Introduction to Geographical Information Systems

Tools- Data –Maps - Analysis Volusia County Zip CodesGraphical Areas – polygonsInformation associated about each polygon, i.e. 32128 – has a spatial area and information associated with it.

Shapefiles- geographically oriented

shapes- data associated with

shape

GIS Software Tools

• ESRI Arc Map – ERAU Site License under Aviation Applications www.esri.com, by far most popular and widely used GIS Desktop Software.

• qGIS – open source project – free-- http://www.qgis.org/ I’m going to show the examples from here, same concepts apply to both software tools. Its simple, download and install (next slide). Works on Mac, Linux, Windows, download and run, free GIS Desktop Software.

• Google Earth, Google Maps, Bing Maps, Open Street Map, Planet Labs, Zillow

• www.osgeo.org Open Source Geographic Information System Projects

There are many, many, other tools. Right now we are going to focus on opening existing data with qGis, downloading data from Volusia County, and building a map. http://www.Volusia.org/gis/

GIS Software Tool qGIS (sounds like Q-gis) Download this program from www.qgis.org and install on your PC

Data loading tool. Start with adding data and we’ll return to more … download data from Volusia.org/gis, unzip to c:\temp\volusia

Map Navigation Tools (pan, zoom in, zoom out, zoom to box

Analysis Tools – identification, multiple identification, measure, statistics

Local, free, publicly available, Volusia County data

• http://www.volusia.org/gis

• Click download data

• Click county wide shapefiles

Click on the links and it will down a zip file of the shapefile collection of associated files (.shp, .dbf, .shx, .prj, ...)

Each data set is single data layer

We will stack the layers together for our purposes

Shapefiles

• Collection of GIS files for storing shapes and data

• Geometric shapes - Shapefile types: point, line, polygon• Zip codes are what type of geographic shape? (polygons)• What geometric shapes to represent roads, sewers, evacuation routes? Wateways?

• On the Volusia Site, each data layer has its own “shapefile”

• Grab zipcodes.zip, uncompress into c:\temp\Volusia and you see the files: zipcodes.shp, zipcodes.dbf, zipcodes.shx, zipcodes.prj

• The zipcodes.zip file actually has a collection of gis files for storing the individual shapes, the shape attribute information, and a shape index file for faster retrieval, and a coordinate system file.• zipcodes.shp geographic polygon shapes (.shp)• zipcodes.dbf attribute information about each shape (.dbf file) (like excel, and often we open the

.dbf in excel)• zipcodes.shx shapefiles index file (.shx)• zipcodes.prj projection file, stores the coordinate system the shapefile is in (.prj)

Tons of free, excellent data -> http://www.volusia.org/gis/download/Shapes.htm parcels, roads, storm surge, evacuation routes, hospitals, Emergency Operations Centers……

Extended list of downloadable shapefiles from Volusia County

Make a folder on your computerC:\temp\Volusia

Download zip files by clicking the linksExtract them to c:\temp\VolusiaLoad them into qGIS by click Layer | Add Layer | Vector | Navigate to c:\temp\Volusia and pick the file named with the .shp extension i.e. zipcodes.shp

Volusia.org/gis

Shapefiles Continued…

Excel document provided with all layers (choose the ones you might want for your class)

GIS Software Tools – adding data and navigation

• Each layer has its own “shapefile” – collection of geographic shapes (.shp), attribute information about each shape (.dbf file), shape index (.shx), projection (.prj) • Recall: zip codes shapefile contains: zipcodes.shp, zipcodes.dbf, zipcodes.shx,

zipcodes.prj

• Add data layers (.shp) – point, line, polygon• Geographic extents of data (lower left and upper right bounding box);

units/projection of data defined in .prj file• Styling the layer: coloring the features, labeling, styles for the data layers (how

do want your points, lines, polygons to look (.shp stuff) and what labels do you want to show (.dbf stuff)

• Navigation: Zoom in/zoom out, Pan around, roll mouse in/out (.shx stuff)• Identification: system performs a point query at the location where you

clicked to find data under the point you clicked (does it touch a line, or within a buffer to a point, or within a polygon – then return each matching feature)

Volusia Demo – finding my house - 1 Pre installed qGIS Downloaded,

unzipped, and added Hydrology layer (water) from Volusia County ..Click Layer | Add Layer | Vector Layer | hydrology.shp

Use navigation tools and dead reckoning..

Ponce Inlet

Spruce Creek

I know its somewhere near end of creek..

Zoom into region nearEnd of Spruce Creek

Exploratory nature of browsing

Finding my house .. Add streets layer - 2

OK, with more information, we see the Spruce Creek Fly In Airport

The runway points to the back of my neighborhood, following the creek, ahh, there’s my street

Ok, I live 3 houses from that intersection

Should be about there…

Sorry for crossing my arrows

Download streets layer from Volusia.org (streets and highways), unzip, click Layer Add…navigate to streets.shp 1 Creek

Add in parcel boundariesDownload parcel ownership Volusia.org/gisUnzip to c:\temp\VolusiaClick Layer | add vector layer | c:\temp\Volusia\parcels.shp

Ok, there’s my house…(follow slide clockwise)

Add in aerial imagery (again download from Volusia.org)

Zoom in further for resolution

Zoom again for clarity

2 Airport

1 Creek

Finding my house …

3 Street

We have made a map! We found my house, now what? More data & attributes….

• Elevation (load in contours, label the elevation)

• Street name labels

• Analysis..• Distance to creek (270’)• Identify tool

• Other data? http://Volusia.org/gis• Storm surge• Evacuation Routes• Flood Zone• Population of Neighborhood?

Click identify, then click on a feature, up comes the .dbf data

Storm Surge by Hurricane Category Category 4 flooding

Category 5 flooding

The Storm Surge data has multiple sets of data within it, showing the regions of flooding for each category of hurricane

We can style this layer, changing the color for each category to improve visualization/communication of the areas by an attribute’s value (thematic mapping)

House has flooding in Cat 5 Hurricane from Storm SurgeAnd ½ the neighborhood floods too

CAT 4

CAT 5

Category, Contours, and Evacuation Routes

Notice correlation between contour elevation and storm surgeCAT 2 – 5 foot contoursCAT 5 – 20 foot contours

FEMA Flood Zones – utilize remote-hosted maps

https://hazards.fema.gov/femaportal/wps/portal/NFHLWMS

Send a web mapping service requested map extents and your map projection and the map service sends you back an image that can be overlayed on your data/maps

Tons of map services available to tap intoWeather, Crime, Fishing Reports, Wave Reports, anything people collect and share…

Google Earth View• http://qpublic6.qpublic.net/qpmap4/map.php?county=fl_volusia&lay

ers=lakes&roads

• Navigate similarly

• Click on my parcel

• Now Click Google Earth(Preinstalled)

• Now Click Birds Eye

Check the 3D Buildings for a mind blower!

For you to do….

• Next few slides – install qGIS, browse Volusia.org/gis, download and install a few layers

• Pick the important Volusia.org/gis layers in the provided excel document

• Put down a few bullets of where you seeing GIS in your courses, questions, data, etc

• Schedule a meeting with GTA (mornings after 8:30 are best) - email me the excel document back with selected layers..

Steven Lehr lehrs@erau.edu

Phone: 226-

Your Turn -- Time to get rolling1. Download qGis and install on your lap top (www.qgis.org)

2. Start qGis Desktop

3. Download the zipcodes shapefiles from Volusia County’s Website http://www.volusia.org/gis/download/Shapes.htm (grab the zip codes layer for now, small and easy to conceptualize). You’ll need to unzip the data (Make a folder c:\temp\Volusia and extract there, next step you’ll need to browse to that folder)

4. Click Layer | Add Layer | Add Vector Layer | Browse to a downloaded shapefile, select the zipcodes.shp, and click Open, the default look will be something like the green image

Now lets “Style” the layer to look like

Fixing the Zip Codes Layer’s Style (coloring and labeling)

1. Double click the square that matches the default color, not the square is actually a region the shape file we just added is a polygon shape. Each polygon is the .shp file is drawn on the map. Now we are going to change the color and add the label. The label comes from the .dbf file which is easily openable in excel.

Fixing the Zip Codes StyleClick the color to choose the color/pattern you wish and explore the options, this is easily changeable

Transparency will be useful later to see thru layers, ie. Show the zip code boundaries and the label, but the ability to see thru the data .. More soon

Once we have the color to purple, now add the label, so click here

Fixing the Zip Codes Style First click here and choose “show label for this layer”Then choose the ZCODE should now look like Then click OK

Want More Layers? | Download more shapefiles | Unzip | Click Add Layer and add the Shapefile | Style it | RepeatDemo – zip codes, hydrology, roads, septic system, aerial imagery, evacuation, highways

Maps

• Recall x,y coordinate systems

• What all do you need to make that pirate map useful?• Where is 0,0 ?

• Units the map is generated in

• Scale

• Field of view (extents)

• The pirate map has a route (line) stored on top of a base map

• Base map has rivers, and some land marks (points)

• Our geographic maps typically store one set of data per layer• Rivers – polygons, Route – line, landmarks which are points with icons

Map Extents

• Geographic extents (lower left and upper right coordinates), region of which the shapefiles extends – look at Volusia zipcodes picture, the blue box is a bounding box

• Units for Volusia County are in Feet (FL State Plane East, Feet is the projection for data on the Volusia County Website).

• Projection/Coordinate Systems is stored in the zipcodes.prj, this identifies the measuring system (lon/lat, state plane feet) that the shapefiles data is in. Later you will hear the term reprojection, which means to convert the shapefiles from one projection/coordinate system to another (like converting MPH to KPH)

• Google uses WGS84 – lon/lat and meters

llx,lly

urx,ury

Coordinate Systems (.prj)

• FL State Plane East Feet http://www.fdot.gov/geospatial/maps/zones_districts.pdf

You need a frame of reference, i.e. where is 0,0? x,y marks the spot, extents mark the bounding box (lower left x,y and upper right x,y)In the state plane coordinate systems, everything should be in + space and should not be effected by curvature of Earth

0

Coordinate system / projection typically used synonymously, however there are important details as you get in deeper into mapping – you’ll learn when you need to…

Bounding Box for Volusia CountyX extents from about 400,000 to 800,000Y extents from about 1,500,000 to 1,900,000

From the Volusia Website..

https://www.google.com/search?q=fl+longitude+latitude+grid

Where’s 0,0?

Google uses: Longitude/Latitude (Projection: WGS84 meters)

Coordinate Systems Longitude / Latitude

If use data sets from different projections, the software must reprojectthe data on the fly so that the spatial data aligns – more on this later…

Geo-codingConverting an address to lon/latpoint

https://geocoding.geo.census.gov/

Reverse Geocoding going from lat/lon to an address

https://www.google.com/maps/@29.065218,-81.058716,18.25z Have to play with zoom levels

Z=1 to 20

OBJECTIVES

• Match students + with alumni

within 40 miles

• Get students early employment

opportunities

• Engineering experience while

living at home

• Improve quality of students at

ERAU

• Provide Alumni with alternative

ways to giving back to ERAU

community

Example of using geo-coding Match students with Alumni

Have a list of addresses – geo-code and put on map

For me to do…

• Next few slides on populations and update SSIA

• Meet with SSIA Professors

• Help prepare/deliver GIS Material for SSIA

• Perhaps provide some lectures for SSIA students

Volusia Population Estimates• Parcels (Volusia.org/property data downloads)

• Buildings (Volusia.org/property data downloads)

• Living Area (Volusia.org/property data downloads)

• Population estimates – number of bed rooms / people or living area / people (Census Bureau + some work)

• Per MSA – i.e. given a census block with number of people, determine number of residential buildings and determine an average people per building, people per square foot, people per bed room

US Census Department

US Census Estimate People in FL US Census Data

1. Make sure layer is highlighted in the Layers Panel

2. Select Features by Polygon (right click to stop drawing)

3. Update the Statistics Panel to check Selected Features, and summarize the total population field, which is DP0010001

Downloaded Census Tract file from Census (370Meg)https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.htmlUnzip fileCame with Field DescriptionsOpen Document….DP0010001 is the field name associated with Total PopulationDouble checked population results for Volusia and Florida to validate data/process/assumptions on field name

How did I know which field to use???

https://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/index.html

us census data population by blocks

https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html

FL Population on a zoom level capability

• Population Data

• Census

• "C:\Program Files\QGIS Lyon\bin\ogr2ogr.exe" -f "ESRI Shapefile" -clipsrc vcbnd400.shp -t_srs EPSG:2236 clipped_census.shp../census/Tract_2010Census_DP1.shp

• "C:\Program Files\QGIS Lyon\bin\ogr2ogr.exe" census_fl_sp.shp -t_srs "EPSG:2236" Tract_2010Census_DP1.shp

• Population Growth...

• Non Static

• Buildings - statistics

• FL Population Trend...

• If we take FL parcel map + fl DOR data (#

Discussion….

• Schedule time for me to come by, generally I’m available in the mornings

• Goals:• Introduce faculty and students to GIS

• Help our generate a tool that will make them more desirable by industry

• Help produce meaningful content for SSIA Program

• Collaboration

US Census Bureau Data

• General Data Download Page

https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/TIGERweb_nation_based_files.html

• us census data population by blocks

https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html

Other Data Sources

• USGS https://www.usgs.gov/products/data-and-tools/gis-data• FEMA https://hazards.fema.gov/femaportal/wps/portal/NFHLWMS• Census

https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/TIGERweb_nation_based_files.html

• HUD https://egis-hud.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets?q=*&sort_by=relevance

• National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Crime Stathttps://www.nij.gov/topics/technology/maps/pages/crimestat.aspx• Crimes by State:https://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/State/StatebyState.cfm

KDE Parameters• Each method will produce different results

• Triangular & negative exponential produce many small hot and cold spots

• Quartile, uniform and normal distribution functions smooth data more

Negative exponential Normal Distribution

Walking – where is the crime wave heading?Data PointsAnalysis

A few thoughts…• FOSS4G in Denver in 2010 – Head of FCC Technology

• 2007 Iphone released• 2009 7% of cell phones spatially aware• 2010 23% of cell phones spatially aware• Now Ubiquitous

• Cell Phones - > no more Garman’s, no more watches, no more cameras, no more video recorders, tv on phone/anywhere Moore’s law goes on (# transistors per

square inch doubles every year) processing speeds, bandwidths, storage capabilities double

• Now we have auto-landing planes, drones, and soon self driving automobiles (NVDA stock went from 25 to 100 last year)

• Image recognition, spatial recognition, pattern recognition, machine learning, big data, massively parallel computing, massively distributed databases

MUM2 June 2004 – Key Hole – Google EarthGoogle Sept 1998 Planet Labs – 5M image of earth every day 2017