Goat Care and Management

7/31/2019 Goat Care and Management

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GOAT CARE AND

MANAGEMENT

IRSHAD A

COLLEGE OF VETERINARY ANDANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY.

KERALA

INDIA


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GOAT CARE AND MANAGEMENT

Goat care and managementdepend on the animal's age,

health, nutrition and pregnancy

status, as well as production

needs, the environment, and

facilities. The young kid has

needs for basic care very

different from the older, maturegoat.


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Goats are bred and maintained

for

milk

milk products, meat, brush

control, mohair,

cashmere, skins for leather,

commercial

antibody production, packing

companionship.


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Worldwide, there are more

460 million goats producing

4.5 million

tons of milk and 1.2 million

tons of meat.

As browsers, goats utilize

land too rough in terrain for

sheep and cattle.

Goat milk is digested than

cow milk.


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valued for the elderly, sick,

infants, and those with

allergic reactions to cow milk.

Many goats provide multiple

uses, milk for homeconsumption and offspring for

meat, or, in the case of fiber

goats, brush control and meatproduction in addition to

mohair or cashmere.


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GOAT HOUSING

provided with simple shelter

protect from rain or snow in

winter and from heat in

summer.

There are two main housing

types, which include

confinement

(intensive) and loose, dry lot

or pasture systems

(extensive).

A combination of housing


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The housing should allow

groups of milking does,

dry(non-lactating) does,

newborn kids, growing kids,

and bucks to be housed apartfrom each other.


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Confinement housing -a few animals are tetheredduring the day and put into a protective shelter at

night.

Extensive-the flock/herd grazes over large areasof marginal land unsuited to agriculture. The flock

is usually shut into a yard at night.

Intensive- animals are confined to yards and

shelters and feed is brought to the flock. offers thegreatest protection for the flock from both

predators and parasites. also increase labour and

the capital investment required for facilities.

t 4 t


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ouse or to 4 s eep-goats nintensive dairy production.


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Slats shall be 70 to 100mm wide, 25 to 30mm thick

and laid with 25mm spaces. Individual lambingpens should be 1.5m depending on the weight of

the ewe and number of lambs expected.

A feed trough of 0.3 to 0.4m deep front to back andhave a 0.5 to 0.6m high front wall facing the feed

alley . Areas of high rainfall it may be desirable to

keep the animals off the ground.

Stilted houses with a slatted floor which is raised 1to 1.5m above the ground to facilitate cleaning and

the collection of dung and urine.


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Milking can be facilitated

by providing a platform

along the feeding fence

where the animals can

stand while being milked

from behind. Such a

platform should be 0.8m

deep and elevated 0.35 to

0.5m above the floor

where the milker stands.


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FENCING

Woven wire, called 'wire net' in some

areas, represents the most common

conventional goat fence.

Posts can be either wood or steel are set

usually one rod apart, frequently closer, with

care taken that a post be set at all abrupt

changes in grade. Relatively flat terrain is

best for a tight installation.

Barbed wire fencing for goats

Electrical fencing for goats holds promise. It

is fairly new, but expanding rapidly


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FEEDING

Goats require energy, protein, vitamins,

minerals, fiber (bulk) and water.

Energy (calories) is the most limiting

nutrient, protein is the most expensive.

Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances of

vitamins and minerals lead to various

health problems.

Fiber maintain a healthy rumenenvironment and prevent digestive

disturbances.

Water is the cheapest feed ingredient and


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As a general rule of thumb,

goats will consume at least

3% of their body weight on a

dry matter basis in feed.


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REQUIRMENTS

Animal Protein Energy

Bucks 11% CP 60% TDN Dry doe 10% CP 55% TDN

Late gestation 11% CP 60% TDN

Lactation (avg. milk) 11% CP 60% TDN

Lactation (high milk) 14% CP 65% TDN

Kid (30 lbs, >.4 lbs/day) 14% CP 68% TDN

Yearlings (60 lbs.) 12% CP 65% TDN


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Goats are natural browsers and have the

unique ability to select plants when they areat their most nutritious state.

PASTURE

Pasture and browse are usually the primary

and most economical source of nutrients for

meat goats. Pasture tends to be high in

energy and protein when it is in a vegetativestate. it has a high moisture content, and it is

difficult for a high-producing doe or fast-

growing kid to eat enough grass to meet its

FEED


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As pasture plants mature, palatability

and digestibility decline it is important torotate pastures to keep plants in a

vegetative state.

During the early part of the grazingseason, browse (woody plants, and

brush) and forbs (weeds) tend to be

higher in protein and energy than

ordinary pasture


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HAY

primary source of nutrients for goats

during the winter or non-grazingseason.

moderate source of protein and energy

for goats. Legume hays alfalfa, clover,

lespedeza tend to be higher inprotein, vitamins and minerals,

especially calcium

The energy, as well as protein content

of hay depends upon the maturity of the

forage

curing and storage is also necessary to

maintain nutritional quality.


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Silage

Made from forage or grain crops has

been successfully fed to goats Moldy silage can cause listeriosis or

"circling disease" in goats. As with fresh

forage, the high-producing goat cannot

consume enough "wet" silage to meetits nutritional needs.

Silage is typically fed on large farms,

due to the need for storage and

automated feeding equipment.


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There are two types of concentrate feeds: carbonaceous

and proteinaceous. Carbonaceous concentrates or "energy" feeds include the

cereal grains corn, barley, wheat, oats, milo, and rye

and various by products feeds, such as fat, soybean hulls

and wheat middlings. It is not necessary to process grainsfor goats unless they are less than six weeks of age.

problems with cereal grains is that they are high in

phosphorus content, but low in calcium. Feeding a diet that

is high in phosphorus and low in calcium can cause urinary

calculi (kidney stones) in wethers and bucks. Inadequate

calcium can lead to milk fever in pregnant or lactating does.

Concentrates (grain)


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Proteinaceous concentrates

"protein supplements" may be of animal or plant

origin and include soybean meal, cottonseed meal,and fish meal. Ruminant-derived meat and bone

meal may not be fed to goats.. Protein quantity is

more important than protein quality (amino acid

content) in ruminant livestock since the

microorganisms in the rumen manufacture their

own body protein.

Goats do not store excess protein; it is burned asenergy or eliminated (as nitrogen) by the kidneys.

am ns an m nera s


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am ns an m nera s

The most important are salt, calcium, and

phosphorus. The ratio of calcium tophosphorus should be kept around 2:1.

Vitamins are need in small amounts. Goats

require vitamins A, D and E, whereas vitamin

K and all the B vitamins are manufactured in

the rumen.


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Coccidiostats and antibiotics can also be

added to the mineral mix or supplement.

Water

Goats should have ad libitum access to

clean, fresh water at all times. A mature

goat will consume between to 1

gallons of water per day. Inadequate water

intake can cause various health problems.In addition water and feed intake are

positively correlated.

ew orn s an o os rum


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ew orn s an o os rumManagement

kids depend on the immunoglobulins

absorbed from colostrum for protectionfrom infectious agents in their environment.

If kids are not suckling on their

dams,colostrum to be provided within thefirst 24 hours of birth

kids should be fed a minimum of 4 ounces,

but preferably 12-2ounces, of high qualitycolostrum by bottle or esophageal tube

within the first few hours after birth.


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A milk replacer should contain a

minimum of 20 percent crude protein and 20

percent fat on a dry matter basis. Acid

detergent fiber should be a maximum of 1

percent. The milk replacer should dissolve

readily in water and stay in solution.

G i Kid


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Growing Kids

Kids should be started on solid foods early to be

ready for weaning beginning about 8 weeks ofage.

Kid starter should be palatable, easily digested,and high in digestible.

protein. Rations should allow for bodyweight

gains between 0.3 to 0.5 pounds per day,

depending upon the breed.


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Kid starter should contain 16-18percent crude

protein. Cottonseed contains a component called

gossypol, which is toxic to kids.

Good quality alfalfa hay or high quality pastureisthe best forage choice for kids, and should be

soft stemmed and palatable with a crude protein

of at least 20 percent and a totaldigestible nutrient

content (TDN) of at least 54 percent on a drymatter basis.

Kids may be weaned as early as possible.


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Dry Does, Fiber Goats, and Bucks At the end

of lactation, does be fed an all forage diet, which will provide the

necessary nutrients for maintenance fetal growth.

As compared to the ration of the milking doe,

reduction in both nutrient quality and quantity will

help stop milk production. For adult dairy, meat,

or fiber goats, maintaining body condition and

health are the primary goals of a feedingprogram.

on- ac a ng oes an row ng


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on- ac a ng oes an row ngYearling Does

Between breeding and kidding, does

should be on a high forage diet, aslong as their protein, energy,

mineral, and other nutrient levels are

met for their age and growth

requirements.

A few weeks prior to kidding, the

does can be gradually reintroduced

to grain feeding

The total intake of calcium

phosphorous, and potassium duringthis time is critical.


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Excessive mineral quantities will

predispose the doe to metabolicdisorders, such as milk fever.

Metabolic disorders may lead to otherhealth problems such as retained

placenta, dystocia, or prolapsed uterus.


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Kidding and Lactation

Rapid changes in diet at kidding shouldbe avoided.

If the doe is fed a total mixed ration,

feeding long stem hay with it will help

stimulate feed intake.

B di M t


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Breeding Management

Seasonal breeders

Flushing (3-4 wks prior to introduction of bucksBCS:5and 6)

Pecking order ( 2 to 3 weeks)

Avoid over fed bucks

Deworming

Trimming hooves

Vaccinations

Breed a female goat as soon as she is 7 to 10 months

old, regardless of size and weight.

A doe kid should be at 70 to 75% of her mature weight

before breeding.

P g t d


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Pregnant does

Body condition score of 7 or below

Does should not be dewormed duringthe first 20 to 60 days of pregnancy

because the stress associated with

handling and deworming may cause the

animal to abort . Dewormed 2 to 3 weeks prior to

kidding or at kidding

Kidding Management


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Kidding Management

Supplement your does with a

concentrate or hay, feed it at night Well drained floor and put in a pack of

clean, dry straw.

kidding box (paper towels, a roll not one

or two towels, 7% tincture of iodine, adipping cup, lubricating gel, a small box

for jewelry, a flashlight, an aspirator for

a child, scissors, OB loop and the local

vet's phone number.)

Cleaning the kid.

Trim the navel to about 3 inches and

dip it in the 7% iodine.

Nutrition of Newborn Kids


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Nutrition of Newborn Kids

Colostrums feeding within the first

hour -hour after birth. Make a "creep" area in the pen for kids

Dis-bud kids at 1 to 2 weeks of age

depending on the horn growth.

BODY CONDITION SCORING CHART


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BODY CONDITION SCORING CHART

BCS 1 Extremely

thin.Extremely thin and weak, near death.

BCS 2 Extremely

thin.Extremely thin but not weak.

BCS 3 Very thin. All ribs visible. Spinous processes prominent and very sharp. No fat cover

felt with some muscle wasting.

BCS 4 Slightly thin. Most ribs visible. Spinous processes sharp. Individual processes can be

easily felt. Slight fat cover can be felt over the eye muscle.

BCS 5 Moderate. Spinous processes felt but are smooth. Some fat cover felt over eye muscle.

BCS 6 Good. Smooth look with ribs not very visible. Spinous processes smooth and

round. Individual processes very smooth, felt with considerable pressure.

Significant fat cover felt over eye muscle.

BCS 7 Fat. Ribs not visible, spinous process felt under firm pressure. Considerable fat

felt over eye muscle.

BCS 8 Obese. Animal is very fat with spinous processes difficult to feel. Ribs can not be

felt. Animal has blocky obese appearance.

BCS 9 Extremely

obese.

Similar to an eight but more exaggerated. Animal has deep patchy fat over

entire body.

Recommendation


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Recommendation

End of pregnancy 5 to 6 Start of breeding season 5 to 6

Animals should never have a body condition

score of 1 to 3 .

Pregnant does should not have a body

condition score of 7 or above toward the endof pregnancy because of the risk of

pregnancy toxemia.


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Reproductive Aspects - SummaryFEMALE

Age of puberty 7-10 monthsBreeding weight 60-75% of adult weightEstrous cycle

Length 18-22 daysDuration 12-36 hoursSigns Tail wagging, mounting, bleating

Ovulation 12 to 36 hrs from onset of standing heatGestation length 146-155 daysBreeding season August-JanuarySeasonal anestrous February-JulyBuck effect on estrous PositiveMALE

Age of puberty 4-8 monthsBreeding age 8-10 monthsBreeding season All year

HEALTH


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HEALTH

To improve the herd's productivity

through general husbandry, nutritionmanagement, parasite control,

vaccination, and environmental

management.

Careful recordkeeping Appropriate rations and provide shelter

Hooves must be trimmed regularly

Feed ammonium chloride along with

grain prevent formation of calculi. A constant source of fresh water.

Test for brucellosis and tuberculosis

annually.

Develop a herd health program.


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Weaned Kids

Examined for intestinal parasites one month after weaning. Polled kids -rechecked for any genital abnormalities.

Feet must be trimmed before kids are turned out.

Examine for polioencephalomalacia, for any kid with

neurologic signs, such as blindness or opisthotonos. Bucks

Vaccines and parasite treatments

. Bucks must be given plenty of exercise.

Feet must be trimmed at least four times yearly. Before the breeding season, bucks must have adequate

body condition and should be examined for genital

abnormalities.

Signs and control of Disease


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Signs and control of Disease

Separate sick animals from the herd and provide

appropriate treatments.

Remove dead animals immediately and compost or

burn the carcass.

Examine aborted goats and submit to a veterinarian

for necropsy if needed. Trim feet on regular basis to minimize risk of footrot

or other foot deformities.

Adopt mastitis control measures. Avoid handling of goats in case zoonotic disease is

suspected, especially Orf, Toxoplasmosis .


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Feed adequate colostrum to kids in the first 82

hours of birth Disinfect the navel at birth with tincture of Iodine .

Administer preventative medicine to 2 week old

kids Vaccinate does during dry period for passing

maximum maternal antibodies to the kids.

Pastures are the major source of internal parasite

infestation.

Closed confining in barns or overcrowding is main

reason.

Pereventive measures


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Pereventive measures

Provide clean, dry and draught free environment

Provide drainage from the yard

Control rats, mice and insects

Provide fresh and clean water

Clean waterers weekly

during summer avoid overcrowding ,minimize transport and handling stress Provide ventilation in barns

Keep record of all treatments

Record mortalities

Follow withdrawal times

Cull goats with frequent treatments

Record vaccinations and dewormings

Record breeding and kidding data

General Deworming Schedule


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General Deworming Schedule

Before turning goats onto a new spring

pasture. Several weeks after turning onto a

pasture.

Early winter (broad spectrummedication)

Another deworming may be necessary

during long winters.

Detection and Monitoring


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Detection and Monitoring

Regular fecal examinations and veterinarian

consultation Fecal material attached to the hind end, no weight

gains or gains at levels less than expected ,pale gums

and conjunctiva are clear signs of parasitic infestation.

Eye membrane colour matching with FAMACHA cardfor diagnosing anemia

Examine withers and brisket/shoulder area to find

biting and sucking lice respectively.

Papules, pustules, wheals and ulcer formation indicate

tick presence.

Pruritic nodules on the head, and dermatitis around

eyes, ears, neck, thorax, inner thighs and udder aresi ns of man e scabies .

Castration and Disbudding/Dehorning


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Castration and Disbudding/Dehorning

Avoid strong flavour in the meat, to

avoid odors, Control aggressive behavior in male

goats

Avoid injuries to the herdmates, to the

owner, and, Kids from polled parentsare likely polled and do not require

Disbudding.

vaccination


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vaccination

For prevention only.

No vaccines approved for goats. The vaccines approved for sheep and cattle can be used

for goats off label with a veterinary prescription.

Vaccines in Common Use

Caseous D-T: overeatingVaccines in Common Use

Caseous D-T: overeating disease (type D),lumps/abscesses (Caseous Lymphadenitis)

and tetanus. Vision CD-T: overeating disease/enterotoxaemia (type

C&D) and tetanus.


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Case-Bac:or Caseous lymphadinitis(CLA or abscesses ).

Tasvax 7 or Vision 7 (7 way vaccine): overeating diseaseand/or enterotoxaemia (type

C & D), tetanus, black leg, malignant edema, infectiousnecrotic hepatitis (black

disease) and lamb dysentery. Covexin 8 or Tasvax 8 (8 way vaccine): overeating

disease or enterotoxaemia (type C

& D), tetanus, black leg, malignant edema, infectious

necrotic hepatitis (black disease), lamb dysentery, and baciliary haemoglobinuria.

It is important to keep epinephrine or antihistamine on hand

as some adverse reactions


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may occur after giving vaccine to the goats.

Vaccination Schedule for EnterotoxaemiaandTetanus

Breeding or mature does: 4-6 weeks before kidding,

annually.

Kids: If breeding does were vaccinated 4-6 weeks beforekidding then kids should get their first shot at 8 weeks of

age. If not ,first shot by 2 weeks of age ,booster shot 4

weeks after first shot ,2nd booster 6 months after their

first shot.

Vaccination schedule for sheep and goats-


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Vaccination schedule for sheep and goats Sr.No Name of Disease Time Table

Primary vaccination Regular Vaccination1. Anthrax At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb Once Annually(In Affected area

only)2. Haemorrhagic

Septicemia (H.S.)At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb Once AnnuallyBefore monsoon

3. Enterotoxaemia At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb (Ifdam is vaccinated) At the age of 1st

week for kid or lamb (If dam is not

vaccinated)

Before monsoon (Preferably in

May) Booster vaccination after

15 days of first vaccination.

4. Black Quarter(B.Q) At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb Once Annually(Beforemonsoon)

5. P.P.R. At the age of 3 month for kid or lamb &above

Once in three years

6. Foot & mouthdisease(F.M.D.) At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb &above Twice in a year (September &March)

7. Sheep Pox At the age of 3 month & above for lamb Once Annually (Decembermonth)

8. Goat Pox (Vaccine isnot available in

Maharashtra)At the age of 3 month & above for Kid Once Annually(December

month)

Cleaning of a goat barn


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Cleaning of a goat barn.

The walks and yard cleared of

manure and debris on a dailybasis. The walks and grass are

washed with a mixture of Listerine

mouthwash, Dawn dish soap, and

ammonia. The Listerine killsbacteria, Dawn dish soap controls

insects, and the ammonia

fertilizes the yard.


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1) remove all straw from the floors,

2) Wash the barn floor and rubber matbeds with a mixture of Listerine

mouthwash and Dawn dish soap.

3) After the barn is completely dry add

clean straw. replace clean barn matsand use a large base of straw in barn

because straw will protect the joints of

the goats and pulls urine away from

them where they lay.

Baby Care


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Baby Care

The general rule in feeding colostrum is to give 5 percent

of body weight (or 6 - 8 ounces) within the first 6 hours ofbirth

(as much of this as possible within the first hour) and 24

- 30 ounces within the first 24 hours.

The mother continue to produce colostrum for about 18hours after delivery, but beyond 12- 15 hours, the gut of

the newborn has pretty well lost its ability to absorb the

beneficial contents of colostrum.


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If you are unable to obtain any

colostrum from the mother, the freezer,the neighbor's cow or any other source,

you can buy powdered (or in bolus

form) colostrum from better feed stores.

IDENTIFICATION


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IDENTIFICATION

Tattooing - This is the preferred

method of permanent identificationThesmall sized tattoo plier works best on

goats, especially goat kids.

The numbers will grow bigger along

with the kids ear as it grows.


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Eartagging

Try to avoid using metal tags as theyinfect easily.

avoid using tags that must be applied

along the edge of the ears as goats like

to bite each others ears and ingrabbing these tags may rip the goats

ear.

marketing


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marketing

price for chevon/mutton has risen from

Rs 60 per kg to Rs 130-160 per kg overa decade

huge expected increase in the demand

for meat in developing countries.

slowly moving from extensive tointensive system of management for

commercial production.


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The commercial goat farmers can earn

best profit by producing and marketingpure breed goats and festive sale

during Eid.

Small size modern slaughter houses

need to be established near the

production centres.


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In Dashara fest honoring the goddess

Durga. Goats generally slaughteredfrom the 7th to the 10th day of the

holiday after which families meet

together and celebrate with curried goat

while receiving family blessings.

Female goats not acceptable for this

holiday. Relatively tender male goats

are generally used.


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QUESTIONS....???????????

Sreerag Jayan K S


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Documents

Goat Care and Management