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Gravity provides the eNS a fundamental reference for estimating spatial orientation and coordinaring movements in the terrestrial
environment.
Source of Acqu isition NASA Johnson Space Center
~
I https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110011052 2018-05-19T09:11:21+00:00Z
2
Peripheral Vestibular System
Vestibular Recllp tors
Otolith Or2"ans: Sensitive to linear motion (and gravity)
Semi-circular canals: Sensitive to rotational motion
Hair Cell Anatomy
3
Otolith Physiology rc<?''':f,:'' rno .. l'<:mc~~ ~ . ~IOC~",\jClt Id f:2'r ----
~~~:~I i
--- " zona
Sl?ns~ry
cw:thahlJr-
,- --- y
F'~:" ,~",~.-"Y.L- < " .. :J"' ''~,,;!'..:v'll ----
Fi~ . ~9. ,\; l'n:sUJllcd Juechanic.al UnJ,a;.: hel\-..ee n Iht macul:..t: l'Jli l helia! cell..: UJld o"crlyin::! S!ruL1Un.'!o . 13: Eleir.!:nwry' m-:ch<1111C-.1 1 l~n;'l l og:-·. r. :'.:n~ii~ .I c>.:~;t::'l~ i Lm of ht:l.ld re l:-ttivt to
$pa~e; ,\. iH:c:~Je'.:Jliml or t)lll:.A};l1'1 rcilJt in: to <:;p:tcc; (. !'.;lauv t= dl,>piaccmenl 0; :.Hoccnia l.1r;d
lTI~tcub: ;'1' p~l!'ltion of t:nu (lr!!~n ar commenCCflh!iI' Dr 2cc('I:':;'~ li,m ' I. P~) .:; ili{m afl!!r lime ! . Benson, 1982
\
~ ... I ... ~-~· ,_ .... - -- ...... -1 _tooI ........... ;.1
"-.~ .... .:""." "' ........... ~ -,- t!: . t;
. ..~
, c::._t"< "' ............ .
,,.., . ' !J~~ .. ij / .... ,~
1 1 ;;-.:4,/ ~ - .... ~ "C'" -.e.. .... ~.;.:\..,....,~ .... - .. _..tr.;"~~<-I-!- . =-j(_ i':!.\ J
:;::' "'t~ ~i~ .... ..,,-:w. ;1'\ ,_:. ~-- .. ~ • ..,,,,,,~ A41-"M'j.
i ~, .t· ..... ..:.:.., .......
-!-/~~::-- «~~. , Q.~~ "'_11 ...w. ..... ~"W'....;:
<- 1',.-/ , "~'''''' ~-I" ~t';:: . M-'7· ....... ·-->~ .-:-r:~ ~
,- ""C~ .. · I~_ .. '---""..,~ ..... -,,,
::.~;.~ .• ~aw.
4
\I:S.tlbulao efeb~U t ... CI.()th ..... -ay: 'rl,.!'! · ""0- (I ' i ~ IUS(raI101\.
C e'90allovestJtlUl .lH P:t!n,,·,,~ t ie l : ~.6c DI OII",'strlloll'f"j
I " > I ." ..,,,"' .... .' '>-..:
' '---''' '~!l~,...;; • ..,r-._/ II "' I.'r.:::i'=
Spatial Orientation and
Balance Control
Require
Central Integration of
Sensory Information
"'<:."~I !;t:I: ~:l' ne:r.-,:
Correia & Guedry, 1978
---. -~-
5
__ J
ANGULAR ACCELERATl ON fSf!:mlC'rT;ul. r Ce ~lI l s}
LINEAR ACCELERATION 6 GRAVITY {Otolilhs}
DOME: ROD/FRAMf L-___ ---.-__ -"
CENTRAL ESTI ...... TOR OF S'TA"tIC ANO DYNAMIC SPATIAL ORIENTATION
A/'IO BALANCE
CONTROL FUH:::TtON
POSTURE ("'b lnwl" b."~~
&. uDrtght pOstu~)
~;;;;;~ EYElHEAO MOV£"'~ Cs.- e~.""" ... _ m_)
SPATIAL OR1EHlATION l$.rnse posll~ .rod
'-'eloctty 01 boCIl'l
SENSORY CONFLICT SIGNA.LS
("' OTION SICKNESS)
DOME SPACE SICKNE SS
HOP/DROP PLAT FORM RAIL!;,
DO ME CHAIR
SLED ORIENTATION
SPACE SICKNESS
Ftg. 1. Scope o! the hm/~"l:!di::n Sp3celab 1 experim=nts , by ::.xp<:rimen! short name. rclativc: to l!. $ch!:mat.:i.:. repres!:Dtation of th~ rol~ of the vestibular Bod other senses io control of posture , eye movements and perception o f orientation . Expe rimenl short names are keyed to Table 1
Young et aI., Exp Brain Res, 1986
,1..,o
r -/v
""':--:::="'::'::' ,~=--==.=-=-===::~, .. "' ... ...,.r">t'f~._~
(\,\!2_o..Y~ \A
~
<7~~ ?e~j)
,s s.~ f\~
~~ ~~ \)~'S1Q~~-
7
r--- -
During Space Flight Postural Muscles can be Activated with Foot Pressure
1400 ---.------ .-- ---.-.-----
·:;uo 300 600
Courtesy of J_ Bloomberg
-I
8
Base dS91')€i15
Postural Stability
\ ,
HU111an Sensoly-Motor Balance Control
<n ~ := ~
S S c Q
:... C --0 :: -
cerebral cortex
motor control
--.------ ~ ~ ---- ------ - .
c. .... ---» ;..... c rn := <:) rn
9
I I
lBO ~
150 r ;
1 ;' I
v i
~ .:.;.., ..... J '--~#- _ ...
Postural Stability
a
C r ~wrac.",
s . •
b
~ 120 i .
c 9 0 r
j II L i ~~\\"'" i It>..·. ! .. \,
\ \ .1- f S D~ LL IJ .
"- 50 -.
30 ;...
! . .'\~""" . #.'i;:----!.}- .. I .... ", .... '.. ".,../." t---- , ~., • ,- ----_ .• --'!:.;..." .• -------i 1 . ----:,-
o ~----- .----Avcra oe 016 I RT 0 R ~ 1 A+2 ;:h"~ R-£
pre f hgnt
1;t~;: Pu ... !ut't: I.."t:'Hf'O! \\!It. C\:!I; :..l\.~ed. i)I(1\'.'m1! m:u'kcd ~k~rc:m""1" tllllltcdlal<:i) :,fl~· lllg.hl icr ~!:..tndJn~\~n ~ ~.--:-CO\ r:,ij O:-rt"rhlnJill~ hl.m t!~. t:."t.p":h:d 1Ot'·U~ 1111 ell) {'><I':Hrt' rl.l!rorzr. 16;. 1:; UI/. m" .. li~:=d SiU:rr-':IH.'tl ~"fIIl~('·lif le:;/ nH::t<:ur-cd i~H.d lime: !!'(;utdin; all r.~if rut tn~· hest t:lTe:: Cl 1)\"( \-mHlolc w.\h. In I!":. lilil..'r'CC L\IC· ;;cli\'il) h'r\:lilr;!:-~ ur:n.;; fruUl th.,: lihiHlt:-- ltnlt:nnr m:!:-cl~ of 0ac subJect dCIlIIi: III:.. Itf:-I He,-clf'Sc..! Y hX'-UI' ~ih ~h,\\\·,. lor}< - G. wc.r::::1~::;.i 1:1:'¥III\U\I~ :.t.nd ~lu~Ii~'~l (:r Ih:. !:tIC: 11:Srons:;:. . The drop in 1l::'!f!nlluJ.: hel!)\:" th~ rrefhpht v;dut IA'" S:''¢:i lo~ R - ii btl' !hlt lor the U:i:cl ~r~;,: .. ~It"!::::::l:::' .
Youn g et al ., Science, 1984
'1 l w\ (\" ~.'1 .&'\
~ -i \ 1\S.
10
r--- - - ~~- . ~~- ... . --- ---- ~~- - I
Ip Respo-nse to Suppori Surface Transiallons
i J O~ -- l- ~ J.. K:l_ ~ - ____ ~ _~~o::
~ ~ . II i ' .. : .if1
"0: ~ ·2(>f
1 ; 1 , i
.JOr ~J .50 1 L... __ -'-____ _
I
~
I
j
I i 0
' 2~O:----7-----:'.,.0----0
A-P Position (em)
Hip Response to Suppori Surface Translations
A-P PositIon (em)
11
·Adap tive Neural Control of Upright Stance
Des ired i\ Jo tor O utp u t -----~ + '" V~stibu l 3r Ori e n t~ t io n -
g} • '-' Visu!\1 '-' 1\
0 = ~. '-'
~j '-' ~ 0 1\ ~ W "'- 7~ '"' , G- Co rrelati on "'- ~ !~ Stor3ge
(in,erna l models) \.
.1 ~- ( Propriocep {i vt
'-' ~ u
;'
~ -'" " ~
Sensory Feed ba ck
based on Hein and Held (1962)
Adaptive Posture Control Model
-~ I I desired I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
ex te rn ... 1 diSl u rh ltnCCS
t'.~li m lt l n r :lujU) l m cn(
1 _ _ ___ -+ ___ b,-,o:.:d"-~--='.::t a:.:' =-t .::"'"",,n.::":.:"c=-_________ -->
affrrcncc errur
after Ku o (1995)
!
l~~iJ\'\J~
12
Eauilest ... Conditions Sensory Analysis
1. htHmal ~ "'IUOr. D @S ~: i= flll:c
~ .~ ~upoOI'l
2.
D ,IIbs!:nl
jt, VISion
\;:' @?) FncO r Supper: ~
fJ 3. '~} r: Swwy-Rclen:no:e::l ~ \lISlitfl
!'-;/" ; @?) \~:.I,'
VI: ,;: Fued
~ Sucoor:
4.
~ Nonnal ~ ~.;, .!" \1' 510"
!J) (2) ~j'r ,
i Swai'·hel.'ent~
~ Suooor.
5.
~ AI!lenl VI"U"
~)i) ~ i"' / ;;,: Swa ... ·heterl!need
~ !.. Suooon
Swlt ... · Rclf:r .. neeo ~ VI"un
~ sw;, ... · Rclcfenc.ed
~ Suppol'l
Patient Balance Test Performances
100
80
40
:w
(redra"wn from Black et a l. 1988)
Sensory-Neural Vestibular Loss (n=28)
• n orm~1 s ubjects e p~ t iellts
sar SOT sar SOT SOT SOT 5
{,
100
60
20
Head Trauma-BPPN (n=lI)
• norm:&1 subjects o p~ ti cnts
1 rn
SOT SOT SOT sar SOT SOT 6
13
Typical Astronaut Pelior111al1ce
-::: 0 '" ::::.. '" ~
rr)
-::: c:.> U
~
~ 0) ~
c::::: :.... , 0 >' ::::.. '" :>- -" = rr)rr)
Eyes Open
post
~ pre
SOT 1
=~ u , V>
5 sec
~ ~
SOT4
Eyes Closed
~ ~
SOT 2
~ ~
SOT5
Sway-Referenced Vision
SOT6
Paloski , et aI., 1997
Raw Sway Data From SOT 6 ~---------------------+(~~.-~~~S&~gGtS~)~---------------------1
12
OJ Q)
"0
>. CIl
5: en .. c.. 6. 4 . .
: ~
0 ·120
preflight postfl ight
... . ... .
. .
..
. : -.. ..... :..~ .. -! !": .•• :.::.".. .: , . ~': :.,.,..'"
'. I .; • . .; ...... ~~ .. ' ""! ...... -;;l' \. . . g' :: : ~ , : ...
·90 ·60 ·JO
time before launch (d)
o
• ':.' :0<" •• ....... ~. :i.: •. ~". : .. -f'_-.; ... ... -,. ' . ..... ,
.~ . ,
t ime after wheels stop (d)
10
14
Post.flight Sway Data [ roin SOT 6 ----- --- -
rookies (n=20) veterans (n=25)
.I ,j " :. 12.00
I OJ Cll
"0 .-8.00 "" "" >, · ". ": 0
0
'" . t Of: 00
~ '. 0
If) · .-" . .' . . . .. ~ . ... 0.. · : . ; ,-. ....
S. -:" .:;: ... ~ . ; .: 6.. 4.00
. '. .' .'- : .... ':'" : ' .. 1 '.' I.". . . , : :.,. : ., . ..l> •• ::r : .... -: .. ~. : - • .& ·'l ;. "\ or . :. , ,:' Of . " '" ~ , :! ,
I "-f -; 0.00
0_ 1 1.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 10.0
time after wheels stop (d) time after wheels st op (d)
Lal1ding Day Performance
8
I * 1 __ ,00k;.(0-16) J ----- veteran (n=1 8)
*
} T
/I ..L ..L
6
~ ~ ~ /
2
a pre post pre post pre poSt pre post pre post pre post
sot 1 sot 2 sot 3 so t 4 sot 5 sot 6
15
Risk of Ataxia Following Space Flight
s ot 6 (rookies) sot 6 (veterans) 0.70
CO 0.60
>< CO ..... CO
0 .50
-.-0 0.40
>-.... 0.30
..0 CO 0.20
..0 0 I.-
0.10 Q..
time after wheels stop (d) t ime after wheels stop (d)
16
1-
Bioastronautics Risk Mitigation Effectiveness
Q)
u C rn >= t: o 't: Q)
D.. '-o =a c rn
.5 rn Q)
.c
.....
.c
..... o
1 DO - -- - - - - - - - - - -
", -. lo~ risk .operating zoo"e
'-.
high risk operating zone
o
Ind iv idu a l crew prefl ight hea lth , fitness, a nd/o r proficiency
C lini ca lly degraded test resu lts High ri sk of de layed health conseq uences Signifi cantly reduced profi ciency
C lini ca ll y ab normal test results Una cceptably hi gh r isk of delayed hea lth co nseq uences Fa ilure to meet mi ni mum proficiency req uirem ents
Subject Distribution 20,-________________________________________________________ -.
15 / short-duration « 20 days) : n=5 1
C 10
long-duration (> 60 days): n=23
5
31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 'j6j:J
Mission Duration (d)
17
o
Data .. 4nalysis Statist ica l Mod e l fo r EO Scores: The nomlalized l<Hem EQ scores (scale 0[0 [0 I) for each SOT are mode led as Beta disrribut ions: y- B(p, q) , The density ofy is:
f( ) = r ep + q) p-J (J - )q-J
Y r(p)r(q) Y Y
Fa ll M od el: The conditio nal probabil ity of a fall g iven latent EQ score is modeled as:
P(fall iy)=G(y)=(i-yr or p(fall )=r(p+q)r(r + q ) r(q)r(r + p + q)
where p, q and r depend on independent variables (miss ion duratio n and time after landing):
15 t5 iog(dllr) iog r =Cj +C6 -+C- _~----C
I + I I + I
log q = C4 (fixed fo r all cond itions)
I 0 - C ' C 0 ' C ~ C is Jog(dur) 0" P - 0 ~ I ~ 2 1+ t + 3 1 + I
where 0 = 0 prefl ight; I postflight, dur= miss ion d uration (days), I = time after landing (days) for postflight only, and CO"' " C7 are coeffic ie nts estimated from the data
Pelfo rmance Distributions Following 10-day M issions
8
,_ Prefiight l
_R~ I _R+1
_ R+2
' _ R+4
,_R+8 , 1 __ _ '
20
Latent EO Score (SOT 6)
18
I .. _-- -
o
Peliormance Distributions Following J80-day Missions
_ Preihght
_ R+12 Hours
_ R+1
_ R+2
:_ R+4
,_ R+8
0.5
/ -'
"
20 40 60 80
Latent EQ Score (SOT 6)
According to the NIH:
100
• There are more than 30,000,000 people over age 65 in the U_S_ (Bureau of Census, 1992)
• Vestibular disorders account for 20-25% of falls in the elderly that lead to hospitalization (Brockelhurstet at, 1991)
• Of the elderly people hospitalized because of fall s (over 200,000 per year with hip fracture alone), 40% die within one year (Rubenstein, 1983)
l
19
Risk of Falling in Nor/native Population
ctl
>< ctl
+oJ
ctl .... o
.:.:: (/)
(SOT 6 data from Peterka and Black. 1990)
1.0 ,----------------;-m-ITnT~____,
0 .8
0 .6
0.4
0 .2
III 0.0 0~---::-':20:----4c"=0,--~6=0------::8'"="0--'
age
SOT 6 Pelforlnance: EQ • Male (n:'89) r:lI Female (n=101 ) 1
.-~ , I,.} 1 ----~I ._-.-; IJ!!H\'\
0.8 +-------'-j--C------------+I --+I----il-~.
0.6 t=tj;=-::!:==~::~;;~I::jl==, I\li~~j-.l I . ,
i 1- i 0.4 ' ! , c~~~ •. : .. ::::--:~~ • • --=,.,-------:---1;.-' °_--:.-1 __ _
I ' '. .'- i; ! -~- ----..~--__j_---i---
0.2 ! ,; •• !,i:~ , .' ..... , I I L ; ',- "I..~
0.0 c=-;-----;-----"7": -' ----,';-\ --+-----i .,
o :20 40 60 80 ]00 Age
20
0.5
0.4
03
0_2
- 0.1
ro ~ 0_0 CL
0.4
0.3
0.2
0_1
0.0
SOT 6 Pelforntance: Falls
L --Session A
- -
r-§~islo_n -~l -
r- . - -
f--- -
0 10 20
- 1---- - ---- - - - vr------ - +-- .,/ -
~r~- - I---=-= ii Male (n=89) iii Female (n=101) ,
30
, , J.L0
l +b~~-I . 1 -- ---~------_-+I--~ ,
1 -i -----;;~
---- - '----- ! ----: ~ ----; - ---I- I
40 50
Age
60 70 80 90 ]00
re?
21
. - ' - - - -_ ... _- ------- --1
Option 1: Linear AG Constant acceleration during the first half of a trip to Mars
[ Constant decel~:tio::9 the last half of a trip to Mars
I d2R , :, F·= m ';.,..·· ~ma '
dt 2 "
• Fuel requirements
• New propulsion systems '----
• Surface activities and operations
Option 2: Rotational AG
Approximate 9
1 I 1 I 1
Achieved by:
1) rotating entire vehicle during transit
or 2) providing human centrifuge within
vehicle
Radius (m) Angula, Velocity (rpm)
300 0.55
15 2.46
0.75 11 .02
22
Precedent fron1 the Past: 2001
Kubrick, 1968
Physics and Physiology
F •
---- ----- ----
ROTATIONAl AXIS
ROTATIONAl AXIS
F 9
LEGEND: ro Rotation Fg Gravitational Foree Fe Coriolis Force V Subjecfs Velocity
from Stone, 1970
Physics and Physiology
E
Objectives 1. Discuss the role of gravity in spatial
orientation and balance control.
2. Review the anatomy and physiology of thP nPl1ro- \ leC't1h1ular Q"\TC'tpn'l L..J....l. '-" .J......L ....... \...A.....l. Ul,....1V I-J.) 0\... '-" ..1..1..1...
3. Exan1ine the disruption and recovery of sensorY-lnotor function following space flight.
24
294
ANGULAR ACCELERATIO t.l ISemtClrcu lllr Cenllls)
LINEAR ACCELERATION 6 GRAVITY
IO tolilhs)
DOME ROO/FR!.IME
'----------,----"
CENTRAL ESTI MATOR OF STATIC AN D OYN AM IC SPATI AL ORI ENTAnON
AND BALANCE
~-J=:' ~.
-::- -;(
CONTRO\. FUNCTION
POSTUR E (' .... In .. ln ~wne"u~hlpo3llure)
EYElHEAO MO"{EM EHTS rSe-r elelny " _ "'O¥t')
SPAT'A.l ORIENTATION (Sens. poellion .0<1
veloe.l'Y 01 body)
SENSORY CONFl.ICT SIGNALS
(MonON SlCt<N ESS)
DOME SP!.ICE SICt<NESS
HOP/DROP PLATFORM RAILS
DOME" CH A IR
SLED ORI E NTAnON
SPACE SICt< N ESS
Ft:. 1. Scope o f the M:rf/Canadian Spacdab 1 expc:rimenu. by experiment shon name. relative to a schematic representation of the role of the vestibular and other senses in control of posture , eye movements and perceplion of orientarion . Experiment shan names are keyed to Table 1
Young et aI. , Exp Brain ReSt 1986
Insertion into orbit removes the fundam ental eNS spatial reference and triggers neuro-
Return to Earth. reintroduces this reference
and triggers neuroadaptive processes that return peljonnance to
terrestrial norms.
adaptive processes that optimize peljormance for the microgravity environment.
o
Adaptive Neural Control of Upright Stance
Desired Moro r Output
Orientation Vestibu lar
Visual
.:::
, Cor rel3lion
Slor~l ge
(in ternal mod els)
Proprioceptive
Sensory Feedback
based on Hein and Held (1962)
Pelformance Distributions Following l80-day Missions
_ Preflight I :_ R+12 HOUrs !
_R+1 I' _ R+2
I _ R+4
_R+8 i
20 40 60 80 100
Latent =Q Score (SOT 6)
26 I
J
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
_ 0.1
ro ~ 0.0 a..
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
SOT 6 Pelformance: Falls
I . -'Session A
r----- - - r-
--,
J Session B] ;
-
,
I
I --. !
o 10 20
,,-
/ V
/ v
..---V r--I
II Female (n=101) i I I
II Male (n=89) I I I I !
! I
I
i 30
I I I I I
I , I I
I I I
, ------+----:: I
40 50
Age
60
j
I I I
I v i I
I
~ i --1 -----r-----I I
70 80 90 100
r--
I
. .
II
Forward work to facilitate the next steps in human exploration of space ...
• Identify sites and mechanisms of sensorymotor adaptation. • Determine interactions betviTeen sensory-motor adaptation,
autonomic system function, and musculo-Bkeletal function. • Assess functional risk of sensory-motor adaptation to the
success of future missions. • Develop adequate countermeasures to mitigate the untowar
functional risks.
Ground-based venues are unlikely to serve as adequate analogs. Space-based experiment platforms will be required, possibly
including animal and human centrifuges to provide artificial gravity.
----I
I
28