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ENGLISHGRAMMAROUTLINE/REVIEWOFTHEPARTSOFSPEECHCreatedbytutorMaidaOmerovich

Nouns

Nounsarenamesfor:

o Peopleman,Laura,womano Placeshome,store,Romeo Animalsdogs,hamsters,cato Thingscomputer,book

Thereare:

o Commonnounssuchas:building,planet,boyo Propernounssuchas:EmpireStateBuilding,Earth,Jason

Therearetwotypesofnouns:

o Countnoun:astore,abook Acountnouncanbeasingularandaplural

Forexample:Twobookssomebooksalotofbooksmanybooksafewbookso Noncountnouns:water,honesty

Ingrammar,noncountnounscannotbecounted. Ifaverbfollowsanoncountnoun,itisalwayssingular. Also,itnevertakestheindefinitearticlea/an.

PluralNouns

Formostregularpluralsansshouldbeaddedtotheword.

o Forexample:apples,coins,etc. Whenthesingularendsins,sh,ch,x,zaddanes Whenthesingularendsinano,adds

Thereareexceptionssuchas tomatotomatoes

potatopotatoes

heroheroes

Whenasingularendsiny(precededbyavowel)onlysisaddedlike toytoys

Whenasingularendsiny(precededbyaconsonant)iesisaddedlike babybabies

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PersonalPronouns

o Therearesubjectpronounsthatrefertothesubjectsuchas:I weyou youhe/she/it they forexample:thesubjectofasentence *Shescreamed.

o Thereareobjectpronounsthatrefertotheobjectoftheverbsuchas:me usyou youhim/her/it them forexample:*Sarahgavemesomechocolate.

o Therearepossessivepronounsthatindicateownershipsuchas:mine oursyours yourshis/hers/its theirs forexample:*Thesecookiesaremine.

o Therearereflexivepronounsthatrefertothesubjectsuchas:myself ourselvesyourself yourselveshimself/herself/itself themselves forexample:*Ididitmyself.

o Thereareindefinitepronounswhicharenonspecific:everyone nobodyeverything somebodyanyone someoneanything etc.

o Pronounstaketheplaceofanoun Nounsubstitutes:

boyhe bookit Sueshe

Adjectives

o Adjectivesgiveinformationaboutnounsanpronounso Adjectivesanswerquestionsaboutnouns/pronounssuchas

Howmany? Whatkindof? Which?

o Adjectivesdontchangeformtoagreewiththewordtheymodify.

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Adverbs

o Adverbsgiveinformationaboutverbs,adjectivesandadverbs,oranentireclauseorsentenceo Adverbsaresometimesformedbyaddinglytoanadjective

Thepaperwasbadlywritten.

Therearethreeclassesofadverbs:

Simpleadverbsthatconveydegree,manner,place,ortime.Theyanswerquestionssuchas How? Where? When?

Interrogativeadverbsthataskaquestion. Whendoyouplantogethere?

Conjunctiveadverbsthatconnectindependentclauses. PeterstruggledwiththeEnglishlanguage;however,hemasterediteventually Commonconjunctiveadverbs:accordingly,also,anyhow,besides,consequently,

furthermore,otherwise,etc.

Prepositions

o Prepositionsarewordsthatshowarelationshipbetweentwothings. Commonprepositions

after,about,against,around,asif,among,unless,except,behind,until,of,by,on,down,with,within,through,during,among,across,by,off,etc.

o TheyanswerquestionssuchasWhere?When?How?Why?o Theyusuallycombinewithnounsornounphrasestoformaprepositionalphrase.

Forexample:Youllfindwhatyourelookingforaroundthecorner.

Conjunctions

o CoordinatingConjunctions Createarelationshipbetweentwoormoreparts Usedtojoinpartsofasentence CommonConjunctions

Andsignalsanadditionofequalimportance Butsignalsacontrast Sosignalsaresult Forsignalsareason Orsignalsachoice Yetsignalsacontrast

o CorrelativeConjunctions Notonly+noun+butalso+noun Either+noun+or+noun Neither+noun+nor+noun

Forexample:Eitheryougooryoudonot.

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Whenthesubjectsareconnectedbyboth,theytakeapluralverb. Forexample:Both+noun+and+noun.

BothmybrotherandIliveintheUnitedStates.o SubordinatingConjunctions

Usedtointroduceadverbialclausesandlinkthemtothemainclause. Canbeusedtobeginasentence.

Forexample:Eventhoughshewasnew,shenavigatedthroughtheschool. Commonsubordinatingconjunctions:after,although,as,because,before,if,since,sothat,

though,unless,until,when,whenever,where,while

Verbs

o Averbinformswhatthesubjectis,did,does,was,willdo,orwillbedoing.o Itadaptsitsformtoshowtime.o Itmodifiesitsformtoagreewiththesubject.o Itvariesitsformtoindicatehowasentenceisgoingtobeconstructedorexpressed.o Itexpresseswhetherthesubjectperformsorreceivestheactioninasentence.

IntheEnglishlanguagetherearethreedifferentsettingsofmood:

1. Indicativemood,usedforstatementsandquestionsaboutactualeventsandthings.2. Imperativemood,usedtoconveycommandsortomakerequests.3. Subjunctivemood,usedtoexpresspossibility,asinhypotheticalsituations,expressionsofhopes

anddesires,statementscontrarytofact.Forexample:IfIweretwoinchestaller,Icouldgoontherollercoaster.

HelpingVerbs

Areaddedtoanotherverbtoaddclarificationtothemeaning. Theyincludeanyformoftheverbtobeaswellasthefollowingformsofcommonverbs:can,

could,do,does,did,have,has,had,may,might,must,shall,should,will,andwould. Wewillmeettomorrow.

TransitiveVerbs

Isonethatneedsadirectobject. Monicacaughtthefish.

IntransitiveVerbs

Onethatdoesnotneedadirectobjectbutcanhaveanindirectobject. Whathappened?

LinkingVerbs

Joinsthesubjecttothepredicate. Ratherthanshowingaction,alinkingverbhelpsthewordattheendofthesentencedescribeor

namethesubject.

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Isaformoftheverbtobeasin:am,ambeing,are,canbe,havebeen,is,was,andwere. Forexample:Mariaisaclothingdesigner.

Activevs.Passive

Activevoice Thesubjectofthesentenceperformsoractsouttheverb. Thesubjectofthesentenceisthedoeroftheaction

Forexample:Monicacaughtthefish. Passivevoice

Thesubjectreceivestheactionofthesentenceratherthanperformingtheaction. Itisaformoftheverbtobeandapastparticipleverb.

ThefishwascaughtbyMonica.

Articles

o Articlesarewordsthatmodifynouns.o Therearetwotypesofarticles:definiteandindefinite.

DefiniteArticles(The) Pointtoaspecificitemorpersonofagrouporentity.

Examples:Foranobject:Pleaseshutthewindow.Foraperson:Thewomanoverthereismysister.

Usedinfrontofthenamesofcountriesorobjects. Ifthereferralisspecific,thenyouneedanarticle,forexample:

Ilovethebookthatisonthetable. However,ifthereferralisforgeneralitems,thennoarticleisneeded,forexample:

Ilovebooks. IndefiniteArticles(a/an)

Usedwithsingularcountnounsonly. Forexample:abook,apieceofchocolate,agirl

anisusedwithanounthatbeginswithavowelsound. Forexample:anapple,anappointment,anhour

Usedwhenthenounisunknown. Forexample:Ihaveanexamtomorrow.

Ihaveaquestion.

Reference:Han,PamelaR.andHensley,DennisE.AlphaTeachYourself:GrammarandStylein24Hours.Indianapolis:PearsonEducation,2000.