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Grade 11
Science Curriculum Map
Topic C: The Changing Earth
Betty-Lou Ayers
On Behalf of THE ALBERTA LIBRARY
Published December 2015
2
Background and Access Information
Learn Alberta’s Online Reference Centre is a $1.7 million collection of
authoritative curricular aligned resources that are licensed on behalf of all
students, staff, parents and public librarians learning/teaching/supporting
the Alberta curriculum.
To Access the Online Reference Centre:
1. Go to LearnAlberta.ca
2. Select English or French
3. Click on “Online Reference Centre” in the tab along the top of the screen
4. In school while on a school device, users do not need to enter a
username of password. Users are able to enter any database or website
instantly.
5. Access from a person device in school or remotely from outside of the
school will require the user to enter a username/password once to unlock
all of the resources.
a. School District Username: LA____ Password: _____
(not case sensitive)
6. Please share your district’s ORC username/password with your students,
parents of your students and fellow staff members. Please do not share
the username and password information on an open website (a website
that does not require the user to login).
3
User Guide
Curricular Topic
I. Themes……………………………………………………………………………………………………6
II. Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………….6
III. Focusing Questions…………………………………………………………………………………6
IV. General Outcome 1…………………………………………………………………………………7
V. General Outcome 2…………………………………………………………………………………8
VI. General Outcome 3…………………………………………………………………………………9
VII. General Outcome 4………………………………………………………………………………11
(taken from Alberta Education’s Program of Studies)
Section 1: General Overview………………………………………………………...14
Title (hyperlinked): ORC Database: Brief Description of what is included.
Section 2: Important People……………………………………………………………14
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. ORC
Database. Date located.
Section 3: Specific References…………………………………………………………15
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. ORC
Database. Date located.
Section 4: Websites…………………………………………………………………………19
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. pg. ORC
Database. Date located.
4
Section 5: Images……………………………………………………………………………21
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
Section 6: Audio…………………………………………………………………………….21
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
Section 7: Videos……………………………………………………………………………22
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
Section 8: Experiments……………………………………………………………………23
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
Section 9: General Overview………………………………………………………...23
Title (hyperlinked): ORC Database: Brief Description of what is included.
Section 10: Specific Reference Articles……………………………………………24
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
Section 11: Websites………………………………………………………………………26
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
5
Section 12: Articles…………………………………………………………………………27
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
Section 13: Videos…………………………………………………………………………30
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
Section 14: Images…………………………………………………………………………31
“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date
located.
If you have any questions regarding this guide or if you would like a guide
for additional grades please contact Jamie Davis, ORC Coordinator at
6
Topic A: The Changing Earth
Themes Change, Diversity, Energy and Systems
Overview The history of our planet is one of change. There is evidence not only that
Earth’s surface is changing but that this change has, in turn, dramatically impacted the climate and life forms on Earth over time. In this unit, students
examine scientific evidence for natural causes of climate change, for changing life forms and for continual changes to the Earth’s surface.
Focusing Questions What is the scientific evidence of change to Earth? How has this evidence been used to formulate scientific theories? What are the limitations of
current theories in making predictions about future changes to Earth?
General Outcomes: There are four major outcomes in this unit. analyze the scientific evidence and explanations for geologic
phenomena that occurred long ago or are taking place over a long period of time
analyze and assess the evidence to explain the theory of plate tectonics and the internal structure of Earth
analyze and assess the evidence provided by the fossil record of change in the environment and life forms over a period of 3.5 billion
years
analyze the evidence of, and assess the explanations for, natural variations in Earth’s climate over the last two million years.
Key Concepts: The following concepts are developed in this unit and may
also be addressed in other units or in other courses. The intended level and scope of treatment is defined by the outcomes.
Earth’s internal structure theory of plate tectonics
energy transmission in earthquakes fossilization, radiometric dating and half-life
major characteristics and life forms of past eras gradualism compared to punctuated equilibrium
mass extinctions
7
evidence of variations in Earth’s climate
General Outcome 1
Students will analyze the scientific evidence and explanations for geologic phenomena that occurred long ago or are taking place over
a long period of time.
Specific Outcomes for Knowledge Students will:
describe the challenges in investigating the changes that take
place over hundreds of millions of years to Earth’s crustal plates, to past climates and to life forms
describe, in general terms, how the theories of geologic processes have changed over time.
Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) (Nature of Science Emphasis) Students will:
explain that scientific knowledge is subject to change as
new evidence becomes apparent and as laws and theories are tested and subsequently revised, reinforced, rejected or replaced
refer to the contributions of Hutton, Lyell and Wegener to the development of theories of geologic processes
explain that scientific knowledge may lead to the development of new technologies and that new technologies may lead to or
facilitate scientific discovery explain the importance of technology in facilitating the study
of changes to Earth’s surface, climate and life forms (enhancing the gathering of data and the quality, accuracy and precision of
data), considering such things as seismometers, radiometric dating technologies, sonar mapping of the ocean floor and the
global positioning system (GPS) to measure plate movement.
8
General Outcome 2 Students will analyze and assess the evidence to explain the theory of plate tectonics and the internal structure of Earth. Specific Outcomes for Knowledge
Students will: describe how energy from earthquakes is transmitted by seismic
waves describe the relationship between the Richter scale and an
earthquake’s ground motion and energy identify primary and secondary seismic waves (P- and S-waves,
respectively) and longitudinal and transverse surface waves on the basis of vibration and direction of propagation and potential
for destruction explain how seismic waves are used to better understand the
internal structure of Earth
identify and describe the layers of Earth (i.e., lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core and inner core) as
classified by the physical properties of density, rigidity and thickness
list and describe the evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics; i.e., location of volcanoes and earthquakes, ocean
floor spreading, mountain ranges, age of sediments, paleomagnetism
explain how convection of molten material provides the driving force of plate tectonics, and explain the tentativeness of the
explanation that radioactive decay is the source of geothermal energy for plate tectonics.
Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) Students will:
explain that concepts, models and theories are often used in interpreting and explaining observations and in predicting
future observations assess the theory of plate tectonics in terms of its ability to
explain and predict changes to Earth’s surface explain that science and technology are developed to meet
societal needs and expand human capability describe the limitations of current knowledge in predicting
earthquakes and the need for more accurate predictions
9
Specific Outcomes for Skills Initiating and Planning Students will:
formulate questions about observed relationships and plan investigations of questions, ideas, problems and issues
define and delimit problems, e.g., how to locate the approximate epicentre of an earthquake, using data provided to facilitate
investigation design an experiment to test the effect of a simulated
earthquake on a model building investigate Canada’s earthquake-prone areas and predict
likely locations of a future earthquake
Performing and Recording Students will:
conduct investigations into relationships among observable
variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information
compile and organize data to investigate monthly occurrences of earthquakes, their intensity and their locations around
the world
Analyzing and Interpreting Students will:
analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible solutions
estimate, predict, check and validate calculations when determining the location of earthquakes
compare the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics
investigate the application of seismic and surface waves in the
design of earthquake-resistant buildings
General Outcome 3 Students will analyze and assess the evidence provided by the fossil
record of change in the environment and life forms over a period of 3.5 billion years. Specific Outcomes for Knowledge
Students will:
10
explain how knowledge of radioisotopes, radioactive decay and
half-lives are used to estimate the age of minerals and fossils 20-C3.2k describe common types of fossilization, i.e., actual
remains, molds or imprints, tracks, trails or burrows, as direct evidence of evolution and describe the significance of the fossil
record in Canada’s Burgess Shale 20-C3.3k explain how sedimentary rock layers along with fossils
can provide evidence of chronology, paleoclimate, evolution and mass extinctions; e.g., index and transitional fossils, fossils of
reptiles and certain types of plants usually indicate a warm, tropical climate
describe, in general terms, the major characteristics and life forms of the four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic explain why oxygen became a significant component of Earth’s
atmosphere after the evolution of plants and chlorophyll.
Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) Students will:
explain that scientific knowledge may lead to the development of
new technologies and that new technologies may lead to or facilitate scientific discovery
explain the importance of technology in facilitating the study of changes to Earth’s climate and life forms (enhancing the
gathering of data and the quality, accuracy and precision of
data), considering such things as radiometric dating technologies, sonar mapping of the ocean floor and the global positioning
system (GPS) to measure plate movement explain that scientific knowledge is subject to change as new
evidence becomes apparent and as laws and theories are tested and subsequently revised, reinforced, rejected or replaced
discuss probable causes of, and geologic evidence for, mass extinctions and contrast these causes with the forces driving the
current decline in species.
Specific Outcomes for Skills Initiating and Planning Students will:
formulate questions about observed relationships and plan investigations of questions, ideas, problems and issues
11
use stratigraphic evidence of one location to predict geologic
structures in a neighbouring region
Performing and Recording Students will:
conduct investigations into relationships among observable variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to
gather and record data and information compile and organize data, using appropriate formats and data
treatments to facilitate interpretation, when determining climatic conditions based on fossil evidence
Analyzing and Interpreting
Students will: analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to
develop and assess possible solutions
interpret simple stratigraphic sequences apply units of geological time; i.e., eras, periods and epochs
interpret decay curves of elements commonly used for radioactive dating
describe earlier life forms on the basis of fossil evidence, identify and explain sources of error, and express results in a form that
acknowledges the degree of uncertainty
Communication and Teamwork Students will:
work collaboratively in addressing problems and apply the skills and conventions of science in communicating information and
ideas and in assessing results prepare a group presentation, summarizing the arguments for
gradualism and punctuated equilibrium as two possible patterns
of evolution evaluate individual and group processes used in planning and
carrying out an investigation, based on fossil evidence, into changes in life forms
General Outcome 4 Students will analyze the evidence of, and assess the explanations for, natural variations in Earth’s climate over the last two million
years.
Specific Outcomes for Knowledge
12
Students will:
describe the geologic evidence for repeated glaciation over large areas of Canada and in their local area;e.g., the Cypress Hills,
gold deposits in the Yukon, topography, drainage patterns, erratics, U-shaped valleys
explain how ice cores from polar icecaps provide evidence of warming and cooling in the past hundred thousand years
explain, in general terms, how changes to Earth’s climate and how mass extinctions could be caused by changes or variation in
the following: Earth’s orbit around the sun, the inclination of Earth’s axis, solar energy output, Earth’s geography due to
crustal movement, volcanic activity, ocean currents, atmospheric composition or asteroid impact.
Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) (Nature of Science Emphasis) Students will:
explain that concepts, models and theories are often used in
interpreting and explaining observations and in predicting future observations
describe the limitations of current geological models in predicting future changes to climate.
Specific Outcomes for Skills (Nature of Science Emphasis) Initiating and Planning
Students will: formulate questions about observed relationships and plan
investigations of questions, ideas, problems and issues design a plan for surveying data on ice core samples from ice
fields around the world for a study of climate over the last two million years
Performing and Recording
Students will: conduct investigations into relationships among observable
variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information
select relevant ice-core data for a study of climate over the last two million years
13
view a glacier in aerial photographs and document the changes
that have occurred over time
Analyzing and Interpreting Students will:
analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible solutions
identify and explain sources of error and uncertainty in measurement when describing past climates based on ice-core
data and express results in a form that acknowledges the degree of uncertainty
distinguish between correlation and cause and effect when describing the relationship between climate change and mass
extinction identify new questions or problems that arise from what was
learned, such as: "Is the current rate of species extinction the
same as in periods of mass extinction in the past?"
Communication and Teamwork Students will:
work collaboratively in addressing problems and apply the skills and conventions of science in communicating information and
ideas and in assessing results synthesize information from multiple sources when making
inferences about global warming and climate change, recording relevant data, acknowledging sources of information and citing
sources correctly
General Outcome 1 Students will analyze the scientific evidence and explanations for geologic phenomena that occurred long ago or are taking place over
a long period of time.
General Outcome 2 Students will analyze and assess the evidence to explain the theory
of plate tectonics and the internal structure of Earth.
14
Section 1: General Overview **Scientific Theories and Laws: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and
video and news articles.
Alfred Wegener: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news
articles.
Earthquakes: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news
articles.
Plate Tectonics: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news
articles.
Radiometric Dating: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles,
reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.
Section 2: Important People
"Beno Gutenberg." Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present. Ed. Brigham
Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"James Hutton." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference
USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Charles Lyell." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Charles Lyell." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda
Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Charles Lyell Publishes The Principles of Geology (1830-33), in Which He Proposes the Actual Age of Earth to be Several Hundred Million Years."
Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
15
Photo: "Charles Lyell." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2005.
Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Geologist Richard Oldham's 1906 Paper on Seismic Wave Transmission Establishes the Existence of Earth's Core and Demonstrates the Value of
Seismology for Studying the Structure of Earth's Deep Interior." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 6. Detroit: Gale, 2001.
Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
'NEIC: An Interview with Charles F. Richter.' July 8, 2002. ..." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Alfred Wegener Introduces the Concept of Continental Drift." Science and
Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 6. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Alfred Wegener." Scientists: Their Lives and Works. Detroit: UXL, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Alfred Wegener." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda
Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Alfred Wegener." Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present. Ed. Brigham Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
Section 3: Specific References
"Scientific theories and laws." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.
Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Big Quakes Signal Changes Coming to Earth's Crust." Morning Edition 27
Sept. 2012. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Convergent plate boundary." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 19
Aug. 2015.
"Deep-sea supernova evidence." American Scientist 103.2 (2015): 89. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
16
New insights about distant supernovae could come from the bottom of the ocean, according
to a study led by Anton Wallner of Australian National University.
"Earthquake measurement scale." World of Invention. Gale, 2006. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Earthquake-proofing techniques." UXL Science. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Canada
in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"The Earth's Hidden Ocean." New York Times 17 June 2014: D5(L). Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. An ocean of water appears to be tied up in minerals
of the mantle 400 miles below the surface, according to an analysis of seismic waves
passing through the deep earth. The finding also brings into focus how the earth's water
accumulated.
Fukushima:
"Fukushima nuclear accident." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K.
Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"A blast from the nuclear past: a new version of an old reactor design
could help make nuclear power safer and more economical." Technology Review [Cambridge, Mass.] May-June 2015: 13+. Science
in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"The Ice wall cometh: a 150-year-old remediation technology is being used to deal with the destroyed Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
plant." Alternatives Journal 40.2 (2014): 16+. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Sound waves could detect cracks at nuclear power plants." Chemical
Industry Digest 30 June 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
Video:
"Lessons From Fukushima." NYTimes.com Video Collection 2014. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"No CANDU: would a Canadian reactor have staved off the Fukushima
nuclear disaster?" Literary Review of Canada 19.7 (2011): 20+. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"ROBOTS to the rescue: DARPAs robotics challenge inspires new
disaster-relief technology." Science News 13 Dec. 2014: 16+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
17
"Geotechnical issues of the recent Turkish earthquakes." Geotechnical
Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2005. 245+.
Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Glomar Challenger." UXL Science. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. A drill ship customized for deep sampling of ocean crust.
"Lasting earthquake legacy: earthquakes occur within continental tectonic plates as well as at plate boundaries. Do clusters of such mid-plate events
constitute zones of continuing hazard, or are they aftershocks of long-past earthquakes?" Nature 461.7269 (2009): 42+. Science in Context. Web. 19
Aug. 2015.
"Go plates." Natural History Nov. 2014: 7. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. In the beginning, the Earth's crust was static. But about 3 billion years ago, the plates that
made up that crust began to drift. As explained by the theory of plate tectonics, a conveyor
belt-like mechanism started dragging some sections of the crust toward one another, while
pulling others apart. But what geological events set the plates in motion in the first place?
In a new paper, Patrice F. Rey, a professor of geoscience at the University of Sydney, and
two colleagues provide an answer. Using mathematical models that simulate the physical
conditions of the early Earth, they propose a mechanism that could have set the plates in
motion and, thus, the continents adrift.
"Mid-ocean ridges and rifts." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and
Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Oceanographic Expeditions." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit:
Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Plate tectonics." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and
Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Plate Tectonic Theory and the Unification of the Earth Sciences." Science
and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"'Geologic Time.' United States Geological Survey." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Discusses the two types of time scales used in geology. A relative time scale establishes
time relative to rock layers and the evolution of life, while the radiometric time scale
analyzes the radioactivity of chemical elements in rocks.
18
"A Quake-Causing Collision Course." New York Times 19 May 2015: D5(L).
Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Quakeproofing needed at 48 schools." Globe & Mail [Toronto, Canada] 6 Oct. 2011: S2. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Seismic performance of single-storey steel concentrically braced frame
structures constructed in the 1960s." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41.7 (2014): 579+. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
“Ready or Not." American Scientist 98.2 (2010): 160+. Canada in Context.
Web. 19 Aug. 2015. PREDICTING THE UNPREDICTABLE: The Tumultuous Science of Earthquake Prediction. Susan Hough. Princeton University Press,
2010.
"Retrospective on the plate tectonic revolution focusing on K/Ar dating,
linear volcanic chains and the geomagnetic polarity time scale." Earth Sciences History 32.2 (2013): 313+. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Seamounts." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and
Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Seismic visions of middle earth: abundant seismic data, new mathematical
analyses, and powerful supercomputers are yielding a detailed look beneath the ground, into Earth's mantle." American Scientist 103.2 (2015): 102+.
Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Seismology." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean
Floor." The Geographical Review 104.1 (2014): 115+. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Underwater exploration." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee
Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
19
Section 4: Websites "Animations, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug.
2015. Series of animations contains text, graphics, animations, and videos to help teach
Earth Science fundamentals.
'Animated Guide: Earthquakes.' BBC. Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
Earthquakes Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada.
Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
Earthquake – Related Links. Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
IRIS: Incorporated Research Institution for Seismology. National Science Foundation. Washington, DC. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"The Origins of Plate Tectonic Theory, Vision Learning." Gale Science in
Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Explains how Alfred Wegener developed the theory of plate tectonics and how it came to be
an accepted geological theory. The website also discusses how satellite imaging has
provided additional information on tectonic plate movement.
"'Harry Hammond Hess: Spreading the Seafloor.' U.S. Geological Survey."
Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Provides a brief biography of the geologist who was one of the first advocates
of plate tectonic theory in the early 1960s. Hess established the concept that the seafloor
spreads when molten rock pushes up along mid-oceanic ridges, creating new seafloor that
spreads away from the active ridge crest and, eventually, sinks into the deep oceanic
trenches.
"'The Colorado Plateau: High, Wide, Windswept.' BLM Environmental
Education." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. The Colorado Plateau explains how plate tectonics helped create
the mesas, plateaus, and canyons of this area. The article also examines the region's
animals and plants and addresses the unique land management challenges of the plateau.
"Smithsonian Institution: Oceans Portal." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. Check
out the tab: All ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE.
'The San Andreas Fault.' U.S. Geological Survey. Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
20
"Savage Earth Online." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science
in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. This PBS series researches the earth's crust, earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. The
information is presented through firsthand stories, detailed scientific data and images
depicting the destruction of the earth's power.
"'The Sea Floor Spread.' Public Broadcasting Service." Gale Science in
Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. The Sea Floor Spread concisely describes how the ocean floor is being continually
regenerated at the rift valley. Animated diagrams accompany the descriptions to illustrate
the concepts of continental slide, continental crush, and transform boundary.
National Geographic Society. “Plate Tectonics.” http:// science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/the-dynamic-earth/plate-
tectonics-article.html (accessed August 20, 2013).
"'The New Madrid Fault Zone.' The Arkansas Center for Earthquake Education and Technology Transfer." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale,
2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Provides a linked list of resources
about the Mississippi Valley fault line. The data is organized into the following categories:
general information, recent seismic events, historical seismic events, maps of seismic… United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey
(USGS). “Plate Tectonics.” http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=1145 (accessed August 20,
2013).
"United States Geological Survey (USGS). 'Latest Earthquakes in the
World.'." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"United States Geological Survey (USGS). 'Earthquake Hazards Program.'."
Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
U.S. Government; science.gov. "Oceans and Oceanography."
http://www.science.gov/browse/w_119E.htm (accessed October 7, 2014).
"Geology.com." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. A clearing house of news and information related to geology and earth sciences.
21
Section 5: Images "Continental drift." Biology. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Continental drift." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web.
17 Aug. 2015. An illustration from the English translation of Alfred Wegener's The Origin of Continents and
Oceans, in which he proposed his theory of continental drift.
"Labeled Illustration of Earthquake." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale,
2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Plate tectonics." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Seismic Wave Diagram; Illustration." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and
Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Studying Earth's Interior with Earthquake Waves." Gale Science in Context.
Detroit: Gale, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Temblor-Tracking Technology." MCT Graphics Service. 2011. Science in
Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Diagram of how the earthquake-warning system now operating in Japan works.
"Tectonic Plates." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda
Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
Section 6: Audio "'Amasia': The Next Supercontinent?" All Things Considered 8 Feb. 2012.
Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. The Earth's continents are in constant motion. On at least three occasions, they have all
collided to form one giant continent. If history is a guide, the current continents will
coalesce once again to form another supercontinent. And a study in Nature now shows how
that could come about.
"Designing A Bridge For Earthquake Country." Talk of the Nation: Science Friday 20 Apr. 2012. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
22
"Japanese Structure Withstands Earthquake Test." All Things Considered 14
July 2009. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Why Earthquakes Are Growing Deadlier." Weekend Edition Sunday 28 Feb. 2010. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
Section 7: Videos "Continental Deformation: Creating the Basin and Range." American
Museum of Natural History Audios - Visuals 12 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Geologists watch how the mountains and valleys of the
American Southwest were made.
"Moving Mountains." American Museum of Natural History Audios - Visuals 12 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Studying the changes
with the mountain range in the St. Elias National Park in Alaska by geologists. This study
looks at the affects of tectonics or the building of mountains and also the erosion or the
destroying of the mountains.
"Natural Science: Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift." Natural Science:
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
Khan Academy Videos:
"Plate Tectonics." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Plate Tectonics Evidence." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Plate Tectonics and Divergent Plate Boundaries." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
"Plate Tectonics—Why Plates Move." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in
Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. "Plate Tectonics and Convergent Plate Boundaries." Khan Academy 1 June
2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
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Section 8: Experiments "Mountains." Experiment Central: Understanding Scientific Principles
Through Projects. M. Rae Nelson. Ed. Kristine Krapp. 2nd ed. Detroit: UXL, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Mountain Plates: How does the
movement of Earth's plates determine the formation of a mountain?
"Volcanoes." Experiment Central: Understanding Scientific Principles
Through Projects. M. Rae Nelson. Ed. Kristine Krapp. 2nd ed. Detroit: UXL, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.
General Outcome 3 Students will analyze and assess the evidence provided by the fossil record of change in the environment and life forms over a period of
3.5 billion years.
General Outcome 4 Students will analyze the evidence of, and assess the explanations for, natural variations in Earth’s climate over the last two million
years.
Section 9: General Overview Burgess Shale: Topic/definition page featuring reference, academic,
magazine and news articles.
Climate Change (Canada in Context): Topic/definition page featuring reference, academic, magazine and news articles.
Fossils. Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference,
academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.
Extinction. Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news
articles.
Fossils. Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference,
academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.
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Geologic Time: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles,
reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.
Radiometric Dating: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles,
reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.
Section 10: Specific Reference Articles "Burgess Shale and Ediacaran Faunas." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb.
New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Cambrian Period." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York: Macmillan
Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Correlation (geology)." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner
and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Cretaceous." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.
2015.
"Fossil and fossilization." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.
Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Fossilization and the Fossil Record." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Fossilization Processes." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan
Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"The Fossil Record: A Window to the Past." Grzimek's Animal Life
Encyclopedia: Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 103-109. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Glaciation." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth
Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2003.Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
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"Gradualism vs. catastrophism." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Canada in
Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Ice ages." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context.
Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Mass extinction hypothesis." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Mesozoic Era." UXL Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. Amy Hackney Blackwell
and Elizabeth Manar. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Paleobotany, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, Paleogeography." Earth
Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in
Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Paleoclimate." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in
Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Paleoecology." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in
Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Paleozoic Era." UXL Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. Amy Hackney Blackwell and Elizabeth Manar. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. Science in
Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Precambrian." UXL Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. Amy Hackney Blackwell and
Elizabeth Manar. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Punctuated equilibrium." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Canada in Context.
Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Radioactive dating." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.
Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Stephen Jay Gould." DISCovering Biography. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
26
"Stratigraphy." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and
Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
Section 11: Websites “Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins.” Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University. Science in Context,
Gale, 2014. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.
"The Cambrian Period: 543 to 490 Million Years Ago." University of California Museum of Paleontology. Science in Context, Gale, 2003. Web. 20 Aug.
2015.
"'Dive and Discover: Expeditions to the Seafloor.' Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. (Follow ocean expeditions in this interactive website)" Gale Science
in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
“Liaoning Province—China’s Extraordinary Fossil Site.” National Geographic
Society. Science in Context, Gale, 2014. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.
Fossils. United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey (USGS). Science in Context, Gale, 2010. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.
"'Fossils, Rocks, and Time.' United States Geological Survey." Gale Science
in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Fossils, Rocks, and Time examines the Earth's history through rocks, rock layers, and fossils.
The geologic time scale of the ages is shown and then juxtaposed with time scale of the
ages.
"'Geologic Time.' United States Geological Survey." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
“Lewis and Clark's Lost World: Paleontology and the Expedition.” In
Discovering Lewis and Clark Web site, ed. Joseph A. Mussulman. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Interactive: Fossil Evidence." NOVA 2013. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.
2015. In 2004, scientists digging in the Canadian Arctic unearthed fossils of a half-fish,
half-amphibian that all but confirmed paleontologists' theories about how land-dwelling
tetrapods–four-limbed animals, including us–evolved from fish.
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“Luminescence Dating.” United States Department of the Interior, United
States Geological Survey (USGS). Gale Science in Context, Web 19, Aug. 2015. http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=1677
"'Museum of Paleontology.' University of California, Berkeley. (Information on many aspects of studying fossils" Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale,
2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
“NASA Paleoclimatology Site.” National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA). Gale Science in Context. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.
“Species, Speciation, and the Environment.” Actionbioscience (October, 2000). Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015
Section 12: Articles "A revised late-Quaternary vegetation history of the unglaciated
southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada, from Antifreeze and Eikland ponds." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47.1 (2010): 75+. Canada in
Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Details Research in Climate Change." Global Warming Focus 26 Sept. 2011: 18. Global Issues In
Context. Web. 31 Aug. 2015.
"Another Antarctic rhythm." Nature 471.7336 (2011): 45+. Science in
Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. A novel explanation for the long-term temperature
record in Antarctic ice cores invokes local solar radiation as the driving agent.
"Arctic ice sheet paradox resolved." Geographical Oct. 2013: 11. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Brief but warm Antarctic summer: a temperature record derived from
measurements of an ice core drilled on James Ross Island, Antarctica, prompts a rethink of what has triggered the recent warming trends on the
Antarctic Peninsula." Nature 489.7414 (2012): 39+. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Changing how earth system modeling is done to provide more useful information for decision making, science, and society: a new mode of
development for Earth system models is needed to enable better targeted
and more Informative projections for both decision makers and
28
scientists." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Sept. 2014:
1453+. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Cretaceous catastrophe." UXL Science. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Demecology in the Cambrian: synchronized molting in arthropods from the
Burgess Shale." BMC Biology 11 (2013): 64. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Early animals couldn't catch a breath: low oxygen levels may have hindered
evolution of complex life." Science News 29 Nov. 2014: 14. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice
core." Nature 492.7433 (2013): 489+.Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.
2015.
"End-Cretaceous mass extinction event: argument for terrestrial causation." Science238.4831 (1987): 1237+. Canada in Context. Web. 21
Aug. 2015.
"Flameout." Natural History Apr. 2015: 8. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.
2015. That a cataclysmic asteroid impact in what is now Mexico helped spell doom for the
dinosaurs 65 million years ago--along with three-quarters of plant and animal life on Earth--
is little disputed. But as the asteroid vaporized and blew out a 125-mile wide crater, did it
create a heat pulse that caused a raging global fire?
"Glacial and nonglacial events in the eastern James Bay lowlands, Canada."Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50.4 (2013): 379+. Science in
Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Gondwana genesis: a combination of molecular data, anatomical evidence,
and knowledge of ancient geography is providing new answers to the contentious issue of when--and where--modern birds arose." Natural
History Dec. 2001: 64+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"High-resolution hydroacoustic seafloor classification of sandy environments in the German Wadden Sea." Journal of Coastal Research 30.6 (2014):
1107+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Ice man: Lonnie Thompson scales the peaks for science: glaciologist Thompson cores ice from the world's loftiest glaciers seeking to retrieve
precious records of ancient climates before they melt away. (News
29
Focus)." Science 298.5593 (2002): 518+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug.
2015.
"Journey of the jaguar: land bridges and travel corridors have always been critical to the continuation of big cat species." Natural History Nov. 2014:
16+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"K-T event." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Late Quaternary glacial history and meltwater discharges along the
Northeastern Newfoundland Shelf." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50.12 (2013): 1178+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Microtektites and mass extinctions: evidence for a Late Devonian asteroid
impact." Science 257.5073 (1992): 1102+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug.
2015.
"New seafloor map provides window to ocean's depths." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Jan. 2015: 14. Science in Context. Web. 19
Aug. 2015.
“Oldest fossil footprints on land: Animals may have beaten upright plants to land. Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web.
19 Aug. 2015. A brief article discussing the discovery of arthropod fossil footprints and
paths on land in southeastern Canada.
"Oldest fossils not actually fossils." American Scientist 103.4 (2015): 251. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Onset of deglacial warming in West Antarctica driven by local orbital
forcing." Nature 500.7463 (2013): 440+. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.
2015.
"Oxygen aided carnivore evolution: explosion of animal diversity attributed to rise of predators." Science News 7 Sept. 2013: 12. Science in Context.
Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) life history and population dynamics in a
changing climate." Arctic 62.4 (2009): 491+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
30
"Resonant slow fault slip in subduction zones forced by climatic load stress."
Nature 442.7104 (2006): 802+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Rise of oxygen on Earth pushed back: gas was present in the planet's atmosphere 3 billion years ago." Science News 19 Oct. 2013: 12+. Science
in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Scottish cave offers evidence of ancient climate variations." UPI NewsTrack 15 June 2015. Global Issues In Context. Web. 31 Aug. 2015.
"Seeing a World in Grains of Sand." Science 287.5460 (2000): 1912. Science
in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. Sophisticated physical models of how sediment flows
through rivers into the sea are offering high-tech views into the genesis of complex
stratigraphy
"A team of Ohio State University researchers has retrieved two ice cores
from the Peruvian Andes that reveal 1,800 years of the Earth's tropical
climate history in unprecedented detail." Geographical May 2013: 12. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Technological responses of Neanderthals to macroclimatic variations (240,000-40,000 BP)." Human Biology 81.2-3 (2009): 287+. Canada in
Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Translating the Stories of Life Forms Etched in Stone." New York Times 27 July 2010: D2(L). Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"University of Oxford - Jurassic saw fastest mammal evolution." ENP
Newswire 21 July 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
Section 13: Videos "Archived in Ice: Rescuing the Climate Record." American Museum of Natural History Audios - Visuals 12 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.
2015.
Glaciologist Lonnie Thompson." NOVA 2009. Science in Context. Web. 21
Aug. 2015.
"Grand Canyon May Be 60 Million Years Older Than Previously Thought." The Online NewsHour 2012. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
31
"Harsh Weather, Knee Injuries Didn't Stop Filmmaker from Chasing
Glaciers." The Online NewsHour 2012.Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. Discusses photographer James Balog's documentary "Chasing Ice.
"NASA, Archeology, and Paleontology." NASA Videos 2010. Science in
Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Paleontologists Take the Long View on Climate Change." AFP News Footage Dec. 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Profile: Edith Widder." NOVA 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. "Go for a deep-sea dive with a marine biologist who is seeing things never before recorded
on the ocean floor. Edie Widder studies marine bioluminescence, the biochemical emission
of light by ocean animals. Bioluminescent animals can light up the murky depths, and
Widder is doing some lighting of her own with an innovative camera system called the "Eye
in the Sea."
"Secrets Beneath the Ice." NOVA 2011. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Almost three miles of ice buries most of Antarctica. But when an Antarctic ice shelf
the size of Manhattan collapsed in less than a month in 2002, it shocked scientists and
raised the alarming possibility that Antarctica may be headed for a meltdown. Even a 10
percent loss of Antarctica's ice would cause catastrophic flooding of coastal cities unlike any
seen before in human history. What are the chances of a widespread melt? "Secrets
Beneath the Ice" explores whether Antarctica's climate past can offer clues to what may
happen. NOVA follows a state-of-the-art expedition that is drilling three-quarters of a mile
into the Antarctic seafloor. The drill is recovering rock cores that reveal intimate details of
climate and fauna from a time in the distant past when the Earth was just a few degrees
warmer than it is today. As researchers grapple with the harshest conditions on the planet,
they discover astonishing new clues about Antarctica's past—clues that carry ominous
implications for coastal cities around the globe.
"Secrets in the Salt." NOVA 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. The ancient Egyptians preserved their dead with salt. Now researchers are uncovering
evidence that salt has preserved life-forms much older than any pharaoh. Correspondent
Ziya Tong explores a place where the ultimate natural preservative may enshroud remnants
of life a quarter billion years old.
Section 14: Images "Antarctica ice cores." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale,
2014. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Burgess Shale fossil site." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York:
Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
32
"Core Sample of Ice Taken in Antarctica." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.
2015.
"Sample of Ice Core from Greenland Ice Sheet." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context.
Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"This fossil of Archaeopteryx shows a half dinosaur, half bird, scientific
evidence that would seem..." World Religions Reference Library. Ed. Julie L. Carnagie, et al. Vol. 5: Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2007.World History in
Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Fossil shrimp." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.
"Fossil worm (Ottoia sp.) from the Burgess Shale area. This priapulid worm
lived in the Middle..." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.
2015.
"Global Location of Ice Caps and Glaciers; Illustration." UXL Encyclopedia of
Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Hubbard Glacier, Alaska." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan
Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Hubbard Glacier, Alaska." UXL Encyclopedia of Biomes. Ed. Marlene Weigel. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Muir Glacier." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit:
UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
"Trilobite." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York: Macmillan
Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.