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Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov have shown that carbon in such a flat form hasexceptional properties that originate from the remarkable world of quantum physics.

Andre Konstantin Geim is a Dutch-Russian physicist working at the University of ManchesterHe is the Langworthy Professor and director of the Manchester Centre for Mesoscience andNanotechnology at the University of Manchester.

Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov is a Russo-Britishphysicist. Novoselov is currently a member of themesoscopic physics research group at theUniversity of Manchester as a Royal SocietyUniversity Research Fellow. Novoselov is also arecipient of an ERC Starting Grant from theEuropean Research Council.

They were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics

for their work on graphene.Andre Geim (at left) and Konstantin Novoselov

“A thin flake of ordinary carbon, just one atom thick”

Geim and Novoselov extracted the graphene from apiece of graphite such as is found in ordinary pencils.Using regular adhesive tape they managed to obtain aflake of carbon with a thickness of just one atom.

“Graphene is a form of carbon. As a material it iscompletely new – not only the thinnest ever but alsothe strongest. As a conductor of electricity it performsas well as copper. As a conductor of heat itoutperforms all other known materials. It is almostcompletely transparent, yet so dense that not evenhelium, the smallest gas atom, can pass through it.Carbon, the basis of all known life on earth” [1]

This special layer has a lot of properties like:

-Graphene differs from most conventionalthree-dimensional materials. Intrinsic grapheneis a semi-metal or zero-gap semiconductor. [2]

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- It probably can be used for generating a Casimir effect aswell. The Casimir effect is an effect predicted by the campcuantic theory. Consist in if two metallic objects separated bya small distance compared with the two objects generatephysical forces arising from a quantized field.

- Graphene appears to be one of the strongest materials evertested. Measurements have shown that graphene has abreaking strength 200 times greater than steel. [2]

- Soluble fragments of graphene can be prepared in thelaboratory through chemical modification of graphite

- Graphene oxide. It occur by dispersing oxidized and chemically processed graphite in water,and using paper-making techniques, the monolayer flakesform a single sheet and bond very powerfully.

- Graphene's unique electronic properties produce anunexpectedly high opacity for an atomic monolayer.

- Electronic transport. Experimental results from transportmeasurements show that graphene has remarkably highelectron mobility at room temperature,

-Aviation: With its immense tensile strength and lightweight, it may be possible to realize the dream of avacuum airship

 Graphene transistors: Due to its high electronic qualitygraphene has also attracted the interest of technologistswho see it as a way of constructing ballistic transistorsGraphene exhibits a pronounced response toperpendicular external electric fields, allowing one to buildFETs (field-effect transistors). [3]

- Integrated circuits: Graphene has the ideal properties tobe an excellent component of integrated circuits.

- Ultracapacitors: Due to the extremely high surface area to mass ratio of graphene, onepotential application is in the conductive plates of ultracapacitors. It is believed that graphenecould be used to produce ultracapacitors with a greater energy storage density than iscurrently available.

- Anti-bacterial: The Chinese Academy of Sciences has found that sheets of graphene oxideare highly effective at killing bacteria such as Escherichia coli. This means graphene could beuseful in applications such as hygiene products or packaging that will help keep food fresh forlonger. 

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References:

1.-Erik Huss, October 5, 2010, NOBELPRIZE.ORG, “The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics- PressRelease”, Available on [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/press.html]Reviewed on March 2011.

2.-Manchester University, April 18, 2008, MANCHESTER 1824, “Graphene used to create world´s smallest transistor”, Available on [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=3529], Reviewed on March 2011.

3. - N.J. Tao, July 09, 2009, THE BIODESING INSTITUTE AT ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY NEWS,“Material world: graphene’s versatility promises new applications”. Available on[http://www.biodesing.asu.edu/news/material-world-graphenes-versatil], Reviewed on March

2011.