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Grade 8 Tech. Module
Production
Grade 8 Tech. Module
Unit 1-Big Ideas
Introduction The purpose of the big ideas section is to provide students
with an introduction to the ideas, terminology and concepts covered in the module.
• Topic 1: Introduction to Production Technology
• Topic 2: Properties of Materials
• Topic 3: The Production Processes
• Topic 4: Tools and Machines
• Topic 5: Aesthetics
• Topic 6: Ergonomics, Health and Safety
• Topic 7: Product Development
• Topic 8: Careers in Production Technology
Production Technologies The impact of production technology is quite evident
in Newfoundland and the Clarenville area. Look at the next few slides and guess the following
examples.
Production Technologies
Production Technologies
Production Technologies
Production Technologies
Production Technologies
Production Technologies
What are some other local, regional or provincial technology production industries and companies?
Production Technologies The beginning of technology began a long time
before the production companies started that we just mentioned.
Over the next few slides we will exam the beginning
of Design and production Technology.
Evolution of Production Technology The Egyptians – 3000 BC • Among the earliest recorded
references to design comes from Egypt around 3000 BC.
• The designers were architects but not builders.
• Design technologies included reed pens, rulers, squares, and triangles.
Video: Egyptian Pyramids 3:00
The Greeks - 500 BC
• In ancient Greece, designers were still architects, but they doubled as builders and engineers.
• There was education at private school and apprenticeship. The technology was not significantly different than Egyptians.
The Romans - 200 BC Design (and architects) became increasingly
important in Roman times. • Education was longer in the liberal arts, and then
with an established master.
• Design technologies included drafting and complex scale model construction.
• During the early middle ages, the role of the designer or architect continued to be important, but the status of the job fell.
Video: Roman Inventions
• The tools and technologies of design remained fairly constant until the last twenty-five years.
• The Compass set!
• They improved in quality and quantity, but remained as mechanical drawing instruments, modelling and prototyping tools.
• Today, the advent of the computer gave rise to automated design tools such as CAD
• Designers can design and develop products much more precisely and quickly
Production Processes There are three categories of Production Processes • Primary production • Secondary production • Tertiary production
This categorization is seen as a continuum of distance from
the natural environment.
Primary Production Processes
The primary sector extracts or harvests products from the earth.
• Farming, mining, forestry, hunting, fishing..
Secondary Production Processes
The secondary sector manufactures finished goods.
• Building, Manufacturing, food processing
Tertiary Production Processes
The tertiary sector is the service industry. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses.
• retail sales, transportation, entertainment restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.
Production Processes
ACTIVITY
Identify a particular product and explain how that product was produced at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels.
Example: From the fishing industry:
• Primary Processing: Fish is harvested from the sea • Secondary Processing: Fish is processed into fish fillets • Tertiary Processing: Fish fillets are sold as part of fish burgers.
Production of Fish Burgers
• Tertiary Processing: Fish fillets are sold as part of fish burgers.
• Primary Processing: Fish is harvested from the sea
• Secondary Processing: Fish is processed into fish fillets
Grade 8Tech. Module
Topic 2: Properties of materials
Properties When studying materials and especially when selecting materials
for a project / design, it is important to understand key properties. The most important properties are outlined below.
MALLEABILITY The ability of a material to be reshaped in all directions without cracking
DUCTILITY The ability of a material to change shape
(deform) usually by stretching along its length.
ELASTICITY • The ability of a material to absorb
force and flex in different directions, returning to its original position.
STRENGTH • The ability of a material to stand
up to forces without it bending, breaking, or shattering.
HARDNESS The ability of a material to resist
scratching, wear and tear and indentation.
CONDUCTIVITY The ability of a material to conduct electricity. Our technology technician demonstrates
‘conductivity’ by pressing live wires against either side of his head
(NOTE - THIS WILL KILL NORMAL PEOPLE). QUESTION: What are safe ways of testing materials for some of
the properties described above?
Activity Part 1
Identify the material and suggest three properties
Properties: Strength Ductility Elasticity Malleability Hardness Conductivity
Properties: Strength Ductility Elasticity Malleability Hardness Conductivity
Properties: Strength Ductility Elasticity Malleability Hardness Conductivity
Properties: Strength Ductility Elasticity Malleability Hardness Conductivity
When selecting a material for a project you must consider a variety of physical properties
Physical Properties
Wood Metal Plastic
Bending Luster Hardness
Hardness Bending or Flexibility
Bending
Compress Strength
Conductivity Durability
Water Absorption
Hardness Colour
Colour
Let’s look at each material in more detail..
WOOD
Types of wood There are two main types of wood - softwood and hardwood. They
are distinguished by the water-conducting cells in a living tree, and not by the hardness or softness of the wood itself!
Hardwood is taken from deciduous trees. The deciduous trees have broad leaves, produce a fruit or nut and generally go dormant in the winter.
Softwood is a general term used for needle-leaved coniferous tree species and for the wood produced from such trees. Coniferous trees are evergreen cone-bearing trees.
Properties of wood Wood is anisotropic, meaning it has different properties in
different directions. For example, wood is much stronger parallel to grain than perpendicular to grain.
Wood is very strong in compression parallel to grain because the wood cells act as tiny columns or tubes bonded together, giving and receiving support from neighbouring cells.
Difficulties with working with wood
Since wood is not a man-made material, it is impossible to have the uniformity and consistency of metals or plastics. You should always consider the affects of: • Knots • Warping • Splitting • Rotting • Sawdust pollution
Knots
Branches cause the knots inside trees. As the trees grow, the lower branches gradually die due to lack of sunlight and fall off.
Wood found in our province There are twenty-one tree species in Newfoundland and Labrador.
The most common species found is the Balsam Fir, a Christmas Tree favourite.
*See Handout: Types of Wood #LRS-U3-T1-1 * See wood Sample kit
American Mountain Ash Red Maple Balsam Fir Red Pine Balsam Poplar Showy Mountain Ash Black Ash Speckled Alder Black Spruce Tamarack Choke Cherry Trembling Aspen Jack Pine White Birch Mountain Alder White Pine Mountain Maple White Spruce Mountain White Birch Yellow Birch Pin Cherry
Balsam Fir
Speckled Alder
Black Spruce
White Pine
White Birch
Video
Properties of wood 22 mins
http://learning.aliant.net/Player/ALC_Player.asp?ProgID=CV_WoodNA
Metal
Types of Metals A vast range of metals exist and they fit in two categories,
‘ferrous’ and ‘non-ferrous’ metals.
FERROUS METALS - Metals that contain iron.
Stainless Steel, Carbon Steel, Cast Iron, …
NON-FERROUS METALS - Metals that do not contain iron
Copper, Brass, Tin, Aluminium, Nickle, gold…
Properties of Metals Properties of metals that are familiar to everyone
include: • They are good conductors of heat and electricity • They are usually opaque to light • They have metallic luster
Video Clips
Ferrous Metals 22 mins
Start at Heat Treatment 13:51 http://learning.aliant.net/Player/ALC_Player.asp?ProgID=CV_FerrNA
Non-Ferrous Metals 21 mins
Sections 1 and 2 http://learning.aliant.net/Player/ALC_Player.asp?ProgID=CV_NonfNA
Plastic
Plastics: Two Types Plastics are versatile and flexible materials and they may be very
suitable for use in your project.
Plastics are to be seen all around us and there are two main groups:
Once 'set' these plastics cannot be reheated to soften, shape and mould.
These plastics can be re-heated and therefore shaped in various ways.
Thermosetting Plastics
Example:
• adhesives (glues)
• Polyurethane
• Melamine Formaldehyde
• Polyester resins
Thermoplastics
Example:
• Acrylic.
• Polythene
• Polyvinyl Chloride (Better known as PVC)
Video
Plastics -Properties and Uses 21 mins
http://learning.aliant.net/Player/ALC_Player.asp?ProgID=CV_PlasNA
Discussion: Which one? Choose the type of materials that
would most be suitable for the items:
• Dining table in a fancy restaurant
• Pack sack frame used by a mountain climber
• New form fitting elbow pads
• An offshore fishing vessel
Grade 8 Tech. Module
Topic 3: The Production Processes
Production Methods
A number of methods are use to produce products.
These may include:
1. Separating
2. Combining
3. Forming
4. Conditioning
5. Finishing
Examples
1. Separating
– use of a knife, chisel, plane, or saw to cut (separate) materials
2. Combining
– use of a nail, screw, staple, or glue to combine materials.
3. Forming
– Use of heat and steam to form or shape materials
4. Conditioning
– Use of chemicals to condition or protect materials
5. Finishing
– Use of sandpaper, buffing compound, or paint to smooth and/or ‘beautify’ a project
Class Discussion
View the objects on the next few slides and
determine which production methods would be used to produce the product.
Remember:
• Separating
• Combining
• Forming
• Conditioning
• Finishing
Grade 8Tech. Module
Topic 4: Tools and Machines
The Tools
A variety of tools may be used to aid the production process.
The next few slides we will examine some common tools used for each process. See how many you can name.
• Forming
• Conditioning
• Finishing
Tool use and Safety One of the largest safety concern that cause accidents in the lab
is improper tool use.
It is important to use tools both appropriately and for its intended use.
Before any student may enter the shop he/she must review safety and proper use of every tool.
In the next unit we will review all safety requirements for the shop.
And remember it’s no good to learn it if you don’t practice it.
An overview of tools in some shops Machine Drill :Used for drilling holes through a range of materials • There are two types, the bench drill and the pillar drill. • Important to use the correct bits.
Forstner Bit
Twist Bit
Hole Saw
Fret Saw (Scroll Saw): Used to cut and shape light materials such as, MDF and plywood.
• The general rule: the thicker the material, the slower the machine operator pushes the work against the blade.
• The blade is always set up with the teeth pointing downwards
Jointer: Used for jointing a surface or edge
• Uses jointer only with the guard in place.
• Joints in direction of grain.
• Makes several multiple thin cuts rather than one heavy cut.
Planer: Used for surfacing a workpiece
• Planes in the direction of the grain.
• Never looks directly into the front or rear opening of the planer when it is in operation.
Band Saw: Used to cut and shape light material
• Guide the work slowly; do not force the work.
• Avoid backing out from cuts
• Do not attempt to cut smaller radius than the blade will allow.
Sliding Compound Mitre Saw: Makes Standard mitre cuts (90, 45. 22.5 degrees) and Compound mitre cuts (horizontal and vertical angle adjustment).
• Repeat cuts using a stop to reproduce exact length
• Waits until saw comes to a complete stop before removing workpiece.
Lathe: Used to make spindles
• Rotates spindle by hand to check clearance before starting.
• Stands to one side when starting the lathe.
• Selects the appropriate cutting tools.
Hand Router
• Pattern routing with upper or lower bearing bit
• Edge routing with router fence
• Through dado or rabbet routing with guides
• Plunge base routing
Drum Sander
• Grinding
• Sharpening
• Waits until the grinder has reached full rotational speed before placing the workpiece against the wheel.
Table Saw
• Ripping
• Crosscutting
Class Discussion:
Observe the objects on the next few slides and determine which power tools were used to create that product.
Select a product and sketch the sequence of processes and methods which could have been used to make it.
Ex) Stool
Discussion Activity
Video: How’s it made ?(DVD)
Grade 8Tech. Module
Topic 5: Aesthetics
What is aesthetics?
Aesthetics' concerns our senses and our responses to an object.
If something is aesthetically pleasing to you, it is 'pleasurable' and you like it. If it is aesthetically displeasing to you, it is displeasurable' and you don't like it.
Aesthetics involves all of your senses - vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell - and your emotions.
Elements of Aesthetics
There are many different things that contribute to your overall perception of a product, and to your opinion as to whether it is aesthetically pleasing to you.
Look at the following pictures and determine which product you find most aesthetically pleasing.
Grade 8Tech. Module
Topic 6: Ergonomics and Safety
ERGONOMICS is the study of people and their relationship with the environment around them.
Whatever you design you must always keep in mind that it must fit the person it is design for.
For example;
When designing a chair it is important that the chair fits the person who is going to sit in it.
If a number of people are going to use the chair then the average seating height is calculated for a large number of people.
Consider designing a handle for a door. Handles are designed to fit the average hand comfortably.
Measurements are taken of the hands of thousands of people and the average measurements are worked out. The design of the handle is based on these measurements.
In the example (next slide), the statistics have been worked out for the average size of adult hand.
Safety should be a part of the shop culture. Everyone working in or visiting a shop environment has a responsibility to be constantly on guard, to identify actual and potential hazards, and to use personal protective equipment in the shop.
Discussion:
Can you list some general shop safety rules?
• What Kinds of things should you look out for in the Shop?
• What Kinds of things should you look out for when using tools
*See Handout: Shop Safety Rules Shop Emergency plan
Safety Equipment
Safety Equipment Safety Equipment used in most shops: • Footwear • Safety glasses • Gloves • Face shields • Ear protection • First aid kit • Fire extinguisher • Dust Vacuum • Ambient Air Cleaner • Apron • Eye Wash You must understand the correct use and/or proper fit for each
item.
Foot Wear
No open toed shoes
Eye Protection
Gloves
Steel Mesh
Kevlar
Ear Protection
First Aid Kit
Fire Extinguisher
Dust Vac
Ambient Air Cleaner
Apron
Eye Wash
Your Brain
It’s no good to learn it if you don’t practice it.
See if you can spot the hazards on the next few slides.
Grade 8Tech. Module
Topic 7: Product development
Needs and Wants Needs are things that are essentials for human beings. some
examples are :
water, shelter, sun, clothes and etc...
Wants are things that are not essentials for human beings. It is a desire.
some examples are: the recent mobile phone on the market,a new pair of shoes ,a new play stations and etc...
There is a strong relationship between human needs and wants, and product development.
Product Development
There are three types of production Techniques:
• Custom production
• Small scale Production
• Mass production
Product Development Custom production: Items are produced as one of a kind.
(e.g., hand-knitted clothing, a house, designer jewellery, boats)
Product Development Small scale: Items are produce in limited Quantity.
(e.g., class picture, Hockey sticks for pro athletes, clothing - school reunion t-shirt, day planner for the school)
Product Development Mass production: Items are produce in vast amounts
(e.g., cars, clothing, appliances, treats, food, books, computers)
Worksheet: production methods
Quality Control Quality control: A procedure where steps are taken to make
sure that a company's products are of high quality.
After every stage of making, a Quality Control Officer checks the standard of the work.
Review Review Sheet
Test
