PRELIMINARY ENGLISH TESTGrammar Part 2

Phrasal Verbs

Pick up Who's going to pick you up at the airport?Set up Louis is a successful businessman. He set up his own business last

year.Join in I watched the gym class first and joined in the following week.Take off The plane took off one hour late.Take up Sarah is planning to take up golf when she retires.Get up Every morning I get up at 6.00 to be early for school.Get into Harry was very excited when he got in the school football team.Give up I hated hockey so I decided to give it up.Carry on The footballer hopes to be able to carry on playing for several more

years.Look forward to I'm looking forward to going on holiday. Think about I was thinking about joining a gym but now I think it is too

expensive.

Conditional Sentences Types 0; 1 and 2

Type

0 If + Simple Present + Simple Present If dogs don't have regular walks, they get fat.

1 If + Simple Present + will/can/may If you get a dog, you must take care of it.2 If + Simple Past +

would/could/mightIf I were better at maths, I would pass the exam

Future

will prediction Tomorrow will be very cold.Going to Intention -

evidenceShe is going to study Medicine.Watch out ! You're going to fall !

Present Continuous

Future plans I can't see you tomorrow. I'm meeting John.

Present Simple Timetables The train leaves at 2 pm from platform A2

INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH TENSE CHANGE LIST

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH

 SIMPLE PRESENT changes to SIMPLE PAST

"I work at Toyota."  "I don't work at Honda." "I am a manager." "I'm not a salesman."

He said he worked at Toyota. He said he didn't work at Honda. He said he was a manager. He said he wasn't a salesman.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE changes to PAST PROGRESSIVE

"I'm cleaning my house today." "I'm not going to work today." "Mary is dancing in the show." "She isn't singing in the show."

He said he was cleaning his house today. He said he wasn't going to work today. Lee said that Mary was dancing in the show. He said she wasn't singing in the show.

PRESENT PERFECT changes to PAST PERFECT

"I've already seen that movie."  "I haven't heard that song before." "Gary has called three times." "He hasn't left any messages though."

She said she had already seen that movie. She said she hadn't heard that song before. Jack said Gary had called three times. He said Gary hadn't left any messages though.

 SIMPLE PAST changes to PAST PERFECT

"I saw my friend." "I didn't see Monika." "I was late." "I wasn't on time."

She said she had seen his friend. She said she hadn't seen Monika. He said he had been late. He said he hadn't been on time.

-MODALS- PRESENT MODALS change to PAST MODALS

"I will wash the dishes." "I won't go."

She said she would wash the dishes. He said he wouldn't go.

"I can dance." "I can't swim."

He said he could dance. He said he couldn't swim.

"There may be a problem."  "There may not be any milk left."                  (No contraction)

She said there might be a problem. She said there might not be any milk left.                  (No contraction)

Sometimes we need to change the pronoun.DIRECT SPEECH: Jim: "I don't like living here." (Jim is referring to himself)REPORTED SPEECH: Jim said (that) he didn't like living there. (the pronoun he refers to Jim)

* We may also need to change other words about place and time.DIRECT SPEECH: "I like this car." REPORTED SPEECH: He said (that) he liked that car.

DIRECT SPEECH: "I went to Tokyo last week." REPORTED SPEECH: She said (that) she'd been to Tokyo the week before. 

Changes in time and place words 

now

today

tomorrow

yesterday

next month

next year

last month

last year

in two days weeks)

five days ago

five weeks ago

here

then, at that time

that day

the following day, the next day, a day later

the previous day, the day before

the following month, the next month, a month later

the following year, the next, year, a year later

the month before, the previous month, the preceding month

the year before, the previous year, the preceding year

two days from then, two weeks from then

five days before, five days earlier

five weeks before, five weeks earlier

there

Used to + infinitive

Used to + infinitive They used to love French lessons at school.Didn't use to + infinitive

They didn't use to study a lot at the weekend.

Did ... use to + infinitive

Did they use to play football in the playground at school?

There used to + infinitive

There used to be a nice cinema here. Now, there's a big supermarket.

Modals

Modal Usage FormCan Ability

Permission Possibility

Can + infinitiveCan’t + infinitive

Can’t Deduction in the negative

Can’t + infinitive

Could Ability in the past Possibility in the

past

Could + infinitiveCouldn’t + infinitive

Should/Ought to Advice Recommendation Criticism

Should + infinitiveShouldn’t + infinitive

Must Personal/ Internal Obligation

Deduction

Must + infinitive

Mustn’t Prohibition Mustn’t + infinitive

Have to External Obligation

Have to + infinitive

Don’t have to Lack of obligation Lack of necessity

Don’t have to + infinitive

May/Might Possibility May/Might + infinitive

Will Prediction Will + infinitive

Shall I …? Offering

Shall I + infinitive

Needn’t Absence of necessity

Needn’t + infinitive

Passive Voice

Active Voice Passive Voice Tense

They make Fords in Cologne. Fords are made in Cologne. Present Simple

Susan is cooking dinner. Dinner is being cooked by Susan

Present Continuous

James Joyce wrote "Dubliners". "Dubliners" was written by James Joyce.

Past Simple

They were painting the house when I arrived.

The house was being painted when I arrived.

Past Continuous

They have produced over 20 models in the past two years.

Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years.

Present Perfect

They are going to build a new factory in Portland.

A new factory is going to be built in Portland.

Future Intention with Going to

I will finish it tomorrow. It will be finished tomorrow. Future Simple

Infinitives and gerunds

needhopewantplan'd likeexpectmanage

To infinitive Rob is planning to join a gym.I'd like to improve my tennis, so I'm taking lessons.

enjoygive upcarry onlook forward

ing I enjoy playing all kinds of ball games.Jose gave up playing football and built a new career as a manager.

tolovelikedislikegoinvolvesuggestkeen on good atfond of

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 

Short adjectives are compared with -er, -est.

adjective comparative superlative

strong Stronger than The strongest

small Smaller than The smallest

late Later than The latest

nice Nicer than The nicest

big Bigger than The biggest

thin Thinner than The thinnest

fat Fatter than The fattest

 London is bigger than Vienna.

 Adjectives ending with y, er, ow, are compared with -er, -est.

adjective comparative superlative

easy easier easiest

happy happier happiest

clever cleverer cleverest

narrow narrower narrowest

 Which is the easiest exercise?

 

Long adjectives are compared with more, the most – less, the least.

adjective comparative superlative

careful More/less careful The most/the least careful

expensive More/less expensive The most/the least expensive

difficult More/less difficult The most/the least difficult

tired More/less tired The most/the least tired

 

Which dress is more expensive? Which dress is the most expensive?

  Irregular forms

adjective comparative superlative

good Better than The best

bad Worse than The worst

much More than The most

many More than The most

little Less than The least

 (not) as ... as

Ann is as tall as Mary.

I think tomorrow will be as hot as today.

This test was not as difficult as the last one.