Graphic Design Article

7/25/2019 Graphic Design Article

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1/26/2016 Graphic design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design

Graphic symbols are often

functionalist and anonymous,[1]asthese pictographs from the US

National Park Service illustrate.

Graphic designFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Graphic designis the process of visual communication, and

problem-solving through the use of type, space, image and color.

The field is considered a subset of visual communication and

communication design, but sometimes the term "graphic design" isused interchangeably with these due to overlapping skills involved.

Graphic designers use various methods to create and combine

words, symbols, and images to create a visual representation of

ideas and messages. A graphic designer may use a combination of

typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to produce a final

result. Graphic design often refers to both the process (designing) by

which the communication is created and the products (designs)

which are generated.

Common uses of graphic design include identity (logos andbranding), publications (magazines, newspapers and books), print

advertisements, posters, billboards, website graphics and elements,

signs and product packaging. For example, a product package might

include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design

elements such as images, shapes and color which unify the piece. Composition is one of the most importan

features of graphic design, especially whenusing pre-existing materials or diverse elements.

Contents

1 History

1.1 The advent of printing

1.2 Emergence of the design industry

1.3 Twentieth century design

2 Applications

3 Skills

3.1 Visual arts design

3.2 Typography

3.3 Page layout
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design 2

3.4 Printmaking

4 Basic techiques (Essential Visual Strategies)

5 Tools

5.1 Computers and the creative process

6 Modern graphic design subfields

6.1 Interface design

6.2 User experience design

6.3 Experiential graphic design

7 Occupations

7.1 Crowdsourcing in graphic design

8 See also

8.1 Related areas

8.2 Related topics

9 References

10 Bibliography

11 External links

History

While Graphic Design as a discipline has a relatively recent history, first coined by William Addison

Dwiggins in 1922,[2]graphic design-like activities span the history of humankind: from the caves of

Lascaux, to Rome's Trajan's Column to the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, to the dazzling

neons of Ginza. In both this lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication

in the 20th and 21st centuries, there is sometimes a blurring distinction and overlapping of advertising art,

graphic design and fine art. After all, they share many of the same elements, theories, principles, practices

and languages, and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising art the ultimate objective is the

sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas,

expression and feeling to artifacts that document human experience."[3]

The advent of printing
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Page from the Book of Kells: Folio

114v, Decorated text. Tunc dicit illis

During the Tang Dynasty (618907) between the 7th and 9th

century AD, wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to

reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the

earliest known printed book. Beginning in the 11th century, longer

scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing

making books widely available during the Song dynasty (960

1279).[4]Sometime around 1450, Johann Gutenberg's printing press

made books widely available in Europe. The book design of AldusManutius developed the book structure which would become the

foundation of western publication design. This era of graphic design

is called Humanist or Old Style.

Emergence of the design industry

In late 19th-century Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, the

first official publication of a printed design was released which

marked the separation of graphic design from fine art.

In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design

education in Great Britain, informing the government of the

importance of design in hisJournal of Design and Manufactures.

He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern

industrial technology and Victorian design.

From 1891 to 1896, William Morris' Kelmscott Press published books that are some of the most significan

of the graphic design products of the Arts and Crafts movement, and made a very lucrative business of

creating books of great stylistic refinement and selling them to the public. Morris created a market for

works of graphic design in their own right to create a profession for this new type of art for aspiring

individuals who wish to earn a living through these skills. The work of the Kelmscott Press is characterizedby its obsession with historical styles. This historicism was, however, important as it amounted to the first

significant reaction to the stale state of nineteenth-century graphic design. Morris' work, along with the res

of the Private Press movement, directly influenced Art Nouveau and is indirectly responsible for

developments in early twentieth century graphic design in general.[5]

Twentieth century design

The name "Graphic Design" first appeared in print in the 1922 essay "New Kind of Printing Calls for New

Design" by William Addison Dwiggins, an American book designer in the early 20th century.[6]

Raffe's Graphic Design, published in 1927, is considered to be the first book to use "Graphic Design" in it

title.[7]

The signage in the London Underground is a classic design example[8]of the modern era and used a

typeface designed by Edward Johnston in 1916.
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A Boeing 747 aircraft with livery

designating it as Air Force One. The

cyan forms, the US flag, presidential

seal and the Caslon lettering were all

designed at different times, by

different designers, for different

purposes, and combined by designer

Raymond Loewy in this one single

aircraft exterior design.

In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual production'

in different spheres of production. The movement saw

individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved

towards creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They designed

buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos,

menus, etc.

Jan Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his

1928 book,New Typography. He later repudiated the philosophy heespoused in this book as being fascistic, but it remained very

influential. Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert

Bayer and Lszl Moholy-Nagy, and El Lissitzky have greatly

influenced graphic design as we know it today. They pioneered

production techniques and stylistic devices used throughout the

twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in the

modern style gain widespread acceptance and application.[9]A

booming post-World War II American economy established a

greater need for graphic design, mainly advertising and packaging.

The emigration of the German Bauhaus school of design to Chicago

in 1937 brought a "mass-produced" minimalism to America sparking a wild fire of "modern" architecture

and design. Notable names in mid-century modern design include Adrian Frutiger, designer of the typefac

Univers and Frutiger Paul Rand, who, from the late 1930s until his death in 1996, took the principles of th

Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American

approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the principal pioneers of the subset of graphic

design known as corporate identity and Josef Mller-Brockmann, who designed posters in a severe yet

accessible manner typical of the 1950s and 1970s era.

The growth of the professional graphic design industry has grown in parallel with the rise of consumerism

This has raised some concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with theFirst Things First manifesto. First launched by Ken Garland in 1964, it was re-published as the First Thing

First 2000 manifesto in 1999 in the magazineEmigre51[10]stating "We propose a reversal of priorities in

favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication - a mindshift away from product

marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning. The scope of debate is

shrinking it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested it must be challenged by other

perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design."[11]Both editions

attracted signatures from respected design practitioners and thinkers, for example Rudy VanderLans, Erik

Spiekermann, Ellen Lupton and Rick Poynor. The 2000 manifesto was also notably published in Adbuster

known for its strong critiques of visual culture.

Applications

From road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandums to reference manuals, graphic

design enhances transfer of knowledge and visual messages. Readability and legibility is enhanced by

improving the visual presentation and layout of text.
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Color

Design can also aid in selling a product or idea through effective

visual communication. It is applied to products and elements of

company identity like logos, colors, packaging, and text. Together

these are defined as branding (see also advertising). Branding has

increasingly become important in the range of services offered by

many graphic designers, alongside corporate identity. Whilst the

terms are often used interchangeably, branding is more strictly

related to the identifying mark or trade name for a product or

service, whereas corporate identity can have a broader meaning

relating to the structure and ethos of a company, as well as to the

company's external image. Graphic designers will often form part of

a team working on corporate identity and branding projects. Other

members of that team can include marketing professionals,

communications consultants and commercial writers.

Textbooks are designed to present subjects such as geography,

science, and math. These publications have layouts which illustrate

theories and diagrams. A common example of graphics in use to educate is diagrams of human anatomy.

Graphic design is also applied to layout and formatting of educational material to make the informationmore accessible and more readily understandable.

Graphic wayfinding signage systems have become important for large public spaces such as airports and

convention centers. These systems often depend on graphic design to communicate information quickly an

economically through a color or symbol that can be read and followed from a distance (as opposed to large

amounts of text). Such environmental graphic design systems allow people to navigate unfamiliar spaces.

The term "architectural graphics" was coined by Jane Davis Doggett, pioneer designer of airport

wayfinding systems, but the term more commonly used in 2014 is environmental graphics.[12]

Graphic design is applied in the entertainment industry in decoration, scenery, and visual story telling.Other examples of design for entertainment purposes include novels, comic books, DVD covers, opening

credits and closing credits in filmmaking, and programs and props on stage. This could also include artwor

used for T-shirts and other items screenprinted for sale.

From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with

graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information - known as information design. Newspapers,

magazines, blogs, television and film documentaries may use graphic design to inform and entertain. With

the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools such as Adobe Flash are

increasingly being used to illustrate the background to news stories.

Skills

A graphic design project may involve the stylization and presentation of existing text and either preexisting

imagery or images developed by the graphic designer. Artistic pieces can be incorporated in both traditiona

and digital form, which involves the use of visual arts, typography, and page layout techniques for

publications and marketing. For example, a newspaper story begins with the journalists and photojournalis

and then becomes the graphic designer's job to organize the page into a reasonable layout and determine if

any other graphic elements should be required. In a magazine article or advertisement, often the graphic

designer or art director will commission photographers or illustrators to create original pieces just to be
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Golden section in book design

incorporated into the design layout. Or the designer may utilize stock imagery or photography.Contemporary design practice has been extended to the modern computer, for example in the use of

WYSIWYG user interfaces, often referred to as interactive design, or multimedia design. Another aspect o

graphic design is to have good research skills, analyzing a work of art and simultaneously seeing it in new

ways. Graphic Design need skills such as power to convince the audience and selling the design.

Communication is a key part in graphic design. The process of graphic design include the "process school"

which is an approach to the subject that is concerned with the actual process of communication it

especially highlights the channels and media through which messages are transmitted and by which sender

and receivers encode and decode. Semiotic School on the other hand, is message as a construction of signs

which through interaction with receivers, produces meaning communication as an agent. The process

school is like the way in which a message is brought out to society.

Visual arts design

Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be originated by means

of visual art skills. These graphics are often (but not always) developed by a graphic designer. Visual arts

include works which are primarily visual in nature using anything from traditional media, to photography o

digital art. Graphic design principles may be applied to each graphic art element individually as well as to

the final composition.

Typography

Typography is the art, craft and techniques of type design, modifying type glyphs, and arranging type. Typ

glyphs (characters) are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of

type is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking (the space between all characters used), kerning (the

space between two specific characters), and leading (line spacing).

Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and

clerical workers. Until the Digital Age, typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up

typography to new generations of visual designers and lay users.

[13]

Page layout

The page layout aspect of graphic design deals with the arrangement

of elements (content) on a page, such as image placement, and text

layout and style. Beginning from early illuminated pages in hand-

copied books of the Middle Ages and proceeding down to intricate

modern magazine and catalogue layouts, structured page design has

long been a consideration in printed material and more recently in

electronic displays such as web pages. Elements usually consist of

type (text), images (pictures), and (with print media) occasionally

place-holder graphics for elements that are not printed with ink such

as die/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.

Printmaking
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The pencil is one of the most basic

graphic design tools.

Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing on paper and other materials or surfaces. Excep

in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called

a print. Each piece is not a copy but an original since it is not a reproduction of another work of art and is

technically known as an impression. Painting or drawing, on the other hand, creates a unique original piece

of artwork. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. Common types

of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching stone, used for

lithography blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. But

there are many other kinds, discussed below. Works printed from a single plate create an edition, in moder

times usually each signed and numbered to form a limited edition. Prints may also be published in book

form, as artist's books. A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.

Basic techiques (Essential Visual Strategies)

Nearly all design problems share some fundamental aspects: Typefaces will need to be selected or

photographs arranged in an interesting way across a layout. Regardless of specific concerns that may need

to be addressed in a particular project, there are general strategies most designers will use as foundations fo

more complex visual concepts, or to ensure common notions of quality are met in the final presentation. [14

Tools

The mind is an important graphic design tool. Aside from

technology, graphic design requires judgment and creativity.

Critical, observational, quantitative and analytic thinking are

required for design layouts and rendering. If the executor is merely

following a solution (e.g. sketch, script or instructions) provided by

another designer (such as an art director), then the executor is not

usually considered the designer.

The method of presentation (e.g. arrangement, style, medium) may

be equally important to the design. The appropriate development

and presentation tools can substantially change how an audience

perceives a project. The image or layout is produced using external

traditional media and guides, or digital image editing tools on computers. Tools in computer graphics often

take on traditional names such as "scissors" or "pen". Some graphic design tools such as a grid are used in

both traditional and digital form.

In the mid-1980s, the arrival of desktop publishing and graphic art software applications introduced a

generation of designers to computer image manipulation and creation that had previously been manuallyexecuted. Computer graphic design enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic

changes, and to simulate the effects of traditional media without requiring a lot of space. However,

traditional tools such as pencils or markers are useful even when computers are used for finalization a

designer or art director may hand sketch numerous concepts as part of the creative process. Some of these

sketches may even be shown to a client for early stage approval, before the designer develops the idea

further using a computer and graphic design software tools.
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Computers are considered an indispensable tool in the graphic design industry. Computers and software

applications are generally seen by creative professionals as more effective production tools than traditional

methods. However, some designers continue to use manual and traditional tools for production, such as

Milton Glaser.

New ideas can come by way of experimenting with tools and methods. Some designers explore ideas using

pencil and paper.[15]Others use many different mark-making tools and resources from computers to

sculpture as a means of inspiring creativity. One of the key features of graphic design is that it makes a too

out of appropriate image selection in order to possibly convey meaning.[16]

Computers and the creative process

There is some debate whether computers enhance the creative process of graphic design.[17]Rapid

production from the computer allows many designers to explore multiple ideas quickly with more detail

than what could be achieved by traditional hand-rendering or paste-up on paper, moving the designer

through the creative process more quickly.[18]However, being faced with limitless choices does not help

isolate the best design solution and can lead to endless iterations with no clear design outcome.

A graphic designer may use sketches to explore multiple or complex ideas quickly [19]without the

distractions and complications of software. Hand-rendered comps are often used to get approval for an ide

execution before a designer invests time to produce finished visuals on a computer or in paste-up. The sam

thumbnail sketches or rough drafts on paper may be used to rapidly refine and produce the idea on the

computer in a hybrid process. This hybrid process is especially useful in logo design[20]where a software

learning curve may detract from a creative thought process. The traditional-design/computer-production

hybrid process may be used for freeing one's creativity in page layout or image development as well. In the

early days of computer publishing, many "traditional" graphic designers relied on computer-savvy

production artists to produce their ideas from sketches, without needing to learn the computer skills

themselves. However, this practice has been increasingly less common since the advent of desktop

publishing over 30 years ago. The use of computers and graphics software is now taught in most graphic

design courses.

Nearly all of the popular and "industry standard" software programs used for graphic design since the early

1990s are products of Adobe Systems Incorporated. They are Adobe Photoshop (a raster-based program fo

photo editing), Adobe Illustrator (a vector-based program for draw are often used in the final stage of the

electronic design process. Raster images may have been edited in Adobe Photoshop, logos and illustration

in Adobe Illustrator, and the final product assembled in one of the major page layout programs. Most

graphic designers entering the field since about 1990 are expected to be proficient in at least one or two of

these programs.

Modern graphic design subfields

Interface design

Since the advent of the World Wide Web and computer software development, many graphic designers

have become involved in interface design, in an environment commonly referred to as a Graphical User

Interface (GUI). This has included web design and software design, when end user interactivity is a design
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consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with the interactive

communication skills of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software

developers and web developers to create both the look and feel of a web site or software application and

enhance the interactive experience of the user or web site visitor. An important aspect of interface design i

icon design.

User experience design

User experience design considers how a user interacts with and responds to an interface, service or product

and adjusts it accordingly.

Experiential graphic design

Experiential graphic design is the application of communication skills to the build environment. This area

of graphic design requires practitioners to possess knowledge of creating large scale physical installations

which have to be manufactured and withstand the same sort of environmental conditions as buildings. As

such, it is a cross-disciplinary collaborative process involving designers, fabricators, city planners,

architects, manufacturers and large project building teams.

Experiential graphic designers try to solve problems that people encounter while interacting with buildings

and space. Examples of practice areas for environmental graphic designers are wayfinding, placemaking,

branded environments, exhibitions and museum displays, public installations and digital environments.

Occupations

Graphic design career paths cover all ends of the creative spectrum and often overlap. Employment within

Graphic Design involves workers performing specialized tasks, such as design services, publishing,

advertising, and public relations, while receiving a median pay of $44,150.00 per year. The main jobresponsibility of a Graphic Designer is the arrangement of visual elements in some type of media. The mai

ob titles within the industry can vary and are often country specific. They can include graphic designer, ar

director, creative director, animator and the entry level production artist. Depending on the industry served

the responsibilities may have different titles such as "DTP Associate" or "Graphic Artist", but despite

changes in title, graphic design principles remain consistent. The responsibilities may come from, or lead

to, specialized skills such as illustration, photography, animation or interactive design. Today's graduating

graphic design students are normally exposed to all of these areas of graphic design and urged to become

familiar with all of them as well in order to be competitive. Graphic designers will face strong competition

when applying for positions, in which organizations are looking for candidates with convincing talents and

a college-level education field requirements consist of having strong portfolio and a bachelor's degree. Duto the increase in technology, employment rates within computer systems design are expecting a 35%

increase, while traditional designs, such as publications, are facing slower rates of 16% or less.

Graphic designers can work in a variety of environments. Whilst many will work within companies devote

specifically to the industry, such as design consultancies or branding agencies, others may work within

publishing, marketing or other communications companies. Increasingly, especially since the introduction

of personal computers to the industry, many graphic designers have found themselves working within non-

design oriented organizations, as in-house designers. Graphic designers may also work as free-lance

designers, working on their own terms, prices, ideas, etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_Artisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTP_associatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_artisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_directorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_designerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placemakinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayfindinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_applicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer


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A graphic designer reports to the art director, creative director or senior media creative. As a designer

becomes more senior, they may spend less time designing media and more time leading and directing othe

designers on broader creative activities, such as brand development and corporate identity development.

They are often expected to interact more directly with clients, for example taking and interpreting briefs.

Crowdsourcing in graphic design

Jeff Howe of Wired Magazine first used the term "Crowdsourcing" in his 2006 article, "The Rise of

Crowdsourcing."[21][22]Creative work spans creative domains such as graphic design, crowdsourcing

architecture, apparel design, writing, illustration. Tasks may be assigned to individuals or a group and may

be categorized as convergent or divergent. An example of a divergent task is generating a large number of

designs for a poster. An example of a convergent task is selecting one poster design.

See also

Related areas

Concept artCopywritingDigitalillustrationIndustrial design

InformationtechnologyInstructional designLandscapearchitectureMarketingcommunications

Motion graphicdesign

New mediaTechnicalillustrationTechnical writing

User ExperienceDesignUser InterfaceDesign

Related topics

AestheticsColor theoryDesign principles andelementsEuropean Design Award

"First Things First 2000"InfographicList of graphic designinstitutionsList of notable graphicdesignersLogotype

Material cultureStyle guideValueVisualization (computergraphics)

References

1. Currie, Nick. "Design Rockism".

2. Drucker, Johanna and McVarish, Emily, 'Graphic Design History: A critical Guide'. Pearson Education, 2009

3. Meggs, Philip B., 'A history of graphic design'. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983

4. Printing The Silk Road Foundation. Retrieved May 31, 2008. Silk-road.com (http://www.silk-

road.com/artl/printing.shtml)

5. Fiona McCarthy, William Morris, London: Faber and Faber, 1996 ISBN 0-571-17495-7

6. Drucker, Johanna and McVarish, Emily, 'Graphic Design History: A critical Guide'. Pearson Education, 2009.
http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571174957http://www.silk-road.com/artl/printing.shtmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Educationhttp://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/design-rockismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualization_(computer_graphics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(colorimetry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logotypehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphic_designershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Graphic_design_schoolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Things_First_2000_manifestohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Design_Awardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_principles_and_elementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Interface_Designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Experience_Designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_illustrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_graphic_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_communicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_illustrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copywritinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_identityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_media_creativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_directorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director


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Wikibooks has a book on

the topic of: Graphic

Design

7. Baker, Steve (1990). "The Sign of the Self in the Metropolis". Journal of Design History (Oxford University

Press) 3 (4): 228. JSTOR 1315763.

8. "Designing Modern Britain - Design Museum Exhibition". Retrieved December 10, 2009.

9. Crouch, Christopher. 2000.Modernism in Art Design and Architecture, New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-

312-21830-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-312-21832-X (pbk)

10. "Emigre Essays". Emigre.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.

11. "max bruinsma". Maxbruinsma.nl. Retrieved 2012-01-01.

12. Turner, Tracy Knapp, Pat Matson (2013). "Jane Davis Doggett, Environmental Graphics Pioneer".Experientia

Graphics Magazine5.

13. Butterick, Matthew. "Butterick's Practical Typography." Butterick's Practical Typography. Jones McClure, 201

14. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.

14. Timothy, Samara (2011). Graphic Designer's Essential Reference (First ed.). United States of America: Rockpo

Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59253-743-3. Retrieved 24 September 2015.

15. Milton Glaser Draws & Lectures (http://vimeo.com/6986303). retrieved 31-01-2011

16. Mike Rohde, Loosewireblog.com (http://www.loosewireblog.com/pen_paper/index.html), Rohdesign.com

(http://www.rohdesign.com/weblog/archives/000472.html) Wall Street Journal Mention in Jeremy Wagstaff's

Loose Wire,Retrieved 3-19-2007

17. Designtalkboard.com (http://www.designtalkboard.com/designtalk/index.php/topic,1030.0.html), topic 1030 and

Designtalkboard.com

(http://www.designtalkboard.com/designtalk/index.php/topic,1441.msg6356.html#msg6356), topic 1141. retriev

3-18-200718. Jann Lawrence Pollard and Jerry James Little, Creative Computer Tools for Artists: Using Software to Develop

Drawings and Paintings,November 2001 Introduction

19. Jacci Howard Bear, desktoppub.about.com (http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/basic/a/thumbnails.htm?

terms=squiggle) Retrieved 3-19-2008

20. Gregory Thomas, How to Design Logos, Symbols and Icons: 24 Internationally Renowned Studios Reveal How

They Develop Trademarks for Print and New Media,April 2003, pp:48

21. Howe, Jeff. "The Rise of Crowdsourcing". WIRED Magazine. Retrieved 24 October 2013.

22. Gilmour, Julia. "The Long History of Crowdsourcing and Why Youre Just Now Hearing About It".

http://www.crowdsource.com/. Retrieved 24 October 2013. External link in |publisher=(help)

Bibliography

Fiell, Charlotte and Fiell, Peter (editors). Contemporary Graphic Design. Taschen Publishers, 2008.ISBN 978-3-8228-5269-9Wiedemann, Julius and Taborda, Felipe (editors).Latin-American Graphic Design. TaschenPublishers, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8228-4035-1

External links

Media related to Graphic design at Wikimedia CommonsThe Universal Arts of Graphic Design(http://video.pbs.org/video/2311391293) Documentary

produced by Off BookSEGD (http://segd.org) Official website of the Society for Experiential Graphic DesignGraphic Designers (http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Arts-and-Design/Graphic-designers.htm), entry in theOccupational Outlook Handbookof the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Departmentof Labor

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphic_design&oldid=701693517"
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphic_design&oldid=701693517https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Laborhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbookhttp://www.bls.gov/ooh/Arts-and-Design/Graphic-designers.htmhttp://segd.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_Book_(web_series)http://video.pbs.org/video/2311391293https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Graphic_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822840351https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822852699https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_linkhttp://www.crowdsource.com/http://www.crowdsource.com/blog/2013/08/the-long-history-of-crowdsourcing-and-why-youre-just-now-hearing-about-it/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html?pg=4&topic=crowds&topic_set=http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/basic/a/thumbnails.htm?terms=squigglehttp://www.designtalkboard.com/designtalk/index.php/topic,1441.msg6356.html#msg6356http://www.designtalkboard.com/designtalk/index.php/topic,1030.0.htmlhttp://www.rohdesign.com/weblog/archives/000472.htmlhttp://www.loosewireblog.com/pen_paper/index.htmlhttp://vimeo.com/6986303https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59253-743-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.rockpub.com/http://segd.org/jane-davis-doggett-environmental-graphics-pioneerhttp://maxbruinsma.nl/index1.html?ftf2000.htmhttp://www.emigre.com/Editorial.php?sect=1&id=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/031221832Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312218303https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martins_Presshttp://designmuseum.org/design/london-transporthttps://www.jstor.org/stable/1315763https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Presshttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Graphic_Design


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