
etro
leum
land
adm
inis
trat
ion
offer
ed in
par
tner
ship
with
SA
IT.30
Hir
ing
and
reta
inin
g Ab
orig
inal
em
ploy
ees:
Whe
re is
the d
isco
nnec
t?
If C
alga
ry is
faci
ng a
labo
ur sh
orta
ge
and
the
Abo
rigi
nal p
opul
atio
n is
C
alga
ry’s
larg
est u
ntap
ped
labo
ur
sour
ce w
ith m
any
prog
ram
s to
aid
educ
atio
nal a
nd v
ocat
iona
l tr
aini
ng, w
hy is
the
recr
uitm
ent a
nd
rete
ntio
n of
Abo
rigi
nal e
mpl
oyee
s so
diffi
cult?
Som
etim
es th
e di
scon
nect
do n
ot k
now
Abo
rigi
nal p
eopl
e,
and
Abo
rigi
nal p
eopl
e do
not
kn
ow e
mpl
oyer
s. W
hen
peop
le a
re
unfa
mili
ar w
ith e
ach
othe
r, it
is e
asy
to st
ereo
type
eac
h ot
her.31
W
hile
man
y re
sour
ces e
xist
that
ar
e de
dica
ted
to h
elpi
ng A
bori
gina
ls
seek
and
pre
pare
for e
mpl
oym
ent,
ther
e is
litt
le o
n-th
e-jo
b su
ppor
t th
at w
ould
ass
ist i
n th
e re
tent
ion
of
of th
e ty
pica
l cha
lleng
es th
at n
ew
empl
oyee
s fac
e, A
bori
gina
l em
ploy
ees
also
face
pre
judi
ce a
nd c
ultu
ral
mis
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
To
impr
ove
rete
ntio
n, e
mpl
oyer
s sh
ould
be
clea
r in
thei
r exp
ecta
tions
, as
wel
l as e
nsur
ing
the
new
hir
e ha
s a
solid
foun
datio
n an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e or
gani
zatio
n. A
dditi
onal
ly,
empl
oyer
s can
mat
ch A
bori
gina
l em
ploy
ees w
ith c
o-w
orke
rs to
hel
p re
duce
soci
al p
ress
ure
and
conc
erns
of
pre
judi
ce, o
r the
y co
uld
mat
ch
them
with
an
Abo
rigi
nal e
mpl
oyee
who
has
bee
n su
cces
sful
with
in th
e co
mpa
ny a
nd c
ould
serv
e as
a m
ento
r.
The
pow
er o
f ed
uca
tion
Ulti
mat
ely,
educ
atio
n is
the
grea
test
to
ol fo
r im
prov
ing
the
futu
re o
f C
anad
a’s A
bori
gina
l peo
ples
. H
ighe
r lev
els o
f edu
catio
n co
rrel
ate
to a
n im
prov
ed so
cioe
cono
mic
po
sitio
n, in
clud
ing
impr
oved
hea
lth,
life.
Whe
n an
indi
vidu
al is
hea
lthy
and
prod
uctiv
e, w
e al
l ben
efit.
Th
e C
entr
e fo
r the
Stu
dy o
f Liv
ing
Stan
dard
s rep
orte
d th
at cl
osin
g th
e ed
ucat
ion
gap
betw
een
Abor
igin
als
and
the
rest
of C
anad
a by
202
6 w
ould
sa
ve $
115
billi
on o
ver 1
5 ye
ars a
nd th
at
$401
bill
ion
coul
d be
add
ed to
Can
ada’s
part
icip
atio
n w
ere
to m
atch
that
of t
he
non-
Abor
igin
al p
opul
atio
n.32
Im
prov
ing
the
educ
atio
n an
d em
ploy
men
t out
com
es o
f Can
ada’
s A
bori
gina
l pop
ulat
ion
is c
ritic
al. N
ot
only
is th
ere
a m
oral
impe
rativ
e to
life
for a
ll C
anad
ians
, the
re is
als
o an
ec
onom
ic im
pera
tive
in c
ost s
avin
gs
and
addr
essi
ng th
e la
bour
shor
tage
.
Div
ersi
ty a
s a co
mpe
titiv
e adv
anta
ge:
the i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f new
Can
adia
ns
to o
ur ec
onom
yA
s our
wor
ld b
ecom
es m
ore
glob
ally
in
terc
onne
cted
, Can
adia
n ci
ties a
re
forc
ed to
com
pete
not
onl
y w
ith
othe
r citi
es in
Can
ada
but a
lso
with
th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld. A
s peo
ple
mov
e ar
ound
mor
e th
an e
ver b
efor
e,
it is
impo
rtan
t to
reco
gniz
e a
city
’s ro
le a
s a m
agne
t for
eco
nom
ic
activ
ity. C
alga
ry, t
hen,
shou
ld fo
ster
di
vers
ity a
s a m
eans
of c
emen
ting
an in
fluen
tial p
ositi
on o
n th
e w
orld
“the
abi
lity
of c
ities
to a
ttra
ct, r
etai
n an
d ha
rnes
s the
skill
s and
cre
ativ
ity
33 A
gre
at
city
is a
glo
bal c
ity, a
nd g
loba
l citi
es
are
char
acte
rize
d by
thei
r abi
lity
to
attr
act a
div
erse
pop
ulat
ion.
A st
udy
prod
uced
by
the
Nat
iona
l
reve
aled
that
cul
tura
l div
ersi
ty
play
s a la
rge
role
in th
e ec
onom
ic
deve
lopm
ent o
f a re
gion
, and
w
hile
hom
ogen
eity
can
slow
dow
n ec
onom
ic g
row
th, d
iver
sity
doe
s the
op
posi
te.34
By
prom
otin
g di
vers
ity
as st
reng
th ra
ther
than
tryi
ng to
as
sim
ilate
and
stre
amlin
e di
vers
e cu
lture
s, ci
ties e
xper
ienc
e gr
eate
r cu
ltura
l flui
dity
, ric
her k
now
ledg
e sh
arin
g, a
nd im
prov
ed a
dapt
atio
n to
ne
w te
chno
logy
. Fur
ther
mor
e, th
ese
citie
s find
that
thei
r foc
us o
n ne
w
and
diffe
rent
per
spec
tives
pro
mot
es
inno
vatio
n. C
ities
that
pro
mot
e in
nova
tion
build
citi
es th
at a
ttra
ct
inno
vativ
e in
divi
dual
s and
bus
ines
ses
that
cur
ate
new
idea
s, go
ods,
and
serv
ices
. For
a c
ity to
be
attr
activ
e,
inno
vativ
e, a
nd e
cono
mic
ally
st
imul
ated
, it m
ust h
ave
the
3Ts o
f ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent:
tech
nolo
gy,
tale
nt, a
nd to
lera
nce.
35
A
gre
at c
ity is
a g
loba
l city
, and
gl
obal
citi
es a
re c
hara
cter
ized
by
thei
r ab
ility
to a
ttra
ct a
div
erse
pop
ulat
ion.
C
onsi
der C
hina
’s fa
ilure
to
mod
erni
ze th
eir e
cono
my
at th
e tim
e of
the
Indu
stri
al R
evol
utio
n. C
hina
’s is
olat
ion
from
the
rest
of t
he w
orld
, ge
ogra
phic
ally
, but
als
o cu
ltura
lly a
nd
polit
ical
ly, c
ause
d C
hina
to re
mai
n im
perv
ious
to d
iver
se in
fluen
ces.
Stat
e-im
pose
d is
olat
ion
was
a fa
ctor
in
Chi
na’s
late
ent
ry to
tech
nolo
gica
l de
velo
pmen
t.
As C
anad
a’s a
bilit
y to
gai
n gr
eate
r ac
cess
to e
xpor
t mar
kets
gro
ws m
ore
pres
sing
, the
cou
ntry
is lo
okin
g to
sh
ift it
s foc
us fr
om o
ur tr
aditi
onal
pa
rtne
r, th
e U
nite
d St
ates
, to
fast
er
58
IT I
S I
MP
OR
TAN
T TO
KEE
P
IN M
IND
SO
ME
OF
THE
VU
LNER
AB
ILIT
IES T
HA
T N
EW C
AN
AD
IAN
S F
AC
E39
59
FAIL
UR
E TO
HA
VE
FOR
EIG
N C
RED
ENTI
ALS
AN
D Q
UA
LIFI
CA
TIO
NS R
ECO
GN
IZED
LAC
K O
F LO
CA
L EX
PER
IEN
CE
LIM
ITED
CU
LTU
RA
L C
OM
PET
ENC
Y A
ND
LAN
GU
AG
E P
RO
FIC
IEN
CY
conc
ern,
how
ever
, is t
he li
mita
tions
pr
esen
ted
by fo
reig
n la
ngua
ges a
nd
cultu
ral u
nder
stan
ding
s, in
clud
ing
fore
ign
met
hods
of c
ondu
ctin
g bu
sine
ss a
nd e
stab
lishi
ng n
ew tr
ade
rela
tions
hips
that
lack
the
trus
t tha
t is
bui
lt ov
er ti
me.
Stil
l, on
e re
port
su
gges
ts th
at C
anad
a’s d
iver
se p
ool o
f im
mig
rant
s may
be
the
key
to b
uild
ing
grea
ter f
orei
gn tr
ade
rela
tions
hips
.
A re
port
con
duct
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e Bo
ard
of C
anad
a su
gges
ts
that
imm
igra
nt-o
wne
d bu
sine
sses
he
lp c
onne
ct C
anad
a to
new
glo
bal
mar
kets
. By
anal
yzin
g ov
er 15
,000
sm
all t
o m
ediu
m-s
ized
bus
ines
ses
with
in C
anad
a, th
e C
onfe
renc
e Bo
ard
lear
ned
that
thos
e bu
sine
sses
ow
ned
by re
cent
imm
igra
nts a
re m
ore
likel
y to
exp
ort t
han
othe
r bus
ines
ses
espe
cial
ly to
non
-Am
eric
an m
arke
ts.36
In
Can
ada,
ther
e is
fede
ral
reco
gniti
on th
at o
ur e
cono
mic
w
ellb
eing
is d
irec
tly ti
ed to
our
ab
ility
to su
cces
sful
ly in
tegr
ate
new
C
anad
ians
, and
imm
igra
tion
polic
y is
incl
uded
as p
art o
f the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent’s
ove
rall
econ
omic
st
rate
gy. C
anad
a is
a c
ount
ry w
ith a
n ag
ing
popu
latio
n, d
ecre
asin
g bi
rth
rate
s, an
d la
bour
shor
tage
s.
Wha
t abo
ut o
ur c
ities
? At t
he
fede
ral l
evel
, att
ract
ing
new
com
ers
has b
een
succ
essf
ul, b
ut sh
ould
su
cces
sful
com
mun
ity in
tegr
atio
n re
ally
be
a fe
dera
l iss
ue, o
r sho
uld
citie
s be
resp
onsi
ble
for t
his?
Citi
es
are
resp
onsi
ble
for r
etai
ning
new
C
anad
ians
by
ensu
ring
a h
igh
and
empl
oym
ent o
ppor
tuni
ties.
imm
igra
nt a
ttra
ctio
n an
d re
tent
ion,
si
nce
citie
s, an
d no
t cou
ntri
es, o
ffer
com
mun
ity a
nd d
aily
life
.
It is
, how
ever
, the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent t
hat f
unds
and
pro
vide
s im
mig
rant
serv
ices
, not
citi
es, a
nd
citie
s hav
e be
en e
xclu
ded
from
man
y of
the
fede
ral i
mm
igra
tion
polic
y an
d fu
ndin
g de
cisi
ons.
Whi
le m
unic
ipal
go
vern
men
ts se
e th
e va
lue
of p
rovi
ding
se
rvic
es, b
udge
t bur
dens
bro
ught
on
by a
regr
essi
ve p
rope
rty
tax
syst
em
and
infr
astr
uctu
re d
efici
ts m
ake
fund
ing
prog
ram
s diffi
cult.
Fin
anci
ally
, m
unic
ipal
ities
are
stru
gglin
g to
pr
ovid
e th
e ba
sics
for n
ewco
mer
s, su
ch a
s affo
rdab
le h
ousi
ng.
C
alga
ry h
as n
umer
ous
orga
niza
tions
to h
elp
new
Can
adia
ns
bett
er in
tegr
ate
into
our
wor
kfor
ce
and
com
mun
ity li
fe: T
hree
or
gani
zatio
ns, h
owev
er, d
omin
ate
the
land
scap
e of
imm
igra
nt se
rvic
es:
Cal
gary
Cat
holic
Imm
igra
tion
DIV
ERSIT
Y:
THE
RO
LE O
F TH
E P
RIV
ATE
SEC
TOR
Wor
kfor
ce d
iver
sity
shou
ld b
e vi
ewed
as a
com
petit
ive
adva
ntag
e an
d no
t jus
t a
mor
al g
oal,
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or sh
ould
take
an
activ
e ro
le in
app
lyin
g it
to
the
busi
ness
com
mun
ity. A
201
2 st
udy
by D
eloi
tte
disc
over
ed th
at d
iver
sity
and
in
clus
ion
led
to im
prov
ed b
usin
ess p
erfo
rman
ce. W
hen
empl
oyee
s fee
l val
ued
in a
n or
gani
zatio
n co
mm
itted
to d
iver
sity
, the
ir b
usin
ess p
erfo
rman
ce im
prov
es
acco
rdin
gly,
part
icul
arly
in in
nova
tion.
INN
OV
ATI
ON
IMP
RO
VED
BY
TEA
MCO
LLA
BO
RA
TIO
NIM
PRO
VED
BY
83%
42%
A n
ew st
udy
by th
e C
ente
r for
Tal
ent
Inno
vatio
n pr
oves
how
div
ersi
ty c
an
bree
d in
nova
tion
and
driv
e ec
onom
ic
grow
th. T
he st
udy
disc
over
ed th
at
com
pani
es th
at h
ire
peop
le w
ith
dive
rse
back
grou
nds o
utpe
rfor
m
com
pani
es th
at d
o no
t.
45 p
erce
nt m
ore
likel
y to
repo
rt
mar
ket s
hare
gro
wth
.
to re
port
cap
turi
ng a
new
mar
ket t
han
the
com
pani
es th
at la
cked
div
ersi
ty.41
com
pani
es b
ecau
se th
ey a
re m
ore
envi
ronm
ent w
here
em
ploy
ees a
re
to
lead
ersh
ip.
60
The
Cen
ter f
or T
alen
t Inn
ovat
ion
also
dis
cove
red
that
com
pani
es w
ho c
eleb
rate
di
vers
ity in
thei
r wor
kfor
ce a
nd h
arne
ss d
iver
sity
in th
eir e
xecu
tive
lead
ersh
ip a
re
far m
ore
inno
vativ
e th
an c
ompa
nies
that
do
not,
beca
use
they
are
mor
e lik
ely
to
inpu
t. T
hese
com
pani
es a
re 7
5 pe
rcen
t mor
e lik
ely
to re
aliz
e th
eir i
deas
and
bri
ng
them
to m
arke
t. A
dditi
onal
ly, t
he re
port
find
ings
sugg
est t
hat t
here
is a
n in
nate
at d
iver
se p
ublic
ly tr
aded
com
pani
es a
re 7
0 pe
rcen
t mor
e lik
ely
than
em
ploy
ees
at n
on-d
iver
se p
ublic
ly tr
aded
com
pani
es to
cap
ture
a ne
w m
arke
t in
the
last
yea
r.
voic
es to
be
hear
d in
the
wor
kpla
ce
are
alm
ost t
wic
e as
like
ly a
s oth
ers t
o ha
ve v
alue
-dri
ving
insi
ghts
opin
ion
in w
orkp
lace
cul
ture
are
3.
5 tim
es m
ore
likel
y to
reac
h th
eir
full
inno
vativ
e po
tent
ial.43
Soci
ety,
Cal
gary
Imm
igra
nt W
omen
’s A
ssoc
iatio
n, a
nd Im
mig
rant
Ser
vice
s C
alga
ry.37
The
se a
genc
ies r
ecei
ve
fund
ing
from
fede
ral,
prov
inci
al, a
nd
mun
icip
al g
over
nmen
ts, a
s wel
l as
vari
ous n
on-p
rofit
org
aniz
atio
ns, a
nd
offer
serv
ices
such
as m
ultil
ingu
al
coun
selli
ng o
n is
sues
such
as fi
ndin
g ho
usin
g an
d em
ploy
men
t, ap
plyi
ng
for b
enefi
ts, e
duca
tion
regi
stry
, fin
ding
a d
octo
r, an
d ot
her s
ervi
ces.
T
he fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent h
as
desi
gned
a m
igra
tion
mod
el c
alle
d
Janu
ary
2015
.38 T
he p
rogr
am is
in
tend
ed to
enh
ance
eco
nom
ic
imm
igra
tion
proc
esse
s as a
mea
ns o
f re
med
ying
Can
ada’s
labo
ur sh
orta
ge.
job
offer
s will
be
able
to a
pply
for
perm
anen
t res
iden
cy, a
nd th
e go
al
is to
pro
cess
app
licat
ions
with
in
six
mon
ths.
Idea
lly, t
he sy
stem
will
im
prov
e C
anad
ian
cont
rol o
ver t
he
type
and
num
ber o
f ski
lled
wor
ker
appl
icat
ions
, red
uce
appl
icat
ion
back
logs
, and
allo
w C
anad
a to
be
mor
e pr
oact
ive
in a
ccep
ting
appl
ican
ts w
ho
have
skill
s tha
t dir
ectly
mat
ch la
bour
sh
orta
ges i
n th
e C
anad
ian
econ
omy.
The i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f in
ter-
gove
rnm
enta
l rel
atio
nshi
psBo
th lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts a
nd th
e fe
dera
l go
vern
men
t rec
ogni
ze th
e ec
onom
ic
bene
fits o
f pro
vidi
ng su
ppor
t net
wor
ks
to n
ewco
mer
s. Th
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
su
ppor
t com
es fr
om th
e fe
dera
l lev
el;
how
ever
, in
real
ity c
ities
are
bet
ter
of th
eir n
ew c
omm
unity
mem
bers
fully
inte
grat
e. M
unic
ipal
ities
are
not
serv
ices
, whi
ch n
eces
sita
tes a
shar
ed
resp
onsi
bilit
y be
twee
n bo
th le
vels
of
gove
rnm
ent.
In
200
5, th
e fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent
sign
ed a
trila
tera
l im
mig
ratio
n
whi
ch c
reat
ed a
fram
ewor
k fo
r sha
red
info
rmat
ion
and
cons
ulta
tion,
and
w
as si
gned
in re
cogn
ition
of T
oron
to’s
abili
ty to
succ
essf
ully
inte
grat
e ne
wco
mer
s.
Cur
rent
ly, C
anad
a’s e
cono
mic
im
mig
ratio
n po
licy
is b
ased
on
the
hum
an c
apita
l mod
el o
f rec
ruiti
ng
econ
omic
imm
igra
nts w
ho fi
ll ou
r ski
lls g
ap a
nd h
ave
the
skill
s to
be
succ
essf
ul in
the
Can
adia
n w
orkf
orce
, bas
ed o
n fa
ctor
s suc
h as
edu
catio
n, w
ork
expe
rien
ce, a
nd
lang
uage
pro
ficie
ncy.44
Thi
s sys
tem
w
as fo
rmal
ized
in 19
67, w
ith th
e
61
Sour
ce: C
anad
ian
Cent
re fo
r Pol
icy
Alte
rnat
ives
adop
tion
of a
poi
nts s
yste
m to
pro
vide
a
fram
ewor
k fo
r adm
issi
on to
Can
ada.
Be
caus
e th
is sy
stem
is b
ased
on
past
ac
hiev
emen
ts o
f pot
entia
l im
mig
rant
s, it
unfo
rtun
atel
y ov
erlo
oks p
oten
tial
and
entr
epre
neur
ship
. It a
lso
does
no
t cap
ture
all
the
skill
s tha
t Can
ada
and
non-
mea
sure
able
skill
s tha
t are
The
se in
clud
e te
amw
ork,
pro
blem
so
lvin
g, d
iscr
etio
n, ti
me
man
agem
ent,
and
the
abili
ty to
lear
n. G
reat
er
part
ners
hip
betw
een
the
busi
ness
co
mm
unity
in C
alga
ry a
nd th
e G
over
nmen
t of C
anad
a is
nee
ded
beca
use
loca
l bus
ines
ses a
re b
ette
r
nece
ssar
y.
A g
reat
city
giv
es eq
ual o
ppor
tuni
ties
to m
en a
nd w
omen
W
hile
Cal
gary
’s A
bori
gina
l pop
ulat
ion
repr
esen
ts a
n un
tapp
ed la
bour
poo
l, an
d ne
w C
anad
ians
repr
esen
t a n
ew
labo
ur p
ool,
wom
en re
pres
ent a
n un
deru
tiliz
ed o
ne.
In
a 2
014
stud
y co
nduc
ted
on th
e be
st a
nd w
orst
pla
ces i
n C
anad
a to
be
a w
oman
, Cal
gary
rank
ed 17
out
leve
ls a
re b
ette
r in
Cal
gary
than
m
ost o
f Can
ada,
the
gap
betw
een
men
and
wom
en’s
empl
oym
ent i
s 50
per
cent
larg
er th
an th
e na
tiona
l av
erag
e w
ith 7
7% o
f men
wor
king
and
65
% o
f wom
en w
orki
ng.45
Wom
en in
C
alga
ry a
lso
have
one
of t
he la
rges
t ga
ps in
pay
in th
e co
untr
y, ea
rnin
g an
av
erag
e of
$17
,000
less
per
yea
r tha
n C
alga
ry’s
men
.46 T
he p
ay g
ap b
etw
een
men
and
wom
en is
par
ticul
arly
in
tere
stin
g co
nsid
erin
g th
at w
omen
ar
e sl
ight
ly m
ore
likel
y th
an m
en to
ho
ld a
hig
h sc
hool
or c
olle
ge d
egre
e
num
bers
, sug
gest
ing
that
the
gap
is n
ot
refle
ctiv
e of
edu
catio
nal a
ttain
men
t. Fu
rthe
rmor
e, w
omen
in C
alga
ry
expe
rien
ce g
reat
er d
iscr
imin
atio
n in
atta
inin
g se
nior
lead
ersh
ip a
nd
polit
ical
pos
ition
s, w
ith w
omen
ho
ldin
g on
ly 2
2 pe
rcen
t of s
enio
r
man
agem
ent p
ositi
ons i
n th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
and
onl
y tw
o of
fifte
en e
lect
ed
mun
icip
al se
ats.
T
his i
s poo
r bus
ines
s pra
ctic
e w
hen
you
cons
ider
the
expe
rien
ce
of m
any
Fort
une
500
com
pani
es. A
C
atal
yst s
tudy
dis
cove
red
that
the
Fort
une
500
com
pani
es w
ith th
e hi
ghes
t rep
rese
ntat
ion
of w
omen
on
thei
r boa
rds o
f dir
ecto
rs e
xper
ienc
ed
bette
r fina
ncia
l per
form
ance
in te
rms
of sa
les a
nd re
turn
on
inve
stm
ent.
Furt
herm
ore,
a st
udy
cond
ucte
d by
th
e M
cKin
sey
& C
ompa
ny “W
omen
com
pani
es w
ith th
e hi
ghes
t sha
re
of w
omen
in e
xecu
tive
posi
tions
ou
tper
form
ed th
ose
with
out w
omen
in
exe
cutiv
e po
sitio
ns. T
he sa
mpl
e of
to B
razi
l to
Chi
na to
Indi
a, re
veal
ed
that
com
pani
es w
ith fe
mal
e le
ader
ship
ou
tper
form
ed th
ose
with
no
wom
en b
y
perc
ent i
n op
erat
ing
resu
lts.47
Sour
ce: C
anad
ian
Cent
re fo
r Pol
icy
Alte
rnat
ives
ECO
NO
MY
020
40
60
80
10
0
LEA
DER
SH
IPH
EALT
HS
ECU
RIT
YED
UC
ATI
ON
EQU
ALI
TY
PER CENT
CA
LGA
RY
RA
NK
S B
ELO
W T
HE
EQU
ALI
TY M
EASU
RE
IN A
LL I
ND
USTR
Y C
ATE
GO
RIE
S
6263
We
have
est
ablis
hed
the
nece
ssity
of
tack
ling
pove
rty
in C
alga
ry in
ord
er to
re
aliz
e th
e po
tent
ial o
f mor
e ci
tizen
s an
d to
redu
ce fi
nanc
ial b
urde
ns. I
t is
als
o im
port
ant t
o re
mem
ber t
hat
pove
rty,
hom
eles
snes
s, an
d la
ck o
f di
vers
ity a
re a
ll in
terc
onne
cted
. T
here
fore
, the
se is
sues
mus
t be
addr
esse
d in
tand
em. T
he fi
nanc
ial
high
and
is a
was
ted
cost
if it
doe
s not
he
lp c
itize
ns e
ngag
e su
cces
sful
ly in
C
alga
ry’s
com
mun
ity a
nd la
bour
forc
e.C
onsi
der,
for e
xam
ple,
an
imm
igra
nt fa
mily
livi
ng in
poo
r
cond
ition
s lea
d to
incr
ease
d he
alth
an
d sa
fety
risk
s, in
clud
ing
prox
imity
to
dan
gero
us a
reas
or h
eavy
traffi
c.
Tho
se li
ving
in n
eigh
bour
hood
s de
emed
uns
afe
may
be
disc
oura
ged
from
soci
al in
tera
ctio
n, w
hich
re
duce
s cul
tura
l und
erst
andi
ng a
nd
may
incr
ease
dis
crim
inat
ion,
as w
ell
as li
miti
ng p
rope
r int
egra
tion.
Thi
s lim
its th
is fa
mily
’s op
port
unity
to
build
soci
al n
etw
orks
and
impr
ove
thei
r lan
guag
e sk
ills.
An
inab
ility
to
inte
grat
e so
cial
ly a
nd li
ngui
stic
ally
w
ill li
mit
empl
oym
ent o
ppor
tuni
ties,
whi
ch in
turn
mak
es b
reak
ing
the
cycl
e of
pov
erty
all
the
mor
e di
fficu
lt.
Cre
atin
g a
grea
t city
is n
ot o
nly
abou
t cre
atin
g an
eco
nom
ical
ly
crea
ting
a sa
fe a
nd w
elco
min
g co
mm
unity
. We
need
to d
o m
ore
to
supp
ort a
nd e
ngag
e m
argi
naliz
ed
grou
ps th
at a
re m
ost p
rone
to p
over
ty
and
disc
rim
inat
ion.
The
Cal
gary
Cha
mbe
r rec
omm
ends
the
follo
win
g:
Impl
emen
t a tr
ial p
rogr
am, s
uch
as U
tah’
s, by
hou
sing
a se
lect
gro
up o
f C
alga
ry’s
hom
eles
s citi
zens
to m
easu
re th
e so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic b
enefi
ts o
f su
ppor
tive
hous
ing
Dev
elop
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
nat
iona
l hou
sing
pol
icy
desi
gned
to a
ddre
ss
hom
eow
ners
hip,
pri
vate
rent
al h
ousi
ng, a
nd so
cial
hou
sing
Incr
ease
the
num
ber o
f affo
rdab
le h
ousi
ng u
nits
in C
alga
ry, t
hrou
gh
incl
usio
nary
zon
ing
and
seco
ndar
y su
ites
Com
mit
to th
e re
pair
and
retr
ofit o
f exi
stin
g in
fras
truc
ture
to p
reve
nt C
alga
ry’s
affor
dabl
e ho
usin
g si
tuat
ion
from
wor
seni
ng
the
loca
l lev
el a
nd e
ncou
rage
cos
t-sh
arin
g pr
ogra
ms f
or im
mig
rant
serv
ices
be
twee
n th
e fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent a
nd m
unic
ipal
ities
Fost
er st
rong
er c
oope
ratio
n be
twee
n th
e bu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
and
all
leve
ls o
f go
vern
men
t to
ensu
re th
e co
rrec
t ski
lls m
atch
es a
re b
eing
mad
e
Stri
ve to
clo
se th
e ed
ucat
ion
gap
betw
een
Abo
rigi
nal a
nd n
on-A
bori
gina
l C
anad
ians
Impr
ove
Abo
rigi
nal e
mpl
oyee
rete
ntio
n th
roug
h m
ento
rshi
p pr
ogra
ms a
nd
inte
rcul
tura
l pro
gram
min
g
wom
en in
seni
or le
ader
ship
pos
ition
s
REC
OM
MEN
DA
TIO
NS
Mun
icip
al fi
nanc
es a
nd se
rvic
e de
liver
y ar
e si
gnifi
cant
to th
e co
mpe
titiv
enes
s of a
city
, esp
ecia
lly
in li
ght o
f inc
reas
ed in
fras
truc
ture
pr
essu
res,
popu
latio
n gr
owth
, an
d pr
essu
re o
n m
unic
ipal
ities
to
prov
ide
high
er le
vels
of s
ervi
ce.
Whi
le C
alga
ry h
as n
ot d
one
poor
ly
in e
ither
of t
hese
are
as, a
ltern
ativ
e de
liver
y th
roug
h sh
ared
serv
ices
mor
e sa
ving
s for
Cal
gary
. In
addi
tion,
ad
optin
g in
nova
tive
budg
et p
ract
ices
lik
e re
sults
-bas
ed b
udge
ting
coul
d re
sult
in m
ore
effec
tive
and
cost
64
CO
NC
LUS
ION
Cal
gary
and
its r
egio
n ha
ve b
een
bles
sed
by g
ood
econ
omic
fort
une
in
the
last
dec
ade.
Whi
le th
is su
cces
s sh
ould
be
cele
brat
ed, C
alga
ry a
lso
need
s to
mak
e pr
ogre
ss in
its r
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent e
ffort
s and
wor
k be
tter
w
ith n
eigh
bour
ing
mun
icip
aliti
es to
en
sure
long
-ter
m su
cces
s. If
act
ion
is
not t
aken
now
, the
re c
ould
be
nega
tive
com
petit
iven
ess,
prod
uctiv
ity, a
nd
affor
dabi
lity.
The
se is
sues
, alo
ng w
ith th
e ri
sing
co
sts t
hat a
ll m
unic
ipal
ities
face
, are
th
e be
st ju
stifi
catio
n fo
r inc
reas
ed
regi
onal
par
tner
ship
can
Cal
gary
be
com
e a
grea
t city
supp
orte
d by
a
stro
ng, c
ompe
titiv
e, a
nd c
oord
inat
ed
regi
on.
effici
ent s
ervi
ces.
With
lim
ited
abili
ty
to ra
ise
mun
icip
al re
venu
es a
nd
unpr
edic
tabl
e fu
nds f
rom
hig
her
orde
rs o
f gov
ernm
ent,
Cal
gary
nee
ds
to th
ink
abou
t wha
t it c
an d
o to
co
ntin
ue to
dev
elop
at a
gre
at c
ity.
The
Cal
gary
Cha
mbe
r rec
omm
ends
th
e fo
llow
ing:
budg
etin
g to
mod
erni
ze th
e m
unic
ipal
bud
getin
g pr
oces
s and
in
crea
se v
alue
for m
oney
.
cost
s to
thos
e of
oth
er c
ities
in
addi
tion
to tr
acki
ng o
vera
ll ci
tizen
satis
fact
ion
to e
valu
ate
over
all
effec
tiven
ess o
f pro
gram
s and
se
rvic
es o
ffere
d to
the
publ
ic.
sect
or to
inve
st in
the
city
, and
id
entif
y ar
eas w
here
pub
lic-p
riva
te
part
ners
hips
can
be
succ
essf
ul.
tech
nolo
gica
l im
prov
emen
ts th
at
can
crea
te p
oten
tial c
ost s
avin
gs
and
redu
ce o
pera
tiona
l cos
ts.
mun
icip
aliti
es to
iden
tify
oppo
rtun
ities
to e
ngag
e in
shar
ed
serv
ice
deliv
ery.
T
he C
alga
ry C
ham
ber r
ecom
men
ds
the
follo
win
g:
gove
rnan
ce st
ruct
ure.
betw
een
urba
n an
d ru
ral
mun
icip
aliti
es.
allo
ws m
unic
ipal
ities
to g
ain
broa
d su
ppor
t thr
ough
coo
rdin
ated
le
ader
ship
on
issu
es.
goal
s and
out
com
es w
ithin
the
rela
ted
perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rs.
on k
ey p
erfo
rman
ce in
dica
tors
th
roug
hout
the
regi
on to
as
sess
pro
gres
s in
area
s suc
h as
con
gest
ion,
cos
t sav
ings
, and
re
gion
al e
cono
mic
pro
duct
ivity
.
deliv
ery
or d
evel
opm
ent a
re
prov
ided
thro
ugh
a re
gion
al b
ody,
whi
le g
ivin
g m
unic
ipal
ities
the
auto
nom
y to
pro
vide
oth
er se
rvic
es
mos
t effi
cien
tly to
thei
r pop
ulat
ion.
tran
spor
tatio
n ne
twor
k to
ens
ure
the
long
-ter
m c
ompe
titiv
enes
s of
the
regi
on.
GR
EAT
CIT
IES
EMP
LOY
IN
NO
VA
TIV
E A
ND
SU
STA
INA
BLE
FIN
AN
CE
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
GR
EAT
CIT
IES
AR
E LE
AD
ERS
IN R
EGIO
NA
L C
OLL
AB
OR
ATI
ON
65
We
have
est
ablis
hed
the
nece
ssity
of
tack
ling
pove
rty
in C
alga
ry in
ord
er
to re
duce
fina
ncia
l bur
dens
. It i
s als
o im
port
ant t
o re
mem
ber t
hat p
over
ty,
hom
eles
snes
s, an
d la
ck o
f div
ersi
ty a
re
all i
nter
conn
ecte
d. T
here
fore
, the
se
issu
es m
ust b
e ad
dres
sed
in ta
ndem
. T
he fi
nanc
ial c
ost o
f mai
ntai
ning
the
if it
does
not
hel
p ci
tizen
s eng
age
succ
essf
ully
in C
alga
ry’s
com
mun
ity
and
labo
ur fo
rce.
C
reat
ing
a gr
eat c
ity is
not
onl
y ab
out c
reat
ing
an e
cono
mic
ally
hea
lthy
safe
and
wel
com
ing
com
mun
ity. W
e ne
ed to
do
mor
e to
supp
ort a
nd e
ngag
e m
argi
naliz
ed g
roup
s tha
t are
mos
t pr
one
to p
over
ty a
nd d
iscr
imin
atio
n.
T
he C
alga
ry C
ham
ber r
ecom
men
ds
the
follo
win
g:
Cal
gary
has
mad
e m
any
grea
t in
road
s to
beco
min
g a
trul
y sm
art
city
, esp
ecia
lly th
e in
nova
tions
in
park
ing
and
netw
ork
infr
astr
uctu
re.
How
ever
, the
City
nee
ds to
ado
pt a
co
mpr
ehen
sive
stra
tegy
that
can
take
th
ese
initi
ativ
es a
nd tr
ansf
orm
them
in
to g
rand
er a
nd m
ore
sust
aina
ble
goal
s. It
is a
lso
esse
ntia
l for
Cal
gary
to
ben
chm
ark
this
stra
tegy
, as w
ell
as th
e in
itiat
ives
that
hav
e be
en
impl
emen
ted
up to
this
poi
nt in
or
der t
o pr
oper
ly id
entif
y w
here
C
alga
ry si
ts a
mon
g gl
obal
smar
t ci
ties.
Are
we
a le
ader
, or a
re w
e la
ggin
g? C
alga
ry is
a c
ompe
titiv
e ci
ty a
nd a
n ec
onom
ic p
ower
hous
e,
how
ever
its c
ompe
titiv
enes
s cou
ld
be c
ompr
omis
ed if
it c
anno
t find
Uta
h’s b
y ho
usin
g a
sele
ct g
roup
of
Cal
gary
’s ho
mel
ess c
itize
ns to
m
easu
re th
e so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic
bene
fits o
f sup
port
ive
hous
ing
hous
ing
polic
y de
sign
ed to
add
ress
ho
meo
wne
rshi
p, p
riva
te re
ntal
ho
usin
g, a
nd so
cial
hou
sing
hous
ing
units
in C
alga
ry, t
hrou
gh
incl
usio
nary
zon
ing
and
seco
ndar
y su
ites
exis
ting
infr
astr
uctu
re to
pre
vent
C
alga
ry’s
affor
dabl
e ho
usin
g si
tuat
ion
from
wor
seni
ng
serv
ice
prog
ram
s are
mor
e eff
ectiv
e at
the
loca
l lev
el a
nd
enco
urag
e co
st-s
hari
ng p
rogr
ams
for i
mm
igra
nt se
rvic
es b
etw
een
the
fede
ral g
over
nmen
t and
m
unic
ipal
ities
betw
een
the
busi
ness
com
mun
ity
and
all l
evel
s of g
over
nmen
t to
ensu
re th
e co
rrec
t ski
lls m
atch
es
are
bein
g m
ade
betw
een
Abo
rigi
nal a
nd n
on-
Abo
rigi
nal C
anad
ians
rete
ntio
n th
roug
h m
ento
rshi
p pr
ogra
ms a
nd in
terc
ultu
ral
prog
ram
min
g
indu
stry
to re
cogn
ize
the
valu
e of
ha
ving
wom
en in
seni
or le
ader
ship
po
sitio
ns
mor
e co
st e
ffici
ent a
nd in
nova
tive
way
s of a
ddre
ssin
g in
fras
truc
ture
, go
vern
ance
, tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
and
pl
anni
ng. T
hrou
gh a
dopt
ing
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
app
roac
h to
bec
omin
g a
smar
ter c
ity, C
alga
ry c
an e
nsur
e its
co
ntin
ued
econ
omic
com
petit
iven
ess
in N
orth
Am
eric
a an
d in
tern
atio
nally
an
d be
com
e a
glob
al g
reat
city
.
The
Cal
gary
Cha
mbe
r rec
omm
ends
th
e fo
llow
ing:
plan
that
has
cle
ar g
oals
. An
effec
tive
smar
t city
pla
n ne
eds t
o be
com
preh
ensi
ve re
spon
sive
to
inev
itabl
y ch
angi
ng te
chno
logi
es.
The
City
to te
st it
s str
ateg
y an
d ei
ther
bui
ld o
n th
e su
cces
s of t
hat
proj
ect o
r rev
ise.
thro
ugh
cons
ulta
tion
in th
e st
rate
gic
proc
ess a
s wel
l as
capi
taliz
ing
on c
itize
n in
nova
tion,
su
ch a
s app
dev
elop
men
t.
valu
e ci
tizen
acc
ess t
o in
form
atio
n an
d th
e ro
le in
form
atio
n pl
ays i
n th
e ab
ility
to in
nova
te
serv
ices
and
impl
emen
t sus
tain
able
in
itiat
ives
that
impr
ove
serv
ice
life.
Can
adia
n ci
ties,
as w
ell a
s citi
es
arou
nd th
e w
orld
, to
gaug
e its
pe
rfor
man
ce.
GR
EAT
CIT
IES
HA
RN
ESS
THE
PO
WER
OF
HU
MA
N C
AP
ITA
L
GR
EAT
CIT
IES
BO
OST
MU
NIC
IPA
L IQ
NO
TES
INTR
OD
UC
TIO
N
Wor
ld H
ealth
Org
aniz
atio
n, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.who
.int/
gho/
urba
n_he
alth
/situ
atio
n_tr
ends
/ur
ban_
popu
latio
n_gr
owth
_tex
t/en
/
Forb
es, J
une
19, 2
014,
htt
p://
ww
w.fo
rbes
.com
/site
s/sa
rwan
tsin
gh/2
014/
06/1
9/sm
art-
citie
s-a-
1-5-
trill
ion-
mar
ket-
oppo
rtun
ity/
SEC
TIO
N 1
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
,an
d-in
form
atio
n-se
rvic
es/C
ensu
s201
3/Fi
nal%
2020
13%
20C
ensu
s%20
Resu
lts%
20bo
ok.p
df.
City
of S
aska
toon
, May
25,
201
2, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.sask
atoo
n.
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
, Fal
l 201
3, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.cal
gary
.ca/
CA
/fs/
Doc
umen
ts/
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
,
imag
ineC
ALG
ARY
, Sep
tem
ber 2
007,
http
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ww
.cal
gary
.ca/
_lay
outs
/coc
is/D
irec
tDow
nloa
d.as
px?t
arge
t=ht
tp%
3a%
2f%
2fw
ww
.cal
gary
.
pdf&
nore
dire
ct=1
&sf
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Ont
ario
Mun
icip
al C
AO’s
Benc
hmar
king
Initi
ativ
e, ht
tp://
ww
w.o
mbi
.ca/
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
,
Calg
ary
Sun,
Jan
uary
20,
201
4, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.ca
lgar
ysun
.com
/201
2/01
/20/
budg
et-c
onsu
ltatio
n-co
st-c
ity-n
earl
y-1-
mill
ion.
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
,Fi
nanc
ial-R
epor
ts/A
nnua
l-Rep
orts
/Ann
ual-R
epor
t-201
2.pd
f.
City
and
Cou
nty
of D
enve
r, Co
lora
do,
The P
ew C
hari
tabl
e Tr
usts
, Nov
embe
r 201
3, h
ttp://
ww
w.p
ewtr
usts
.org
/~/m
edia
/Ass
ets/
2013
/11/
11/A
mer
icas
BigC
ities
inVo
latil
eTim
es.p
df.
City
and
Cou
nty
of D
enve
r, Co
lora
do,
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
,Fi
nanc
ial-R
epor
ts/A
nnua
l-Rep
orts
/Ann
ual-R
epor
t-201
2.pd
f.
Cana
da W
est F
ound
atio
n, S
epte
mbe
r 200
2, h
ttp:
//cw
f.ca/
pdf-
docs
/pub
licat
ions
/Big
-City
-Rev
enue
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rces
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ptem
ber-
2002
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Mun
k Sc
hool
of G
loba
l Affa
irs,
2011
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p://
mun
ksch
ool.
utor
onto
.ca/
wp-
cont
ent/
uplo
ads/
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Slac
k_Fi
nanc
ingL
arge
Citi
es_I
MFG
_201
11.p
df.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g St
udie
s, Fe
brua
ry 2
007,
http
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lphb
u.fil
es.w
ordp
ress
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1/09
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d_us
a.pd
f.
Infr
astr
uctu
re C
anad
a, h
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//
Calg
ary
Her
ald,
Mar
ch 7,
201
3, h
ttp:
//w
ww
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nada
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ics/
spor
ts/s
tory
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l?id
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3331
.
66
Uni
vers
ity o
f Cal
gary
Sch
ool o
f Pub
lic P
olic
y, M
ay 2
014,
htt
p://
ww
w.p
olic
ysch
ool.u
calg
ary.
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ites/
defa
ult/
files
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earc
h/ba
zelm
intz
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an-g
row
th.p
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20.
Dav
e D
orm
er, “
May
or N
ahee
d N
ensh
i sug
gest
s Com
mun
ity R
evita
lizat
ion
Levy
to p
ay fo
r mor
e th
an $
100
mill
ion
in
Calg
ary
Sun,
may
or-n
ahee
d-ne
nshi
-sug
gest
s-co
mm
unity
-rev
italiz
atio
n-le
vy-t
o-pa
y-fo
r-m
ore-
than
-100
-mill
ion-
in-p
lann
ed-
upgr
ades
-to-
fore
st-la
wn-
corr
idor
.
Smar
tGro
wth
BC, D
ecem
ber 2
007,
http
://
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ca
lifor
nia,
Ber
kley
Dep
artm
ent o
f Eco
nom
ics,
Nov
embe
r 200
1, ht
tp://
eml.b
erke
ley.e
du/~
farr
ell/
e221
_f01
/nic
osia
.
AEC
OM
,
Pric
eWat
erho
useC
oope
rs, J
une
2010
, htt
p://
ww
w.p
wc.
com
/us/
The A
llen
Cons
ultin
g G
roup
, Nov
embe
r 30,
200
7,
PPP
Cana
da, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.p3c
anad
a.ca
/en/
abou
t-us
/.
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
Offi
ce o
f The
May
or,
2011
, htt
p://
blog
.cal
gary
may
or.c
a/20
11/1
1/fe
dera
l-gov
ernm
ent-
deni
es-p
pp-c
anad
a.ht
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Calg
ary
Sun,
Nov
embe
r 21
, 201
3, h
ttp:
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ww
.cal
gary
sun.
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an le
ad th
e w
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nne
Dir
ks a
nd M
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n of
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ter c
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es c
an le
ad th
e w
ay in
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Stat
e-an
d-Lo
cal-
Envi
sion
Uta
h, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.epa
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artg
row
th/p
df/e
nvis
ion_
utah
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Min
neso
ta S
tatu
tes 2
014,
201
4, h
ttps
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ww
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sor.m
n.go
v/st
atut
es/?
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73F&
form
at=p
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Tich
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ise,
Febr
uary
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012,
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venu
e.st
ate.
mn.
us/p
rope
rtyt
ax/r
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ts/fi
scal
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pari
ties-
stud
y-ex
ecut
ive-
sum
mar
y.pdf
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Tich
lerB
ise,
Febr
uary
13, 2
012,
htt
p://
ww
w.re
venu
e.st
ate.
mn.
us/p
rope
rtyt
ax/r
epor
ts/fi
scal
-dis
pari
ties-
stud
y-ex
ecut
ive-
sum
mar
y.pdf
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Met
ropo
litan
Co
unci
l,D
ata-
2014
.asp
x.
Star
Trib
une,
Janu
ary
31, 2
012,
htt
p://
ww
w.st
artr
ibun
e.co
m/l
ocal
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3669
89.h
tml.
35.
Gre
ater
Por
tland
Pul
se, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.por
tland
puls
e.or
g/.
36.
Zack
Tay
lor,
Mar
cy B
urch
field
and
Ann
a K
ram
er, “
Alb
erta
Citi
es a
t the
Cro
ssro
ads:
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent C
halle
nges
Th
e Sch
ool o
f Pub
lic P
olic
y, ht
tp://
ww
w.p
olic
ysch
ool.
ucal
gary
.ca/
site
s/de
faul
t/fil
es/r
esea
rch/
tayl
or-a
b-ci
ties-
5.pd
f.
Calg
ary
Regi
onal
Par
tner
ship
, htt
p://
calg
aryr
egio
n.ca
/crp
/cal
gary
-re
gion
al-p
artn
ersh
ip/a
bout
/ove
rvie
w.h
tml.
FFW
D W
eekl
y, ht
tp://
ww
w.ff
wdw
eekl
y.com
/art
icle
/new
s-vi
ews/
new
s/its
-rur
al-v
s-ca
lgar
y-in
-reg
iona
l-pla
n-10
508/
.
Calg
ary
Regi
onal
Par
tner
ship
, 201
2, h
ttp:
//ca
lgar
yreg
ion.
ca/d
ms/
Web
site
/rep
orts
/
Calg
ary
Her
ald,
May
14, 2
014,
htt
p://
ww
w.
calg
aryh
eral
d.co
m/o
pini
on/o
p-ed
/Low
ther
+Cal
gary
+wan
ts+d
icta
te+r
egio
n+ho
usin
g+op
tions
/983
9173
/sto
ry.h
tml.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ce
ntre
for S
usta
inab
le C
ities
, Mar
ch 2
005,
htt
p://
ww
w.c
scd.
gov.b
c.ca
/lgd
/int
ergo
v_re
latio
ns/l
ibra
ry/w
uf_t
he_
capa
ble_
city
.
Mis
siss
auga
New
s, Ap
ril 1
7, 20
14, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.mis
siss
auga
.com
/new
s-st
ory/
4470
892-
min
iste
r-to
uts-
plan
-to-
fight
-reg
ion-
s-gr
idlo
ck-p
robl
em/.
The C
ity o
f Cal
gary
, htt
p://
ww
w.c
alga
ry.c
a/_l
ayou
ts/
-14
-App
rove
d.pd
f&no
redi
rect
=1&
sf=1
.
Rick
y Vi
ew W
eekl
y, ht
tp://
ww
w.ro
ckyv
iew
wee
kly.
com
/art
icle
/201
0101
2/RV
W08
01/3
1012
9986
/air
drie
s-in
terc
ity-e
xpre
ss-b
us-r
oute
-laun
ched
.
Dis
cove
r Air
drie
, htt
p://
ww
w.d
isco
vera
irdr
ie.c
om/i
ndex
.ph
p?op
tion=
com
_con
tent
&vi
ew=a
rtic
le&
id=2
187%
3Aic
e-w
ill-a
dd-4
th-b
us-t
o-its
-flee
t-in
-sep
tem
ber&
Item
id=9
4.
Air
drie
City
Vie
w, W
edne
sday
, Sep
tem
ber
19, 2
012,
htt
p://
ww
w.a
irdr
ieci
tyvi
ew.c
om/a
rtic
le/2
0120
919/
ACV
0801
/309
1999
67/c
ity-t
o-im
plem
ent-
four
th-ic
e-bu
s-ro
ute-
purc
hase
-new
-bus
.
71
SEC
TIO
N 4
Vibr
ant C
omm
uniti
es C
alga
ry a
nd A
ctio
n to
End
Pov
erty
in A
lber
ta, 2
013,
htt
p://
ww
w.vi
bran
tcal
gary
.com
/
CA
NA
DA
_201
4.pd
f
Vibr
ant C
omm
uniti
es C
alga
ry a
nd A
ctio
n to
End
Pov
erty
in A
lber
ta, 2
013,
htt
p://
ww
w.vi
bran
tcal
gary
.com
/
Calg
ary
Com
mitt
ee to
End
Hom
eles
snes
s, ht
tp://
ww
w.c
aled
onin
st.o
rg/
Vibr
ant C
omm
uniti
es C
alga
ry a
nd A
ctio
n to
End
Pov
erty
in A
lber
ta, 2
013,
ht
tp://
pove
rtyr
educ
tion.
albe
rta.
ca/fi
les/
docu
men
ts/fi
nalw
ebre
adyp
over
tyco
sts2
.0_0
.
City
of C
alga
ry a
nd T
he U
nite
d W
ay o
f Ca
lgar
y an
d A
rea,
Calg
ary
Com
mitt
ee to
End
Hom
eles
snes
s, ht
tp://
ww
w.c
aled
onin
st.o
rg/
Vibr
ant C
omm
uniti
es C
alga
ry a
nd A
ctio
n to
End
Pov
erty
in A
lber
ta, 2
013,
htt
p://
ww
w.vi
bran
tcal
gary
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/
Uni
ted
Way
Cal
gary
and
Are
a, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.cal
gary
unite
dway
.org
/mai
n/ou
r-w
ork/
prog
ram
s-an
d-pa
rtne
rshi
ps/c
alga
ry-p
over
ty-r
educ
tion-
initi
ativ
e.
Calg
ary
Hom
eles
s Fou
ndat
ion,
htt
p://
calg
aryh
omel
ess.c
om/1
0-ye
ar-p
lan/
prog
ress
/.
Polic
yMic
, Fe
brua
ry 10
, 201
4, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.pol
icym
ic.c
om/a
rtic
les/
8150
7/th
e-m
ost-
unlik
ely-
stat
e-in
-am
eric
a-is
-on-
trac
k-to
-er
adic
ate-
hom
eles
snes
s-by
-201
5.
The H
uffing
ton
Post
, Sep
tem
ber 3
0, 2
011,
http
://w
ww
.huffi
ngto
npos
t.com
/201
1/09
/30/
utah
-hom
eles
snes
s-ra
te-p
lum
met
s_n_
9876
95.h
tml.
Wyo
File
, Dec
embe
r 3, 2
013,
htt
p://
wyo
file.
com
/ker
rydr
ake/
wyo
min
g-ho
mel
essn
ess-
plac
e-liv
e-sa
ve-m
oney
/.
Citi
es &
Env
iron
men
t U
nit,
Scho
ol o
f Pla
nnin
g, D
alho
usie
Uni
vers
ity, 2
006.
Vibr
ant C
omm
uniti
es C
alga
ry a
nd A
ctio
n to
End
Pov
erty
in A
lber
ta, 2
013,
ht
tp://
pove
rtyr
educ
tion.
albe
rta.
ca/fi
les/
docu
men
ts/fi
nalw
ebre
adyp
over
tyco
sts2
.0_0
.
Chum
ir E
thic
s Fou
ndat
ion,
200
7, ht
tp://
ww
w.c
hum
iret
hics
foun
datio
n.ca
/file
s/pd
f/M
eanS
tree
tsG
Lair
d.pd
f,
Cana
dian
Hou
sing
and
Ren
ewal
Ass
ocia
tion,
Nov
embe
r 200
9, h
ttp:
//
Calg
ary
Hom
eles
s Fou
ndat
ion,
Sep
tem
ber 1
7, 20
13, h
ttp:
//m
edia
3.m
arke
twir
e.co
m/d
ocs/
917c
hf_r
.
Citi
es &
Env
iron
men
t U
nit,
Scho
ol o
f Pla
nnin
g, D
alho
usie
Uni
vers
ity, 2
006.
The C
orpo
ratio
n fo
r Sup
port
ive H
ousi
ng, F
ebru
ary
2004
, htt
p://
ww
w.c
sh.o
rg/i
ndex
.
21.
Den
nis C
ulha
ne, S
teph
en M
etra
ux a
nd T
revo
r Had
ley,
Cul
hane
, Den
nis,
Step
hen
Met
raux
, and
Tre
vor H
adle
y, “T
he
Cent
re fo
r Men
tal
Hea
lth P
olic
y an
d Se
rvic
es R
esea
rch,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Pen
nsyl
vani
a, M
ay 2
001,
http
://w
ww
.fann
iem
aefo
unda
tion.
org/
prog
ram
s/pd
f/re
p_cu
lhan
e_pr
epub
.
72
amaz
onaw
s.com
/000
000/
38/6
6/or
igin
al/n
ews-
pdf-
uplo
ads/
2013
%20
-%20
2014
/Feb
ruar
y/FI
NA
L-In
clus
iona
ry-
Zoni
ng-I
s-it-
righ
t-fo
r-C
alga
ry.p
df.
Busi
ness
and
Pr
ofes
sion
al P
eopl
e for
the P
ublic
Inte
rest
, Nov
embe
r 200
3, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.wel
lesl
eyin
stitu
te.c
om/w
p-co
nten
t/
amaz
onaw
s.com
/000
000/
38/6
6/or
igin
al/n
ews-
pdf-
uplo
ads/
2013
%20
-%20
2014
/Feb
ruar
y/FI
NA
L-In
clus
iona
ry-
Zoni
ng-I
s-it-
righ
t-fo
r-C
alga
ry.p
df.
25.
Susa
n M
cDan
iel,
Bonn
ie W
att-
Mal
colm
, Llo
yd W
ong,
“Is t
he M
ath
Suffi
cien
t? A
ging
Wor
kfor
ce a
nd th
e Fu
ture
Pr
entic
e Ins
titut
e, ht
tp://
ww
w.u
leth
.ca/
pren
ticei
nstit
ute/
site
s/pr
entic
eins
titut
e/fil
es/
Kno
wle
dgeS
ynth
esis
%20
full%
20re
port
%20
--M
cDan
iel%
20W
att-
Mal
colm
%20
Won
g.pd
f.
Fina
ncia
l Pos
t, Ju
ly 3
0, 2
014,
htt
p://
busi
ness
.fin
anci
alpo
st.c
om/2
014/
07/3
0/do
-labo
ur-s
hort
ages
-rea
lly-e
xist
-in-c
anad
a/.
The F
rase
r In
stitu
te, J
uly
2014
, htt
p://
ww
w.fr
aser
inst
itute
.org
/upl
oade
dFile
s/fr
aser
-ca/
Con
tent
/res
earc
h-ne
ws/
rese
arch
/pu
blic
atio
ns/d
o-la
bour
-sho
rtag
es-e
xist
-in-c
anad
a.pd
fb.
Abor
igin
al M
ento
ring
& T
rain
ing
Ass
ocia
tion,
Feb
ruar
y 9,
201
1, ht
tp://
ww
w.a
mta
-bc.
com
/lat
est-
new
s/20
11/0
2/ca
nada
s-ab
orig
inal
-pop
ulat
ion-
an-
unta
pped
-and
-gro
win
g-la
bour
-for
ce.
Tale
nt P
ool,
Mar
ch 2
014.
Tale
nt P
ool,
Mar
ch 2
014.
Abor
igin
al
Busi
ness
Dev
elop
men
t Ser
vice
s, 20
09, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.can
adab
usin
ess.a
b.ca
/doc
s/Fi
ndin
g-an
d-K
eepi
ng-A
bori
gina
l-
Cent
re fo
r the
Stu
dy o
f Liv
ing
Stan
dard
s, Fe
brua
ry 2
010,
htt
p://
ww
w.c
sls.c
a/re
port
s/cs
ls20
10-0
3.pd
f.
Mar
tin P
rosp
erity
Inst
itute
, Aug
ust 2
010,
htt
p://
mar
tinpr
ospe
rity
.org
/med
ia/p
dfs/
The N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch,
Dec
embe
r 201
1, ht
tp://
ww
w.n
ber.o
rg/p
aper
s/w
1764
0.
Carn
egie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity, h
ttp:
//w
ww
.cre
ativ
ecla
ssgr
oup.
com
/rf
cgdb
/art
icle
s/4%
20C
ities
%20
and%
20th
e%20
Cre
ativ
e%20
Cla
ss.p
df
The C
onfe
renc
e Boa
rd
of C
anad
a, J
une
2014
, htt
p://
ww
w.c
onfe
renc
eboa
rd.c
a/te
mp/
dd5b
6cfe
-67e
1-4e
df-9
662-
1ef7
225c
6c81
/625
0_se
lling
beyo
ndus
_br.p
df.
Tale
nt P
ool,
Mar
ch 2
014.
Imm
igra
nt S
ecto
r Cou
ncil
of C
anad
a,
NSW
Gov
ernm
ent a
nd C
omm
unity
Rel
atio
ns
Com
mis
sion
,ad
vant
ages
_of_
cultu
ral_
dive
rsity
_in_
Aust
ralia
.
Del
oitt
e, N
ovem
ber 2
012,
ht
tp://
ww
w.d
eloi
tte.
com
/ass
ets/
Dco
m-A
ustr
alia
/Loc
al%
20A
sset
s/D
ocum
ents
/Ser
vice
s/C
onsu
lting
/Del
oitt
e_D
iver
sity
_Inc
lusi
on_R
epor
t_V
4_N
ov_2
012.
41.
Sylv
ia A
nn H
ewle
tt, M
elin
da M
arsh
all,
Laur
a Sh
erbi
n an
d Ta
ra G
onsa
lves
, “In
nova
tion,
Div
ersi
ty, a
nd M
arke
t Ce
nter
for T
alen
t Inn
ovat
ion,
Sep
tem
ber 2
013,
htt
p://
ww
w.ta
lent
inno
vatio
n.or
g/as
sets
/ID
MG
-
73
42.
Sylv
ia A
nn H
ewle
tt, M
elin
da M
arsh
all,
Laur
a Sh
erbi
n an
d Ta
ra G
onsa
lves
, “In
nova
tion,
Div
ersi
ty, a
nd M
arke
t Ce
nter
for T
alen
t Inn
ovat
ion,
Sep
tem
ber 2
013,
htt
p://
ww
w.ta
lent
inno
vatio
n.or
g/as
sets
/ID
MG
-
43.
Sylv
ia A
nn H
ewle
tt, M
elin
da M
arsh
all,
Laur
a Sh
erbi
n an
d Ta
ra G
onsa
lves
, “In
nova
tion,
Div
ersi
ty, a
nd M
arke
t Ce
nter
for T
alen
t Inn
ovat
ion,
Sep
tem
ber 2
013,
htt
p://
ww
w.ta
lent
inno
vatio
n.or
g/as
sets
/ID
MG
-
Inte
rnat
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
n fo
r Mig
ratio
n, 2
012,
file
:///C
:/Use
rs/l
babu
ik/
Cana
dian
Cen
tre f
or P
olic
y A
ltern
ativ
es, A
pril
2014
, htt
ps://
ww
w.
plac
e_to
_be_
a_w
oman
_in_
cana
da.p
df.
Cana
dian
Cen
tre f
or P
olic
y A
ltern
ativ
es, A
pril
2014
, htt
ps://
ww
w.
plac
e_to
_be_
a_w
oman
_in_
cana
da.p
df.
Del
oitt
e, Se
ptem
ber 2
011,
http
://w
ww
.del
oitt
e.co
m/
asse
ts/D
com
-Aus
tral
ia/L
ocal
%20
Ass
ets/
Doc
umen
ts/S
ervi
ces/
Con
sulti
ng/H
uman
%20
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ital/
Div
ersi
ty/D
eloi
tte_
74
Thi
s rep
ort w
ould
not
hav
e be
en
poss
ible
with
out t
he k
een
insi
ghts
an
d kn
owle
dgea
ble
cont
ribu
tions
of
a ho
st o
f par
tner
s and
stak
ehol
ders
, to
whi
ch th
e C
alga
ry C
ham
ber o
wes
its
sinc
ere
grat
itude
and
app
reci
atio
n.
We
wou
ld li
ke to
exp
ress
our
than
ks
to th
e co
untle
ss m
ayor
s, co
unci
llors
, ci
ty m
anag
ers a
nd p
ublic
serv
ants
in
thri
ving
citi
es a
roun
d th
e w
orld
th
at p
rovi
ded
us w
ith a
fron
t-lin
e pe
rspe
ctiv
e on
the
chal
leng
es a
nd
oppo
rtun
ities
inhe
rent
in b
uild
ing
a co
mpe
titiv
e 21
st c
entu
ry c
ity. I
f th
e pa
ges t
hat f
ollo
w c
aptu
re b
ut a
fr
actio
n of
the
zest
and
pas
sion
you
al
l hav
e fo
r pub
lic se
rvic
e, it
will
be
a m
ight
y su
cces
s. W
e al
so w
ish
to
expr
ess o
ur p
artic
ular
than
ks to
thos
e de
dica
ted
City
of C
alga
ry e
mpl
oyee
s w
ho h
elpe
d us
take
wha
t wer
e in
itial
ly ro
ugh
conc
epts
and
pro
posa
ls
and
grou
nd th
em in
the
prac
tical
ity o
f da
y-to
-day
gov
erna
nce.
In p
artic
ular
, w
e w
ould
like
to a
ckno
wle
dge
Dou
g H
odgs
on, C
hief
Info
rmat
ion
team
at T
he C
ity o
f Cal
gary
, for
not
on
ly th
eir g
uida
nce
and
supp
ort i
n ou
r re
sear
ch e
ffort
s, bu
t for
thei
r abi
ding
pa
ssio
n in
the
pow
er o
f tec
hnol
ogy
to
driv
e ci
vic
inno
vatio
n. D
rew
Rifk
in,
Terr
itory
Man
ager
for S
ocra
ta, a
nd
incr
edib
ly h
elpf
ul in
dev
elop
ing
the
cont
ent f
or th
is re
port
. Thr
ough
out
the
year
s, th
e C
ham
ber’s
pol
icy
deve
lopm
ent a
nd a
dvoc
acy
wor
k on
th
e m
unic
ipal
fron
t, in
clud
ing
this
la
test
pub
licat
ion,
has
ben
efitt
ed
from
the
inva
luab
le c
ontr
ibut
ions
of
the
hard
-wor
king
vol
unte
ers o
f the
M
unic
ipal
Dir
ectio
ns C
omm
ittee
.
The
ir le
ader
ship
and
com
mitm
ent t
o th
ese
issu
es is
one
of t
he C
ham
ber’s
gr
eate
st a
sset
s, an
d th
eir c
ore
gras
p of
the
sign
ifica
nt is
sues
faci
ng
busi
ness
es in
Cal
gary
hel
ped
prov
ide
the
criti
cal l
ens t
hrou
gh w
hich
to
test
our
con
clus
ions
. We
wou
ld
like
to e
xpre
ss o
ur a
ppre
ciat
ion
to
supp
ort o
f the
Cal
gary
Cha
mbe
r’s
Gre
at C
ities
Initi
ativ
e. W
e w
ould
als
o lik
e ac
know
ledg
e th
e co
ntri
butio
ns
of M
arga
ret C
hand
ler,
who
se c
ritic
al
eye
help
ed sh
arpe
n ou
r pro
se a
nd
enve
lope
the
won
ders
of m
unic
ipal
in
nova
tion
and
exce
llenc
e in
to a
co
mpe
lling
nar
rativ
e. F
inal
ly, w
e w
ould
like
to th
ank
all m
embe
rs o
f th
e C
alga
ry C
ham
ber o
f Com
mer
ce,
who
se su
cces
s is a
t the
hea
rt o
f ev
eryt
hing
we
do. M
uch
in th
is w
orld
w
ould
not
be
poss
ible
with
out y
our
endu
ring
supp
ort.
Abo
ut th
e C
alga
ry C
ham
ber’
s G
reat
Cit
ies I
niti
ativ
eT
he C
alga
ry C
ham
ber’s
Gre
at
Citi
es in
itiat
ive
is a
n on
goin
g se
ries
of e
vent
s and
pol
icy
rese
arch
ai
med
at e
xam
inin
g th
e st
ruct
ure
and
perf
orm
ance
of A
lber
ta’s
mun
icip
aliti
es, a
nd id
entif
ying
way
s in
whi
ch o
ur c
ities
can
bec
ome
wor
ld-
clas
s. T
hrou
ghou
t the
seri
es, w
e ha
ve b
roug
ht to
geth
er su
bjec
t mat
ter
expe
rts,
gove
rnm
ent r
epre
sent
ativ
es,
busi
ness
lead
ers a
nd c
omm
unity
m
embe
rs to
rais
e aw
aren
ess,
gene
rate
di
scus
sion
and
pro
pose
new
idea
s to
stre
ngth
en A
lber
ta’s
mun
icip
al
legi
slat
ive
fram
ewor
k an
d dr
ive
tow
ard
mun
icip
al e
xcel
lenc
e.
AC
KN
OW
LED
GEM
ENTS
This
pro
ject
was
mad
e pos
sibl
e thr
ough
a
gran
t fro
m th
e Alb
erta
Rea
l Est
ate
Foun
datio
n. T
he A
lber
ta R
eal E
stat
e Fo
unda
tion
supp
orts
real
esta
te re
late
d in
itiat
ives
that
enha
nce t
he in
dust
ry
and
bene
fit th
e peo
ple o
f Alb
erta
. The
Fo
unda
tion’
s rev
enue
s are
der
ived
from
th
e int
eres
t ear
ned
on p
ublic
mon
ey
depo
site
d in
real
esta
te b
roke
rs’ p
oole
d tr
ust a
ccou
nts.
Lear
n m
ore a
t are
f.ab.
ca.
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