This presentation contains notes This presentation contains notes in the notes sections for use by in the notes sections for use by instructors when presenting to instructors when presenting to

students.students.

GPS ApproachesGPS Approaches

byby

Patricia KnightPatricia Knight

Master CFI & Pilot ExaminerMaster CFI & Pilot Examiner

GPS OperationsGPS Operations Approved installation per AFMApproved installation per AFM Approved for IFRApproved for IFR Alternate navigation meansAlternate navigation means IAW AFM or supplementIAW AFM or supplement If failure, advise ATC & change If failure, advise ATC & change

equipment codeequipment code Review NOTAMS/aeronautical infoReview NOTAMS/aeronautical info

RAIMRAIM

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Monitoring

Fault detection/exclusionFault detection/exclusion Assures the accuracy of the GPS Assures the accuracy of the GPS

positionposition RAIM must be assured before RAIM must be assured before

accepting clearance accepting clearance

GPS StatusGPS Status

U.S. Coast Guard navigation U.S. Coast Guard navigation information service: (703) 313-5907information service: (703) 313-5907

Internet: Internet: http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/

Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) systemNotice to Airmen (NOTAM) system

References found in the AIMReferences found in the AIM

GPS HandheldsGPS Handhelds

Not authorized for IFR! Why?Not authorized for IFR! Why?

RAIM, antenna location, power RAIM, antenna location, power source, unapproved installation, source, unapproved installation, view, AFM supplement, limitationsview, AFM supplement, limitations

Situational awareness onlySituational awareness only

GPS NOTAMs/Aeronautical GPS NOTAMs/Aeronautical InformationInformation

Outages issued as GPS NOTAMsOutages issued as GPS NOTAMs Effect determined by RAIM prediction Effect determined by RAIM prediction GPS aeronautical info from AFSSGPS aeronautical info from AFSS 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA NOTAM from database publisherNOTAM from database publisher

Sample NOTAMSample NOTAM

GPS 01/030 ZDV GPS IS UNRELIABLE AND MAY BE GPS 01/030 ZDV GPS IS UNRELIABLE AND MAY BE UNAVAILABLE WITHIN A 318 NM RADIUS OF UNAVAILABLE WITHIN A 318 NM RADIUS OF 3730N/11603W (LOCATED WITHIN TONOPAH 3730N/11603W (LOCATED WITHIN TONOPAH TEST RANGE) AT FL400 DECREASING IN AREA TEST RANGE) AT FL400 DECREASING IN AREA WITH ALTITUDE TO A CIRCLE OF 271 NM RADIUS WITH ALTITUDE TO A CIRCLE OF 271 NM RADIUS AT FL250, 206 NM RADIUS AT FL100 AND 188 NM AT FL250, 206 NM RADIUS AT FL100 AND 188 NM RADIUS AT 4000 FT AGL 1915-2215 WEEKDAYS RADIUS AT 4000 FT AGL 1915-2215 WEEKDAYS WEF 0701161915-0701262215 WEF 0701161915-0701262215

GPS 01/040 GPS PRN 4 OTS WEF 0701250900-GPS 01/040 GPS PRN 4 OTS WEF 0701250900-07012521000701252100

GPS Approach RequirementsGPS Approach Requirements

Procedure must be retrievable from Procedure must be retrievable from the current databasethe current database

Preflight - database must be validPreflight - database must be valid• DatesDates• No database provider limitationsNo database provider limitations

In flightIn flight• Names coincide – database to chartNames coincide – database to chart• Waypoints are logicalWaypoints are logical

GPS Approach ProceduresGPS Approach Procedures

All the approaches that can be used All the approaches that can be used by GPS now contain "GPS" in the titleby GPS now contain "GPS" in the title

Required alternate must have non-Required alternate must have non-GPS instrument approach procedure GPS instrument approach procedure that you can flythat you can fly

Controller may not know the fix Controller may not know the fix namename

GPS Approach OverlayGPS Approach Overlay

Not for LOC, LDA, SDFNot for LOC, LDA, SDF Ground-based NAVAIDs are not Ground-based NAVAIDs are not

required to be operational and required to be operational and associated aircraft avionics need not associated aircraft avionics need not be installed, operational, turned on be installed, operational, turned on or monitoredor monitored

WaypointsWaypoints

Fly-by waypoints Fly-by waypoints Fly-over waypointsFly-over waypoints IAWP – initial approach waypointIAWP – initial approach waypoint MAWP – missed approach pointMAWP – missed approach point MAHWP - missed approach MAHWP - missed approach

holding waypointholding waypoint

Flying GPS ApproachesFlying GPS Approaches

Fly full approach from IAWPFly full approach from IAWP GPS “armed” 30 nm from airportGPS “armed” 30 nm from airport Changes to terminal sensitivity +/- 1 Changes to terminal sensitivity +/- 1

nmnm 2 NM from FAWP, sensitivity changes 2 NM from FAWP, sensitivity changes

to +/- 0.3 nmto +/- 0.3 nm

Minimum Safe/Sector Altitudes Minimum Safe/Sector Altitudes (MSA)(MSA)

1,000’ over obstructions1,000’ over obstructions Normally 25 NM radiusNormally 25 NM radius No assurance of navigation signalNo assurance of navigation signal Center will be MAWP (GPS MSA)Center will be MAWP (GPS MSA) Ideally, a single sector Ideally, a single sector May be up to four sectorsMay be up to four sectors

Terminal Arrival Area (TAA)Terminal Arrival Area (TAA)

Seamless transitionSeamless transition Enroute to terminalEnroute to terminal Efficient traffic routingEfficient traffic routing Minimum altitudes prescribedMinimum altitudes prescribed Published TAA replaces MSAPublished TAA replaces MSA

TAA Area

Basic "T" Design

Modified Basic “T”

TAA with Feeders from an Airway

Missed ApproachMissed Approach

A GPS missed approach requires pilot A GPS missed approach requires pilot action to sequence the receiver past action to sequence the receiver past the MAWP to the missed approach the MAWP to the missed approach portion of the procedureportion of the procedure

The receiver will not sequence past The receiver will not sequence past the MAWPthe MAWP

““Suspend”Suspend”

ExamplesExamples

SummarySummary

Know your GPSKnow your GPS Do not use handheld for approachesDo not use handheld for approaches Check GPS NOTAMsCheck GPS NOTAMs Fly the entire procedureFly the entire procedure

GPS FamiliarizationGPS Familiarization1. Utilizing the receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) prediction function; 1. Utilizing the receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) prediction function; 2. Inserting a DP into the flight plan, including setting terminal CDI sensitivity, if required, 2. Inserting a DP into the flight plan, including setting terminal CDI sensitivity, if required,

and the conditions under which terminal RAIM is available for departure (some and the conditions under which terminal RAIM is available for departure (some receivers are not DP or STAR capable); receivers are not DP or STAR capable);

3. Programming the destination airport; 3. Programming the destination airport; 4. Programming and flying the overlay approaches (especially procedure turns and arcs); 4. Programming and flying the overlay approaches (especially procedure turns and arcs); 5. Changing to another approach after selecting an approach; 5. Changing to another approach after selecting an approach; 6. Programming and flying "direct" missed approaches; 6. Programming and flying "direct" missed approaches; 7. Programming and flying "routed" missed approaches; 7. Programming and flying "routed" missed approaches; 8. Entering, flying, and exiting holding patterns, particularly on overlay approaches with 8. Entering, flying, and exiting holding patterns, particularly on overlay approaches with

a second waypoint in the holding pattern; a second waypoint in the holding pattern; 9. Programming and flying a "route" from a holding pattern; 9. Programming and flying a "route" from a holding pattern; 10. Programming and flying an approach with radar vectors to the intermediate segment; 10. Programming and flying an approach with radar vectors to the intermediate segment; 11. Indication of the actions required for RAIM failure both before and after the FAWP; 11. Indication of the actions required for RAIM failure both before and after the FAWP;

and and 12. Programming a radial and distance from a VOR (often used in departure instructions).12. Programming a radial and distance from a VOR (often used in departure instructions).

It Is All About SafetyIt Is All About Safety

For further information, contact:For further information, contact:Patricia Knight, MCFI & Pilot ExaminerPatricia Knight, MCFI & Pilot Examiner

atatpknight@earthlink.netpknight@earthlink.net