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7/29/2019 Grammar French
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Indicatif prsent deSappeler, Comprendre, Parler
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Sappelerto call oneself
Je mappelle I call myself
Tu tappelles You call yourself (informal)
Il sappelle He calls himself
Elle sappelle She calls herself
Nous nous appelons We call ourselves
Vous vous appelez You call yourself (formal)Ils sappellent They call themselves (mas.)
Elles sappellent They call themselves (fem.)
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Comprendreto understand
Je comprends I understand, am understandingTu comprends You understand (informal)Il comprend He understands
Elle comprend She understands
Nous comprenons We understand
Vous comprenez you understand (formal)Ils comprennent They understand (mas.)Elles comprennent They understand (fem.)
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Parlerto speak
Je parle I speak, I am speaking, I do speakTu parles You speak
Il parle He speaks
Elle parle She speaks
Nous parlons We speak
Vous parlez You speakIls parlent They speak (mas.)
Elles parlent They speak (fem.)
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La Ngationthe negation
Basic Negation
Ne ... pas is placed around the conjugated
verb to negate an affirmative sentence inFrench.
Note that the ne changes to n' before averb beginning with a vowel.
a, e, i, o, u, h, & y(h & Y are semi vowels)
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La Ngationthe negation
For example
Je comprends franais.Je ne comprends pas franais.
Je parle franais.Je ne parle pas franais.
Il est franais.Il nest pas franais.
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Les Articlesthe articles
Les articles dfinis
1. The is Le before a masculine singular nounbeginning with a consonant.
2. The is La before a feminine singular nounbeginning with a consonant.
3. The is Les before a masculine and feminineplural noun beginning with a consonant or a vowel
or a semi vowel.4. Both Le and La are shortened to L before asingular noun beginning with a vowel or semivowel.
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Les Articlesthe articles
MASCULIN FMININ
Le garon La fille
Le livre La tableLhomme La femme
Ltudiant L tudiante
Les garons, Les filles, Les livres, Les tables,Les hommes, Les femmes, Les tudiants,Les tudiantes.
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Les Articlesthe articles
Les articles indfinis
1. Un, a, an is used before a singular
masculine noun.
2. Une, a, an is used before a singularfiminine noun.
3. Des, some is used before a pluralmasculine and feminine noun.
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Les Articlesthe articles
MASCULIN FMININ
Un garon Une fille
Un livre Une tableUn homme Une femme
Un tudiant Une tudiante
Des garons, Des filles, Des livres, Destables, Des hommes, Des femmes, Destudiants, Des tudiantes.
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Indicatif prsent de Avoirto have
Jai I have, am having, do haveTu as You haveIl a He has, It has (mas.)
Elle a She has, It has (fem.)
Nous avons We have
Vous avez You haveIls ont They have (mas.)Elles ont They have (fem.)
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Indicatif prsent deConnatreto know
Je connais I know, am knowing, do knowTu connais You knowIl connat He knows
Elle connat She knows
Nous connaissons We know
Vous connaissez You knowIls connaissent They know (m)Elles connaissent They know (f)
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treto be
Je suis I amTu es You areIl est He / It is
Elle est She/It is
Nous sommes We are
Vous tes You areIls sont They are (m)Elles sont They are (f)
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NOUN GENDER
All nouns in French have a gender,either masculine or feminine. It is veryimportant to learn a noun's genderalong with the noun itself because
articles (a, the) and adjectives changedepending on the gender of the nounthey precede or follow.
Notice that the masculine words arepreceded by le and feminine words arepreceded by la both of which mean the.
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NOUN GENDER
Ending is usually
-age masculine Exceptions: une cage, une image, unenage, une page, une plage,
une rage
-eau masculine Exceptions: l'eau, la peau
-e feminine Exceptions: un lyce, un muse
-ion feminine Exceptions: un avion, un bastion,billion, un million, un lion,
un scion
-t feminine Exceptions: un comit, un invit
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NOUN GENDER
If the word ends with consonant then its usually considered tobe masculine.
There are exceptions. The words faim (hunger), dent (tooth),main (hand) and soif (thirst) end in consonants yet they are
feminine la faim, la dent, la main, la soif.If the word ends with vowel E then its usually considered tobe feminine. But there are exceptions to it also.
Naturally words like la mre, la fille and la soeur that refer to
females are feminine while words like le pre, le fils and lefrre that refer to males are masculine.
Days of the week are all masculine in gender.
For the most part, you must memorize the gender
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PLURALIZING NOUNS
Even though in English the word the does notbecome plural, la and le both become leswhen pluralized. To make a noun plural, youusually add an -s (which is not pronounced).
But there are some exceptions:If a noun already ends in an -s, -x & -z addnothing: le fils les fils, la voix les voix, le nezlez nez.
If a noun ends in eu, -au add an x: loiseaules oiseaux, le jeu les jeux.If a noun ends in -al or -ail, change it to aux:le cheval les chevaux horse(s)
Exceptions: un il (eye) des yeux (eyes).
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Some irregular plurals
le ciel the sky les cieux the heavens
loeil the eye les yeux the eyes
MadameMadam, Mrs. Ms. MesdamesMadamsMademoiselleMiss MesdemoisellesMisses
Monsieur Sir, Mr. Messieurs Sirs
le bonhomme the fellow les bonshommes thefellows
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Conjugation of ER verbs
In present ER group of verbs areconjugated by adding the followingendings. We replace the root ER andput the endings with the stem.
RegarderDonnerDemander
Endingse, es, e, ons, ez, ent
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POSER UNE QUESTION
In spoken French, questions are oftenformed simply by raising your voice toindicate that the sentence is a question.There is no change in sentence form.
Vous tes libre?Are you free?/Youre free?
There are several other ways to ask aquestion in French:
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Questions with pronoun subjects:
There are two ways of asking a questionwith a pronoun subject:
a. Place the pronoun after the verb:
Parlez-vous franais? Do you speakFrench?
b. Place est-ce que (is it that) before thesentence:
Est-ce que je parle trop vite?Am Italking too fast?Est-ce que vous parlez franais? Do youspeak French?
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Questions with noun subjects:
When a question begins with a noun, thepronoun is repeated after the verb. Theletter t is inserted between the subjectpronoun and the verb in the 3rd person
singular form when the verb ends with aneand after the verb a (has).
Votre frre parle-t-il franais? Does yourbrother speak French?
Votre sur a-t-elle quitt la maison?Has your sister left the house?
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Questions introduced by interrogativewords:
The common interrogative words are:Combien how many/how muchQuand when
Comment howO wherePourquoi why
Que whatQui who/whomQuel / Quelle what / which
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Questions introduced by interrogativewords:
a. In questions which begin with an interrogativeword, the order is usually interrogative word + verb+ pronoun subject:Comment allez-vous payer? How are you going to pay?Que dsirez-vous? What would you like?
b. However, in everyday, informal speech, Frenchspeakers will often simply place the question wordat the end of the sentence and raise their voice toindicate that it is a question.
Vous allez o? Where are you going?c. A question word can also be used with est-ceque:Comment est-ce que vous allez payer? How are you goingto pay?
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ADJECTIFS POSSESSIFS, AU SINGULIER
MASCULIN FEMININ
(a) mon pre my father ma mre my motherton pre your father ta mre your mother
son pre his, her father sa mre his, her mother
(b) notre pre et notre mreour father and our mother
votre pre et votre mreyour father and your motherleur pre et leur mretheir father and their mother
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ADJECTIFS POSSESSIFS, AU SINGULIER
1. Before masculine nouns in the singular, we usemon, ton, son, notre, votre, leur.2. Before feminine nouns in the singular wegenerally use ma, ta, sa, notre, votre, leur.
Jaime mon pre et ma mre. I love my father and(my) mother.
Il aime son pre et sa mre. He loves his father and
(his) mother.Elle aime son pre et sa mre. She loves her fatherand (her) mother.
La famille aime son chien. The family likes its dog.
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ADJECTIFS POSSESSIFS, AU SINGULIER
1. In French, the possessive adjectiveagrees with the noun that comesimmediately after it, that is, with whatis possessed. In English, on contrary,
the possessive agrees with thepossessor.
2. The possessive adjective in Frenchmust be repeated before each noun.
3. Son and Sa mean his, her, or its.
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ADJECTIFS POSSESSIFS, AU PLURIEL
MASCULIN ET FEMININ
Mes my Nos our
Tes your Vos yourSes his, her Leurs their
In the plural, the possessive adjectivehas the same form before nouns ofeither gender.
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ADJECTIFS POSSESSIFS, AU PLURIEL
REMARQUEZ
Mon, Ton, Son
Hlne est mon amie. Helene is my friend.Hlne est son amie. Helen is his (or her) friend.Jaime son histoire. I like his (or her) story.
Mon, ton, son, are used instead of ma, ta, sabefore feminine nouns beginning with a vowel.
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Savoir-to know
Je sais I know, am knowing, do knowTu sais You know
Il sait He knows
Elle sait She knows
Nous savons We know
Vous savez You knowIls savent They know (m)
Elles savent They know (f)
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Attention!!!!!!!!!
Connatre is used when you know people or places, savoir isused when you know facts. When savoir is followed by aninfinitive it means to know how.Je connais ton frre. I know your brother.
Je sais que ton frre s'appelle Jean. I know that yourbrother is named John.
Connaissez-vous Paris? Do you know (Are youfamiliar with) Paris?
Oui, nous connaissons Paris. Yes, we know (arefamiliar with) Paris.
Ils savent nager. They know how to swim.
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Faireto do, to make
Je fais I do, am doingTu fais You do
Il fait He does
Elle fait She does
Nous faisons We do
Vous faites You doIls font They do (m)
Elles font They do (f)Faire is used in expressions of weather (il fait beau) and many other
idiomatic expressions.
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES
Adjectives agree with the nouns theymodify in gender and number; thatis, they are masculine if the noun is
masculine, plural if the noun isplural, etc.:
Marie et sa sur sont grandes. Marieand her sister are tall.Pierre est grand. Pierre is tall.
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES
The following adjectives have two forms for themasculine singular:
un beau livre a beautiful book
un bel arbre a beautiful tree
une belle femme a beautiful woman
MASCULIN FMININ
Before a
consonant
Before a vowel or
mute h
Beau Bel Belle beautiful,handsome
Nouveau Nouvel Nouvelle new
Vieux Vieil Vieille old
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES
The feminine of adjectives is normally formed by adding e to themasculine singular:
un petit garon a little boy
une petite fille a little girl
a. If the masculine singular already ends in e, the adjective has thesame form in the feminine:
un jeune homme a young man
une jeune femme a young woman
b. Adjectives ending iner in the masculine singular change the e to and then adde:
Masculine Feminine
tranger trangre foreign
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES
c. Most adjectives ending in eux in the masculine singularchange this ending toeuse:
Masculine Feminine
heureux heureuse happy
srieux srieuse seriousd. In some adjectives double the final consonant of the masculine
singular form and adde:
Masculine Feminine
bon bonne good
ancien ancienne former, ancient
gentil gentille nice
gros grosse fat
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES
e.Adjectives ending in -eau in the masculine singular change the -auto -lle:
Masculine Feminine
beau belle beautiful
nouveau nouvelle newf.There are also a number of irregular feminines:
Masculine Feminine
actif active active
blanc blanche whitedoux douce sweet, gentle, soft
faux fausse false
long longue long
vieux vieille old
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES PLURAL
The plural of adjectives is regularly formed by adding s to thesingular:
A. But if the adjective ends ins orx in the masculine singular, themasculine plural stays the same:
un mauvais garon a bad boy
deux mauvais garons two bad boys
Singular Plural
Masculine un petit garon a little
boy
deux petits garons two little
boys
Feminine une petite fille a littlegirl
deux petites filles two little
girls
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES PLURAL
B. Adjectives ending in -au add -x:un nouveau livre a new book
des nouveaux livres new books
C. Adjectives ending in -al change to -aux:un homme loyal a loyal man
des hommes loyaux loyal men
An adjective that modifies nouns of different gender is in the
masculine plural:
Marie et Jean sont petits. Marie and Jean are little.
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES POSITION
Adjectives usually follow the noun:
une leon facilean easy lesson
un homme intressantan interesting man
une ide excellente
an excellent idea
Adjectives ofcolour and nationalityalways follow their nouns.
Les chats gris The grey cats.
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ADJECTIFSADJECTIVES POSITION
There are some common adjectives, however, that usuallyprecede the nouns they modify. These are often known as theBAGS adjectives because they are the adjectives that dealwith Beauty, Age, Good (and Bad), and Size.
Beau Beautiful Joli PrettyBon Good Long Long
Court Short Mauvais Bad
Gentil Nice, pleasant Nouveau New
Gros Big, fat Petit Small, little
Jeune Young Vieux Old
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ADJECTIFS DMONSTRATIFS
The various forms of the Demonstrative Adjective
Masculin
SINGULIER PLURIEL
Ce livre this (that)
book
Ces livres these (those)
books
Cet enfant this (that)
child
Ces enfants these (those)
children
Cet homme this (that)
man
Ces hommes these (those)
men
Fminin Cette femme this (that)woman
Ces femmes these (those)
women
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ADJECTIFS DMONSTRATIFS
1. This, that before a noun is expressed in French as follows:
Ce before a masculine noun beginning with a consonant.
Cet before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel or silent h.
Cette before any feminine noun.
The plural ofce, cet, cette before any noun is Ces, these, those.
2. Ce garon et cette fille. This boy and girl.
Ces chiens et ces chats. Those dogs and cats.
The demonstrative adjective is repeated before each noun.
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PRONOMS PERSONNELS DISJOINTS
SINGULIER PLURIELMoi,I, me Nous, we, us
Toi,you Vous,you
Lui, he, him Eux, they, them (masculine)
Elle,she, her Elles, they, them (feminine)
The above forms are called disjunctive or emphatic because theymay be used apart from the verb.
After prepositions:Ils vont avec nous. They go with us.
Nous nallons pas sans eux. We do not go without them.