GREAT CLOUD OF WITNESSES: CHURCH HISTORY 16 June 2021 | Week 3: The Imperial Church & Canon of Scripture

Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us also lay aside every weight, and sin which clings so closely, and let us run with endurance the race that is set

before us, 2 looking to Jesus… - Hebrews 12:1-2a

Introduction: Where are we at?

1. Christian Persecution

i. Nero (A.D. 52 – 68 A.D.)

ii. Trajan (98-117)

iii. Marcus Aurelius (161-180)

iv. Decius (249-251)

v. Valerian (253-260)

2. Spreading of the Gospel

i. God’s sovereign grace

ii. Missionary zeal & bold witness

iii. Christian charity

iv. Value of individual human life

v. Appeal of grace in a rigid stoic society

vi. Historical providence and protection

Why Constantine?

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I. Constantine the Great (306-337): Setting the Stage

1. Diocletian (284-305) and Galerius (305-311)

i. The “Peaceful Succession” Plan

ii. “Great Persecution” (303-312)

iii. Two Illnesses

In return for our tolerance, Christians will be required to pray to their god for us, for the public good, and for themselves, so that the state may enjoy prosperity and they may live in peace. - Galerius, Recorded by Eusebius of Caesarea

II. Constantine the Great (306-337): Rise to Power

1. Battle of Milvian Bridge

i. The “Amazing Vision”

About the time of the midday sun, when day was just turning, he said he saw with his own eyes, up in the sky and resting over the sun, a crossshaped trophy formed from light, and a text attached to it which said, `By this conquer.’ - Eusebius of Caesarea in Life of Constantine

2

Constantine the Great

ii. The Labarum

2. Edict of Milan (313)

Therefore, your Worship should know that it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever, which were in the rescripts formerly given to you officially, concerning the Christians and now any one of these who wishes to observe Christian religion may do so freely and openly, without molestation. We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship. - The Edict of Milan

3. Sole Ruler (324)

Was Constantine a Christian?

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III. The Imperial Church

1. A Safe Church

2. Political Church

3. Church “Reform”

4. Authority in the Church

5. Dual Reactions

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IV. The Canon of Scripture

1. What does “canon” (κανών (kan-oan)) mean?

2. Two Myths

3. Criteria for Canonization

i. Apostolicity

ii. Antiquity

iii. Orthodoxy

iv. Universality

4. The Canon in History

i. John 14:24–26

These things I have spoken to you while I am still with you. But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you.

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ii. John 16:23–24

I still have many things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now. When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things that are to come. He will glorify me, for he will take what is mine and declare it to you.

iii. 2 Peter 3:15-16

And count the patience of our Lord as salvation, just as our beloved brother Paul also wrote to you according to the wisdom given him, 16 as he does in all his letters when he speaks in them of these matters. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures.

iv. Irenaeus (130-202)

It is not possible that the Gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are. For, since there are four zones of the world in which we live, and four principal winds, while the Church is scattered throughout all the world, and the “pillar and ground” of the Church is the Gospel and the spirit of life; it is fitting that she should have four pillars, breathing out immortality on every side, and vivifying men afresh. — Against Heresies (Book III, Chapter 11.8)

v. Muratorian Fragment (170)

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Muratorian Fragment

vi. Origen (184-253; 210*)

Among the four Gospels, which are the only indisputable ones in the Church of God under heaven, I have learned by tradition that the first was written by Matthew, who was once a publican, but afterwards an apostle of Jesus Christ, and it was prepared for the converts from Judaism, and published in the Hebrew language. The second is by Mark, who composed it according to the instructions of Peter, who in his Catholic epistle acknowledges him as a son, saying, 'The church that is at Babylon elected together with you, saluteth you, and so doth Marcus, my son.' And the third by Luke, the Gospel commended by Paul, and composed for Gentile converts. Last of all that by John. — Origen, quoted by Eusebius, Church History (6.25)

vii. Athanasius (296-373; 367*)

Again it is not tedious to speak of the [books] of the New Testament. These are, the four Gospels, according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Afterwards, the Acts of the Apostles and Epistles (called Catholic), seven, viz. of James, one; of Peter, two; of John, three; after these, one of Jude. In addition, there are fourteen Epistles of Paul … And besides, the Revelation of John. — Athanasius, 39th Festal Letter

viii. Synod of Hippo (393)

…the gates of hell shall not prevail… - Matt. 16:18

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Synod of Hippo

Resources Cited & Recommended

Primary Sources

Edit of Milan https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/edict-milan.asp

Eusebius, Caesariensis. (1999). Eusebius, Life of Constantine. Translated by Averil Cameron and Stuart Hall. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Books & Articles

Bauer, Susan W. (2010). The History of the Medieval World. NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Core Seminars: Capitol Hill Baptist. Core Seminars | Capitol Hill Baptist | Church History: Constantine, Controversy & Councils. (2016, June 24).https://www.capitolhillbaptist.org/sermon/class-3-constantine-controversy-councils/.

ESV Study Bible: English Standard Version. (2011). Wheaton, IL: Crossway.

Gilbert, Greg. (2015). Why Trust the Bible?. 9Marks Series. IL: Crossway.

Gonzales, Justo. (2010). The Story of Christianity: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation. NY: Harper One.

Noll, M. A. (2012). Turning points: decisive moments in the history of Christianity. MI: Baker Academic.

Piper, John. (2008, February 15). Why We Believe the Bible: The Inspiration, Inerrancy, and Authority of the Bible. https://www.desiringgod.org/messages/why-we-believe-the-bible-session-2

Images

http://ancientscripture.blogspot.com/2017/11/393-ad-synod-of-hippo.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P46.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great

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The "Edict of Milan " (313 A. D.)

When I, Constantine Augustus, as well as I Licinius Augustus d fortunately met near Mediolanurn (Milan), and were considering everything that pertained to the public welfare and security, we thought -, among other things which we saw would be for the good of many, those regulations pertaining to the reverence of the Divinity ought certainly to be made first, so that we might grant to the Christians and others full authority to observe that religion which each preferred; whence any Divinity whatsoever in the seat of the heavens may be propitious and kindly disposed to us and all who are placed under our rule And thus by this wholesome counsel and most upright provision we thought to arrange that no one whatsoever should be denied the opportunity to give his heart to the observance of the Christian religion, of that religion which he should think best for himself, so that the Supreme Deity, to whose worship we freely yield our hearts) may show in all things His usual favor and benevolence. Therefore, your Worship should know that it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever, which were in the rescripts formerly given to you officially, concerning the Christians and now any one of these who wishes to observe Christian religion may do so freely and openly, without molestation. We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship. When you see that this has been granted to them by us, your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases ; this regulation is made we that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion.

Moreover, in the case of the Christians especially we esteemed it best to order that if it happens anyone heretofore has bought from our treasury from anyone whatsoever, those places where they were previously accustomed to assemble, concerning which a certain decree had been made and a letter sent to you officially, the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception, Those, moreover, who have obtained the same by gift, are likewise to return them at once to the Christians. Besides, both those who have purchased and those who have secured them by gift, are to appeal to the vicar if they seek any recompense from our bounty, that they may be cared for through our clemency,. All this property ought to be delivered at once to the community of the Christians through your intercession, and without delay. And since these Christians are known to have possessed not only those places in which they were accustomed to assemble, but also other property, namely the churches, belonging to them as a

corporation and not as individuals, all these things which we have included under the above law, you will order to be restored, without any hesitation or controversy at all, to these Christians, that is to say to the corporations and their conventicles: providing, of course, that the above arrangements be followed so that those who return the same without payment, as we have said, may hope for an indemnity from our bounty. In all these circumstances you ought to tender your most efficacious intervention to the community of the Christians, that our command may be carried into effect as quickly as possible, whereby, moreover, through our clemency, public order may be secured. Let this be done so that, as we have said above, Divine favor towards us, which, under the most important circumstances we have already experienced, may, for all time, preserve and prosper our successes together with the good of the state. Moreover, in order that the statement of this decree of our good will may come to the notice of all, this rescript, published by your decree, shall be announced everywhere and brought to the knowledge of all, so that the decree of this, our benevolence, cannot be concealed.

 

from Lactantius, De Mort. Pers., ch. 48. opera, ed. 0. F. Fritzsche, II, p 288 sq. (Bibl Patr. Ecc. Lat. XI).

Both texts translated in University of Pennsylvania. Dept. of History: Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European history, (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press [1897?-1907?]), Vol 4:, 1, pp. 28-30

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/edict-milan.asp

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