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Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency. By Daikin Europe N.V. Agenda. A. Golden rules of comfort Thermal comfort Acoustic comfort B. Golden rules of energy efficiency What do we consume? How to improve ? Energy performance of buildings directive. A. Golden rules of comfort. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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© Daikin Europe NV – All rights reserved
D a i k i n E u r o p e A c a d e m y
Learning, our way
Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency
By Daikin Europe N.V.
18/10/05 Consulting Sales Department 2
D a i k i n E u r o p e A c a d e m y
Learning, our way
Agenda
A. Golden rules of comfort– Thermal comfort– Acoustic comfort
B. Golden rules of energy efficiency– What do we consume?– How to improve ?– Energy performance of buildings directive
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D a i k i n E u r o p e A c a d e m y
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A. Golden rules of comfort
• Thermal sensation of a human being is mainly related to the thermal balance of its body as a whole
• This balance is influenced by :
Personal factorsPersonal factors
Environmental Environmental parametersparameters
COMFORT DISCOMFORT
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• Depend on :
1. Activity level
2. Clothing thermal insulation of the person
Personal factors
1 met = 58 W/m2
1 clo = 0,155 m2K/W
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Environmental parameters
Air temperature
Air humidity
Air velocity
Air quality
Influenced by the ventilation system
Influenced by
-solar infiltration
-occupants
-electric appliances
-lighting
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PMV determination (ISO 7730)
General thermal comfort of the body can be calculated via the PMV : Predicted Mean Vote.
PMV takes in consideration:
• Body temperature and
energy balance
• Metabolic rate
• Activity rate
Thermalexchange
Radiation
Ingestion food
Wall temperature
Air temperature
Air velocity
Humidity
Metabolism
Clothing
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Comfort problems
Are mainly related to:
• Incorrect temperature
• Bad humidity
• Draught
• Bad air quality
• Noise
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Comfort solutions
Are mainly related to:
• Temperature control
• Humidity control
• Correct air distribution
• Air filters
• Noiseless equipment
Air conditioning
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Problem 1: high indoor temperature
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Solution : control of temperature set point
• Optimize temperature set point
• Limit the difference between the ambient temperature and indoor temperature to maximum 8°C.
Ideally, ΔT maxi = 5°C in cooling mode
Comfort zone Maximum comfort zone
Relative humidity (%)
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
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Solution: even temperature
Cooling mode with VRV System:
Conventional A/C
VRV system
+/_ 0.5C
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Problem 2: large vertical temperature difference
• Stratification causes cold feet / warm head effect
10 cm
1,1 m
ΔT=3°C maxi
T°ceiling
Tem
pera
ture
sca
le (
°C)
We have to limit the vertical temperature stratification to:
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Solution: even air distribution
• Optimized air velocity parameters in the Occupation Zone
Occupation zone
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Solution: remote sensors
The remote sensor KRCS01-1:
Max.15 m
When fresh air is introduced through the IU, it is mandatory.
•Located in a representative place
•Not exposed to sun
•Not close to heat sources : PC, printers, fax, …
•Not in the A/C air stream
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Problem 3: bad humidity control
• RH too low (< 30%) :• Increase of electrostatic energy
• Increase of dust concentration
• RH too high (> 70%) :
Relative humidity (%)
Bacteria
Virus
Moulds
House dust mite
Respiratory allergy
Asthma and rhinitis
Chemical interaction
Ozone production
Optimum zone
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Solution: VKM with humidifier
Humidifier Element :VKM-GMV1 Only
Refrigerant Valve
Humidifier
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Problem 4 : draught• Heat loss from skin caused by draught is dependent on :
• Average air velocity• Turbulence in the airflow
• Air Temperature• Fluctuation of skin T°
• Prediction of dissatisfaction :Draught rating (DR)
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Solution: correct zoning and air distributionGOOD BAD
1
2
3
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Solution: correct sizing of the diffusers
Low velocity
Highvelocity
Cold feet
How to avoid draft :
• Increase air velocity by reducing size of diffuser
• Use the Coanda Effect
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Solution: correct unit for the correct application
Ground level
FXFQ-P(Class 20 to 80)
2,7 m
FXZQ2,7 m
FXFQ-P(100 & 125)
3,2 m
Distance to wallmini 1,5 m
Ceiling height (m)
Distance to wallmini 1,5 m
FXCQMini 2,7 mMaxi 3m
2,73
3,2
NEW
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Ground level
FXUQ2,7 m
FXKQMini 2,7 mMaxi 3 m
Distance to wallmini 1,5 m
Ceiling height (m)
FXUQ100 & 125
3,2 m
FXHQmaxi 3,8 m
FXLQFree Volume above 1,7 m
FXNQFree Volume above 1,7 m
Ideal 3,5 m
Solution: correct unit for the correct application
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360 radial round flow: enables
uniform air flow distribution
5 possible angles from 0 to 60°
30° for cooling mode
45° for heating
NEW
Solution: correct unit for the correct application
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Problem 5: bad Indoor Air QualityDiscomfort may occur when :
• Lack of fresh air
• Lack of filtration
• Lack of maintenance of filters
The ventilation system in my building doesn’t
provide me the expected comfort
Perceived air quality
Dis
satis
fied
pers
ons
(%)
1 Decipol is corresponding to the contamination produced by one standard person under a ventilation airflow of 10 l/s of fresh air not contaminated.
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Solution: fresh air equipment and correct filters
1) Standard : prefilter G3 2) Option : High efficiency filter F6
• VAM / VKM
1
2
Heat exchanger
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Solution: maintenance of the filters
• In industrial city, an AHU / VAM accumulates up to 7Kg of dust/ y
Pay attention to filter access when installing.
Once a year, clean the long life filter (VAM example)
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Problem 6: noise Sound
pressureSound
pressure level
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Sound pressure & sound power
Sound pressure
Sound power
Sound pressure Sound power
The sound pressure that we hear is dependant on the distance from the source and the acoustic environment in which sound waves are present
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Noise rating NR: a more realistic acoustic notionThe sensitivity of the human ear is variable according to the frequency
Sou
nd p
ress
ure
leve
l (dB
)
Threshold of pain
Frequency
Threshold of audibility
Sou
nd p
ress
ure
Lp (
dB)
Frequency (Hz)
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1.5
m25
Sou
nd
pres
sure
le
vel d
B(A
)*
28
29
31
32
33
35
Class 20
Class 20
Class 20
Class 32
Class 20, 25
Class 25
Class 71, 40
*At low ventilation
Solution: correct unit for the correct application
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Solution: Optimize the noise level of some Daikin IU
FXMQ
FXZQProblem Noise increase if pattern Solution Adapt air flow setting
FXAQProblem Gurgling
Solution: New expansion valve
FXLQ Problem Noise for HotelsSolution New expansion valve
Do not use if Noise is 1 of the biggest issues
Install the unit in a technical room
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Solution: special LNOP function
• Setting a low operating sound level (OU) for night time
When the ambient temp. becomes highest, the hour is set to be 2:00PM
8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00
100
0
50
Ca
pa
cit
y
%L
oa
d
%O
pe
rati
on
so
un
d
d
BA
58
50
Max. - 8dBA ( 10HP)
start stop
8 hours 10 hours
(initial setting)
Mode 1: AutomaticThe low noise operating mode is activated 8 hours after the recorded peak day time temp., and will run for 10 hours
Mode 2: ManualExact start and stop time from external time clock or other device
Mode 3: CombinedCombination of either of the above modes
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General guideline for optimal comfort
Temperature control :•Ambient temperature from 20 to 28°C•Sensor Representative location
Humidity control :•If too low, evaporation increases Mini 35%•If too high, molds generation Maxi 65%
Air movement :•Air velocity V < 0,2 m/s•Turbulence avoid by correct location of IU
Air cleaning :•Filtration Minimum air filtration required•Maintenance clean/change filter regularly
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B. Golden rules of energy
• What do we consume?
• How to improve ?– Optimize thermal loads– Daikin optimized energy consumption
• Energy performance of buildings directive
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What do we consume ?
• Example of building applications
Electrical consumption in small office building
Electrical consumption in big office building
Air treatment = 41%Cooling
Fans, pumpsLightingEquipmentsKitchenMiscellaneous
CoolingFans, pumpsHumidificationLightingEquipmentsKitchenMiscellaneous
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Optimized load
• Decrease sun effect :
– By external protections– By internal protections– Double glazing (20% reduction)– Adequate orientation– Insulate the walls
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Inverter technology
5%
100%
C a
p a
c i
t y
C
o n
t r
o l
LoadHigh
Low
Smooth control
NONNON
INV NONNON
INV
(30 HP)
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EER at 100% CR High COP
4,043,88
3,783,62
4,023,94
3,84 3,773,60 3,56 3,49
3,35
3,67 3,593,69
3,833,72
3,61
3,37 3,36
3,80 3,78
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
HP
EE
R c
oo
lin
g
Daikin High COP
Melco PUHY
VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version
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EER at 50% connection ratio High COP
5,19
5
4,85
4,65
5,18
5,044,94
4,82
4,654,56
4,5
4,4
4,17
3,71
4,43
4,25
4
4,33
4,2
3,82
3,683,76
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
HP
EE
R c
oo
lin
g
Daikin High COP
Melco PUY
VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version
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Remote controller
• Schedule time integrated-Adapt operation to your presence
-Decrease energy when no activity
-Program when set mode
• Adapt temperature to your own comfort evaluation
-Each °C lower on the set point in cooling mode 8% more consumption.
-Each °C upper on the set point in heating mode 5 to 7% more consumption.
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Conclusion
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
£/m² of gross floor area/annum
VAV
Chilled beam
4 pipe fancoil system
2 pipe fancoil system
VRV Heatrecovery
VRV Heatpump
Running costs
Source: UK Construction Benchmarks Property (2004), Franklin Andrews
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• Objective : Improvement of Energy Performance of Buildings BUT
taking into account:• Thermal comfort in winter and summer conditions• Air quality• Visual comfort
• Date of compliance : 04 January 2006
Note: EPD does not impose to use CEN procedures.No delay is allowed when certain CEN procedures are not available Risk of wide range of national procedures.
Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC
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• Methodology of calculation is done on national or regional level
•Based on following general framework:
(a) Thermal characteristics of the building(b) Heating installation and hot water supply, including insulation
characteristics(c) Air-conditioning installation(d) Ventilation(e) Built in lighting installation(f) Position and orientation of buildings, including outdoor climate(g) Passive solar systems & solar protection(h) Natural ventilation(I) Indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate
Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC
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• Positive influence of the following aspects shall be taken into account(a) Heating and electricity systems based on renewable energy sources (e.g. solar)(b) Electricity produced by CHP(c) District or block and cooling systems(d) Natural lighting
Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC