UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTNOMA DE NICARAGUA, MANAGUAFACULTAD REGIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARIACORNELIO SILVA ARGELLOUNAN-MANAGUA-FAREM-CHONTALES

Departamento de Ciencias de la Educacin y HumanidadesCarrera: Licenciatura en Ingls IV AoGRAMMAR

Teacher: B.A. Miguel Ernesto Lacayo BermdezJuigalpa, March 8th, 2015.Learn English is the key to your success!

AQU DEBEN DEJAR UNA PAGINA EN BLANCO

IndexINTRODUCCIN1FUNDAMENTACIN (Mapa de la Asignatura)2GENERAL OBJECTIVES3CONTENTS4UNIT, AND METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS5UNIT I: Count and Non-Count Nouns61.1- Count and Non-Count Nouns: (Most Common List)61.2- Quantifiers: a few, a little, some and any, etc91.3- Definite & Indefinite Articles: the, a & an.101.3.1- Indefinite article: a111.3.2- Indefinite article: an111.3.3- The Definite Article: the141.4- Rules for forming the Plural of Regular Nouns:171.5- Plural form of Irregular Nouns:19UNIT II: Possessives of Nouns: s, s, of212.1- Rules for Forming the Possessive of Nouns: s, s, of212.2- Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns232.3- Types of adjectives and Subject & Object Pronouns242.4- Reflexive Pronouns25UNIT III: Comparatives & Superlatives273.1- Comparative Forms of Adjectives & Adverbs273.1.1- Adjectives & Adverbs with the Comparative Form: as . . . as, -er than & more . . . than273.2- Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs303.2.1- Superlatives: the . . . est, the most . . . and the least . . .303.2.2- Rules for the Formation of Comparatives & Superlatives313.2.3- Irregular Comparative & Superlative Forms33UNIT IV: Present Continuous & Simple Present364.1- Present Continuous Tense, Simple Present & state verbs in written contexts364.1.1- Illustrative Reading of both Structures384.1.2- List of Verbs of Common States384.2- Grammatical Structures of the Present Continuous Tense & Simple Present394.3- Adverbs of Frequency424.3.1- List of Adverbs of Frequency434.3.2- Illustrative Sentences of the Position of Adverbs43UNIT V: Simple Past & Past Continuous47SPELLING OF FINAL: -s; -es; -ies631.8- Definite & Indefinite Articles:64The Definite Article the:64The Indefinite Article a / an:651.9- Prepositions of Place:651.10- Adjectives:66

INTRODUCCINEl programa de la asignatura de Gramtica corresponde a una asignatura del rea de formacin bsica que oferta el departamento de ingls para los estudiantes de la carrera de ingls. Esta asignatura provee de las herramientas bsicas necesarias para el dominio de estructuras gramaticales elementales que sirvan de soporte para otras asignaturas simultneas a sta.

La ubicacin de esta asignatura dentro de la malla curricular corresponde al IV semestre del plan de estudios. Esta asignatura est relacionada con las asignaturas de Ingls Integral I e Ingls Integral II con la cual est ubicada en el mismo semestre. Por tal razn, la Gramtica I se convierte en una continuidad muy especfica de ambas asignaturas. Aunque dentro del plan de estudio no tiene requisito, esta asignatura es de vital importancia, ya que constituye la base para las asignaturas siguientes como lo son Ingls Integral III, Comunicacin Oral I y posteriormente Lectura y Escritura I, Ingls IV y Gramtica II.

El aporte de los contenidos de esta asignatura al desarrollo de los conocimientos es que los estudiantes puedan escribir y hablar el ingls con cierto nivel de precisin usando las tcnicas y estructuras bsicas gramaticales. Esto le permitir al estudiante escribir prrafos cortos sobre diversos temas, y de la misma manera, expresar sus ideas oralmente a travs de dilogos, preguntas, etc. para as reforzar las estructuras estudiadas en cada unidad.

La asignatura de Gramtica I desarrolla las capacidades para redactar oraciones y prrafos con las estructuras de los contenidos de la asignatura; as mismo, expresar ideas lgicas y coherentes en el idioma ingls. Esto con el fin de que los estudiantes muestren dominio de los aspectos gramaticales bsicos las cuales son el fundamento para futuras asignaturas.Los principales contenidos son: unidad 1: tema: Sustantivos contables y no contables, los artculos definidos e indefinidos; subtema: artculos definidos e indefinidos, plural de los sustantivos; unidad 2: tema: Posesin de los sustantivos; subtema: el uso de s, of, s, adjetivos posesivos, pronombres posesivos y pronombres reflexivos; unidad 3: tema: Los comparativos y superlativos; subtema: adjetivos y adverbios con la forma comparativa er than, morethan y asas y la forma superlativa est, the most y the least. Unidad 4: tema: Presente continuo y presente simple; subtema: reglas gramaticales del presente continuo y presente simple, verbos de estado y adverbios de frecuencia; unidad 5: tema: El Pasado simple y pasado contnuo; subtema: verbos regulares e irregulares, preguntas con respuestas cortas, preguntas informativas y expresiones de tiempo para el pasado.Unidad 6: tema: Futuro con las estructuras be going to y will; subtema: preguntas con respuestas cortas, preguntas informativas, diferencia en el uso de estas estructuras para expresar planes, predicciones, decisiones instantneas, ofertas y promesas; unidad 7: tema: El presente perfecto; subtema: preposiciones since, for, already, y yet usadas en oraciones; participio de los verbos irregulares; unidad 8: tema: Modales auxiliares que expresan habilidad y peticin; subtema: Modales que expresan habilidad: can, could, be able to, y modales que expresan peticin: can, could, will, would, would you mind? ; unidad 9: tema: Modales auxiliares que expresan consejo y sugerencia; subtema: Modales que expresan consejo: should, ought to, had better, modales que expresan sugerencia: let`s, should, why don`t?, why not?, how about...?Estas unidades sern desarrolladas en 180 horas distribuidas en 60 presenciales y 120 estudio independiente, lo cual equivale a un total de 4 crditos acadmicos.FUNDAMENTACIN (Mapa de la Asignatura)

GENERAL OBJECTIVESNCONCEPTUALSPROCEDURALSATTITUDINALS

1Understand grammatical structures at an intermediate level that allows students to write and speak with some level of accuracy.Use grammatical structures to an intermediate level where students can express themselves orally and in writing clearly and accurately.Appreciate the grammatical forms of English (compared to our language.)

2Relate prior knowledge of grammar with the current course.Create communicative situations where students interact, using new grammatical structures and studied in previous courses.Share on teamwork personal experiences, opinions and ideas based on everyday life.

3Express their ideas in written form, using basic drafting techniques and structures.Develop narrative or descriptive sentences and short paragraphs, using basic drafting techniques and structures.Cooperate in creating a celebratory atmosphere to write, read and listen to stories and personal descriptions, and thus contribute to the unity of the group.

4Choose topics of everyday life using new grammatical structures in a variety of contexts.Apply grammatical structures in a variety of contexts to internalize and master them.Practice critical thinking to discuss various topics.

CONTENTSProfessionalization ModeNUNITSTotal Attendance HoursHours of Independent StudioTotal Hours

TheoryPractice

1Count and Non-Count Nouns261624

2Possessives of Nouns (s, s, of)241218

Evaluation-246

3Comparatives & Superlatives241218

4Simple Present & Present Continuous 261220

5Simple Past & Past Continuous241218

6Future with be going to & will241218

7Present Perfect (since, for, already and yet)241218

8Modal Auxiliaries expressing abilities and requests241218

9Modal Auxiliaries expressing advices & suggestions241218

Evaluation-246

Total1842120180

UNIT, AND METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

OBJECTIVESCONTENTSSUBCONTENTS

ConceptualDifferentiate count and non count nouns and their quantifiers

Describe the use of definite and indefinite articles.

Define the rules for forming the plural of regular nouns.

Recognize irregular plural nouns.* Count & Non-Count Nouns * Quantifiers.

* Definite & Indefinite Articles

* Rules for forming the plural of regular nouns.

* Plural form of irregular nouns.

Quantifiers: a few, a little, some and any; enough, a lot of, many, much, a great deal of.List of common count nouns and non count nounsDifferences in the use of both articles.s or es endings

List of Irregular Plural Nouns

ProceduralOrganize communicative situations for using quantifiers with count and non-count nouns.Apply the definite and indefinite articles in context. Demonstrate plural formation of regular and irregular nouns.Organization of communicative situations to use quantifiers with count and non-count nouns.

Application of definite and indefinite articles in context.Demonstration of the formation of the plural of regular and irregular nouns.Dialog on different situations for the use of quantifiers.

Resolution of guidelines on the use of articles.Selection of exercises.Simulation of everyday situations.

AttitudinalCooperate in pair work and group practice related to the new content.

Collaborative work in pairs or groups for the implementation of practical activities related to the acquisition of the new content.

Respect of the activities of their peers.

UNIT I: Count and Non-Count NounsC O N T E N T S

1.1 Count & Non-Count Nouns

1.2 Quantifiers: a few, a little, some and any, etc.

1.3 Definite & Indefinite Articles.

1.4 Rules for forming the plural of regular nouns

1.5 Plural form of irregular nouns

1.1- Count and Non-Count Nouns: (Most Common List)COUNT and NONCOUNT NOUNS

SINGULARPLURAL

COUNT NOUNa bookone bookbookstwo bookssome booksa lot of books A COUNT NOUN PLURAL: noun + -sSINGULAR:a + nounone + noun

NON-COUNT NOUNmailsome maila lot of mail(no plural forms)A NONCOUNT NOUN PLURAL: A noncount noun does not have a plural form.SINGULAR:Do not use a.Do not use one.

COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNSadvice mail bread pepperfurniture money cheese ricehelp music coffee salthomework traffic food soupinformation vocabulary fruit sugarjewelry weather meat tealuck work milk water

A count noun: 1.- can be counted with numbers: one chair, two chairs, ten chairs, etc.2.- can be preceded by a/an in the singular: a chair3.- has a plural form ending in s or es : chairsA non-count noun: 1.- cannot be counted with numbers.2.- is not immediately preceded by a/an.3.- does not have a plural form (no final -s)Non-Count Nouns usually refer to a whole group of things that is made up of many individual parts, a whole category made up of different varieties.For example, furniture is a non-count noun; it describes a whole category of things: chairs, tables, beds, sofas, armchairs, etc.Mail, fruit, and jewelry are other examples of non-count nouns that refer to a whole category made up of individual parts. IndividualTheIndividualTheIndividualThe Parts Whole PartsWhole PartsWholeapplesbananasorangesetc.

ringsbraceletsnecklacesetc.

letterspostcardsbillsetc.

Mail Fruit Jewelry

SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS: WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTSA.B.E.G.clothinghomeworkgrammarcornequipmenthouseworkslangdirtfoodworkvocabulary flourfruitC.F.hairfurnitureadviceArabicpepperjewelryinformationChinesericemailD.EnglishsaltmoneyhistoryGermansandsceneryliteratureIndonesiansugarstuffmusicSpanishtrafficpoetryEtc.

MORE NON-COUNT NOUNS

LIQUIDScoffee soupmilk teaoil waterSOLIDS & SEMI-SOLIDSbread meat chalk paperbutter beef glass soapcheese chicken gold toothpasteice fish iron woodGASESairpollutionsmogsmoke

THINGS THAT OCCUR IN NATURE

weatherrainsnowdarknesslightsunshinethunderlightning

ABSTRACTIONS *

beauty funcourage generosityexperience happiness health ignorance help knowledge honesty luckpatience timeprogress violence

* An abstraction is an idea. It has no physical form. A person cannot touch it.

Exercise 1: Preview: Count and Non-Count Nouns. Directions: Write a / an or some in the blanks. Identify count and non-count nouns.some

1.- I often have ___________________ fruit for dessert.fruitcountnon-counta

2.- I had ___________________ banana for dessert.bananacountnon-count3.- I got ___________________ letter today. lettercountnon-count4.- I got ___________________ mail today.mailcountnon-count5.- Anna wears ___________________ ring on her left hand.ringcountnon-count6.- Mara is wearing ___________________ jewelry today.jewelrycountnon-count7.- I have ___________________ assignment to finish.assignmentcountnon-count8.- I have ___________________ homework to do.homeworkcountnon-count9.- I needed ___________________ information.informationcountnon-count10.- I asked ___________________ question.questioncountnon-countExercise 2: Add final s / es if possible. Otherwise, write a slash / in the blank./

1.- Im learning a lot grammar ________ . s

2.- Were studying count and non-count noun ________ .3.- City streets usually have a lot of traffic ________ .4.- The streets are full of automobile ________ . 5.- We enjoyed the scenery ________ in the countryside.6.- Nepal has high mountain ________ .7.- I have some important information ________ for you.8.- I have some important fact ________ for you.9.- Maxkaren knows a lot of English word ________ .10.- Laura has learned a lot of new vocabulary ________ .11.- The children learned a lot of new song ________ in nursery school.12.- David enjoys listening to music ________ .13.- Can you give me some suggestion ________ ?14.- Could you give me some advice ________ ?15.- Manuel likes to read good literature ________ . 16.- Idalmis likes reading good novel ________ .17.- I had sand ________ in my shoes from walking on the beach.18.- Florida is famous for its white sand beach________ .1.2- Quantifiers: a few, a little, some and any, etcQUANTIFIERS: a few, a little, some and any

COUNTNONCOUNTU S E S

a few booksa little informationa few is used with Count Nouns.a little is used with Noncount Nouns.

a lot of bananasa lot of timea lot of is used with both Count and Noncount Nouns.

many studentsmuch noisemany is used with Count Nouns.much is used with Noncount Nouns.

several carsseveral is used only with Count Nouns

some peoplesome coffeesome is used with both Count and Noncount Nouns in affirmative.

OfferingWe use some in questions when we expect the answer to be yes or when we are offering something, otherwise, we use any :Would you like some milk?RequestsSome is also used in questions when we are making a request:Can I borrow some money?

I dont have any friendThere isnt any time left.any is used with both Count and Noncount Nouns in negative sentences.

QuestionsAny is used in questions: Do you have any money? Is there any sugar?

1.3- Definite & Indefinite Articles: the, a & an.Introduction The three words that are used the most often in the English language are a, an, and the. A, an and the are a part of speech called articles. Whenever you see or hear an article, you can expect a noun to follow. (A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea.)Sometimes the noun follows directly after a, an or the:a facean applethe pencilSometimes there are adjectives between a, an or the and the noun. (An adjective is a word that tells about or describes a noun.)a happy facean old rotten applethe short fat pencilIf you leave out a, an and the, or if you use them incorrectly, your meaning may still be clear. But it will not sound right to Americans. In some cases it can make a very big difference in the meaning of what you say.a. He has black hair.b. He has a black hair.In speaking, the articles are not stressed. They are said quickly and are joined with the word that follows them. Its very hard to hear a, an and the when Americans are talking. These little words seem to disappear!Some languages do not have articles. In other languages there are many forms of articles and they are used in ways different from the way English uses them.Because of these differences, almost everyone learning English has some trouble with a, an and the.

1.3.1- Indefinite article: aA is used before words that begin with consonant sounds. (Consonants are those letters which are not vowels.)The Eu and u in some words sound like the consonant sound /u /One sounds like /wun/The names of the letters b, c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, and z begin with consonant sound.a jet a cara delicious hamburgera housea dolla yellow submarinea universitya unicorna Europeana ba ta one way street1.3.2- Indefinite article: anAn is used before words that begin with vowel sounds. (The vowels are a, e, i, o, and u.)The letter h is silent in some words.The names of the letters e, f, h, l, m, n, r, s, and x begin with vowel sounds.an orangean Indianan angry motheran umbrellaan eggan excellent paperan ideaan houran honest personan fan oan mExercise 1: Write a or an in the following sentences.1.- I had ________ egg for breakfast.2.- I broke ________ cup. 3.- My mother bought ________ umbrella last night.4.- Betti spells her name with ________ i, not with ________ y.5.- After ________ hour, we got tired and went home.6.- The new student borrowed ________ ESL book from the office.7.- My teacher has ________ M.A. degree from Columbia University.8.- I would like to have ________ hundred dollars.9.- It is ________ honor to meet the mayor of Juigalpa.10.- My cousin joined ________ union.11.- I have never seen ________ unicorn.12.- It is good to meet ________ honest person.13.- There is ________ A & P Supermarket on the corner.14.- The word restroom is ________ euphemism (polite word) for toilet.15.- Ben has ________ one-track mind.16.- He goes to ________ university in California.17.- I washed my hair with ________ herbal shampoo.18.- A clown with ________ unhappy face did tricks for the children.19.- Elsa has ________ unique way of looking at the world.20.- The word an is ________ article.Exercise 2: Look carefully. Can you see a, an and the? You will learn to use the articles correctly if you become more aware of them in your reading. Read this story from Aesop. Draw a circle around all the as, ans, and thes. Count the number of words that you have circled; write that number on the line at the end of the paragraph.The wild dog and the farm dogOnce there was a wild dog who was very, very hungry. He had not had anything to eat for a long time. He was shaggy and thin and his bones stuck out through his skin. He ran here and there through the woods and meadows looking for a rabbit or a squirrel or even a mouse to eat. But it was winter, and he found nothing. Finally he came near a farm house where he met an old farm dog. The farm dog was plump and had well-brushed hair. __________Now go back to the story and underline all the nouns. (Remember a noun is the word for a person, place, thing or idea.)Notice that wherever there is an article, a noun is sure to follow. However, not all nouns have articles before them! Nouns can sometimes be used as adjectives: farm dog.The Indefinite Article (a / an)Use a / an before nouns that are singular, countable and indefinite.Single= oneCountable= can be countedIndefinite= not definite, not specific, not previously spoken about or pointed out.a.- Would you like a cookie?b.- I ate an egg for breakfast this morning. Yes! Thank you!Never use a / an with plural nouns or non-countable nouns. The word some may be used for plural indefinite or non-countable nouns.a.- I ate eggs for breakfast.I ate some eggs for breakfast.b.- I had soup for lunch.I had some soup for lunch.Use a / an when you mean one, but you are not calling attention to the number.a.- Which would you like: a cookie, an apple, or a piece of cake?b.- Ill have an apple, please.Use one when you mean only one or wish to call attention to the number or contrast it with another number.a.- Would you like one apple or two?b.- One apple is enough, thank you.Exercise 3: Write a or an or one. Do not write a / an before plural nouns. Write the symbol / / to show that there is no article needed. ( = zero, nothing) 1.- I read _________ book about Mars last night. I like _________ books about outer space.2.- I usually read a lot, but last week, I read only _________ book.3.- My mother baked _________ cookies yesterday. Would you like _________ cookie?4.- I used to eat two eggs and three pieces of toast for breakfast. Now Im on a diet. For breakfast I have _________ egg and _________ piece of toast.5.- I had _________ goldfish when I was six years old. Its name was Jaws.6.- My sister has _________ goldfish. They are always hungry.7.- Mario has two dogs, six cats and _________ parrot.8.- Sheylas uncle tells _________ good stories.9.- Manuel has _________ aunt who lives in Mississippi.10.- _________ old lady found _________ hungry cat.11 .- We bought _________ bananas at the supermarket yesterday.12.- _________ banana was rotten, but the others were okay.

1.3.3- The Definite Article: theThe word the points out a definite person, place or thing or idea, or one that has been mentioned before. (mention = talk about, refer to) The may be used with singular or plural nouns.a.- I liked the story in exercise 2 about the wild dog and the farm dog.b.- The exercises in this pamphlet will help you to use the articles correctly.There are two different ways to pronounce the in careful speech. Before consonant sounds, it is pronounced / /. Listen carefully to your teacher say these phrases:the menthe Chinese puzzlethe balloonthe red housethe bicyclesthe tall womenthe unionthe whole pieBefore vowel sounds, it is pronounced / /.the answerthe ugly masksthe orangethe ice cream conethe airthe Indianthe angry girlthe open umbrellaExercise 1: Read the examples from groups above. Practice connecting the with the word after it, as though the two words were just one word.Example: the man / mn / the menthe Chinese puzzlethe balloonthe red housethe bicyclesthe tall womenthe unionthe whole pieExample: the answer / nz /the answerthe ugly masksthe orangethe ice cream conethe airthe Indianthe angry girlthe open umbrellaUse the when the listener or reader already knows which things you mean, or when there is only one possible item you are speaking about.a.- I took the cat to the veterinarian. (my cat, or the cat I usually talk about; the only veterinarian in town, or the usual veterinarian I go to) (Veterinarian = animal doctor)Now compare: I took a cat to a veterinarian. (It is not certain which cat or which veterinarian the speaker is talking about.)Exercise 2: Write a / an or the in the following sentences below.1.- Once upon a time, there was _________ wild dog.2.- He came to _________ farm and met _________ farm dog.3.- _________ wild dog spoke to _________ farm dog about his job.4.- _________ job was easy; all _________ farm dog had to do was bark if _________ robber came near _________farm.5.- _________ farmer fed _________ farm dog milk, bones and scraps from _________ familys dinner table.6.- _________ wild dog saw _________ mark on _________ farm dogs neck.7.- _________ mark was from _________ rope.8.- Goodbye, said _________ wild dog.9.- He did not want to wear _________ rope around his neck.10.- _________ farm dog was sad to see him leave.11.- I needed _________ new rain coat.12.- I went to _________ new clothing store on Main Street.13.- _________ saleslady in _________ coat department was very helpful.14.- I wanted _________ short coat, but couldnt find one.15.- _________ saleslady showed me where _________ short rain coats were.16.- I bought _________ light blue rain coat, and _________ light blue hat to match.17.- _________ coat was sixty dollars and _________ hat was ten.Use the with things that are the only ones of their kind.a.- The sun rose at six a.m. this morning (the sun in our solar system)b.- The moon and the stars shone brightly last night. (our moon, and the stars we ordinarily see at night.)c.- Have you read the Bible?(the famous Christian collection of stories)d.- The sky is blue. (todays sky or the usual sky above us)e.- The weather is great. (our present weather)f.- The world is full of opportunities. (our world)g.- Forget about the past. (the time before today)h.- Dont worry about the future. (the time after today)i.- There is no time like the present. (now)j.- I spoke to him on the telephone yesterday.k.- I heard about it on the radio.l.- In just two minutes well be on the air. (broadcasting over the radio)m.- In just two minutes well be on the air. (flying in the Earths atmosphere)Exercise 3: Write a / an or the only where they are needed. Write where nothing is needed.1.- How is _________ weather in Puerto Rico in the summer?2.- I love looking at _________ the ocean.3.- _________ future will be here before you know it.4.- My favorite book is _________ Bible.5.- Barry found _________ wallet that everyone had been looking for. 6.- Carrie found _________ wallet in the subway. (one she hadnt known about before)7.- During an eclipse of _________ sun, the shadow of _________ moon fall on _________ earth.8.- What do you think about _________ economy?9.- What did you watch on _________ TV last night?10.- Do you listen to _________ radio in your car on your way to work?11.- What did you watch on _________ TV last night?12.- You ought to see _________ doctor. (any doctor)13.- You ought to see _________ doctor. (your doctor)14.- I bought _________ new suit and _________ hat to match.15.- _________moon is 240,000 miles from _________ earth.16.- Sometimes you can see _________ planet Venus in the west, just after _________ sun sets.17.- I saw _________ shooting star last night.1.4- Rules for forming the Plural of Regular Nouns:Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun. For example:a tent a parkan ideaa taxi a doctor an ovena house a ladyan exercise Use a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things.N O T E S

Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns.a river an armchaira castle an idea

The article a is used before nouns that begin with a consonant sound in singular.a chair a traina taxi a uniforma house a zooThe article an is used before nouns that begin with a vowel sound in singular.an artist an umbrellaan oven an houran heir an eagle

Rule # 1: To make the plural form of most regular nouns in English, just add s.SINGULARPLURALa pentwo pensone applesome applesan elephanta few elephants Rule # 2: To make the plural form of regular nouns in English, when the last letters of singular nouns are ch, sh, s, ss, or x you usually add es to form the plural.SINGULARPLURALa busthree busesone branchsome branchesa disha few dishesone dresssix dressesa foxsome foxesRule # 3: To make the plural form of regular nouns in English, when the last letters of singular nouns are consonant + y just change y to i, add es to form the plural.SINGULARPLURALa babyfour babiesone citya few citiesa teddysome teddiesRule # 4: To make the plural form of regular nouns in English, when nouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end.SINGULARPLURALa keysome keysone daya few daysa boyfive boysRule # 5: To make the plural form of some regular nouns in English, if a noun ends in f, or fe, you often change f, or fe, to v, and add es to form the plural.SINGULARPLURALa loafloavesthiefthievesknifekniveswifewivesRule # 6: To make the plural form of a few regular nouns in English, which ends in f, or fe, you just add s to form the plural.SINGULARPLURALchefchefscliffcliffsgiraffegiraffesroofroofssafesafesRule # 7: To make the plural form for some words which end in f, the plural can be spelled in two different ways.SINGULARPLURALdwarfdwarfs dwarveshoofhoofs hoovesscarfscarfs scarveswharfwharfs wharves Rule # 8: To make the plural form of most nouns which end in o, are made plural by adding s to form the plural.

SINGULARPLURALvideovideoshippohipposzoozooskangarookangaroosrhinorhinosRule # 9: To make the plural form of other regular nouns in English, which ends in a consonant + o, are made plural by adding es to form the plural.SINGULARPLURALtomatotomatoespotatopotatoesheroheroesflamingoflamingoesRule # 10: With some regular nouns which end in o, you can add either s or es to form the plural.SINGULARPLURALmangomangos mangoes mosquitomosquitos mosquitoes zerozeros zeroes buffalobuffalos buffaloes1.5- Plural form of Irregular Nouns:Some plural nouns dont follow any rule. Some nouns change spelling from singular form to the plural in an irregular form.PLURAL FORM OF IRREGULAR NOUNS

Singular Plural child children ox oxen man men woman women mouse mice louse lice goose geese foot feet tooth teeth person people

Some nouns have an irregular plural form. Singular Plural one deer two deer moose moose fish fish sheep sheep species species offspring offspring reindeer reindeer bison bison aircraft aircraft salmon salmon

The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form. Singular Plural one bacterium two bacteria cactus cacti crisis crises phenomenon phenomena

Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plural

Note: You can use fishes as the plural of fish when you are talking about different kinds of fish. (e.g.: All the fishes of the Pacific Ocean)Some nouns are always plural. * Others are usually pluralpantspajamasshortsscissorssneakersslippers*pliersjeansspectaclesgogglesbinocularsglassestrouserssandals*stockingssocks*clogs*gloves*chopsticks*shoes*boots*Note: You can make these plural nouns singular by using before them: a pair ofa pair of binoculars a pair of pliers a pair of jeans a pair of glassesExercise 1: Write the plural forms of the nouns below.1.- potato____________________16.- tax____________________2.- library____________________17.- thief____________________3.- child____________________18.- toy____________________4.- leaf____________________19.- hero____________________5.- wish____________________20.- goose ____________________6.- mouse____________________21.- attorney____________________7.- opinion____________________22.- mosquito____________________8.- fish____________________23.- butterfly____________________9.- sandwich____________________24.- sheep____________________10.- man____________________25.- wolf____________________11.- possibility____________________26.- woman____________________12.- foot____________________27.- flash____________________13.- piano____________________28.- tomato____________________14.- tooth____________________29.- belief____________________15.- half____________________30.- stitch____________________UNIT II: Possessives of Nouns: s, s, ofC O N T E N T S

2.1 Rules for forming the possessive of nouns expressed withs, s, of

2.2 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns

2.3 Types of adjectives and possessive pronouns

2.4 Reflexive Pronouns

2.1- Rules for Forming the Possessive of Nouns: s, s, ofPossessive Forms of Nouns

a- My friend has a car. My friends car is blue.b- The student has a book.The students book is red.

Singular Nounfriend

studentPossessive Formfriends

studentsTo show that a person possesses something, add an apostrophe ( ) and -s to a singular noun.POSSESSIVE NOUN, SINGULAR: noun + apostrophe + -s

c- The students have books.The students books are red.d- My friends have a car. My friends car is blue.Plural Nounstudents

friendsPossessive Formstudents

friendsAdd an apostrophe ( ) at the end of a plural noun (after the -s).POSSESSIVE NOUN, PLURAL: noun + -s + apostrophe

Use the possessive form of a noun to show ownership. To make the possessive form, put an apostrophe and an s s after a singular noun. To make the possessive form when 2 names linked by and are the owners. Put an s after the second name only.This is my bed and that is Joses bed. We all like Dads cooking. It is her job to collect everybodys plate.The flies are buzzing around the horses tail. That is Miguels T-shirt and this is Jennys blouse.That is Ana and Manuels bedroom. Katy and Mikes house is big. Joe and Sarahs dad works here.Sometimes two possessive forms with s appear together, one after the other.This is Jencys brothers guitar. (the guitar belongs to Jencys brother.)Rauls teachers house has a big swimming pool. (the house that belongs to Rauls teacher.)After plural nouns that dont end in s, use an apostrophe and an s (s) to make the possessive form.Some peoples houses are much bigger than ours. The childrens room is always messy.Rats tails are longer than mices tails. Mens voices are deeper than womens voices.After plural nouns that end in s, or singular nouns that end in s, just add an apostrophe (s) to make the possessive form.The pupils desks are arranged in rows. The boys bedroom is bigger than Francis bedroom.The strong winds destroyed all the farmers crops. Carlos legs are bigger than rats legs.

NOTE: Use s / s to show possession with person, group of people, organization, country or animal.Exercise 1: Read the following passage. The possessive nouns are missing. Write the correct possessive form of the nouns in parentheses. The first one has been done for you.Carlos

Laura is spending the day at ____________________ (Carlos) house. She likes ____________________ (Carlos) family. She especially likes ____________________ (Carlos / mom) cooking! They play lots of games together. ____________________ (Carlos) sister doesnt like ____________________ (Carlos and Laura) games. She is playing by herself. Sometimes the ____________________ (boy and girl) games become so noisy that ____________________ (Carlos) mother tells them to go and play in the garden of the house. ____________________ (Carlos) little puppy is in the garden, lying in the sunshine. Carlos wants to play with his dog, but Laura is afraid of the ____________________ (dog) big teeth and sharp claws.At 7 oclock, ____________________ (Laura) dad arrives in his car to take her home. Carlos says he likes ____________________ (Laura / dad) new brand car. ____________________ (Laura) dad says that hell take Carlos for a ride in it sometime.Exercise 2: For each of the following phrases, change the noun indicating possession from the singular to the plural. For example: the mans experiencesthe doctors officethe mens experiencesthe doctors office1.- the musicians instruments__________________________________2.- the childs adventures__________________________________3.- the animals habitat__________________________________4.- the workmans instructions__________________________________5.- the ships passengers__________________________________6.- the pilots vacation__________________________________7.- the officers friends__________________________________8.- the deers tail______________________________________9.- the oxs hooves______________________________________10.- the attorneys office______________________________________The Preposition of : Possession

The leg of the chair is broken. The knob of the door.The house of my father is really nice. The color of the car.Use of to show possession with objects or things that are not alive.

Exercise 1: Show the relationships between the possessors and the things possessed by using the word of, as appropriate.For example: PossessorThing PossessedIndicating PossessionJuigalpamapthe map of Juigalpastairstopthe top of the stairs1.- gamesecret______________________________________2.- bookcover______________________________________3.- friendbackpack______________________________________4.- highlightshow______________________________________5.- milkbottle______________________________________6.- radiovolume______________________________________7.- tablelegs______________________________________8.- pianokeyboard______________________________________9.- lightsswitch______________________________________10.- cellphonebattery______________________________________2.2- Possessive adjectives and possessive pronounsPossessive Pronouns: They comprise a third group of pronouns. This group is generally divided into two subgroups, based on the function of the possessive pronouns in a sentence. The first subset is generally known as possessive adjectives and the second set as possessive pronouns.The distinction between the two groups lies in what does or does not follow. Possessive adjectives are followed by a noun or noun phrase (Sentence 1). Possessive pronouns stand-alone (Sentence 2).(1) This is my English book. Versus (2) It is mine.Possessive pronouns, like any pronoun, replace a noun or noun phrase. In sentence (2), mine replaces the noun phrase my book in sentence (1).Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns are similar because they both refer to possession or ownership. They differ, however, in their function:Possessive pronouns replace noun phrases. And they are used to talk about things that belong to people. The words my, your, his, her, its, our, your and their are possessive adjectives. The words mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours and theirs are possessive pronouns.This book is mine.Have you lost yours, Maryuri?That pen is hers and this one is his.Laura has lost her cat.Is this cat hers?I can see my car, but where is yours?Weve had our lunch, but they havent had theirs.2.3- Types of adjectives and Subject & Object PronounsDemonstrative Adjectives: They are used for pointing out things. The words this, that, these, and those are demonstrative adjectives. Non-count nouns, since they have no plural forms, can only take the singular demonstratives this or that.This is my English book. These are her pets.This is Luis home.These are sheep but those are oxen.That is my friends backpack.Those are horses.Thats his fathers new car.Those are the horses legs.Types of Pronouns by Function: What are the different types of English pronouns?There are several different types of pronouns, each type serving a different function in the sentence. In this section, we will look at four types of pronouns: subject, object, possessive, and indefinite. Subject Pronouns: They tell us who or what the doer of the verb is, or what is described by the verb. You will notice that in English we use eight subject pronouns, although there are only seven different pronoun forms. The second person pronoun you can refer to either a singular or plural person; context is what indicates whether the singular or plural pronoun you is intended. The subject of a verb does the action of the verb. The personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we and they can all be used as the subject of a verb.Maritza likes cars. She has two cars.In the first sentence, the proper noun Maritza is the subject of the verb likes. In the second sentence, the pronoun she is the subject of the verb has.My name is Michael. I am fourteen. Firulai, you are a bad dog!David and I are playing soccer. We like sports.Object Pronouns: They are another type of pronoun. These are pronouns that replace nouns or noun phrases in object position in the sentence. Object position means that the noun or noun phrase* receives the action of the verb. The object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and them can all be used as the object of a verb.Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.In the first sentence above, the noun cats is the object of the verb likes. In the second sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb stroke.Im doing my homework. Dad is helping me.Goodbye, children! Ill call you later. Where is Leonardo? I need to speak to him.The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.2.4- Reflexive PronounsReflexive Pronouns: They are a little different from the pronouns we have explored up to now because reflexive pronouns do not substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Instead, reflexive pronouns are generally used to refer back to the subject, as in Sentence (1). They can also be used for emphasis as in Sentence (2), (4), and (3). In addition, when a reflexive pronoun is used with by, it usually means alone as in Sentence (5).Function

(1) The actress admired herself in the mirror.(2) I myself would never do that.(3) I would never do that myself.(4) The teacher wants us to present the projects ourselves.(5) Jos cant answer the question by himself.herself refers back to The actressmyself is used for emphasis. It can immediately follow the subject (2) or come at the end of the sentence (3).ourselves is also used for emphasis, but it refers back to the object us.by + relative pronoun = alone

What are the forms of the reflexive pronouns? The reflexive pronouns vary according to person and number (singular / plural) as in the table below.The singular forms all end in self ; the plurals in selves. Note that there are two forms for you in the reflexive: the singular yourself and the plural yourselves. This is one instance where English does make a distinction between the singular and plural you. They are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of the verb. The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are reflexive pronouns.My brother built this computer himself.Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.Kate fell and hurt herself.Daniel was looking at himself in the mirror.Our cat washes itself after every meal.We bake the cake by ourselves.Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.

Pronouns

Subject PronounObject PronounPossessive AdjectivePossessive PronounsReflexive PronounsDemonstrative Pronouns

Singular I memyminemyselfthis*

you youyouryoursyourself

he him hishishimselfthat**

she herherhersherself

It ititsitsitself

Plural we usouroursourselvesthese*

you youyouryoursyourselves

they themtheirtheirsthemselvesthose**

* Use this and these when you are talking about things near you. ** Use that and those when you are talking about things farther away.

UNIT III: Comparatives & SuperlativesC O N T E N T S

3.1 Comparative Forms of Adjectives & Adverbs

3.1.1 Adjectives & Adverbs with the comparative Form: as . . . as, -er than & more . . . than

3.2 Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs

3.2.1 Superlatives: the . . . est, the most . . . & the least . . .

3.2.2 Rules for the Formation of Comparatives & Superlatives

3.2.3 Irregular Comparative & Superlative Forms

3.1- Comparative Forms of Adjectives & AdverbsWhen we use adjectives (e.g., old, important, etc.) to compare two people or two things, the adjectives have special forms. There are many different ways of making comparison in English. But we are going to study some of them. When you compare two people or things, use the comparative form of the adjective or adverbs. The use of er or more is called the comparative form.3.1.1- Adjectives & Adverbs with the Comparative Form: as . . . as, -er than & more . . . thanOne way of making comparisons with as . . . as. This pattern is used to say the two parts of a comparison are equal or the same in some way, in statements.as + adjective + asas + adverb + asGlenis is 21 years old. David is also 21. Glennis is as old as David.Mike came quickly. Yosari came quickly.Mike came as quickly as Yosari.Another way of making comparison in negative form is with not as . . . as.* Quite and nearly are often used with the negative.not quite as + adjective + as = a small differencenot nearly as + adjective + as = a big differenceJos is 20. Tina is 21.Jos is not as old as TinaJos isnt quite as old as Tina.Amy is 5. She isnt nearly as old as.Common modifiers of as . . . as are just (meaning exactly) and nearly / almost. It is also possible: not so . . . as: Jos is not so old as Tina.Lots of comparative adjectives and some adverbs end in -er. With some adjectives, you use more to make the comparative form. The word than is often used with comparative adjectives or adverbs. For example, you might say:Jack is taller than John.fastfasterA sports car is faster than a motorbike.smallsmallerThe bus is more comfortable than the car. activemore activeA train runs more slowly than a car.deliciousmore deliciousThe comparative forms of some adjectives are completely different words. With these adjectives, you dont add er or more than to form the comparative.Ligia gets better scores than Karla.goodbetterI take less sugar than Maydil.littlelessExercise 1: Look at these pair of sentences and then make comparison using as . . . as.Example: My pencil is short._My pencil is as short as Rauls ruler._Rauls ruler is short.Kendy speaks slowly._Kendy speaks as slowly as you._You speak slowly.1.- The blue car runs fast.___________________________________________________The red car runs fast.2.- Pedro is tall.___________________________________________________Rico is tall.3.- Glenis is optimistic.___________________________________________________Gary is optimistic.4.- The tomato soup is delicious.___________________________________________________The onion soup is delicious.5.- Today it is windy.____ _______________________________________________Yesterday was windy.6.- The sheet looks white.___________________________________________________The snow looks white.7.- This film was good.___________________________________________________That film was good.8.- I am blind.___________________________________________________A bat is blind.9.- Jeanette looks pretty.___________________________________________________Paola looks pretty.10.- The yoghurt tastes delicious.___________________________________________________An ice cream tastes delicious. Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with your own words.Example: . . . not as sharp as . . .A pencil point isnt as sharp as a needle.A kitchen knife isnt as sharp as a razor blade.My mind isnt as sharp in the afternoon as it is in the morning.1. . . . just as important as . . .9. . . . not as heavy as . . .2. . . . not as comfortable as . . .10. . . . just as nutritious as . . .3. . . . not nearly as interesting as . . .11. . . . as often as I can.4. . . . just as good as . . .12. . . . as often as I used to.5. . . . not quite as difficult as . . .13. . . . as soon as possible.6. . . . not as quiet as . . .14. . . . not as easy as it looks.7. . . . almost as good as . . .15. . . . as much as possible.8. . . . not as friendly as . . .1.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________14.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15.- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.2- Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs3.2.1- Superlatives: the . . . est, the most . . . and the least . . .We use the superlative form of an adjective or an adverb to compare three or more nouns. Lots of superlatives end in est. With some adjectives and adverbs, you use most to make the superlative form. But others are completely different words. With these adjectives or adverbs, you dont add est, most or least to form the superlative. You often add the before the superlative form. There are two types of superlative relative and absolute. The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some larger group.Maxkaren looks the least lazy.Manuel is the smartest guy in the class.The diamond ring is the most expensive.The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger group. It has three possible forms.very + adjectiveextremely + adjectiveindescribably + adjectivevery smartextremely smartindescribably smartmuy listosumamente listolistisimoJos is very smart.The book is extremely expensive.In English, the relative superlative is formed by using the words most, least or the ending -est.Bill Gates became the richest man in the U.S.A.A tour bus was the most expensive vehicle in the fair. A bicycle is the least expensive.3.2.2- Rules for the Formation of Comparatives & SuperlativesComparative & Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE R U L E S

old older the oldesttall taller the tallestsmall smaller the smallestcheap cheaper the cheapestloud louder the loudestfast faster the fastesthard harder the hardestForm the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective/adverb by adding er for the comparative for and est for the superlative.Mary is taller than Max.Idalmis is the tallest.

large larger the largestwise wiser the wisestclose closer the closestwide wider the widestsafe safer the safestIf the one-syllable adjective/adverb ends with an e, just add r for the comparative for and st for the superlative form.Carlas house is larger than mine.Esmelda is the wisest girl I know.

clever cleverer the cleverest more clever the most clevergentle gentler the gentlest more gentle the most gentlefriendly friendlier the friendliest more friendly the most friendlySome two-syllable adjectives use either er / est or more / most.able, angry, clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, sour.

big bigger the biggestthin thinner the thinnestfat fatter the fattesthot hotter the hottestflat flatter the flattestwet wetter the wettestIf the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add er for the comparative for, and double the last consonant and add est for the superlative form.Jefri looks thinner than Luisa.Today is the hottest day.

easy easier the easiesthappy happier the happiestangry angrier the angriestbusy busiest the busiestpretty prettier the prettiesttiny tinier the tiniestIf the two-syllable adjectives ends with y, change the y to i and add er for the comparative for. For the superlative form change the y to i and add est.

clever cleverer the cleverestnarrow narrower the narrowestgentle gentler the gentlestWith two-syllable adjectives ending in er, le, or ow take er and est to form the comparative and superlative forms.

active more active the most activebeautiful more beautiful the most beautifuldelicious more delicious the most deliciousslowly more slowly the most slowlyAdjectives that form their comparative and superlative with more and most are usually adjectives with two or more syllables, or sounds.

Exercise 1: Complete the blanks with the correct comparative form of the adjectives or adverbs in brackets.Example: Chinandega is _bigger than__ (big) Managua.1.- Alaska has ________________________ (large) Texas in land area.2.- Old shoes are usually ________________________ (comfortable) new shoes.3.- Wendy likes Chinese food ________________________ (good) Italian food.4.- A pillow is ________________________ (soft) a rock.5.- I am ________________________ (young) my brother.6.- Spain looks ________________________ (small) Brazil.7.- The first question is ________________________ (easy) the fourth one.8.- David looks ________________________ (sad) the other boy. 9.- Your handwriting is ________________________ (bad) Elisas.10.- Estefany looks ________________________ (friendly) Hanny.Exercise 2: Write down the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs.1. high________________________________________________2.- lazy ________________________________________________3.- hot________________________________________________4.- careful________________________________________________5.- late________________________________________________6.- dangerous________________________________________________7.- happy________________________________________________8.- far________________________________________________9.- common________________________________________________10.- slowly________________________________________________http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/compadj.php#.VEhrilf4Kso (Exercise online)3.2.3- Irregular Comparative & Superlative FormsA few adjectives dont form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are different words, called irregular forms.Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms

POSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVE

goodbetterthe best

badworsethe worst

badlyworsethe worst

littlelessthe least

manymorethe most

muchmorethe most

farfarther / further *the farthest / the furthest

fewlessthe least

wellbetterthe best

old **elderthe eldest

* Both farther and further are used to compare physical distances: I walked farther/ further than my friend did. Further (but not farther) can also mean additional: I need further information.** it refers to people in a family.Exercise 3: Choose any appropriate adjective from the list (or any adjective of your own choosing) to make comparison between the given items. Use the comparative form (more, -er, or irregular form).bright flexible short good easy heavythick wide enjoyable relaxing thin deepfast shallow easy expensive cheap comfortable

Example: traveling by train / traveling by busTraveling by train is more relaxing than traveling by bus.Traveling by train is more comfortable than traveling by bus.Traveling by train is better than traveling by bus.________________________________________________________________________________.1.- a pool / a lake________________________________________________________________________________.2.- an elephants neck / a giraffes neck________________________________________________________________________________.3.- sunlight / moonlight________________________________________________________________________________.4.- iron / wood________________________________________________________________________________.5.- walking / running________________________________________________________________________________.6.- a river / a stream________________________________________________________________________________.7.- rubber / wood________________________________________________________________________________.8.- traveling by air / traveling by car________________________________________________________________________________.9.- a butterflys wing / a blade of grass________________________________________________________________________________.10.- nothing / sitting in a garden on a quiet summer day________________________________________________________________________________.11.- a lake / a swimming pool_______________________________________________________________________________.12.- speaking English / speaking Mandarin_______________________________________________________________________________.Exercise 4: Fill in the gaps with the superlative form of the adjectives given in brackets. Example: The Atlantic Coast has _the biggest __ (big) in land area.1.- It is ________________________ (large) shop in town.2.- Monday is ________________________ (bad) day of the week.3.- Kendy was ________________________ (noisy) person in my English class.4.- Maxkaren is ________________________ (popular) in the course.5.- Which was ________________________ (difficult) subject at high school?6.- Jos is ________________________ (good) player in the soccer team.7.- Elephants are ________________________ (heavy) animals.8.- Cristina is ________________________ (thin) girl in the class.9.- The sofa looks ________________________ (comfortable) furniture in our house.10.- Oranges are ________________________ (sweet) fruit.11.- A rock is ________________________ (heavy) a leaf.Exercise 5: Complete the blanks with the comparative or the superlative form of the adjectives given in brackets. Example:The Atlantic Coast has _the biggest __ (big) in land area.Chinandega is _bigger than__ (big) Managua.1.- This armchair is ________________________ (comfortable) the old one.2.- Trains are ________________________ (slow) airplanes.3.- I bought ________________________ (expensive)souvenir I could afford.4.- In the English classroom there are _____________ (many) girls ___________ boys.5.- Tina looks ________________________ (young) child in the family.6.- That T.V. set is ________________________ (cheap) of all.7.- You are ____________ (safe) here ____________ there.8.- Bertha is ________________________ (pretty) Kate.9.- This is ________________________ (exciting) film I have ever seen.10.- Tim was ________________________ (talented) Miguel.11.- The princess looks ________________________ (beautiful) the witch.

UNIT IV: Present Continuous & Simple PresentC O N T E N T S

4.1 Present Continuous Tense, Simple Present & state verbs in written contexts

4.1.1 Illustrative Reading of both structures

4.1.2 List of Verbs of Common Status

4.2 Grammatical Structures of the Present Continuous & Simple Present

4.3 Adverbs of Frequency

4.3.1 List of Adverbs of Frequency

4.3.2 Illustrative Sentences of the Position of Adverbs

4.1- Present Continuous Tense, Simple Present & state verbs in written contextsUSEEXAMPLES

The Simple Present for* facts of life, things that are generally true* things people do or things that happen in general or habitually* permanent situations that wont change or are unlikely to change* referring to possessing something with have.* if have is part of a phrase that refers to an actionPeople who have jobs earn money.I read a lot of books.All matches start at 3 oclock.Yefri lives alone because he prefers it.They have / Theyve got a nice house.Does he have / Has he got a well-paid job?NOT Has he a well-paid job?I have a shower every morning.

The Present Continuous for* actions at exactly this moment* actions during this period of time* temporary situations that will or may change* if have is part of a phrase that refers to an actionYoure reading this sentence.This country is changing a lot.Karlas working in a shop this summer.

Shes having a shower at the moment.NOTE: Forms of have got are not correct with this meaning.

The Simple Present TenseVerbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens. If the action happens regularly, sometimes or never, use the simple present tense. It expresses a general truth or a customary action or it expresses general statements of fact. Uncle Luis wears glasses.The sun rises in the east.Ducks love water.The children go to school by bus.The words am, is, are are also verbs, but they are not action words. They are the simple present tense of the verb be. Use am with the pronoun I, and is with the pronouns he, she and it. Use are with the pronouns you, we and they.It is very hot today.I am Lionel. I am not Leonel.She is Miss Tllez. She is a doctor.We are in the same class.They are good friends.It is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future.Melanie starts English class tomorrow. I go to summer camp next week.The trains depart in five minutes.My dad retires next year.Many verbs which are connected with the idea of thinking or having a feeling are not usually used in the present continuous form. For example:It is not correct to say Im not knowing his name or Are you wanting something to eat? Instead say I dont know his name and Do you want something to eat?The Present ContinuousIt is also called The present progressive or the continuous present. It expresses an activity that is in progress (is occurring, is happening) right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the sentence. The event began in the past, is in progress now, and will probably continue into the future.When we want to emphasize that something is done repeatedly, we can use the present continuous with words like always, constantly, continually, or forever. Often we do this when we want to show that we are unhappy about it, including our own behavior:They are constantly having parties until the early hours of the morning.Chris is always including me in his crazy schemes.Betsy is always smiling during the English class.The students are continually wearing sneakers and white socks.

NOTE: The continuous form of be is used to talk about someones temporary behavior. Youre being stupid. (at this moment, not that you are a stupid person)

4.1.1- Illustrative Reading of both StructuresLook at the reading below and identify the simple present and the present continuous. Underline the simple present and put between brackets the present continuous.

4.1.2- List of Verbs of Common StatesSome verbs can not be used in the progressive tenses. They are called state verbs or non- action verbs. They indicate state, sense, desire, possession, or opinion. The most common non- action verbs are:lovehatelikepreferdoubtseemknowownunderstandbelookhavesoundwantbelieveappearsmellfeelpossessconsidertasteneedrealizecareNOTICE THE USAGE IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: Mr. Obregon is seeming like a nice guy.WrongMr. Obregon seems like a nice guy.CorrectThis salad is tasting delicious.WrongThis salad tastes delicious.CorrectIm liking banana cream pie.WrongI like banana cream pie.CorrectSome verbs have both action and state meanings. The situation determines whether the action or state form of the verb is used:Those flowers look beautiful. Flora is looking out the window.I think thats a great idea.I am thinking about my upcoming speech.We have a brand new car.We are having a party this weekend.Kate is a real estate agent.Linda is being naughty today. thinkmindhavesmellbesoundlookappeartastefeelHere, think is a state verb. It means to have an opinion and it can not be used in a continuous form.I think it is wrong to hit children. Here, thinking is describing a process or an action. This is something happening.Im thinking about buying a new car.Here, mind means feel concern about, which it is a mental state and not an action.I dont mind if we watch a movie tonight.Here, minding means take care to do something. Therefore, it is an action verb.Im not being noisy. Im minding my own business! Here, have talk about a family relationship who speaks has with his / her brothers.I have three brothers.In this sentence having means that who is speaking is going through a process of a hard day.Im having a bad day today. Ill call you when things are better.4.2- Grammatical Structures of the Present Continuous Tense & Simple PresentFORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENTPRESENT PROGRESSIVE

STATEMENTI-You-We-They work-fix-cry. He-She-It works-fixes-cries. I am working.You-We-They are working. He-She-It is working.

NEGATIVEI-You-We-They do not work. He-She-It does not work. I am not working.You-We-They are not working. He-She-It is not working.

QUESTIONSDo I-You-We-They work-fix-cry?Does He-She-It work-fix-cry?Am I working?Are You-We-They working?Is He-She-It working?

CONTRACTIONS I + am = Im working. you, we, they + are = Youre, Were, Theyre working. he, she, it + is = Hes, Shes, Its working.

pronoun + be

do + notdoes + not do + not = dont I dont work. does + not = doesnt Susan doesnt work.

be + not is + not = isnt He isnt working. are + not = arent They arent working. (am + not = am not* I am not working.)

* Note: am and not are not contracted.Spelling of -ing

END OF VERB -ING FORM

Rule 1 A CONSONANT * + -e DROP THE e and ADD ing smile smiling write writing

Rule 2ONE VOWEL * + ONE CONSONANT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT and ADD ing ** sit sitting run running

Rule 3TWO VOWELS +ONE CONSONANT ADD ing; DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT read reading rain raining

Rule 4 TWO CONSONANTS ADD ing; DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT stand standing push pushing

*Vowels = a, e, i, o, u. Consonants = b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.**Exception to Rule 2: Do not double w, x and y.snow snowing fix fixing say sayingExercise 1: Let`s talk: Class activity. Directions: Your classmate will perform and describe some actions. Listen for the form of the verb. Answer questions about these actions. Example:Student 1: (pantomimes to read) What am I doing?Student 2: You are reading a book.1.- (pantomimes to write your name) What is he doing?__________________________________________________________________________________2.- (pantomimes to sit) What are they doing?__________________________________________________________________________________3.- (pantomimes to stand) What is she doing?__________________________________________________________________________________4.- (pantomimes to count the markers) What am I doing?__________________________________________________________________________________5.- (pantomimes to wave) What are the girls doing?__________________________________________________________________________________6.- (pantomimes to look at the ceiling) What are you doing?__________________________________________________________________________________7.- (pantomimes to prepare a sandwich) What am I doing?__________________________________________________________________________________8.- (pantomimes to make a phone call) What is she doing?__________________________________________________________________________________9.- (pantomimes to eat soup) What is he doing?__________________________________________________________________________________10.- (pantomimes to jump) What are they doing?__________________________________________________________________________________Exercise 2: Simple present vs. present progressive. Directions: Look at the picture and fill in the blank with the correct verb tense. Is the activity of the verb:(a) a daily or usual habit? or (b) happening right now (i.e., in progress in the picture)?

Its 7:30 A.M., and the Wilsons are in their kitchen. Mrs Wilson __________________1 at the breakfast table. She _______________________2 a newspaper. She usually _____________________3 the newspaper every morning. Mr. Wilson ______________________4 a cup of coffee. He always _____________________5 two cups of coffee every morning before he ______________________6 to work. There __________________7 a cartoon on TV, but the children _______________________8 it. They _______________________9 with their toys instead. They usually _____________________10 cartoons in the morning, but this morning they _______________________11 any attention to the TV. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson _______________________12 the TV either. They often _______________________13 the news in the evening, but they _______________________14 cartoons.Exercise 3: Simple present vs. present continuous. Complete the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.Elena __________________1 (be) twenty-one years old. She ___________________2 (learn)English at FAREM-Chontales now. She ___________________3 (like) English a lot and __________________4 (think) that is a useful language. She __________________5 (have) some homework to do. That`s why she __________________5 (sit) here in front of her computer.She __________________6 (want) to take an English test from the American Embassy in Managua. Right now she __________________7 (try) to find an exercise on the superlative form of adjectives. She __________________8 (think) about these rules but she ___________________9 (not / remember) them very well. Is it farest or farthest?She finally ___________________10 (choose) a test. It isnt easy, but Elena ___________________11 (have) fun with the quiz. She ___________________12 (hope) she understands the superlative a little better at the end of the exercise.4.3- Adverbs of FrequencyWe use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do ah activity. Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question how often? They are called adverbs of frequency. There are three main positions for adverbs which modify a verb.4.3.1- List of Adverbs of FrequencyThe words in this chart are called frequency adverbs.FrequencyAdverb of FrequencyExample Sentence

100%alwaysI always go to bed before 10 p.m.

90%usuallyRoger is usually busy at home.

80%normally / generallyYou generally dont drive carefully.

70%often / frequentlyThe student often surfs the internet.

50%sometimesHenry sometimes forgets her wifes birthday.

30%occasionallyElsa occasionally doesnt eat junk food.

10%seldomWe are seldom late to class.

5%hardly ever / rarelyI hardly ever drink alcohol.

0%neverThe dog never swims in the sea.

4.3.2- Illustrative Sentences of the Position of AdverbsAn adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).Subject + adverb + main verb

Rosa always remembers to do her homework.

I normally get good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb to be.Subject + to be + adverb

They are never pleased to see me.

She isnt usually bad tempered.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

She can sometimes beat me in a race.

I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.

They might never see each other again.

We could occasionally be heard laughing.

We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionallyOccasionally, I like to eat Japanese food.But we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, neverWe use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:She hardly ever comes to my parties. They never say thank you.We use ever in questions and negative sentences: Have you ever been to New Zealand?I havent ever been to Switzerland. (The same as I have never been to Switzerland.)We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the frequency: every day once a month twice a year four times a day every other weekKathy practices the piano regularly. The children always go to school on the bus.Ill never make that mistake again.Have you ever been to Japan?Weve been to Disneyland twice.Ilsa clean her bedroom every week.The shops are often very busy.The newspaper is delivered daily.Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences, adding the adverb of frequency in bracket.1.- Rosa eats breakfast in the morning. (always)___________________________________________________________________________________2.- I buy some carrots for dinner. (never)___________________________________________________________________________________3.- Roger watches TV in the living-room. (seldom)___________________________________________________________________________________4.- You are late for your English class. (often)___________________________________________________________________________________5.- It snows in my hometown. (never)___________________________________________________________________________________6.- We take the bus. (five times a week)___________________________________________________________________________________7.- Elena stays at home in the evening. (usually)___________________________________________________________________________________8.- They are very hungry by lunchtime. (occasionally)___________________________________________________________________________________9.- Sue drinks some coffee. (twice a day)___________________________________________________________________________________10.- He is at the library in the afternoon. (rarely)___________________________________________________________________________________Exercise 2: How often do the people in the chart drink orange juice with lunch? Use chart to make sentences. Use each adverb of frequency once.always, often, never, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usuallySun.Mon.Tue.Wed.Thur.Fri.Sat.

1. Soniaxxxxxxx

2. Raulxxxxxx

3. Mariaxxxxx

4. Josexxx

5. Manuelxx

6. Idalmisx

7. Vilmar

1.- ___________________________________________________________________________________2.- ___________________________________________________________________________________3.- ___________________________________________________________________________________4.- ___________________________________________________________________________________5.- ___________________________________________________________________________________6.- ___________________________________________________________________________________7.- ___________________________________________________________________________________Exercise 3: Lets Talk it!: Class Activity. Directions: Your teacher will ask you to talk about your morning, afternoon and evening activities. Close your notebooks and pamphlet for this activity.Teacher: Tell me something you 1.- always do in the morning. 6.- never do in the afternoon.2.- never do in the morning.7.- often do in the evening.3.- sometimes do in the morning.8.- sometimes do in the evening.4.- usually do in the afternoon.9.- rarely do in the evening.5.- seldom do in the afternoon.10.- sometimes do on weekends.1.- ___________________________________________________________________________________2.- ___________________________________________________________________________________3.- ___________________________________________________________________________________4.- ___________________________________________________________________________________5.- ___________________________________________________________________________________6.- ___________________________________________________________________________________7.- ___________________________________________________________________________________8.- ___________________________________________________________________________________9.- ___________________________________________________________________________________10.- ___________________________________________________________________________________NOTE: In a negative sentence, most frequently adverbs come in front of a negative verb (except always and ever). Always follows a negative helping verb or negative be. Betsy usually doesnt eat breakfast. They normally dont get up late.Karen is always on time.He doesnt always come early for class.

UNIT V: Simple Past & Past ContinuousC O N T E N T S

5.1 Simple Past & Past Continuous

5.1.1 Presentation of diagrams with both structures

5.1.2 Identification of structures in a text comparing their use

5.1.3 Regular Verbs

5.1.4 Irregular Verbs

5.2 When & while

5.1- Simple Past & Past ContinuousUse the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is also used to talk about things that happened in stories. The simple past tense is usually made by adding ed to the verb.I opened the door and looked inside.The plane landed ten minutes ago.My cousin visited us last summer.Past Time Words: Yesterday, Last, and Ago

YesterdayLastAgo

(a) Jessel was here yesterday. yesterday morning. yesterday afternoon yesterday evening.(b) Heyder was here last night. last week. last month. last year. last spring. last summer. last fall. last winter. last Monday. last Tuesday. last Wednesday. etc.(c) They were here five minutes ago. two hours ago. three days ago. a (one) week ago. six months ago. a (one) year ago.

NOTICE In (a): yesterday is used with morning, afternoon, and evening.In (b): last is used with night, with long periods of time (week, month, year), with seasons (spring, summer, etc.), and with days of the week.In (c): ago means in the past. It follow specific lengths of time (e.g., two minutes + ago, five years + ago).

Use the past progressive tense to talk about things that were happening in the past and had not stopped happening or actions that were going on at a certain moment in the past. They were continuing. To make the past progressive tense, use was or were and a verb that ends in ing.Miss Delgadillo was cleaning her bedroom yesterday.Jenny and I were tidying the classroom

5.1.1- Presentation of diagrams with both structuresYou can also use the past progressive tense to say what was happening when something else happened.Mary was waiting for the bus when David passed by.Mom was cooking our supper when I came home.When I saw Wendy, she was looking for her boyfriend.What were they doing when the bell rang?The students arrived while I was explaining the lesson.While we were in Granada, we met Laura.Miguel was injured while he was playing soccer.5.1.2- Identification of Structures in text comparing their useSimple Past vs. Past Progressive

(a) Jane called me yesterday.(b) I talked to Jane for an hour last night.(c) We went to Jacks house last Friday.(d) What time did you get up this morning?The simple past describes activities or situations that began and ended at a particular time in the past. (e.g., yesterday, last night).

(e) I was studying when Jane called me yesterday.(f) While I was studying last night, Jane called.The past progressive describes an activity that was in progress (was happening) at the time another action happened.In (e) and (f): The studying was in progress when Jane called.

(g) I opened my umbrella when it began to rain.If both the when-clause and the main clause in a sentence are simple past, it means that the action in the when-clause happened first, and the action in the main clause happened second.In (g): First, it began to rain; second, I opened my umbrella.

COMPARE: (h) When the phone rang, I answered it.(i) When the phone rang, I was studying.In (h): First, the phone rang; second, I answered it.In (i): First, the studying was in progress; second, the phone rang.

5.1.3- Regular VerbsThe simple past tense of most verbs ends in -ed. These verbs are called regular verbs.Rule # 1: To make the simple past form of most regular verbs in English, just add ed.BASE FORMPASTjumpjumpedlaughlaughedplayplayedneedneededRule # 2: If the regular verb ends with -e, just add d.BASE FORMPASTagreeagreeddiediedhatehatedlivelivedRule # 3: With regular verbs that end -y, when the last letters of verbs are consonant + y just change y to i, add ed.BASE FORMPASTburyburiedcarrycarriedfryfriedhurryhurriedRule # 4: With regular verbs that have one syllable. They all end with a consonant such as b, d, m, n, p, t, and have only a single vowel before the consonant. You must double the last consonant of some verbs before adding ed.BASE FORMPASTfanfannedgrabgrabbedtiptippedpatpattednodnoddedslamslammed5.1.4- Irregular VerbsThe simple past form of some verbs does not end in -ed. Such verbs are called irregular verbs. Many common verbs have unusual present, past and past participle tense forms.The simple past tense of some irregular verbs does not change at all.SignificadosBase FormSimple Past TensePast Participle

awake awokeawoken

bewas, werebeen

bearboreborn

beatbeatbeat

becomebecamebecome

beginbeganbegun

bendbentbent

besetbesetbeset

betbetbet

bidbid/badebid/bidden

bindboundbound

bitebit bitten

bleedbledbled

blowblewblown

breakbrokebroken

breedbredbred

bringbroughtbrought

broadcastbroadcastbroadcast

buildbuiltbuilt

burnburned/burntburned/burnt

burstburstburst

buyboughtbought

castcastcast

catchcaughtcaught

choosechosechosen

clingclungclung

comecamecome

costcostcost

creepcreptcrept

cutcutcut

dealdealtdealt

digdugdug

divedived/dovedived

dodiddone

drawdrewdrawn

dreamdreamed/dreamtdreamed/dreamt

drivedrovedriven

drinkdrankdrunk

eatateeaten

fallfellfallen

feedfedfed

feelfeltfelt

fightfoughtfought

findfoundfound

fitfitfit

fleefledfled

flingflungflung

flyflewflown

forbidforbadeforbidden

forgetforgotforgotten

forego (forgo)forewentforegone

forgiveforgaveforgiven

forsakeforsookforsaken

freezefrozefrozen

getgotgotten

givegavegiven

gowentgone

grindgroundground

growgrewgrown

hanghunghung

hearheardheard

hidehidhidden

hithithit

holdheldheld

hurthurthurt

keepkeptkept

kneelkneltknelt

knitknitknit

knowknewknow

laylaidlaid

leadledled

leapleapedleaped

learnlearned/learntlearned/learnt

leaveleftleft

lendlentlent

letletlet

lielaylain

lightlighted/litlighted

loselostlost

makemademade

meanmeantmeant

meetmetmet

misspellmisspelledmisspelled

mistakemistookmistaken

mowmowedmowed/mown

overcomeovercameovercome

overdooverdidoverdone

overtakeovertookovertaken

overthrowoverthrewoverthrown

paypaidpaid

pleadpledpled

proveprovedproved/proven

putputput

quitquitquit

readreadread

ridridrid

rideroderidden

ringrangrung

riseroserisen

runranrun

sawsawedsawed/sawn

saysaidsaid

seesawseen

seeksoughtsought

sellsoldsold

sendsentsent

setsetset

sewsewedsewed/sewn

shakeshookshaken

shaveshavedshaved/shaven

shearshoreshorn

shedshedshed

shineshoneshone

shoeshoedshoed/shod

shootshotshot

showshowedshowed/shown

shrinkshrankshrunk

shutshutshut

singsangsung

sinksanksunk

sitsatsat

sleepsleptslept

slayslewslain

slideslidslid

slingslungslung

slitslitslit

smitesmotesmitten

sowsowedsowed/sown

speakspokespoken

speedspedsped

spendspentspent

spillspilled/spiltspilled/spilt

spinspunspun

spitspit/spatspit

splitsplitsplit

spreadspreadspread

springsprang/sprungsprung

standstoodstood

stealstolestolen

stickstuckstuck

stingstungstung

stinkstankstunk

stridestrodestridden

strikestruckstruck

stringstrungstrung

strivestrovestriven

swearsworesworn

sweepsweptswept

swellswelledswelled/swollen

swimswamswum

swingswungswung

taketooktaken

teachtaughttaught

teartoretorn

telltoldtold

thinkthoughtthought

thrivethrived/throvethrived

throwthrewthrown

thrustthrustthrust

treadtrodtrodden

understandunderstoodunderstood

upholdupheldupheld

upsetupsetupset

wakewokewoken

wearworeworn

weaveweaved/woveweaved/woven

wedwedwed

weepweptwept

windwoundwound

winwonwon

withholdwithheldwithheld

withstandwithstoodwithstood

wringwrungwrung

writewrotewritten

5.2- When & WhileWhen in Time Clauses

(a) When the rain stopped, we took a walk. OR