GRAMMARReviews

• Important Notes to Study

• These reviews are the highlights of the lectures in the classroom.

Week OneParts of Speech and Nouns

Unit 4

Lesson 1

• Figures of Speech • Useful – Construct

sentences – Punctuation– Common Language

with professionals– HSAP

The function of different groups of words

Lesson 2

• Nouns • Two Types –Common –Proper

person, place, thing

Common:Thing Two:abstract

concrete CapitalizationThing One:

Proper:

General- lower

Specific- Capital

Lesson 3

• To make nouns plural Nouns

• If the word ends in y, look at the letter before the y– vowel– consonant

---add an s

Words that end in o

Add an es

Exception to the y rules:

ch, sh, x, or z

Family name or a product name:Memorize the spellings

Add an s

Add an sChange the y to an i and add es

Add s to make abbreviations plural

Lesson 4• Compound Nouns

A few nouns you just have to memorize

Nouns made up of more than one wordEX: brother –in-law

With some plural forms, you do have a choice :

add an s

When in doubt, check a ______________. The first plural form listed is the one that is the most common.

When making compound nouns plural, ------------- on the important noun.

dictionary

micedeer

Examples: brothers-in-law runners-up.

- tooth- child

teethchildren

oxenknives

- ox- knife

Computer mouseCactusIndexBus

mice or mousescacti or cactusesindices or indexesBuses or busses

mousedeer

Week TwoUnit 4

Lesson 5 - Verbs

A ________ is a word that _____________________, _____ another verb to a subject , _______ another verb or, or merely indicates ___________.

verbshows action

links helps

existence

Recognize the Types

Action Linking Helping

Action Verbs

An ________ verb expresses __________ or________action.

Physical Action:

___________________________________________________

Mental Action: _______________________________________

verb

physicalmental

Kick, swallowspeak, build, close

ponder, believe,consider, imagine

Linking Verbs A ________ verb does not express action; it _____________ a word (a noun, pronoun, or adjective that identifies or describes the subject) in the _____________ to the ___________.

Linking Verbs

AmIsAreWasWereBe BeingBeen

Taste FeelSmellSoundLookStayAppearBecomeSeem GrowRemain

linking

links

predicate

subject

Helping Verbs

A _________ verb helps the main verb to make a statement. A verb ______ is a main verb and its ________verbs. This phrase can be interrupted by other verbs.

Helping Verbs

AmIsAreWasWereBe BeingBeen

Have Has Had Do Did Does

Shall Will Should Will May Might Must Can Could

helping

phrase

helping

Transitive / Intransitive A ________ verb is a verb that has _________

of the action to complete its meaning.

transitive receiver

An ________ verb is a verb that does ______ have a __________ of the action.

intransitive notreceiver

Some verbs can be ________ or __________ depending on how they are used.

transitive intransitive

Transitive verbs _________ action to an object and if you take the object out, it doesn’t make sense.

transfer

Michael hit the ball. transitive

Week TwoUnit 4

VERBSAction Linking Helping BEING

To be

Action Verbs and Linking Verbs

Action verbs describe action.RunJumpSwim

Linking or being verbs describe a state of being.

linking verbs are not about action but about connecting other words together.

The verb to be is the basic linking verb.The word is a form of the verb to be.

Squiggly is yellow.Squiggly yellow.

is

note:

To Be:Simple Forms of

Present Past I am wasshe/he/it is waswe/you/they are were

Others that Link ….

• Seem• Appear• Look• Become

Verbs that describe the senses….

• Feel• smell

NOTE: There are at least 60 linking verbs in the English language.

Complications……

• A tip – See if you can replace the verb with a form of to be. If so, it is probably a linking verb.

• We grow tired.

• We are tired.

• It tastes salty.

• It is salty.

• He smells badly.

• He is badly.

Some verbs can be both linking verbs and action verbs.

Linking

Linking

Action

Action or Linking – Practice 1. The monkey looked hungry.

2. The monkey looked for food.

3. The soup tasted good.

4. I tasted the soup.

5. He grew into a tall man.

6. He grew tired of walking.

7. Mother appeared happy at her party.

8. Mother appeared quietly in the room.

9. The bugle sounded loudly.

10. The bugle sounds loud.

Linking Action

Linking Action

Action Linking

Linking Action

Action Linking

Every complete sentence contains two parts:

•a subject

• The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about,

• a predicate.

• The predicate tells something about the subject.

She ate pizza.She pizza

Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive.• Transitive verbs

express action upon a direct object.

• The dog bit me.• She appealed the decision.• I dropped my backpack.

• Intransitive verbs do not express action upon a direct object.

• The rain poured through the open window.

• The experiment failed.• The backpack dropped into

the mud.

Transitive Verbs have Voice.

• Active voice – the subject is doing the action.

• Sharon made mistakes.• The dog bit him.• I dropped the backpack.

• Passive voice – the subject is receiving the action.

• Use passive sparingly. • If the doer of the action is

unknown.• If the object is more

important than the doer of the action.

• Many errors were made in the yearbook captions.

Active or Passive – Practice 1. A delicious aroma was sent through the house by the baking lasagna.

2. The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris.

3. Pepe left the water running in the bathtub.

4. Someone broke the window while we were away.

5. John guarantees a splendid time for us all.

6. Many errors were made in the baseball game.

7. Alex made many errors in the baseball game.

8. The mechanic replaced the car’s shock absorbers.

9. I am expected at home at midnight by my parents.

10. Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone.

passive Passive

active active

active passive active

activepassive

passive

Change the passive voice to the active 1. A delicious aroma was sent through the house by

the baking lasagna.

2. The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris.

3. Many errors were made in the baseball game.

4. I am expected at home at midnight by my parents.

5. Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone.

A few commonly misused verbs:

Sit – to be

seated

…. Sit & Set

I always ________ near a window.

Please _______ the plant near the window.

Set – to put or place something

sit

set

A few commonly misused verbs:

Rise – to go

up

…. Rise & Raise

________ your hands.

Please _______ the and recite the poem.

Raise – to lift something

raise

rise

A few commonly misused verbs:

Lie – to

recline

…. Lie & Lay

She ________ down to nap.

Please _______ the book here.

Lay –to put or play something.

lies

lay

And others … Affect – to influence Effect – to accomplish or

the result of an action

Bring – movement toward you

Take – movement away from you

Can – ability May – permission

Imply – to suggest Infer – To draw a

conclusion

Learn – To obtain knowledge

Teach – to give instruction

Let – to allow Leave – to go away from

or to cause to remain

Week Three Unit 4