Good practices and new initiatives on social security policy

Gabriele KöhlerDevelopment economistVisiting Fellow, Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction Team, IDS SussexILO/ITC Academy on Social Security: A Modular Approach for Individual Learning Needs Elective course 8Summary day (“wrap up”)

Turin, 24-27 September 2012

Overview:

1) The current international development situation

2) Rights, principles, frameworks

3) Good practices and new initiatives on social protection policies

4) Summary: Innovative social protection and a vision towards & beyond “2015”

1) The current international development situation – the rationale for social protection

Current international development situation: human development/income poverty/inequity

Human development at aggregate level:

slow but steady improvement

Human Development Index, trends 1970-2010

Current international development situation: human development/income poverty

Absolute number and share of extremely poor people has declined since 1990 globally

But increased number of poor in several regions

Income inequality and poverty (OECD)

“Vulnerable” employment

Working poverty trends

Working poverty trends

Lack of decent work

Share of Working Children, ages 5-11 & 5-14 in percent of age cohort

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• Income/economic class• Ethnicity• Religion• Language• Caste/clan• Geographic location/urban vs rural• Citizenship and migration status• Health condition/communicable/visible

diseases• Ability/disability• Menstruation • Sexual orientation• Looks• Recurrent emergency situations• Conflict situation • Age

Social exclusions –manifest in every society

GEN

DER

Metrological events (Storms)

Hydrological events (floods, land mass movements)

Climatological events (temperature extremes, droughts, forest fires)

19

Tota

l

Geophysical events (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes)

Natural disasters (1980-2011)

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Global trends in armed conflicts (1946-2011)

Refugees and Displaced Populations (1964-2008)

In brief: some numbers for reflection… Almost 1 billion people live with hunger 1.2 billion people survive with less than $1.25 per

person per day 2.5 billion people have less than $2.50 per day 1.5 billion in vulnerable employment 200 million international migrants 740 million people are internal migrants 26 million people internally displaced because of

conflict or climate change 14 million refugees living outside their country of

citizenship 45 million youth entrants to labour market annually 175 million children affected by climate change

Health protection – legal provision

Social protection in case of unemployment

Maternity benefits

Old age pension coverage

2) Rights, principles, frameworks

QUICK QUIZ: What is this text?When was it written?

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to the realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Right to Social Protection

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948):Article 22: Everyone, as a member of society, has the

right to social security.

ILO Convention 102: Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)

Outlines rights to benefits for residents of a country

Right to Social Protection

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966): Article 9:

The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989): Article 26:

States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.

Normative frameworks: recent UN trends

Global Social Floor Initiative since 2001 –ILO Recommendation on Social Protection for all. Rec 202 (ILC June 2012)

World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata vision of primary health care for all

Right to food, FAO Committee on World Food Security, May 2012 adopted Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security

Normative frameworks: recent UN trends

MDGs 2010: more emphasis on equity, inclusion, human rights

OHCHR Special rapporteurs on human rights – including right to food and right to highest attainable standards of health

Rio + 20 Summit: outcome document: The Future We Want refers to social protection

OHCHR Special Rapporteurs/Independent Experts on human rights

right to education; human rights and extreme poverty; right to food; right to adequate housing; access to safe drinking water and sanitation; against violence against women; physical and mental health; economic policies and debt; TNCs; and other substantive normative areas.

Social protection: UNICEF the set of public and private policies and

programmes aimed at preventing, reducing and eliminating economic and social vulnerabilities to poverty and deprivation.

Principles of child-sensitive social protection Avoid adverse impacts on children, and reduce or mitigate social and

economic risks that directly affect children's lives. Intervene as early as possible where children are at risk Consider the age- and gender-specific risks and vulnerabilities of children

throughout the life- cycle. Mitigate the effects of shocks, exclusion and poverty on families Make special provision to reach children who are particularly vulnerable

and excluded Consider the mechanisms and intra-household dynamics Include the voices and opinions of children, their caregivers and youth

Social protection: World Bank

Social protection and labor systems, policies, and programs help individuals and societies manage risk and volatility and protect them from poverty and destitution—through instruments that improve resilience, equity, and opportunity.

Social protection and labor practice will help countries move from fragmented approaches toward more coherent systems for social protection and labor, and help to make these more responsive, productive and inclusive.

Social protection: ADB a basic human right and a social necessity to combat

poverty and inequality. promotes human well-being, inclusive growth, political

stability, and social cohesion can reduce inequality, including that between the

sexes. is critical for achieving the MDGs. is a key pillar of inclusive growth is affordable. is an investment to lift and keep people out of poverty. contributes to gender equity

Social protection: EU 2012 a human right social justice and equity, rather than growth target the poor - obligation of authorities towards

their citizens investment in present citizenry and future

generations reduce the vulnerability and poverty of those

excluded or marginalised from economic activity; serve as an important instrument of investment in human capital

a multidimensional concept that should be integrated with political, economic and social goals

Social protection: MDGs 2010

Social protection: ILO “…a set of public initiatives that

provide income or consumption transfers to the poor,

protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks,

enhance the social status and promote the rights of the marginalised,

with the overall objective of reducing their economic and social vulnerability.” (ILO)

ILO Convention 102: Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)

flagship of all ILO social security Conventions international instrument, based on basic social secur

ity principles establishes worldwide-agreed minimum standards fo

r all nine branches of social security medical care; sickness benefit; unemployment benefit; old-age benefit; employment injury benefit; family benefit; maternity benefit; invalidity benefit; survivors' benefit.

Regional and global consultation process

General discussion on social security

during 90th Session of the

ILC

Launch of the Global

Campaign on Social

Security and Coverage for

All

Regional meeting on

the future of social

security in Latin

America (Santiago de

Chile)

Regional meetings in

the Arab States

(Amman), and Asia and

Pacific (New Delhi)

8th European Regional Meeting (Lisbon)

Arab Employment

Forum (Beirut)

Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Strategies

for the Extension of

Social Security Coverage

2nd African Decent Work Symposium,

Yaoundé, (Yaoundé Tripartite

Declaration on the Imple-

mentation of the Social Protection

Floor)

Recurrent Discussion on

Social Protection

(Social Security),

100th Session of the ILC

2001 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Social security: A

new consensus

Policy consultation: Social Security

for All: Investing in Global and Economic

Development

Policy briefings:

Social Health Protection ,

Social Security Standards,

Affordability of Basic Social

Security

Social Protection

Floor Initiative reflected in Global Jobs Pact and

endorsed by UN CEB

Independent evaluation of

the ILO´s strategy to extend the coverage of

social security

World Social Security Report 2010/11

Social Protection floors

ILO’s two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security: Building comprehensive social security systems

44

individual/household income

Social Protection Floor:Access to essential health care and basic income security for all

Social security benefitsof guaranteed levels

Voluntary insurance

under government regulation

level of protection

high

highlow

low

Horizontal dimension:Guaranteeing access to essential health

care and minimum income security for all, guided by Recommendation No. 202

Vertical dimension:

progressively ensuring

higher levels of protection, guided

by Convention No.102

and more advanced standards

floor level

Outcomes can be guaranteed

through different means

ILO’s two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security: Building comprehensive social security systems

45

individual/household income

Social Protection Floor:Access to essential health care and basic income security for all

Social security benefitsof guaranteed levels

Voluntary insurance

under government regulation

level of protection

high

highlow

low

Horizontal dimension:Guaranteeing access to essential health

care and minimum income security for all, guided by Recommendation No. 202

Vertical dimension: progressively

ensuring higher levels of

protection, guided by Convention

No.102 and more advanced

standards

floor level

Outcomes can be guaranteed

through different means – there is

no one-size-fits-all

extension strategy

Social Protection Floor Recommendation, adopted at ILC 2012

Beyond social protection: the decent work agenda

oKeynesian approach – active labour market policies & fiscal spaceoRights-based – emphasis on productive employment, core labour standards, social dialogue

Rights – 3 Principles1. Inclusion, equality - universality Every human being is equally entitled to social protection This implies universal programmes

2. Citizenship and participation Involves negotiating specific entitlements that all citizens

can claim such as free education ‘Social contract’ between the states and its citizens Some countries apply SP to all residents.

3. Obligation and accountability Ability and willingness of the state to deliver SP under its

human rights obligations Requires transparency and accountability – good governance

and administrative capacity

Social insurance

Social assistance Special situations

Poverty alleviation

Healthaccess

Education access

Em-ployment access

Emergencies

Adaptive climate change

Social exclusion

Old age Social pensions

Incentives for agriculture

Maternity and young children

Family benefits

Subsidies

Education grants

Cash for work

Geographical targeting; Education grants

Poverty, Un/under-employ-ment

Basic income grants

Social insurance

Education grants

Public works

Assets/ supplies; Food for work

Typology of social protection

Transformative Social ProtectionTransformation a structural problem: people are chronically poor and vulnerable because they are Systemically disadvantaged

Transformative measures seek to address vulnerabilitiesarising from social inequity and exclusion

Directly:

o Minimum wage legislation & workers’ rights

o Access to productive assets and capital

Indirectly:

o Making social protection transfers transformative e.g. cash transfers aimed at addressing marginalisation

ProtectiveProtectiveSocial Social assistanceassistance

PreventivePreventiveInsuranceInsurance mechanisms mechanisms

PromotivePromotiveEconomicEconomic

opportunitiesopportunities

TransformativeTransformativeSocialSocial transformation transformation

Comprehensive Framework for Social Protection

Rachel Sabates-Wheeler/Stephen Devereux. IDS

DISCUSSION I What are the social protection programmes in

your country? What are their vision, objectives, key design

elements, scale, outcomes, uniqueness Social security Social assistance Special situations

Task: Individual reflection/quick list (5 minutes) Pair discussion (10 minutes) Collect in plenary (10 minutes) Debate and summary (5 minutes)

3) Good practices and new initiatives on social security policy

Latin America

Many countries in Latin America run large conditional cash transfer programmes to address income poverty

Conditionalities – aiming to produce behavioural change and achieve direct and indirect outcomes. E.g, health and education non-income effects

Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America

Argentina Programa Familias

Bolivia Beca Futuro

Brazil Bolsa Familia, Bolsa Escola

Chile Chile Solidario

Colombia Familias en Accion Program

Costa Rica Programa Superemonos

Ecuador Bono de Desarrollo Humano

El Salvador Red Solidaria

Honduras Programa de Asignacion Familiar

Mexico Progresa, Oportunidades

Nicaragua Red de Proteccion Social

Brazil: Bolsa famila 2003 reached 3.6 million families with a budget of US$ 1.1

billion 2007 reaching 100% of its target of 11.1 million families (about

45 million people or a quarter of the country’s population) with a budget of over US$4.1 bn

2008: government’s expenditures with the programme were estimated at US$6 bn

The programme raised participants’ income by 21% but by itself not enough to lift families out of poverty

19% reduction in poverty severity (the degree to which poor families fall below the poverty line) and a 21% fall in the Gini (income inequality) index

between 1995 and 2004. increasing food and nutrition security in the country: 76% of the

transfers spent on food, and families in the Bolsa Família programme have been able to improve their diets

Bolsa Família accounts for less than 3% of direct government transfers, and only 0.5% to 0.8% of the country’s GDP

Africa

Often a base of social security provisions for public sector workers and formal employees modelled on European systems

Main features of the recent evolution: o Mainly cash transfers and largely unconditional

o Number of pilot projects, few programmes at scale

o Includes for example social pensions, ‘productive’ safety nets and livelihood promoting measures (input subsidies)

o Some government driven, some donor-driven,some ‘hybrid’ government-donor partnerships

Unconditional Cash Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa

Ethiopia Productive Safety Nets Programme

Largest social protection programme in SSA. Two objectives:

1. Smooth consumption and protect assets providing households with predictable and adequate transfers of cash and/or food

2. Build community assets (e.g. roads, soil and water conservations structures, schools) though labour intensive public works

1. Combined with ‘livelihood packages’ that protect and promote livelihoods and asset accumulation

2. In combination, two programmes are expected to facilitate graduation of households into food security

South Africa: Grant for Older Persons:

a social pension, reaches around 2 million beneficiaries with a monthly benefit or around USD 70 to beneficiaries.

Eligibility: South African citizens and permanent residents, males from age 63 years (age threshold coming down) and women from age 60 years

Must comply with the means test Until the introduction of the Child Support Grant, the

social pension constituted the most important source of support for poor households.

It is tax financed and currently absorbs around 1.4 per cent of GDP.

South Africa: Child Support Grant

Purpose: To assist families with child care and education expenses Has become crucial in light of pervasive poverty and because

of vulnerabiltiy as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic

Eligibility: applicant and child must reside in South Africa; applicant must be the primary care giver of the child/ children

concerned; the child/children under 15 years; means tested  Limit of six non biological children;

South Asia

South Asia Major shift towards a new SP agenda came in the course of

new governments around 2005ff in most of the region´s countries

Innovations in SP: Introducing social protection for the informal sector in India Social pensions in 4 countries Asset-based approaches (BRAC-type model) Making public employment programmes a right

Right to food/National Food Security Act (IND)

Mid-day meal (IND)

Right to education (all)

Right to work (IND)

Right to health services (all)

Right to information (IND, BGD, NPL)

Cooked school meals (IND)

Subsidized PDS (IND, NPL, BGD)

Subsidized grain prices

Universal old age pension (NPL)

Benazir Income Support Program (PAK)

Child benefit (NPL)

Unorganized sector health insurance (IND)

National Rural EmploymentGuarantee (IND)

Employment Generation for hard core poor (BGD)

Karnali Employment Program (NPL)

Employment generation for rural unskilled workers (PAK)

Secondary school stipend for girls (BGD)

Education for all (NPL)

Child grants for girls (IND)

Rural development and community based interventions (IND)

Direct food transfers

Social Assistance

Job Creation

Affirmative action

Human rights

Some South Asian policy responsesSome South Asian policy responses

Social protection policy environment

Social protection policy environment

National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme India

Access to information

Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)

2008 initial budget outlay of $500 million: largest

direct cash grant scheme in Pakistan’s history 3.5 million economically distressed persons

affected by poverty and inflation cash transfers of $13 per month paid every two

months t poverty score card methodology (2010) National Database Registration Authority

(NADRA) partnerships with private sector commercial

banks

EAST ASIA/SOUTHEAST ASIA

Major shifts in SP came in the wake of the 1998 “Asian” crisis

In the aftermath, many governments introduced new SP interventions

These are now being scaled up and systematised

Cluster 1: Family-based integrated social assistance programs

Cluster 2: Community empowerment program

Cluster 3: Development of micro and small enterprises

Unconditional cash transfer, conditional cash transfer, rice for poor, Scholarship for poor families, Health insurance for the poor

Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM Mandiri), or Self Empowerment National Program

Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), or People’s Credit Program

Indonesia: three clusters of poverty alleviation programmes

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Program Name

BLT Unconditional Cash Transfer

(2008-09)

Raskin Rice for the Poor

Jamkesmas

Health Protection

BSM Scholarship for the Poor

PKH Conditional

Cash Transfer

TransferType

Cash Subsidized

Rice

Health service fees

waived Cash

Cash & Conditions

Targetgroup (HHs)

Poor & near poor HHs

Poor & near poor HHs

Poor & near poor HHs

Students from poor

HHs

Very poor HHs

Number of beneficiari

es 18.7 Mn HHs

17.5 Mn HHs

18.2 Mn HHs 8 Mn

Students1.5 Mn HHs

Benefitlevel

IDR 100,000 per month

15 kg rice per month

Unlimited IDR 480,000

per year

IDR 1,287,000 per year

Key executing agency

Ministry of Social Affairs

(MoSA)

Bureau of Logistics (BULOG)

Ministry of Health (MoH)

MoNE & MoRA

MoSA

Indonesia: family-based social assistance programmes

70

The National Targeting System identifies and chooses beneficiaries (households, individuals, etc.) of targeted poverty reduction or social protection programs.

Indonesia: national targeting system

Past system: each program has its own list of targeting system

Now gradually moves into unified targeting system

Minimizing inclusion & exclusion errors

Poor Not-Poor

Beneficiary of Programs

Non-beneficiary of Programs

o To raise the average consumption rate in food expenditure of poor households

o To increase the enrollment in and attendance rate of children in school

o To improve preventive health care among pregnant women and young children

o To reduce the incidence of child labor

o To encourage parents to invest in their children’s (and their own) human capital through investments in their health and nutrition, education, and participation in community activities

Philippines: objectives of CCT

Geographical Targeting

Household Assessment (Enumeration)

Selection of Poor Beneficiaries using Proxy Means Test

Eligibility Check

Selection Procedures of Target Households

Philippines: key features & goals of CCT

o Focused targetingo Not a stand alone

program/Utilizes Convergence Strategy

o Empowering of Womeno Promotive of Child Rightso Builds Co-responsibilities/Social

Contracto Encourages Private-partnership-

buildingo Automated information System o Mainstreamed into the general

operation of the Department

o Social Assistanceo Provide assistance to the poor

to alleviate their immediate needs (short term).

o Social Developmento Break the intergenerational

cycle of poverty through investment in human capital i.e., education, health and nutrition (long term). Long-run poverty alleviation through investment in human capital.

Philippines: CCT – Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

The Philippine CCT is a rights based program that focuses on human capital investment through provision of health and education cash grants to eligible poor households. It is one of the poverty reduction strategies of the national government to enable poor households to meet certain human development goals aimed at breaking intergenerational cycle of poverty.

7,107 Islands

92.3 M-Population

• 26.5 M. Pop Poor & poverty largely rural

8 Years behind target in poverty reduction/Medium probability of halving poverty by 2015

2007 - Findings on National Social Protection System

Fragmented and Uncoordinated Inadequately funded & short-lived Weak targeting system Inadequate coverage Difficult impact assessment

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Cambodia: Scope of the NSPSFocusing on the Poor and Vulnerable

Social Protection for the Poor and Vulnerable

75

Gradual progression towards comprehensive social protection, as per the NSPS long-term vision

Gradual progression towards comprehensive social protection, as per the NSPS long-term vision

2. Expanded social protection Civil

servants

Formal Workers

Near poor

Poor

Special Vulnerabl

eGroup

Social protection for the poor and vulnerableSocial protection for the poor and vulnerable

Social safety net (non-contributory):•Public works programmes (food or cash for work)•Cash or in-kind transfers (conditional or non-conditional)•Social subsidies (to facilitate access to health, education, housing,

public utilities)•Complementary social welfare services

Social insurance (contributory)

•Pension

•Health insurance

•NSSF, NSSF-C (Social Security Fund)

•Micro-insurance•Community-based health insurance (social health protection)

1. Basic social protection or Social Protection Floor

WORKERS IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY, THE WORKING POOR:•Progressive inclusion in the labor market•Higher social protection

Increase employability: human capital (health, education) + work experience & training

Access to Sustainable employment (Micro-Enterprise or Formal jobs)

Higher Levels of S Protection

Higher levels of income

+Employment Services •Skills assessment & training …

•Access to PWPs ; Job placement•Business Development Services

•Access to health, education, food security•Income security

Basic social protection

Linking SP and Employment

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4. Summary: Innovative social protection and a policy vision towards & beyond “2015”

Paradigm has shifted: Surge in social protection over past 15

years, acknowledging inequities Rights-based agenda advancing

Emerging shifts: Connecting social services access with

income guarantees Combining employment and decent work

with social protection

New approaches to socio-economic policy: decent work agenda formulated at ILO by governments,

employers and workers understanding that work is a source of

personal dignity, family stability, peace in the community,

democracies that deliver for people economic growth that expands opportunities

for productive jobs and enterprise development

Rights based

Draws on and gives

space to civil society and

public action

CommonalitiesCommonalities

Social protection innovations

Social protection innovations

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Tax financed

Citizenship based

Designed by government

w civil society content

Establishes entitle-ments

for socially excludedgroups

DISCUSSION II What is the relationship between social

protection and achieving each of the MDGs? What would be the role of social protection,

Rec 202 and other issues in the development agenda after 2015?

Task: MDG goal discussion by tables : hunger, poverty,

employment, child & maternal health, education (10 minutes)

Collect comments in plenary (10 minutes) Short debate and summary and closing outlook (10

minutes)

Reading listMichelle Bachelet, 2011, Social Protection Floor for a Fair and Inclusive Globalization, report of the Advisory Group chaired

by Michelle Bachelet convened by the ILO with the collaboration of the WHO. ILO. www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/press-and-media- centre/news/WCMS_166292/lang--en/index.htm

Armando Barrientos and Miguel Nino-Zarazua, Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester.. Social Transfers and Chronic Poverty. A Policy Analysis Research Project. http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/socialtransfers/index.htm

Stephen Devereux and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler 2004. Transformative Social Protection, IDS Working Paper 232. Brighton: IDS. www.ids.ac.uk

Stephen Devereux and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, 2007. Debating Social Protection. Editorial Introduction. IDS Bulletin Vol 38 No 3. Pp. 1-7. www.ids.ac.uk

DFID, 2011, Cash Transfers. Evidence Paper. DFID Policy Division. London. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Articles/cash-transfers-evidence-paper.pdf

EU, 2012. Social protection in EU development cooperation. Report prepared for the EU by Simon Commander, Mark Davies, and Constantine Zaman. Brussels 2012. page 5. http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/public-consultations/documents/stk_final_consultation_report_en.pdf

Margaret Grosh et al. 2008, For protection and promotion: the design and implementation of effective safety nets. World Bank, Washington DC

Joseph Hanlon, Armando Barrientos, David Hulme, 2010, Just give money to the poor. The development revolution from the global South. Kumarian Press

Sri Wening Handayani, 2010.Enhancing Social Protection in Asia and the Pacific. The Proceedings of the Regional Workshop. Asian Development Bank. Manila.. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2011/proceedings-enhancing-social-protection.pdf.

Naila Kabeer, 2010, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund. www.ids.ac.uk

 

 

ILO, 2011, World Social Security Report. Providing Coverage in times of crisis and beyond. 2010-2011. www.ilo.org

ILO, 2011, Social protection floors for social justice and a fair globalization. International Labour Conference, 101st Session, 2012. Report IV (1) . ILC.101/IV/1 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_160210.pdf

Gabriele Koehler, 2009, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy: 9. pp. 24-29, http://gsp.sagepub.com/content/9/1/24.full.pdf

Gabriele Köhler, Marta Calì, Mariana Stirbu. Rethinking Poverty and Social Exclusion Responses in Post-Conflict Nepal: Child-Sensitive Social Protection. Children, Youth and Environments 19(2), 2009. http://www.gabrielekoehler.net/publications.aspx

Koehler, Gabriele 2011 Transformative Social Protection: Reflections on South Asian Policy Experiences. IDS bulletin. Special issue: Social Protection for Social Justice. Vol.42, Issue 6. http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=1247

Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel and Stephen Devereux, 2007, Social Protection for Transformation. IDS Bulletin Vol 38 No 3. Pp. 23-27. www.ids.ac.uk

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2010. Rethinking Poverty. Report on the World Social Situation 2010. United Nations, New York. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2010.html

UN, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (1948)

UNDP 2011. Human Development Report 2011. www.undp.org

UNRISD, 2010. Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics. http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/BBA20D83E347DBAFC125778200440AA7?OpenDocument

UN General Assembly, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65 th session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs

World Bank 2012. RESILIENCE, EQUITY, AND OPPORTUNITY. The World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012–2022. Washington April 2012. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/280558-1274453001167/7089867-1279223745454/7253917-1291314603217/SPL_Strategy_2012-22_FINAL.pdf

contact

Gabriele Koehler

gkoehler50@hotmail.com