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ATP
Adenosine triphosphate- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy.
Consists of adenine, Ribose, and three phosphate groups.
ADP- adenosine diphosphate, it looks like ATP but has two phosphates instead of three.
When a cell has energy available it stores the energy by adding a phosphate to ADP.
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ADP ATP
Energy
EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partiallychargedbattery
Fullychargedbattery
Section 8-1
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
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ADP ATP
Energy
EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partiallychargedbattery
Fullychargedbattery
Section 8-1
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)
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Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
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GlucoseGlycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and FADH2 Electron
Transport Chain
Mitochondrion
Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Section 9-1
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Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
NADH holds electrons to be transferred to other molecules. By doing this it helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.
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Glucose
To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
2 Pyruvic acid
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Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation-releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without oxygen present.
Alcoholic Fermentation- Yeasts and microorganisms form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste.
Lactic Acid Fermentation- pyruvic acid accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.. It Regenerates NAD so that glycolysis can continue
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Flowchart
Section 9-2
Glucose(C6H1206)
+Oxygen
(02)
GlycolysisKrebsCycle
ElectronTransport
Chain
Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
+Water(H2O)
Cellular Respiration
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Aerobic Respiration
Uses Oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria
Krebs Cycle- 2nd stage of cellular respiration that break pyruvic acid down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions.
The 1st compound formed is citric acid so Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle.
Electron Transport Chain- also takes place in the mitochondria . It uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP.
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Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane Space
Mitochondrion
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The Totals
Krebs cycle and Electron Transport chain enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen.
So total amount is 36 ATP’s
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Heterotroph or Autotroph
Autotrophs- organisms such as plants that make their own food.
Heterotroph- organisms like animals obtain energy food that they consume.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen.
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6+ 6O2
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Light and Pigments
Pigments- light absorbing molecules that plants use to gather the sun’s energy.
Chlorophyll- the plants principal pigment.
Two Types.
Chlorophyll –a and Chlorophyll-b.
Carotene- red and orange pigments that some plants contain.
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Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
V B G YO R
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Section 8-2
Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption
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Chloroplast
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast
Thylakoids-saclike photosynthetic membrane. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana(plural) or granum(singular).
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems.
Photosystems- light collecting units of the chloroplast 2 types
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Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2
Section 8-2
Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products
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Chloroplast
Light
O2
Sugars
CO2
Light-Dependent Reactions
CalvinCycle
NADPH
ATP
ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast
Section 8-3
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
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Light dependent reactions
Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes
Light dependent reactions require energy from light to produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
ATP Synthase- enzyme or protein that binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.
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HydrogenIon Movement
Photosystem II
InnerThylakoidSpace
ThylakoidMembrane
Stroma
ATP synthase
Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation
Chloroplast
Section 8-3
Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
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Light independent reactions or The Calvin Cycle
Takes place in the stroma.
The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions and 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6 carbon sugar molecule.
Plants use the glucose to make a polysaccharide called cellulose.
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Chloroplast
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated
Sugars and other compounds
6-Carbon SugarProduced
Section 8-3
Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle
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Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place intakes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Light-dependentreactions
Calvin cycle
Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from
sunlight
ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energysugars
Section 8-3
Concept Map
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
ATP Formation
Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
Calvin Cycle
ATP activity
Interactive test
For links on Calvin cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3082.
For links on photosynthesis, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3083.
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