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12

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X¡d‘odo{V g{#mÝË¶ Z ñdmoÚmoJ§ ZañË¶OoV² &AZwÚ‘oZ H$ñV¡b§ {Vboä¶: àmáw‘h©{V &&8&&

[X¡d‘² Ed B{V g{#mÝË¶ Za: ñdmoÚmoJ§ Z Ë¶OoV² & AZwÚ‘oZ {Vboä¶: V¡b§ H$: àmáw‘² Ah©{V ?]

AÝd¶aMZm - gm{hË¶aMZm {ÛYm nÚm JÚm M& Jo¶m N>ÝXmod¥Îm~Õm nÚaMZm & AmXm¡ H$V¥©nX§ nümV² H$‘©nX§ AÝVo {H«$¶mnX‘² B{V gabm H«$‘~Õm JÚaMZm & A¶§ nXH«$‘: nÚo Z Ñí¶Vo & AV: H$Xm{MV² nÚ§ Xþ~mo©Y§ ^d{V & nÚñ¶ nX{d^mJ§ H¥$Ëdm {dH$sUm©{Z nXm{Z g§¶moÁ¶ nwZ: gabH«$‘oU H¥$Vm aMZm Zm‘ AÝd¶: & AW©~moYñ¶ gab§ gmYZ§ Zm‘ AÝd¶: & AZwdmXmW©‘{n bm^Xm¶H$: AÝd¶mä¶mg: & ¹${MV² nÚo ¶o eãXm: Z dV©ÝVo VmZ² H$ën{¶Ëdm AW©nyUm© dmŠ¶aMZm ^d{V & nÚñW§ {H«$¶mnX‘² ApÝdî¶ H$: H$Vm©, qH$ H$‘© B{V àíZmZ² H¥$Ëdm AÝd¶: H$aUr¶: & ¶Wm- bmo^m{dï>mo Zamo {dÎm§ drjVo Z Vw gL²>H$Q>‘² & Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V ‘mOm©amo Z VWm bJwS>mh{V‘² &&

¶Wm bmo^m{dï>: Za: {dÎm§ drjVo, gL²>H$Q>§ Vw Z drjVo VWm ‘mOm©©a: Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V, bJwS>mh{V§ Vw Z ní¶{V &

2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

qH$ XÎm‘² qH$ H$Vw©‘²? {H$‘W©‘² ?H$Um©¡ XÎmm¡ lmoVw‘² ldUmW©‘²/ldUm¶Amñ¶§ XÎm‘² d³Vw‘² dMZmW©‘²/dMZm¶ K«mU§ XÎm‘² K«mUmW©‘²/

nmX¶w½‘§ XÎm‘² /{dhmam¶ZoÌo XÎmo Ðïw>‘² /Xe©Zm¶

3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A H$U©: Amñ¶‘² K«mU‘² nmX: ZoÌ‘² hñV: nmVwAm H$a: ajVw bmoMZ‘² lmoÌ‘² VwÊS>‘² Zm{gH$m MaU:

ûcmoH$: 1-1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) B©œaoU lmoVw§ qH$ XÎm‘² ? Am) Amñ¶§ H$sÑe‘² ? B) B©œaoU {dhVwª qH$ XÎm‘² ?

ûcmoH$: 2 -

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &A) Ho$ XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV ?Am) Ho$ Ho$VH$s‘² Am{OK«pÝV ?

2. gË¶§ dm AgË¶§ {bIV &A) g‚mZm: XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV &Am) fQ²>nXm: ñd¶‘² Am¶mpÝV &B) g‚mZm: Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² Am{OK«pÝV &

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M &g‚mZm:, ^«‘am:, AmJÀN>pÝV &

4. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &JwUm:, Xÿao, Am¶mpÝV &

AÌ {H$§ {H«$¶mnX‘² ? drjVo & H$: drjVo ? Za: & H$sÑe: Za: ? bmo^m{dï>: & bmo^m{dï>: Za: {H$§ drjVo ? {dÎm‘² & {H$§ Z drjVo ? gL²>H$Q>‘² & ‘mOm©a: qH$ ní¶{V ? Xþ½Y‘² & qH$ Z ní¶{V ? bJwS>mh{V‘² & AÝd¶: -

^mfmä¶mg:

13

ûcmoH$: 3 -1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) YoZd: qH$ ^w³Ëdm Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV ?Am) YoZd: Obme¶mV² qH$ {n~pÝV ?B) bmoH$‘mVa: H$m: ?

2. ûcmoH$mV² ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶o {MËdm {bIV &

3. dm³¶V: H$Vm©, H$‘© {H«$¶mnX§ M ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV YoZd: &

4. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &

bmoH$‘mVa: YoZd: ewîH$m{U V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV &

ûcmoH$: 4 - 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) ‘ZwOoZ qH$ Z H$V©ì¶‘² ?Am) ‘ZwOoZ Hw$Ì Z JÝVì¶‘² ?B) ‘ZwOoZ {H$‘² AZwgV©ì¶‘² ?


YmVw: ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝVê$n‘² ZÄm²ê$n‘²H¥$ AH¥$Ëdm

J‘²-JÀN²> JËdmCV² + g¥O² AZwËg¥Á¶

3. ûcmoH$mV² AYmoXÎmeãXmZm§ H¥$Vo g‘mZmW©H$eãX§{MËdm {bIV &J¥h‘², Xþï>:, ‘mJ©:, ñVmoH$‘², ^y[a &

ûcmoH$: 5 -1. ûcmoH$mV² ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV &

2. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {MZwV &A) fð>r- {dhñ¶/Xodñ¶ &Am) MVwWu- {dhm¶/Johm¶ &B) àW‘m- Ah‘²/H$W‘² &


A) Ho$ H$m¶ª Z àma^ÝVo ?Am) Ho$ ‘Ü¶o {da‘pÝV ?B) Ho$ àmaãY§ H$m¶ª Z n[aË¶OpÝV ?

2. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm ñVå^nyaU§Hw$éV &

ZrMm: ‘Ü¶‘m: CÎm‘m: H$m¶©‘² H$m¶©‘²

(Z n[aË¶Á¶pÝV, H$m¶m©V², Z àma^ÝVo, {da‘pÝV)

3. ûcmoH$mV² àW‘m{d^³Vo: VWm V¥Vr¶m{d^³Vo:ê$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M &

4. nXn[aM¶§ Hw$éV &

‘ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘² {da‘pÝV n[aË¶OpÝV

5.dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &àmaä¶, {d¿Z¡: &


A) ñWmZ^«ï>m: Ho$ Ho$ Z emo^ÝVo ?Am) {H$§ {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² ?

2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¡: dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &ñWmZ^«ï>m: XÝVm: Ho$em: ZIm: Zam: Z emo^ÝVo &

3. ûcmoH$mV² àW‘m{d^³Vo: ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV &


A) Za:$qH$ Z Ë¶OoV² ?Am) AZwÚ‘oZ qH$ àmáw§ Z e³¶Vo ?

2. gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm B{V {bIV &A) Za: X¡d§ g{#mÝV¶oV² &Am) Za: CÚ‘§ g{#mÝV¶oV² &B) {Vboä¶: V¡b§ àmß¶Vo &

3. A‘aH$mofnL²>p³V§ {bIV & X¡d‘², Za: &

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M &bãYw‘², Ambñ¶‘² &

5.dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &g{#mÝË¶, {Vboä¶: &

14

A C

(A¶§ g‘mZmZm§ dUm©Zm§ XrK©ê$n… gpÝY… & AV… g… gdU©XrK©gpÝY… B{V CÀ¶Vo &)

Añ‘mH$§ {^Þm{Z CƒmaUñWmZm{Z ¶y¶§ OmZrW & d¶§ gd} gh¡d {Vð>m‘…& Añ‘mH§$ nañnagmhM¶ª amoMH$‘² & ¶Xm Añ‘mgw Û¶mo… AVrd g{ÞH$f©… d{V VXm ¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§ ^d{V g… Ed gpÝY…&

Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ AmH$ma… ^d{V& ¶Wm- Z + ApñV = ZmpñV&

¶{X Amd¶mo: A{Ve{¶V: g{Þ{Y: V{h© Amd¶mo: ñWmZo EH$ma: Cn{Vð>{V & ¶Wm JU+B©e: BË¶ñ¶ CƒmaU§ JUoe: &

Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©ñ¶ n[aUm‘ê$noUÛ¶moa{n ñWmZo "AmoH$ma…' Am¶m{V & ¶Wm- bå~+CXa… B{V bå~moXa…&

Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Eo B{V gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V & ¶Wm- gXm + Ed B{V gX¡d &

Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Am¡ B{V gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V & ¶Wm- J“m+AmoK: B{V J“m¡K: &

¶Xm ‘‘ g§¶moJ… ñdaoU ^d{V (B/B© dO©{¶Ëdm) VXm ‘‘ n[adV©Z§ "¶²' B{V dU} ^d{V & ¶Wm- H$amo{‘ + Ah‘² B{V H$amoå¶h‘² &

ñdaoU gh (C/D$ dO©{¶Ëdm) g§¶moJoZ ‘‘ ñWmZo "d²' B{V dU©: Am¶m{V & ¶Wm- Ibw + EVV² B{V IëdoVV² &

Ed‘² Añ‘mH§$ {‘W: à^md: Ñí¶Vo & ¶Wm ñdagpÝY: VW¡d {dgJ©gpÝY: ì¶ÄOZgpÝY: M A{n ^dV: & gpÝYê$noU ¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z‘² Añ‘mgw ^d{V V{Ûf¶H$m: {Z¶‘m: dV©ÝVo & ¶{X VX² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§ gwðw> Z AdJV§, gpÝY{Z¶‘m: Z n{R>Vm: V{h© AWm©d~moYZ§ Z ^d{V &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & dUm©Zm§ gmhM¶©‘²&

Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ AmH$ma… ^d{V& ¶Wm- Z + ApñV = ZmpñV&

Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©ñ¶ n[aUm‘ê$noUÛ¶moa{n ñWmZo "AmoH$ma…' Am¶m{V & ¶Wm- bå~+CXa… B{V bå~+CXa… B{V bå~+CXa… B{V bå~moXa…&

¶{X Amd¶mo: A{Ve{¶V: g{Þ{Y: V{h© Amd¶mo: ñWmZo EH$ma: Cn{Vð>{V & ¶Wm JU+B©e: BË¶ñ¶ CƒmaU§ JUoe: &

Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©… B©H$mao n[aU‘Vo & ¶Wm- a{d + BÝÐ: = adrÝÐ: &Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©… B©H$mao n[aU‘Vo & ¶Wm- a{d + BÝÐ: = adrÝÐ: &

Amd¶mo… A{n D$H$ma… ^d{V &¶Wm-^mZw+CX¶: = ^mZyX¶: &

Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ G H$ma: ^d{V &¶Wm- ‘mV¥+F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² &

A

b¥

B

E

F$

Am¡

C

AmoEo

15

‘hmH${dH$m{bXmg{da{MV§ aKwd§e‘² B{V ‘hmH$mì¶§ à{gÕ‘od & VÌ n#m‘o gJ} ‘hmamOñ¶ aKmo: OrdZo K{Q>V§ àg“§ H${d: dU©¶{V & aKw: {díd{OV²-¶k‘² AH$amoV² & Apñ‘Z² ¶ko g: gdª YZ§ XmZê$noU A¶ÀN>V² [a³VH$mof: M A^dV² & VXm Ed H$m¡Ëg: Zm‘ ¶wdm N>mÌ: VÌ Am¶mV: & Jwado X{jUm§ XmVw§ g: YZ‘² EoÀN>V² & g Ed àg“: AÌ d{U©V: &

H$pñ‘¨píMV² VnmodZo daVÝVw: Zm‘ F${f: AmgrV² & g: AÜ¶mnZo {ZnwU: àH¥$Ë¶m X¶mbw: M AmgrV² & Vñ¶ Aml‘o ~hd: ‘oYm{dZ: ~Q>d: AmgZ² & Vofw H$píMV² H$m¡Ëg: Zm‘ ~Qw>: AmgrV² & {dÚmÜ¶¶Z§ g‘mß¶ JwéX{jUm§ XmVw‘wËgwH$: H$m¡Ëg: Jwé‘² CnmJÀN>V² & g{dZ¶§ M ñdñ¶ BÀN>m§ Jwado AH$W¶V² & Vñ¶ dM: lwËdm Jwé: C³VdmZ², ""dËg H$m¡Ëg, Vd AÜ¶¶ZoZ god¶m M ^¥e§ àrVmo@pñ‘ & AÝ¶m§ H$m‘{n X{jUm§ ZoÀN>m{‘ & JÀN>, ñdpñV Vwä¶‘² &'' JwéUm daVÝVwZm {Zdm[aV: A{n H$m¡Ëg: dma§dma§ X{jUm§ XmVw‘² EoÀN>V² &

VXm V§ nar{jVw§ daVÝVw: AH$W¶V² - ""Ëd¶m ‘‘ gH$memV² MVwX©e{dÚm: AYrVm: & AV: MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: AmZ¶ &'' Jwamo: dMZ§ lwËdm H$m¡Ëg: {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & "EVmdVr: gwdU©‘wÐm: Hw$V: AmZ¶m{Z ? ‘hmamO§ aKw§ {dhm¶ Z H$mo@{n EVmdVr: ‘wÐm: XmVw§ g‘W©: & AV: "aKw§ à{V JÀN>m{‘' B{V {dMm¶© H$m¡Ëg: aKmo: g‘rn‘² AJÀN>V² &

{Xp½dO¶mZÝVa§ aKw: "{díd{OV²'ZmpåZ ¶ko Aeof§ YZ§ XmZê$noU A¶ÀN>V² & [a³VhñV§ aKw§ X¥îQ‰>m H$m¡Ëg: {Zd¥Îm: & aKw: V‘² Amhÿ¶ AmJ‘Zñ¶ à¶moOZ‘² An¥ÀN>V² & VXm H$m¡Ëg: AdXV² ""aKmo, Ah§ JwéX{jUmWª MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: Jwado XmVw{‘ÀN>m{‘ & {H$ÝVw ^dmZ² nyd©‘od gd©ñdXmZ‘² AH$amoV² & AV: Ah‘² AÝ¶Ì JÀN>m{‘ &'' aKw: AdXV², ""ho H$m¡Ëg, {Vð> & ‘‘ ¶kembm¶m§ {dlm‘§ Hw$é & Ah§ {ZíM¶oZ Vd gmhmæ¶§ H$amo{‘ &''

H$m¡Ëgñ¶ Jwé^³Ë¶m à^m{dV: aKw: Hw$~oa‘mH«$mÝVw§ g‘ën‘² AH$amoV² & Hw$~oa: aKmo: ^¶mV² AmH«$‘UmV² nyd©‘od à^yVm§ gwdU©d¥{ï>‘H$amoV²& VV² X¥îQ‰>m gÝVwï>: aKw: H$m¡Ëg‘² Amhÿ¶ gdª gwdUª Vñ‘¡ XmVw‘¡ÀN>V² & {H$ÝVw {Z:ñn¥h: H$m¡Ëg: AdXV² - ""^mo: amOZ², Ah§ Ho$db§ JwéX{jUmWª MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: A{^bfm{‘ & Z dmÄN>m{‘ A{YH$‘² &''

amOm gd©ñd§ XmVw‘² EoÀN>V² {H$ÝVw ¶mMH$: A{YH$‘mXmVw§ Z Aä¶bfV² & AZoZ àg“oZ XmZeya: aKw: VWm {Z[aÀN>: H$m¡Ëg: M Ûmd{n gmHo$VOZmZm§ (A¶moÜ¶mdm{gZm§) H¥$Vo nyOZr¶m¡ A^dVm‘² &

• JwéX{jUm{df¶o

Ho$fm§ H$Wm: lwVm: ?

• Ho$ XmZdram: à»¶mVm: ?

V¥Vr¶: nmR>: & YÝ¶m¡ Vm¡ XmV¥¶mMH$m¡ &

16

gpÝYa{n {dZmoXm¶...nwam ‘hmamï´>ofw àOm{hVXj: H$mo@{n Z¥n: AmgrV² & Vñ¶ ‘{hfr g§ñH¥$V^mfmàdrUm {dXþfr M & EH$Xm Vm¡

Ob{dhmamWª {H${#mV² aå¶§ Obme¶‘JÀN>Vm‘² & ObH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Z¥n{V: ‘{hî¶m§ Ob{~ÝXÿZ² joáw§ àma^V & amkt e¡Ë¶‘² A~mYV & AV: gm b‚m¶m Z¥n§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶¡dmdXV², ""‘moXH¡$ñVmS>¶ ‘m‘²&'' Vñ¶m: VX² dMZ§ lwËdm M{H$V: amOm godH§$ gwdU©ñWmë¶m§ ‘moXH$mZmZoVw‘m{XeV² & ¶Xm g: V¡b©Kw‘YwaJmobH¡$: amkt VmS>{¶Vw‘¡ÀN>V² VXm gm pñ‘Vnyd©H$‘JXV², ""^mo amOZ², e¡Ë¶§ ‘m§ ~mYoV B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm "‘m CXH¡$: VmS>¶ ‘m‘²', Ob{~ÝXþ{^: (CXH¡$:) ‘m Ìmg¶, B{V d³VwH$m‘mg‘² &'' ^yn{Va{n Cƒ¡: h{gËdm AÛV², ""‘moXH$eãXldUoZ AÝ¶Wm J¥hrV§ ‘¶m & VoZ A¶§ n[ahmgàg“: CØÿV: &''

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &A) daVÝVw: F${f: H$sÑe: AmgrV² ? Am) H$m¡ËgoZ H${V {dÚm: AYrVm: ?B) H$m¡Ëg: H$ñ¶ {eî¶: AmgrV² ? B©) aKmo: ¶kñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ?C) H$: ñdU©d¥{ï>‘² AH$amoV² ?

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &A) daVÝVw: AÜ¶mnZo {ZnwU: & Am) aKw: H$m¡Ëgñ¶ ^³Ë¶m à^m{dV: &

3. A) g‘yhoVa§ nX§ {MZwV {bIV M &$ H$) ¶k:, H«$Vw:, gáVÝVw: daVÝVw: & I) nO©Ý¶:, dfm©, Ñ{ï>:, d¥{ï>: &J) {dk:, Ak:, A{^k:, nQw>: & K) ú‘m^¥V², ¶mMH$:, dZr¶H$:, ‘mJ©U: &L>) Hw$~oa:, ¶mJ:, YZm{Yn:, YZX: &

Am) {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & $à^yV‘², g‘rn‘² &

4. dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV &A) Ah§ ‘wÐm: Jwé§ XmVw§ EoÀN>‘² & Am) daVÝVw: H$m¡Ëg‘² AH$W¶V² &

5. nmR>mV² CH$mamÝVZm‘m{Z {deofUm{Z M {MËdm {bIV &

6. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV¡: Aì¶¶¡: H$moï>H§$ nya¶V &

nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ ËdmÝV‘² nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ ë¶~ÝV‘² hoËdW©H§$ Vw‘ÝV‘²

(CnJå¶, lwËdm, ÑîQ‰>m, Amhÿ¶, XmVw‘², AmXmVw‘², nar{jVw‘², {dhm¶, g‘mß¶)

‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘² - $¶WmH«$‘§ dXV & A) H$m¡Ëgñ¶ aKw§ à{V J‘Z‘² & Am) Jwamo: MVwX©e‘wÐmUm§ ¶mMZm &B) Hw$~oaoU H¥$Vm gwdU©d¥{ï>: & B©) aKmo: Hw$~oa-AmH«$‘Uñ¶ g‘ën: &C) H$m¡Ëgñ¶ AÜ¶¶ZoZ Jwé: àrV: &

hg>V ZÝXV !

^mfmä¶mg:

17

N>mÌm: - AmMm¶}, Z‘mo Z‘:&{e{jH$m - Z‘mo Z‘: & gwà^mV‘² & Cn{deV & gm¡a^: VZ¶: M - AmMm¶}, A{n ‘mO©¶md ’$bH$‘²?{e{jH$m: - Adí¶‘² & ‘mO©¶V‘² & gwdMZ‘{n {bIV‘² & ZraOo, dmVm¶Z‘² CÓmQ>¶ & AVrd Cî‘m ~mYVo &

A{¶ ‘¥Xþbo, ì¶OZm{Z Mmb¶ &YraO: - AmMm¶}, A{n à{dem{Z dJ©‘²?{e{jH$m - Am‘² AmJÀN> & ñWmZo Cn{de & lmÝV: Ñí¶go & {H${#mV² Ob§ {n~ &

A{¶ N>mÌm:, AYwZm Ah§ àýmZ² n¥ÀN>m{‘ & gå¶H²$ {d{MÝË¶ CÎmaV ¶y¶‘² & H$mobmhb: ‘mñVw & EH$: Ed CÎma§ dXVw &

• H¥${V:- 1. g§dmX§ n{R>Ëdm ñ’w$Q>eãXmZm‘² AW©‘² AdJÀN>V & V‘² AW©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z nR>V &

n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z & (nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX§ M)1. g:/^dmZ² ImXVw/b^Vm‘² & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ ImXVm‘²/bôVm‘²& 3. Vo/^dÝV: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&1. gm/^dVr ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo/^dË¶m¡ ImXVm‘²/bôVm‘²& 3. Vm:/^dË¶: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&1. VV² ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo ImXVm‘²/bôVm‘²& 3. Vm{Z ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&4. Ëd§ ImX/b^ñd & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXV‘²/bôWm‘²& 6. ¶y¶§ ImXV/b^Üd‘²&7. Ah§ ImXm{Z/b^¡ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd/b^mdh¡ & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘/b^m‘h¡ &

EVofw dmŠ¶ofw {d{dY{H«$¶mnXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &

• H¥${V:- 2. $H¥${Vn{ÌH$m¶m§ ¶m: {d{dYm: gyMZm: gpÝV, Vm: EH$Ì {bIV &¶Wm- JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

3. J¥ho dm nmR>embm¶m§ dm gyMZm: bmoQ²bH$mao Xr¶ÝVo, Vmgm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &¶Wm- Cn{deV, nR>V, {bIV BË¶mX¶: &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ H$adm{U?

gyMZm:

18

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &

(dY©Vm‘², Jm¶m‘, ¶ÀN>, Amamohmd, nR>Vw, VaV, IZV‘², a‘ñd, bôVm‘²)1. Aå~, ^moOZ§ & 2. g: nmR>§ &3. d¶§ JrV§ &

2. ^dmZ²/^dVr-ñWmZo Ëd§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &1. ^dmZ² AÌ Cn{deVw & 2. ^dVr ~ÝYZ§ ‘w#mVm‘² & 3. ^dVr àmW©¶Vm‘² &4. ^dmZ² erK«§ n¥ÀN>Vw & 5. ^dÝV: ^Ðm{U ní¶ÝVw & 6. ^dË¶: nmH§$ nMÝVw &

4. ¶y¶§ Obo &5. Amdm‘² Am‘«d¥j§ &6. ¶wdm§ ^yq‘ &

7. ¶wî‘mH§$ gwI§ &8. N>mÌm¡ ¶e: &9. Ëd§ ñdmÜ¶m¶o &

VV² Ëd‘² A{g &CÔmbH$: ídoVHo$Vmo: {nVm & ídoVHo$Vw: CÔmbH$ñ¶ nwÌ: &

EH$Xm {nVm CÔmbH$: nwÌ§ ídoVHo$Vw‘² An¥ÀN>V²- ""gm¡å¶, A{n VV² OmZm{g ¶ñ¶ kmZoZ gdª kmV§ ^d{V ?''nwÌ: - Z OmZm{‘, {nV: & H¥$n¶m H$W¶Vw &{nVm - ObnyUª nmÌ§ ‘w{ï>{‘V§ bdU§ M AmZ¶ & (nwÌ: VWm

H$amo{V &){nVm - Ob§ bdU§ M {‘l¶ &nwÌ: - {‘{lV§ {nV: &{nVm - AYwZm ObmV² bdU§ n¥W³Hw$é & nwÌ: - VV² H$Vwª Z eŠZmo{‘ {nV: &{nVm - AñVw & Cn[a^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV²

H$W‘² ApñV ?nwÌ: - bdU‘¶‘² ApñV, VmV &{nVm - ‘Ü¶^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV² H$W‘²

ApñV ?nwÌ: - VX² A{n bdU‘² ApñV &{nVm - Ob§ ~{h: {jßËdm AmJÀN> &nwÌ: - {jnm{‘ VmV &(Ob§ {jßËdm AmJÀN>{V){nVm - Obo bdU§ gd©Ì ì¶má§ Ibw ?nwÌ: - Am‘², VmV &{nVm - VW¡d ~«÷ OJV: H$maU‘² AV: gd©Ì ì¶má‘² & ¶Wm Ëd§

Obo ì¶má§ bdU§ Ðïw>§ Z eŠZmo{f VW¡d Ëd§ gd©Ì ì¶má§ ~«÷ Ðïw>§ Z nma¶{g & {H$ÝVw VV² gd©Ì ApñV & VXod kmVì¶‘² &

H¥${V: - JÚm§eV: bmoQ²>ê$nm{U {MZwV &

(ídoVmídVa-Cn{ZfX: A¶§ g§dmX: &)

{d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ &amKd ! ‘mYd ! grVo ! b{bVo !{d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ &Zrbo JJZo {dnwbo {d‘bo dm¶w{dhma§ H$adm‘ &&1&&

CÞVd¥j§ Vw“§ ^dZ‘² &H«$mÝËdmH$me§ Ibw ¶m‘ &H¥$Ëdm {h‘dÝV§ gmonmZ§ MpÝXabmoH§$ à{dem‘ &&2&&

ewH«$íMÝÐ: gy¶m} Jwé[a{V J«hmZ² {h gdm©Z² JU¶m‘ &{d{dYm: gwÝXaVmampíMËdm ‘m¡p³VH$hma§ aM¶m‘ &&3&&

Aå~wX‘mbm‘² Aå~a^yfm‘²AmXm¶¡d {h à{V¶m‘ &Xþ:{IV-nr{S>V-H¥${fH$OZmZm§JUofw hfª OZ¶m‘ &&4&&

-S>m°. {dídmg:, ~|Jbwê$ &

Jm¶V-ZÝXVnR>V-~moYV

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

19

boIZH$m¡eb‘²-1

{Z~ÝY§ nya¶V &1) H$m{bXmg: - "H$m{bXmg:' {eamo‘{U: Bd & Vñ¶ gm{hË¶o gáVmaH$m

Bd àH$meÝVo & VoZ Hw$‘magå^d‘², aKwd§e‘² B{V ‘hmH$mì¶o a{MVo & ‘mb{dH$m{¾{‘Ì§ {dH«$‘mod©er¶§ VWm A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb{‘{V ZmQ>H$m{Z {b{IVdmZ² & Vñ¶ ‘oKXÿV§ Zm‘ H$mì¶§ ^mfmgw AZy{XV‘² & gh Vñ¶ Z¡H$m: à{gÕm: &

(‘ÄOyfm - g§ñH¥$VH${dfw, H$Wm:, g:, gáH¥$V¶:, {d{dYmgw, Ûo, amOVo, ^moOamOoZ)

g§dmX§ nya¶V & 1) ‘mVm - A{¶ H¡$bmg, erK«‘² &

H¡$bmg: - Aå~ ! AÚ {dam‘{XZ: Ibw ! {à¶{XZ: & Ëdam ‘mñVw & ‘mVm - gËda§ XÝVYmdZ§ ñZmZm{XH§$ g‘mn¶ & AÚ ~{hJ©ÝVì¶§ Ibw &H¡$bmg: - , {H$‘Wª ~{h: ? ‘mñVw ^mo: & ‘mVm - H¡$bmg, A{n {dñ‘¥V‘² ? AÚ OÝ‘{XZ‘² & VÌ¡d JÝVì¶‘² & AV: A{dbå~§

ñZmËdm, Zd¶wVH§$ Y¥Ëdm g‚m: ^d &H¡$bmg: - ^mo: ! gË¶‘od ! {dñ‘¥V§ ‘¶m & gËda§ H$amo{‘ & ‘mV:, Cnhmaê$noU qH$ ? ‘mVm - AZÝVa§ {MÝV¶md: & Ëdañd BXmZr‘² &(‘ÄOyfm - Z¶md, ‘mV:, C{Îmð>, {nV¥ì¶ñ¶, H¥$Ëdm, ‘‘, {gÕVm§)

2) ew^‘² - Z‘ñVo lr‘Z² !> Ah§ ZmJnyaZJa§ JÝVw‘² BÀN>m{‘ & {M{Q>H$m§ Xo{h &{M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - Ho$Z JÝVw‘² BÀN>{g ?ew^‘² - "nwUo-ZmJnya-Jar~aW' aob¶mZoZ BÀN>m{‘ &{M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - Efm & qÌeV² Xo{h & ew^‘² - J¥øVm‘² & lr‘Z², EVñ¶ aob¶mZñ¶ H$: ApñV ?{M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - EVV² aob¶mZ‘² fS²>>dmXZo ZmJnyaZJa§ &ew^‘² - &

(‘ÄOyfm - nwUoZJamV², YÝ¶dmX:, ê$ß¶H$m{U, g‘¶:, JÀN>{V, JÝVw‘², aob¶mZoZ, H¥$n¶m, {M{Q>H$m, àmV:)

2) JUoemoËgd: - mÐnX‘mgñ¶ MVwW} JUoemoËgd: & VXm Z¡Ho$fw J¥hofw ñWmnZm ^d{V &

Ef: CËgd: Hw$Ì{MV² gmY£H${XZmË‘H$:, Hw$Ì{MV² n#m dm gá dm Xe {XZmË‘H$: & AZÝVa§ ‘yV}: {dgO©Z§ {H«$¶Vo & bmoH$‘mÝ¶-{VbH$-‘hmoX¶oZ gmd©O{ZH$-JUoemoËgd: AmaãY: & ^³Vm: Xþdm©L²>Hw$a¡:, nwîn¡:, {‘ï>¡:

M JUoe§ &

(‘ÄOyfm - Obme¶o, {XZo, ‘moXH¡$:, Ama^Vo, JUoe‘yV}:, nyO¶pÝV)

20

‘ÄOyfmV: ¶mo½¶eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm {MÌdU©Z§ nya¶V &1) ajm~ÝYZ‘²- {MÌ{‘X‘² & ^«mVm AmgZo

Cn{dï>: & Vñ¶ g‘rno dV©Vo & ^{JZr ajmgyÌ§ hñVo J¥hrËdm {Vð>{V & gm VV² gÿÌ§ hñVo {gÕm & ‘mVm ní¶{V &

XrnñWm{bH$m ñWm{nVm & n¥ð>V: {^{ÎmH$m{MÌ§ gwImgÝX‘² A{n Ñí¶oVo & n[aV: Am{b{IVm ApñV &

(Cnhma:, ajm~ÝYZñ¶, ~Õw§, a“d„r, AmZÝXoZ, AmgZ‘², ^«mVw:, nrR>o)

2) ~gñWmZH$‘² - EVV² {MÌ‘² & ~gñWmZHo$¶m{ÌH$m: ~g¶mZ§ àVrjÝVo & VÌ Ûo ‘{hbo, EH$m~m{bH$m, EH$: nwéf: M & {dH«o$Vm

{dH«$sUrVo & ~m{bH$m ní¶{V & nmœ} gpÝV & ‘mJ} {ÌM{H«$H$m {ÛM{H«$H$m M & EH$ñ¶m: g‘rno EH$‘² AnË¶§ {dÚVo & ‘mVm AnË¶m¶ {d‘mZ§ & (d¥jm:, {Vð>pÝV, Xe©¶{V, {dH«o$Vma§, H$H©$Q>r:, ‘{hbm¶m:, YmdV:, ~gñWmZH$ñ¶ )

ZmJnya-~gñWmZH$‘²

ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

npL²>³VÛ¶§ nR>V &1. ZmpñV {dÚmg‘mo ~ÝYw: & ZmpñV = Z + ApñV & (A + A = Am)2. Zañ¶mâU§ ê$n‘² & Zañ¶mâU§ = Zañ¶ + AmâU‘² (A + Am = Am)

nR>V AdJÀN>V !

1. gdU©XrK©gpÝY: &

A) A/Am + A/Am = Am1. Zd + A{n = Zdm{n &2. + AÌ = VWmÌ &3. boIZñ¶ + = boIZñ¶me¶: &

Am) B/B© + B/ B© = B© 1. nR>{V + B{V = nR>Vr{V &2. + Bd = ZXrd &3. n[a + = narjm &

B) C/D$ + C/D$ = D$1. Jwé + CnXoe: = Jwê$nXoe: &2. + CËgmh: = dYyËgmh: &3. + D$Om© = ^mZyOm© &

B©) F$/G + F$/G = G 1. ‘mV¥ +F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² &2. {nV¥ + = {nV¦V‘² &3. ^«mV¥ + = ^«mV¦f^: &

21

(A) Zm‘m{Z &ñdamÝVeãXmZm§ ôXm: -

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²AH$mamÝV: Xod - dZAmH$mamÝV: - ‘mbm -BH$mamÝV: H${d ‘{V dm[aB©H$mamÝV: - ZXr -CH$mamÝV: ^mZw YoZw ‘YwD$H$mamÝV: - dYy -F$H$mamÝV: A) {nV¥ Am) H$V©¥ A) ‘mV¥ Am) ñdg¥ -

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1

{MÌ‘²

AH$mamÝV: eãX: Xod: gy¶©: dmV: d¥j:g‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX: à^w: ^mZw:, ghòm§ew: dm¶w: Vé:

{MÌ‘²

AH$mamÝV:/B©H$mamÝV: eãX: {ejH$: gÎd: MÝÐ: d§erg‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX: Jwé: new: BÝXþ:, {h‘m§ew: doUþ:

gy¶©: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & gy¶©ñ¶ dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo & gy¶m©V² gd} àH$me§ b^ÝVo & gy¶ª n[aV: gd} J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & gy¶}U J«h‘ÊS>b§ emo^Vo & gy¶} AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo & gy¶©: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & gy¶m©¶ Z‘:& ho gy¶©, aj ‘m‘² &

^mZw: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & ^mZmo: dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo & ^mZmo: gd} àH$me§ b^ÝVo & ^mZw§ n[aV: gd} J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & ^mZwZm J«h‘ÊS>b§ emo^Vo & ^mZm¡ AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo & ^mZw: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & ^mZdo Z‘:& ho ^mZmo, aj ‘m‘² &

nR>V ôX‘² AdJÀN>V M &

22

^mZw (gy¶©:)- "C'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ YoZw (Jm¡:) "C'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²^mZw: ^mZy ^mZd: àW‘m YoZw: YoZy YoZd:^mZw‘² ^mZy ^mZyZ² {ÛVr¶m YoZw‘² YoZy YoZy: ^mZwZm ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZw{^: V¥Vr¶m YoÝdm YoZwä¶m‘² YoZw{^: ^mZdo ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: MVwWu YoZdo/YoÝd¡ YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶:^mZmo: ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: n#m‘r YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶: ^mZmo: ^mÝdmo: ^mZyZm‘² fð>r YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoÝdmo: YoZyZm‘²^mZm¡ ^mÝdmo: ^mZwfw gá‘r YoZm¡/YoÝdm‘² YoÝdmo: YoZwfw

ho ^mZmo ho ^mZy ho ^mZd: gå~moYZ‘² ho YoZmo ho YoZy ho YoZd:^mZwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm: - ‘Zw, AUw, {dîUw, gmYw, BÝXþ, new, dmé, à^w, Jwé BË¶mX¶: &

YoZwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm: - VZw, M#mw, a‚mw, hZw BË¶mX¶: &

‘Yw "C'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z àW‘m‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z {ÛVr¶m

‘YwZm ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yw{^: V¥Vr¶m‘YwZo ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yþä¶: MVwWu‘YwZ: ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Ywä¶: n#m‘r ‘YwZ: ‘YwZmo: ‘YyZm‘² fð>r ‘Yw{Z ‘YwZmo: ‘Ywfw gá‘r

ho ‘Ymo, ‘Yw ho ‘YwZr ho ‘Yy{Z gå~moYZ‘²‘YwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm:- dñVw, Aå~w, OmZw, Xmé BË¶mX¶: &CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z & X¶mbw, H¥$nmbw, ñZohmbw, ào‘mbw &

1. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ ¶moO¶V &

1. ‘hmXod: n{V: & (new) 2. ho , aj ‘m‘² & (à^w)3. gd} kmZ§ nyO¶pÝV & ({Okmgw) 4. Vñ‘¡ Z‘: & (Jwé)5. ZmaX: eaU§ JÀN>{V & ({dîUw) 6. H¥$frdbñ¶ g‘rno n#m gpÝV & (YoZw)7. ‘¶yañ¶ XrKm© & (M#mw) 9. ag: ‘Ywa: & (Bjw)8. {h‘mb¶ñ¶ {h‘mÀN>m{XVm{Z & (gmZw)10. nyU} ZoÌo & (Alw)

2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV &1) eå^w - eå^wZm :: {eew - & 2) YoZw - YoÝdm :: a‚mw - &3) Aå~w - Aå~y{Z :: dñVw - & 4) hZw - hZy: :: VZw - &

BÀN>mW©H$-CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z & ¶Wm-kmVw‘² BÀN>m {Okmgm & {Okmgm ¶ñ¶ ApñV g: {Okmgw: & Ed§ - nmVw‘² BÀN>m ({nnmgm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm {nnmgw:, ^mo³Vw‘² BÀN>m (~w^wjm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm ~w^wjw:, {dOoVw‘² BÀN>m ({d{OJrfm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm {d{OJrfw: & H$Vw©‘² BÀN>m ({MH$sfm©) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm {MH$sfw©: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

CH$mamÝVZm‘m{Z &

23

3 Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

Zm‘ê$n‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘² AÝV: {b“‘² {d^{³V: dMZ‘²

1. nídmo:

2. gmYm¡

3. {Okmgw{^:

4. Vê$Um‘²

5. Xmê${U

F$H$mamÝVZm‘m{Z &A) gå~ÝYdmMH$m{Z Am) YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² H$V¥© ZoV¥ hV¥© lmoV¥¶moÕ¥

XmV¥d³V¥{dYmV¥A{^ZoV¥~moÕ¥

{nV¥ (OZH$:)^«mV¥ (ghmoXa:)

Xod¥ (nË¶w: ^«mVm)Om‘mV¥ (H$Ý¶m¶m: n{V:)

‘mV¥ (OZZr)Xþ{hV¥ (H$Ý¶m)

¶mV¥ (Xodw: nËZr)ZZmÝÑ (nË¶w: ^{JZr)

• >Z¥ (‘Zwî¶:) • g{dV¥ (nw§)(gy¶©:), ñdg¥ (ór.)(^{JZr),Zá¥ (nw§.) (nm¡Ì:/Xm¡{hÌ:)

"A' àH$ma: - {nV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ ‘mV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²{nVm {nVam¡ {nVa: àW‘m ‘mVm ‘mVam¡ ‘mVa:{nVa‘² {nVam¡ {nV¦Z² {ÛVr¶m ‘mVa‘² ‘mVam¡ ‘mV¦:

{nÌm {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥{^: V¥Vr¶m ‘mÌm ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥{^:{nÌo {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: MVwWu ‘mÌo ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶:

{nVw: {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: n#m‘r ‘mVw: ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶:

{nVw: {nÌmo: {nV¦Um‘² fð>r ‘mVw: ‘mÌmo: ‘mV¦Um‘²

{nV[a {nÌmo: {nV¥fw gá‘r ‘mV[a ‘mÌmo: ‘mV¥fwho {nVa²,{nV: ho {nVam¡ ho {nVa: gå~moYZ‘² ho ‘mVa²,‘mV: ho ‘mVam¡ ho ‘mVa:

"Am' àH$ma: (YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z)YmVw: Zm‘ AW©: nw§. àW‘m E. d. ór. àW‘m E. d.

1. H¥$ H$V¥© ¶: H$amo{V & H$Vm© H$Ìu2. ö hV¥© ¶: ha{V & hVm© hÌu3.Zr-Z¶² ZoV¥ ¶: Z¶{V & ZoVm ZoÌr4. aj² a{jV¥ ¶: aj{V & a{jVm a{jÌr5. lw lmoV¥ ¶: e¥Umo{V & lmoVm lmoÌr

24

H$V¥© "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:H$Vm© H$Vm©am¡ H$Vm©a: àW‘m

H$Vm©a‘² H$Vm©am¡ H$V©¦Z² {ÛVr¶m

ho H$V©:, ho H$V©a² ho H$Vm©am¡ ho H$Vm©a: gå~moYZ‘²V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ eãXê$nm{U {nV¥dV² ^dpÝV & Ed‘² Ed "Am'àH$maH$mUm§ eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &"Am' àH$maH$mUm§ ór{b“eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ZXrdV² ^dpÝV & ¶Wm - H$Ìu "B©'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:H$Ìu H$Í¶m£ H$Í¶©: àW‘mH$Ìu‘² H$Í¶m¡© H$Ìu: {ÛVr¶m ho H${Ì© ho H$Í¶m£ ho H$Í¶©: gå~moYZ‘²

1. {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V & - JUoeñ¶ Hw$Qw>å~‘² &1) eL²>H$a: JUoeñ¶ ------& ({nV¥)2) nmd©Vr JUoeñ¶ -------& (‘mV¥)3) H$m{V©Ho$¶: JUoeñ¶ ------& (^«mV¥)4) -----(‘mV¥) nmd©Ë¶m: AmXoe‘² EVm¡ -----nmb¶V: & (^«mV¥)5) ‘mVm‘hñ¶ {h‘mb¶ñ¶ EVm¡ AmXem¡© ------ & (ZßV¥)

(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &

àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z VX², ¶X², EVX², BX‘², ^dV²‘Ü¶‘nwéfdmMH$‘² ¶wî‘X²CÎm‘nwéfdmMH$‘² Añ‘X²

àýmW©H$‘² {H$‘²"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ nw§{b“‘² "BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ ór{b“‘²

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

A¶‘² B‘m¡ B‘o àW‘m B¶‘² B‘o B‘m:B‘‘²/EZ‘² B‘m¡/EZm¡ B‘mZ²/EZmZ² {ÛVr¶m B‘m‘²/EZm‘² B‘o/EZo B‘m:/EZm:AZoZ/EZoZ Amä¶m‘² E{^: V¥Vr¶m AZ¶m/EZ¶m Amä¶m‘² Am{^:

Añ‘¡ Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: MVwWu Añ¶¡ Amä¶m‘² Amä¶:Añ‘mV² Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: n#m‘r Añ¶m: Amä¶m‘² Amä¶:Añ¶ AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efm‘² fð>r Añ¶m: AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgm‘²

Apñ‘Z² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efw gá‘r Añ¶m‘² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgw

25

"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ Znw§gH${b“‘² -

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:BX‘² B‘o B‘m{Z àW‘m

BX‘²/EZV² B‘o/EZo B‘m{Z/EZm{Z {ÛVr¶m

(V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝVm{Z ê$nm{U nw§{b“gÑem{Z & )

^dV² AmXamW©H§$ gd©Zm‘ & ^dV² - nw§{b“‘² ^dV² - ór{b“‘²(^dVr)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²^dmZ² ^dÝVm¡ ^dÝV: àW‘m ^dVr ^dË¶m¡ ^dË¶:^dÝV‘² ^dÝVm¡ ^dV: {ÛVr¶m ^dVr‘² ^dË¶m¡ ^dVr:^dVm ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^d{Ø: V¥Vr¶m ^dË¶m ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVr{^:^dVo ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: MVwWu ^dË¶¡ ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVrä¶:^dV: ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: n#m‘r ^dË¶m: ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVrä¶:^dV: ^dVmo: ^dVm‘² fð>r ^dË¶m: ^dË¶mo: ^dVrZm‘²^d{V ^dVmo: ^dËgw gá‘r ^dË¶m‘² ^dË¶mo: ^dVrfwho ^dZ² ho ^dÝVm¡ ho ^dÝV: gå~moYZ‘² ho ^d{V ho ^dË¶m¡ ho ^dË¶:

CnnX{d^³V¶: (Aì¶¶m{Z) &

H$m{ZMZ Aì¶¶m{Z {d{eï>-{d^p³Vê$n‘² AnojÝVo & Vm{Z AY: {Z{X©ï>m{Z &

1. A{^V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ^mZw‘² A{^V: J«hm: ^«‘pÝV &2. n[aV: = ({ÛVr¶m) ‘mVa§ n[aV: JUoe: àX{jUm§ H$amo{V &3. C^¶V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ZXr‘² C^¶V: joÌm{U {dÚÝVo &4. à{V = ({ÛVr¶m) gm¶L²>H$mbo dËg: YoZw§ à{V doJoZ JÀN>{V &5. {dZm = ({ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m/n#m‘r) MÝÐ‘g‘²/MÝÐ‘gm/MÝX‘g: {dZm {Zem Z emo^Vo &6. gh = (V¥Vr¶m) {nÌm gh A{ZHo$V: AmnU§ JÀN>{V &7. Ab‘² = (V¥Vr¶m) Ab§ {ZÐ¶m & Ab§ ^rË¶m & Ab§ dmVm©bmnoZ &8. Z‘: = (MVwWu) JUnV¶o Z‘: & Jwado Z‘: & ‘éVo Z‘:& ‘hmbúå¶¡ Z‘: &9. ~{h: = (n#m‘r) J¥hmV² ~{h: ‘mVm AmJVm &10. H¥$Vo = (fð>r) ñdgw: H¥$Vo ~ÝYw: Cnhma‘² AmZ¶{V &11. g‘rno = (fð>r) ZJañ¶ g‘rno CÚmZ§ dV©Vo&

H$V¥©nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma: bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:^dmZ²/^dVr JÀN>{V AJÀN>V² JÀN>Vw JÀN>oV²

Ëd‘² JÀN>{g AJÀN>: JÀN> JÀN>o:

* Ho$db§ àW‘nwéfñ¶ {H«$¶mnXoZ gh Cn¶wÁ¶Vo {H$ÝVw ‘Ü¶‘nwéfñ¶ Xe©H$‘² & ¶Wm -

26

(B) YmVwgm{YVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z &

YmVwgm{YVm: Zm‘ YmVw‘ybH$m: eãXm: &

{H«$¶mnX‘² Zm‘ {deofU‘² Aì¶¶‘²nR² - nR>{V nR>Z‘², nmR>: n{R>V n{R>Ëdm

nyO² - nyO¶{V nyOZ‘², nyOm ny{OV gånyÁ¶a‘² - a‘Vo a‘m , a‘U‘² aV aËdmd¥V² - dV©Vo dV©Z‘², d¥{Îm: d¥Îm d{V©Vw‘²

Aì¶¶‘² &ì¶¶: Zm‘ n[adV©Z‘² & ¶pñ‘Z² eãXo n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V, Zm‘ ¶: eãX: {Ìfw {b“ofw, {Ìfw dMZofw A{n M

gdm©gw {d^{³Vfw g‘mZ: Ed ^d{V, g: eãX: "Aì¶¶‘²' B{V CÀ¶Vo & ¶Wm- 1. ~m{bH$m Xod§ ZËdm nR>{V & 2. JUoe§ ZËdm Ëd§ JÀN>{g & 3. AmMm¶ª ZËdm N>mÌm: dJª à{depÝV &AÌ H$V¥©nXmZwgma§ {H«$¶mnX§ n[adV©Vo & na§ "ZËdm' BË¶pñ‘Z² ê$no n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V & AV: VX² Aì¶¶‘² &

YmVwgm{YVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z

nyd©H$mbdmMH$Û¶‘² hoËdW©H$‘²

ËdmÝV‘² ë¶~ÝV‘² Vw‘ÝV‘² ( Ëdm + AÝV‘² ) ( ë¶n² + AÝV‘² ) ( Vw‘²+AÝV‘² )

‘ybYmVw: + ³Ëdm (Ëdm) CngJ©: + ‘ybYmVw: + ë¶n² (¶) ‘ybYmVw: + Vw‘wZ² (Vw‘²)

nyd©H$mbdmMH$-Aì¶¶-Û¶‘² &• ËdmÝVaMZm -1) am‘: embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: dJª à{de{V &

AÌ EH$: Ed H$Vm© & (am‘:), {H«$¶mÛ¶‘² (J‘Z{H«$¶m, àdoe{H«$¶m) nydª H¥$Vm {H«$¶m J‘Zñ¶ & AV: JÀN>{V B{V {H«$¶mnX§ nyd©H$mbdmMH$‘² ApñV & J‘² YmVmo: AJ«o

Ëdm-àË¶¶‘² Cn¶wÁ¶ Aì¶¶ê$n§ ^d{V - JËdm & am‘: embm§ JËdm dJª à{de{V &

2) ‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V & VËnümV² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V &‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bpIËdm àý§ n¥ÀN>{V &

• ë¶~ÝVaMZm -1) ZraO: dJª à{de{V & VXZÝVa‘² AmgZo Cn{de{V &

ZraO: dJª à{dí¶ AmgZo Cn{de{V &2) ^maVr AmgZo Cn{de{V nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V M &

^maVr AmgZo Cn{dí¶ nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V &

AdYo¶‘² -ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝVaMZmg‘¶o "A{n' "VXZÝVa§', "VV:', "M', "AW', "AZÝVa§', "VËnümV²' BË¶mX¶: eãXm: {ZîH$mg{¶Vì¶m: & {ÛVr¶dm³¶ñW§ H$V©¥nX§ (Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ dm) A{n {ZîH$mg{¶Vì¶‘² &

27

hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶‘² &

hoVw + AW©H$‘² = hoËdW©H$‘² & hoVw: Zm‘ C{Ôï>‘² & hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶§ {H«$¶m¶m: C{Ôï>§ H$W¶{V &1) am‘: n{R>Vw§ embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: {H$‘Wª embm§ JÀN>{V? n{R>Vw‘² &2) Xod§ nyO{¶Vw§ ‘mVm Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V & ‘mVm {H$‘Wª Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V ? Xod§ nyO{¶Vw‘² &3) N>mÌm: Io{bVw§ H«$sS>m“U§ JÀN>pÝV & N>mÌm: {H$‘Wª H«$sS>m“U§ JÀNpÝV ? Io{bVw‘² &

nR>V ñ‘aV &

YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ² YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ²Xm XÎdm àXm¶ XmVw‘² dh² D$T²>dm {Zdø dmoTw>‘²nm nrËdm {Znr¶ nmVw‘² dg² C{fËdm {Zdñ¶ d{gVw‘²ñWm pñWËdm CËWm¶ ñWmVw‘² dX² C{XËdm àmoÚ/AZyÚ d{XVw‘²km kmËdm {dkm¶ kmVw‘² H$W² H$W{¶Ëdm [dH$Ï¶ H$W{¶Vw‘²J¡ JrËdm àJm¶ JmVw‘² Mwa² Mmoa{¶Ëdm A{^Mmo¶© Mmoa{¶Vw‘²Ü¶¡ Ü¶mËdm AZwÜ¶m¶ Ü¶mVw‘² jb² jmb{¶Ëdm àjmë¶ jmb{¶Vw‘²{O {OËdm {d{OË¶ OoVw‘² aM² aM{¶Ëdm {daMæ¶ aM{¶Vw‘²Zr ZrËdm AmZr¶ ZoVw‘² JU² JU{¶Ëdm {dJUæ¶ JU{¶Vw‘²lw lwËdm CnlwË¶ lmoVw‘² nyO² nyO{¶Ëdm gånyÁ¶ nyO{¶Vw‘²^y ^yËdm AZw^y¶ ^{dVw‘² Kwf² Kmof{¶Ëdm g”moî¶ Kmof{¶V‘²H¥$ H¥$Ëdm CnH¥$Ë¶ H$Vw©‘² Z¥V² Z{V©Ëdm A{^Z¥Ë¶ Z{V©Vw‘²ñ‘¥ ñ‘¥Ëdm {dñ‘¥Ë¶ ñ‘Vw©‘² H«$ÝX² H«$pÝXËdm AmH«$ÝÚ H«$pÝXVw‘²g¥ g¥Ëdm AZwg¥Ë¶ gVw©‘² nR²> n{R>Ëdm AZwnR>ç n{R>Vw‘²

{Xe² {XîQ²dm Am{Xí¶ Xoïw>‘² {bI² {b{IËdm {dbo»¶ {b{IVw‘²Ñe² ÑîQ‰>>m gÝÑí¶ Ðïw>‘² hg² h{gËdm {dhñ¶ h{gVw‘²àÀN>² n¥îQ‰>m Amn¥ÀNç àïw>‘² dÝX² dpÝXËdm AZwdÝX¶ dpÝXVw‘²ñn¥e² ñn¥îQ‰>m g§ñn¥í¶ ñàïw>‘² J«h² J¥hrËdm gL²>J¥ø J«hrVw‘²{gM² {g³Ëdm A{^{fÀ¶ go³Vw‘² J‘² JËdm AmJå¶ JÝVw‘²‘wM² ‘w³Ëdm {d‘wÀ¶ ‘mo³Vw‘² Z‘² ZËdm àUå¶ ZÝVw‘²dM² C³Ëdm àdmÀ¶ d³Vw‘² a‘² aËdm AmaË¶ aÝVw‘²

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &1. ‘mVod aj{V {nVod {hVo {Z¶wL²>³Vo$& ‘mVod = ‘mVm + Bd & {nVod = {nVm + Bd &2. {H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo dg{V ‘hVm§ ZmonH$aUo & ZmonH$aUo = Z + CnH$aUo &2. JwUgpÝY: &A) A/Am + B/B© = E1. Xod + BÝÐ: = XodoÝÐ: &2. + Bd = MpÝÐHo$d &

Am) A/Am + C/D$ = Amo1. JUoe + CËgd: = JUoemoËgd: &2. d¥jñ¶ + = d¥jñ¶moÜd©‘² &

B) A/Am + F$/G = Aa²1. Xod + F${f: = Xod{f©: &2. ‘hm + = ‘h{f©: &

28

• EVX{n ñ‘aUr¶‘² -1. B©emZ: embm§ JËdm nR>{V &

B©emZ: embm§ JÀN>{V nR>{V M &

2. ‘hoÝÐ: Io{bËdm J¥h‘² AmJÀN>V² &

‘hoÝÐ: AIobV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>V² M &

3. Améf: J¥h‘² AmJå¶ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V&

Améf: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V ^moOZ§ H$amo{V M &

4. Ah§ Xod§ àUå¶ Z¥Ë¶m{‘&

Ah§ Xod§ àU‘m{‘ Z¥Ë¶m{‘ M &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

J‘² (1n.n.)+ ³Ëdm

Iob²(1n.n.)+ ³Ëdm

Am+J‘² (1n.n.) +ë¶n²

Iob²(1n.n.)+ ³Ëdm

bL>²>bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.


AIobV² J¥h‘² AIobV² J¥h‘² AIobV²


bQ²>>bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.

bQ²>>bH$ma: C.nw.E.d.





bQ²>bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.



AmJÀN>V²

^moOZ§ H$amo{V& Z¥Ë¶m{‘&

JÀN>{V AIobV²

AmJÀN>{V àU‘m{‘

1. nyd©H$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶m{Z Cn¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &1. g: JÀN>{V & (ImX²)2. Am{XË¶: Jwé‘² (AZw + g¥) XoemÝVa‘² Ad«OV² &3. ~«÷Xod: dmë‘r{H$‘² (Cn + {Xe²) AdXV² &4. ^³V: {dîUw§ (ñ‘¥) VnûMaU§ H$amo{V &5. ~mbH$: B©ûda§ (Ü¶¡) Aä¶mg§ àma^Vo &6. qgh§ (Ñe²) ‘wHw$b: ^rV: &7. Zm¡H$m‘² (Am + Zr) AO¶: àdmg‘² Ama^V &

2. hoËdW©H$-Aì¶¶m{Z à¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶§ nwZ{b©IV &1. ^mJ©d: (ñZm) J“mZXt JÀN>{V &2. JX©^: (J¡) Ama^V amÌm¡ &3. YZ§ (b^²) gmo‘XÎm: ‘hmZJa‘² AgaV² &4. àý§ (àÀN²) g: Y¡¶}U AJ«o AmJÀN>V² &

3. ËdmÝV§/ë¶~ÝV‘² Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &1. Xrnoe: JrV§ ñ‘¥Ëdm Jm¶{V &2. gwdUm© àmV: CËWm¶ J«m‘‘² AJÀN>V² &3. N>mÌm: CÎma§ {b{IËdm ñ‘apÝV &4. amYm Xþ½Y§ nrËdm ’$b§ ImXVw &5. H${d: H$mì¶§ {daMæ¶ Jm¶oV² &

ËdmÝV§/ë¶~ÝV‘² Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &

29

(B©) bmoQ²>bH$ma: &

1) am‘: nmR>§ nR>{V & (bQ²bH$ma:) (dV©‘mZH$mb:) 2) am‘: nmR>‘² AnR>V² & (bL²>bH$ma:) (àW‘^yVH$mb:)dmŠ¶Û¶o H$mbñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V & AYwZm EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &1. àVrH$, Ëd‘² C{Îmð> & (AmXoe:) 2. H$mbo df©Vw nO©Ý¶: & (Anojm) 3. gd} gwpIZ: ^dÝVw & (ew^me§gm)4. A{n Ah§ dJª à{dem{Z ? (AZw‘{V:)

EVm{Z gdm©{U dmŠ¶m{Z H$mb§ Z ~moY¶pÝV & na‘² AmXoe:, BÀN>m, ew^me§gZ‘², AZw‘{V: BË¶mXrZ²^mdmZ² H$W¶pÝV & AV: Vm{Z "AW©' B{V àH$maofw JÊ¶ÝVo & AW©Û¶‘² - AmkmW©: (bmoQ²bH$ma:), {dÜ¶W©: ({bL²>bH$ma:) &

nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>àË¶¶m: & (AmkmW©àË¶¶m:) AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² BVm‘² AÝVm‘²- V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: ñd BWm‘² Üd>‘²

Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡ Am‘h¡‘Ü¶‘nwéf-EH$dMZñ¶ àË¶¶: "{h' ApñV & {H$ÝVw JUmZm§ àW‘{d^mJo (1, 4, 6, 10) Vñ¶ bmon: ^d{V &

nR²> (1 n. n.) a‘² (1 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.nR>Vw nR>Vm‘² nR>ÝVw àW‘: a‘Vm‘² a‘oVm‘² a‘ÝVm‘²nR> nR>V‘² nR>V ‘Ü¶‘: a‘ñd a‘oWm‘² a‘Üd‘²

nR>m{Z nR>md nR>m‘ CÎm‘: a‘¡ a‘mdh¡ a‘m‘h¡ Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.Z¥Ë¶Vw Z¥Ë¶Vm‘² Z¥Ë¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘Ý¶Vm‘² ‘Ý¶oVm‘² ‘Ý¶ÝVm‘²Z¥Ë¶ Z¥Ë¶V‘² Z¥Ë¶V ‘Ü¶‘: ‘Ý¶ñd ‘Ý¶oWm‘² ‘Ý¶Üd‘²

Z¥Ë¶m{Z Z¥Ë¶md Z¥Ë¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘Ý¶¡ ‘Ý¶mdh¡ ‘Ý¶m‘h¡ {bI² (6 n. n.) {Xe² (6 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.{bIVw {bIVm‘² {bIÝVw àW‘: {XeVm‘² {XeoVm‘² {XeÝVm‘²{bI {bIV‘² {bIV ‘Ü¶‘: {Xeñd {XeoWm‘² {XeÜd‘²

{bIm{Z {bImd {bIm‘ CÎm‘: {Xe¡ {Xemdh¡ {Xem‘h¡ nyO² (10 n.n.) ‘ÝÌ² (10 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.nyO¶Vw nyO¶Vm‘² nyO¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘ÝÌ¶Vm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶oVm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶ÝVm‘²nyO¶ nyO¶V‘² nyO¶V ‘Ü¶‘: ‘ÝÌ¶ñd ‘ÝÌ¶oWm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶Üd‘²

nyO¶m{Z nyO¶md nyO¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘ÝÌ¶¡ ‘ÝÌ¶mdh¡ ‘ÝÌ¶m‘h¡

30


{H«$¶mnX‘² ‘ybYmVw: JU:, nX‘² bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘²1. j‘ñd2. b^Vm‘²3. Z¥Ë¶ÝVw4. aM¶5. CÎmaV6. {bIV7. Jm¶m‘8. ^dÝVw

------aM²

CV² + V¦-Va²------

--1 Am.n.

------

6 n.n.----

bmoQ²>----------bmoQ²>--

--------------

àW‘nwéf:

----

~hþdMZ‘²----------

2. AmkmW©-ê$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M &1) ho am{YHo$, ’$bm{Z JU¶ & 2) Aå~, A{n AmnUmV² emH$m{Z AmZ¶m{Z ?3) AmMm¶}, A{n d¶§ H«$sS>m“Uo H«$sS>m‘ ? 4) ¶y¶§ amï´>ÜdO§ gd©Xm dÝXÜd‘² &5) N>mÌm¡ àmW©Zm§ ñ‘aVm‘² &

ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V &1. godm Z {H${#mXñVr{V {^jm Z¡d M Z¡d M & Z¡d = Z + Ed2. aWñ¶¡H§$ MH«§$ ^wOJ¶{‘Vm: gá VwaJm: & aWñ¶¡H$‘² - aWñ¶ + EH$‘² &3) d¥{ÕgpÝY: &A) A/Am + E/Eo = Eo1. Z + EVX² = Z¡VX² &2. ‘‘ + = ‘‘¡íd¶©‘² &

Am) A/Am + Amo/Am¡ = Am¡1. ‘‘ + AmoO: = ‘‘m¡O: &2. Vd + = Vdm¡Xm¶©‘² &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V &1. ¶moJjo‘§ dhmå¶h‘² & dhmå¶h‘² = dhm{‘ + Ah‘² &2. AñË¶wÎmañ¶m§ {X{e XodVmË‘m {h‘mb¶mo Zm‘ ZJm{YamO: & AñË¶wÎmañ¶m§ = ApñV + CÎmañ¶m‘² &4. ¶U²gpÝY: &A) B/B© + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = ¶² &1. B{V + A{n = BË¶{n &2. H$amo{‘ + = H$amoå¶h‘² &

Am) C/D$ + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = d² &1. Ibw + EVV² = IëdoVV² &2. ‘Zw + = ‘ÝdÝVa‘² &

B) F$/G + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = a² &1. {nV¥ + Amkm = {nÌmkm &2. ‘mV¥ + = ‘m{ÌÀN>m &

nR>V AdJÀN>V !

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

31

n#mmoZ-{ÛdmXZ‘² XemoZ-{ÌdmXZ‘² nÄMm{YH$-nÄMdmXZ‘² Xem{YH$-fS²>dmXZ‘²

qde{V-A{YH$- n#m qde{V-A{YH$- n#m{Ì§eV²-A{YH$- MËdm[aëV²-A{YH$- Aï>dmXZ‘² ZddmXZ‘² XedmXZ‘² EH$mXedmXZ‘²

CXmhaUmZwgma§ K{Q>H$m¶ÝÌo g‘¶{ZX}eZ§ Hw$éV &1) N>mÌ: àmV:H$mbo n#mm{YH$fS²>dmXZo C{Îmð>{V & 2) N>mÌ: XemoZXedmXZo nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &3) qdeË¶{YH$-n#mdmXZo N>mÌ: H«$sS>m“Uo Iob{V & 4) XemoZgádmXZo N>mÌ: gm¶§àmW©Zm§ H$amo{V &

g‘¶‘² Aja¡: {bIV nR>V M &1) AM©H$: Xodmb¶§ (4.50) dmXZo JÀN>{V & 2) AÜ¶mnH$: H$jm§ (11.05) dmXZo à{de{V &3) gm¶L²>H$mbo (6.20) dmXZo gy¶m©ñV: ^d{V& 4) d¶§ gd} amÌm¡ (8.40) dmXZo ^moOZ§ Hw$‘©:&5) XÿaXe©Zo e{Zdmgao gm¶L²>H$mbo (7.00) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©dbr-H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ àgmaU§ ^d{V &6) d¶‘² AmH$medmÊ¶m§ à{V{XZ§ àmV: (6.55) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©: lmoV§w e³Zw‘: &

7.30 - N>mÌmUm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² &7.45 - g^mJ¥ho ‘obZ‘² &8.10 - A{VWrZm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² & 8.15 - XrnàÁdmbZ§ emaXmnyOZ§ M &8.30 - A{VWrZm§ ñdmJV‘² &

8.45 - gm§ñH¥${VH$H$m¶©H«$‘m: &9.45 - A{VWrZm§ ^mfU‘² &10.10 -àYmZmMm¶©ñ¶ CnXoe: &10.30 - nm[aVmo{fH${dVaU‘² &12.05 - H$m¶©H«$‘g‘m{á: &

&&lr:&& Añ‘mH§$ {dÚmb¶ñ¶ dm{f©H$moËgdñ¶ H$m¶©H«$‘n{ÌH$m &

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & g‘¶:& {ÛVr¶: KQ>H$: &

32

OZm… AmÐª ewîH§$ M Ëd§ ^«‘UÜd{ZZm AÚ Amaä¶ d¶‘²AdH$a§ n¥WH²$ {jno¶w…& A{YH$g‘¶§ Z H«$sS>o…& Am{XZ§ nR>o‘ &

ûd… Ah§ nwñVH$‘² AmZ¶o¶‘² & EV§ Vmb§ ¶wdm§ nwZ…nwZ… dmX¶oV‘² & Amdm§ ’$bHo$ gw^m{fV§ {bIod &

n#mXedm³¶m{Z nR>V &1. g:/^dmZ² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘² & 3. Vo/^dÝV: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &4. gm/^dVr nR>oV²/a‘oV & 5. Vo/^dË¶m¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 6. Vm:/^dË¶: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &7. VV² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 8. Vo nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 9. Vm{Z nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &10. Ëd§ nR>o…/a‘oWm… & 11. ¶wdm§ nR>oV‘²/a‘o¶mWm‘² & 12. ¶y¶§ nR>oV/a‘oÜd‘² &13. Ah§ nR>o¶‘²/a‘o¶ & 14. Amdm§ nR>od/a‘od{h & 15. d¶§ nR>o‘/a‘o‘{h &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V &1. Ûm{d‘m¡ nwéfm¡ bmoHo$ jaümja Ed M & Ûm{d‘m¡ = Ûm¡ + B‘m¡ &2. ‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:, EH$mH$s Ibw {IÞmo@h‘² & ‘mVm{nVam{dh - ‘mVm{nVam¡ + Bh &5. A¶m{XgpÝY: &A) E/Eo + H$mo@{n ñda: = A¶²/Am¶²1. g‘rno + Ed = g‘rn¶od / g‘rn Ed &2. H¥$Vo + = H¥$V¶m¶m{h / H¥$V Am¶m{h &3. + A{n = ‘Ë¶m¶{n / ‘Ë¶m A{n &4. Vñ‘¡ + = Vñ‘m¶{n / Vñ‘m A{n &

Am) Amo/Am¡ + H$mo@{n ñda: = Ad²/Amd² 1. Ûm¡ + Ed = Ûmdod & 2. Vm¡ + = Vmd{n & 3. + A{n = C^md{n &4. + AmñVm‘² = gwöXmdmñVm‘² &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ Hw$¶m©V²? qH$ ^doV²?

33

gwImWu MoV² Ë¶Oo{ÛÚm§ {dÚmWu MoV² Ë¶OoËgwI‘² &gwIm{W©Z: Hw$Vmo {dÚm Hw$Vmo {dÚm{W©Z: gwI‘² &&1&&

[ gwImWu MoV² {dÚm§ Ë¶OoV² & {dÚmWu MoV² gwI§ Ë¶OoV² & gwIm{W©Z: {dÚm Hw$V: ? {dÚm{W©Z: gwI§ Hw$V: ?]

Ñ{ï>nyV§ Ý¶goV² nmX§ dónyV§ {n~oV² Ob‘² &gË¶nyVm§ dXoV² dmUt ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &&2&&

[ Ñ{ï>nyV§ nmX§ Ý¶goV² & dónyV§ Ob§ {n~oV² & gË¶nyVm§ dmUt dXoV² & ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &]

YZ‘bãY§ H$m¬oV, bãY§ ajoV² à¶ËZV: &a{jV§ dY©¶oV² gå¶H²$, d¥Õ§ VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &&3&&

[AbãY§ YZ§ H$mL²>joV & bãY§ (YZ§) à¶ËZV: ajoV² & a{jV§ (YZ§) gå¶H²$ dY©¶oV²& d¥Õ§ (YZ§) VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &]

AH«$moYoZ O¶oV² H«$moY‘² AgmYw§ gmYwZm O¶oV² &O¶oV² H$X¶ª XmZoZ O¶oV² gË¶oZ MmZ¥V‘² &&4&&

[AH«$moYoZ H«$moY§ O¶oV² & gmYwZm AgmYw§ O¶oV² & XmZoZ H$X¶ª O¶oV² & gË¶oZ M AZ¥V§ O¶oV² &]

Xþ:Io Xþ:Im{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² gwIo ní¶oV² gwIm{YH$mZ² &AmË‘mZ§ emoH$hfm©ä¶m§ eÌwä¶m{‘d Zmn©¶oV² &&5&&

[Xþ:Io Xþ:Im{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² & gwIo gwIm{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² & (‘mZd:) eÌwä¶m‘² Bd emoH$hfm©ä¶m‘² AmË‘mZ§ ZAn©¶oV²&]

àË¶h§ àË¶dojoV Zaü[aV‘mË‘Z: &{H$Þw ‘o new{^ñVwë¶§ {H$Þw gËnwéf¡[a{V &&6&&

[Za: AmË‘Z: M[aV§ àË¶h§ àË¶dojoV qH$ Zw ‘o (M[aV§) new{^: Vwë¶‘²? qH$ Zw (‘o M[aV§) gËnwéf¡: (Vwë¶‘²) B{V &]

~H$d{ƒÝV¶oXWm©Z² qghdƒ namH«$‘oV² &d¥H$dƒmdbwånoV eedƒ {d{ZînVoV² && 7&&

[(Z¥n:) ~H$dV² AWm©Z² {MÝV¶oV² qghdV² M namH«$‘oV² & d¥H$dV² AdbwånoV eedV² M {d{ZînVoV² &]

ûcmoH$: 1-1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

(A) {dÚmWu qH$ Ë¶OoV² ?(Am) gwImWu qH$ Ë¶OoV²?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &1) Ë¶Oo{ÛÚm‘² 2) Ë¶OoËgwI‘²3) Hw$Vmo {dÚm 4) Hw$Vmo {dÚ{W©Z:

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &1) {dÚm 2) {dÚmWu

4. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &(A) gwImWu {dÚm§ Z b^Vo &(Am) {dÚmWu gwI§ Z b^Vo &

gw^m{fVm{Z g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©{Z nÚaËZm{Z & gw^m{fVm{Z Añ‘mH§$ ‘Z: aÄO¶pÝV, Añ‘mH§$ kmZ§ dY©¶pÝV, H$W§ ì¶dhma: H$aUr¶:, qH$ H$V©ì¶§, qH$ M Z H$aUr¶‘² B{V gå¶H²$ ~moY¶pÝV &

MVwW©: nmR>:& {dÜ¶W©‘mbm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

^mfmä¶mg:

34

ûcmoH$: 2.1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

(A) H$sÑe§ Ob§ {n~oV² ?(Am) H$sÑet dmUr§ dXoV² ?

2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MËdm {bIV &dmH²$, n{dÌ‘², F$V‘², CXH$‘² &

3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²Ñ{ï>nyV:dónyV‘²‘Z:nyV‘²gË¶nyVm

dmUrAmMaU‘²nmX:Ob‘²

ûcmoH$: 3- 1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

(A) ‘ZwO: H$sÑe§ YZ§ H$m¬oV ?(Am) d¥Õ§ YZ§ Hw$Ì {Z{jnoV²?

2. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V &1) YZñ¶ ajU‘² & (2) VrW}fw XmZ‘² &(3) YZñ¶ BÀN>m & (4) YZñ¶ dY©Z‘² &

3. nXn[aM¶§ {bIV &

‘ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘²H$mL²>joVajoV²

{Z{jnoV²

ûcmoH$: 4 -1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) H«$moY§ Ho$Z O¶oV²?Am) XmZoZ qH$ O¶oV²?B) gË¶oZ qH$ O¶oV²?

2. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &H«$moY:, AgmYw:, gË¶‘², XmZ‘² &

3. ûcmoH$mV² V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV &

4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & MmZ¥V‘² &

ûcmoH$: 5 -1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) Xþ:Io H$mZ² ní¶oV²?Am) gwIm{YH$mZ² H$Xm ní¶oV² ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &eÌwä¶m{‘d, Zmn©¶oV² &

3 {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & gwI‘²,A{YH$‘², emoH$:, eÌw: &

4) OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

ûcmoH$: 6 -1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) àË¶h§ qH$ àË¶dojoV ?Am) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vwë¶§ ‘m@ñVw ?B) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vwë¶‘² AñVw ?

2. gpÝY§ Hw$éV &A) new{^: + Vwë¶‘² Am) {H$‘² + Zw

B) gËnwéf¡: + B{V B©) Za: + M[aV‘²

3 g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV &

A àË¶h‘² , Za:, M[aV‘², new:, Vwë¶:, gËnwéfm:

Am dV©Z‘², ‘¥J:, à{V{XZ‘², ‘ZwO:, g‚mZm:, g‘:

ûcmoH$: 7 - 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) Z¥n: AWm©Z² H$W§ {MÝV¶oV² ?Am) Z¥n: H$W§ namH«$‘oV² ?B) Z¥n: H$W‘² AdbwånoV ?B©) Z¥n: H$W§ {d{ZînVoV² ?

2. {bL²>bH$mañ¶ {H«$¶mnXm{Z {MZwV &3. ûcmoH$mV² newÛ¶§ {MZwV {bIV M &4. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &

A) eedV² + M Am) M + AdbwånoVB) {MÝV¶oV² + AWm©Z² &

{d{Y{bL²>-{H«$¶mnXm{Z

35

"

"{H«$¶mnX‘²' B{V dm³¶ñ¶ ‘hÎdnyU©‘² A“‘² &~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & B{V dm³¶o "nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnX‘² & VoZ H$ñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V ?

(1) nR>Zñ¶ {H«$¶m P

(2) nañ‘¡¡nX‘² P

(3) àW‘: nwéf: P

(4) EH$dMZ‘² P

H$V¥©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$V©[a à¶moJ:)

H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V©¥nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

(1) ‘Yþam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V &‘Ywam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V &

H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m {ÛVr¶m

à.nw. E.d.

à.nw. E.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V & AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéf§ dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV: H$V¥©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &

"nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ldUoZ¡d H$Vm© àW‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V km¶Vo & VW¡d "nR>m{‘' B{V nXoZ H$Vm© CÎm‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V ñnï>§ ^d{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXoZ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfñ¶ dMZñ¶ A{n ~moY: ^d{V &

2) d¶§ J«ÝW§ nR>m‘: &

d¶§ J«ÝW§ nR>m‘: &

{H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V &AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m {ÛVr¶m

C.nw.~.d.

C.nw.~.d.

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {H«$¶mnX§ qH$ H$W¶{V?-1 AYwZm EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V &(1) ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V &(2) ~mbH$m¡ J«ÝW§ nR>V: &(3) ~mbH$m: J«ÝW§ nR>pÝV &(4) Ah§ J«ÝW§ nR>m{‘ &(5) Ëd§ J«ÝW§ nR>{g &

(5) bQ²>bH$ma: P

(6) YmVmo: JU{dH$aU‘² P

(7) H$Vw©: nwéf: dMZ§ M ?

36

AmYw{ZH§$ VÝÌkmZ§ ‘mZdñ¶ H¥$Vo ^m¡{VH${dH$mgñ¶ {dñVrUª joÌ‘² CX²KmQ>¶{V B{V Vw gË¶‘od & VWm{n VÝÌkmZgmYZmZm‘² AË¶{YH$mo@n¶moJ: ZyVZmZ² àíZmZ², {d¿ZmZ² gm‘m{OH$g‘ñ¶m: M {Z‘m©{V & {‘Ï¶m VWm M dmñVd‘² EV¶mo: ‘Ü¶o ôX: kmVì¶: Añ‘m{^:& AmYw{ZH$H$mbñ¶ B¶‘odmdí¶H$Vm & - bo{IH$m - lr‘Vr ‘w½Ym [ag~yS> &

• Mb^mf: {d¿Z:CV daXmZ‘² ?

• ¶{X Mb^mf: Z^doV²?

(Ì¶moXedfu¶m VZ¶m gwImgÝXo Cn{dí¶ EHo$Z hñVoZ Hw$Hw©$[aH$m§ ImX{V & AnaoU hñVoZ Mb^mf§ Mmb¶{V & VXmZt ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m‘² AmH$Ê¶© ‘mVm Ûma‘² CÓmQ>¶{V & VZ¶m¶m: g»¶m¡ Ûmao Ed pñWËdm Vm‘² Amˆ¶V: &) lw{V: - VZ¶o, gËda§ H«$sS>Zm¶ AmJÀN>, ~{h:

Iobm‘: & VZ¶m - Ah§ J¥ho Ed Iobm{‘ &amOgr - qH$ Iob{g ?VZ¶m - (Mb^mf§ Xe©{¶Ëdm) EVpñ‘Z² Mb^mfo

¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m, nmXH$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m, dmhZH«$sS>m, nÌH«$sS>m, MVwa“H«$sS>m, BË¶mX¶: gdm©: H«$sS>m: gpÝV & $$H«$sS>m“U§ JËdm IobZñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV & Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª {ZJ©ÀN>V: & ‘mVm nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V & VZ¶m Mb^mfo ¶wÕH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾m &)

VZ¶m - (ñdJV‘²) EVñ¶m§ H«$sS>m¶m‘² Ef: g¡{ZH$: ‘¥V: Ana: M ‘maUr¶: & ..... gd} g¡{ZH$m: ‘¥Vm: & ho@@ .....{OV§ ‘¶m & Iob: g‘má: & (VZ¶m nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V &) Aå~, ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ &

‘mVm - VZ¶o, ‘‘ Mb^mfo EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (VZ¶m ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶{V &)VZ¶m - ‘mV:, {nÂPm, nmd^mOr, {gObg© BË¶mXr{Z ImÚm{Z ÑîQ‰>m bmbm{¶V§ ‘o ‘wI‘²& H¥$n¶m {H$‘{n

¶ÀN>Vw & ‘mVm - Mb^mfo Ñï>dVr Ibw ? AYwZm ImÚnXmWm©Zm‘² Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV & Ah§ Z ¶ÀN>m{‘ &VZ¶m - Mb^mfo ^moOZ§ ÑîQ‰>m ~w^wjm emÝVm H$W§ ^doV² ?‘mVm - ¶{X EVV² gË¶§, V{h© H$W§ Z OmZm{g ¶V² Mb^mfoU H«$s{S>Ëdm ì¶m¶m‘: Z ^d{V? ñdmñÏ¶ajU§ Z

^d{V ?VZ¶m - na§ ‘mV:, ‘ø§ amoMVo VV² Mb^mfoU H«$sS>Z‘² &‘mVm - VZ¶o, ¶X² ¶X² amoMVo VV² VV² gdª ñdmñÏ¶H$a§, {hVH$a‘², Amamo½¶nyUª Z ^d{V & gå¶H²$ H«$sS>m,

nm¡{ï>H$‘² AÞ§, amÌm¡ {ZÐm Amamo½¶m¶ ^d{V & Mb^mfo Am^mgmË‘H§$ {dœ§ Z dmñVd‘² &VZ¶m - V{h© qH$ Mb^mfñ¶ Cn¶moJ: Ed Z H$aUr¶: & ‘mVm - VWm Z & Amdí¶H$VmZwgma§ ¶mo½¶: Cn¶moJ: H$aUr¶: Ed & {H$ÝVw A{V gd©Ì dO©¶oV² &VZ¶m - Am‘² ‘mV:& BV: na§ Mb^mfñ¶ ¶mo½¶‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$amo{‘ &

n#m‘: nmR>: & qH$ {‘Ï¶m? qH$ dmñVd‘²?

37

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &A. Mb^mfo H$m: H«$sS>m: gpÝV ? Am. Mb^mfo H$sÑe§ {dœ‘² ? B. qH$ qH$ ÑîQ‰>m VZ¶m¶m: ‘wI§ bmbm{¶V‘² ? B©. ñdmñÏ¶ajUm¶ qH$ {H$‘² Amdí¶H$‘² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) ‘mVm VZ¶m¶m: {dMman[adV©Z§ H$W§ H$amo{V ? Am) qH$ {‘Ï¶m ? qH$ dmñVd‘² ? B{V nmR>ñ¶ VmËn¶ª {bIV &

3. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & H$) Ah§ J¥ho Ed Iobm{‘ & I) ì¶m¶m‘§ H¥$Ëdm Amamo½¶§ dY©Vo &

4. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & $H$) VXod = + Ed & I) ZmpñV = Z + &Am) H$mbdMZn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &

1) Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)2) ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ & (~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &)3) g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª à{VJÀN>V: & (EH$dMZo {bIV &)4) EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (CÎm‘nwéfo n[adV©¶V &)

B) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Ûma‘² 2) ñdmñÏ¶‘² 3) ~w^wjm 4) nm¡{ï>H$‘²B©) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deoî¶‘² {deofU‘²1. ~w^wjm2. g¡{ZH$m:3. Iob:4. AÞ‘²5. {dœ‘²

1. nm¡{ï>H$‘²2. emÝVm3. Am^mgmË‘H$‘²4. g‘má:5. ‘¥Vm:

C) nmR>mV² ËdmÝV-ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV {bIV M &

5. ËdmÝVnX§ /ë¶~ÝVnX§ {ZîH$mñ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) amÌm¡ erK«§ {ZÐm§ H¥$Ëdm àmV:H$mbo erK«‘² C{Îmð>m{‘ &Am) ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m‘² AmH$Ê¶© ‘mVm Ûma‘² CÓmQ>¶{V &

6. A) g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV & ^Q>:, H«$sS>m, OZZr, jwYm, ñdmn: &Am) {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & g‘má:, ñdmñÏ¶‘², Am^mgmË‘H$‘², ‘¥V: &

7. Mb^mfÛmam Û¶mo: {‘Ì¶mo: g§dmX§ {bIV &

^mfmä¶mg:

38

~mb: Ob§ {n~{V & ~mb: Ob§ nrVdmZ² & AZre: JÀN>{V & AZre: JVdmZ² &

N>mÌm: IobpÝV & N>mÌm: Io{bVdÝV: & d¶§ nR>m‘: & d¶§ n{R>VdÝV: &

‘{hbm {jn{V & ‘{hbm {jádVr & Xrnm Z¥Ë¶{V & Xrnm Z{V©VdVr &

Vm: àjmb¶pÝV & Vm: àjm{bVdË¶: & N>mÌm: {bIpÝV & N>mÌm: {b{IVdË¶: &

nrVdmZ², JVdmZ², Io{bVdÝV:, n{R>VdÝV: BË¶mXr{Z ^yVH$mbdmMH$m{Z ³VdVw-àË¶¶mÝV-{deofUm{Z &

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &1. {ejH$m: gwádVr &2. ~m{bH$m: à{dï>dÝV: &3. ajH$: ny{OVdË¶: &4. {~S>mbr Vm{S>VdmZ² &

2. ewÕ§ dm AewÕ‘²?1. qgh: V§ hVdmZ² &2. Vo ~mbH$m: AÞ§ Z Ë¶³VdÝV: &3. Amn{UH$: Xod§ ZVdVr &4. EVm: AÚ H«$s{S>VdÝV: &5. Ah§ emH$m{Z H${V©VdmZ² &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & H$: H¥$VdmZ² ? H$m H¥$VdVr?

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

39


g: Vo gm Vm:ImX{V Im{XVdmZ² Im{XVdÝV: Im{XVdVr Im{XVdË¶:H$amo{V H¥$VdmZ² H¥$VdÝV: H¥$VdVr H¥$VdË¶:dX{V C{XVdVrní¶{V Ñï>dÝV:Jm¶{V JrVdË¶:{‘b{V {‘{bVdmZ²

Cn{de{V Cn{dï>dÝV:C{Îmð>{V CpËWVdË¶:ñ‘a{V ñ‘¥VdVrZ¶{V ZrVdmZ²¶ÀN>{V XÎmdË¶:nyO¶{V ny{OVdÝV:ñZm{V ñZmVdVràmßZmo{V àmádmZ²b^Vo bãYdË¶:

4. n[aÀN>oXo ³VdVw-ê$nm{U AYmoaopIVm{Z Hw$éV &Xrnmd{b-CËgdg‘¶: AmgrV² & OZm: J¥hm{U ñdÀN>rH¥$VdÝV: & ‘mVm {‘ï>mÞm{Z H¥$VdVr & OZH$:

ZyVZdóm{U H«$sVdmZ² {H$ÝVw ñ’$moQ>H$m{Z Z AmZrVdmZ² & ^{JZr gwÝXat a“d„r‘² Am{bpIVdVr & ‘{hbm: ‘¥ÔrnmZ² à‚dmë¶ ñWm{nVdË¶: & Ah§ {‘Ì¡: gh ^«‘UmWª ~{h: JVdmZ² & gd©Ì hf©: àH$me: M &

5. bL²>bH$mañ¶ ñWmZo ³VdVw-ê$nm{U ¶moO{¶Ëdm n[aÀN>oX§ {bIV &JVo a{ddmgao d¶§ gd} ^«‘UmW©‘² AJÀN>m‘ & ‘mVwb: {d{dY’$bm{Z AmZ¶V² & ^«mVa: H«$sS>mgm{hË¶§

g‘{MÝdZ²& {nV¥ì¶m Hy$ß¶: Anya¶V & AÝ¶o ¶mZoZ AJÀN>Z² & Ah§ ‘‘ {nÌm gh {ÛM{H«$H$¶m AJÀN>‘² & VÌ d¶§ {d{dYm: H«$sS>m: AH«$sS>m‘ & ‘mVwbmZr ‘Ywa§ JrV‘² AJm¶V² & ^{JÝ¶: A{n ~hÿ{Z JrVm{Z AJm¶Z² & ‘Ü¶m•o ‘mVm H$Q>‘² AñWmn¶V² ^moOZgm{hË¶§ M AaM¶V &

gpÝY{dJ«h§ H¥$Ëdm n[aÀN>oX§ {bIV &Ah§ H¥$fH$: & ZmpñV Añ‘mH§$ OrdZo pñWaVm & VWm{n Am{XZ§ d¶§ joÌo lmå¶m‘: & AYwZm Vw

{d{dYm{Z ¶ÝÌmÊ¶{n ghm¶H$m{Z ^dpÝV & VÁkmZm§ H¥${f{df¶H§$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z‘² Aß¶wn¶w³V‘² & AmH$medmÊ¶¡d d¶§ H¥${f{df¶H$mZ² H$m¶©H«$‘mZ² AmH$U©¶m‘: & EVoZ¡d d¶§ {dH${gVm: ^dm‘: & BV: Aß¶{YH§$ gmhmæ¶‘² Amdí¶H$‘² Ed & VÝÌkmZoZmh§ n[anyU©: & Ah‘{n Xoeñ¶ {dH$mgm¶¡d lmå¶m{‘ & ¶V: H¥${f{dH$mgoZ¡d amï´>§ d¡^d§ {dÝXVr{V {Z{üV‘² &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

40

IobamO: Zm‘ H$píMV² Z¥n: & {dínbm Vñ¶ nËZr & gm ¶Wm ‘hm{dXþfr AmgrV², VW¡d aUHw$ebm A{n AmgrV² & IobamO: A{n eya: namH«$‘r M AmgrV² & g: {dínb¶m gh gwIoZ Ord{V ñ‘ &

AW H$Xm{MV² eÌd: IobamOñ¶ amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U§ H¥$VdÝV: & ‘hV² ¶wÕ‘² AmaãY‘² & goZm¶m: Zm¶H$: IobamO: aUa“§

à{dï>dmZ² & {dínbm A{n aUa“§ à{dï>dVr & ^wd‘² AdVrUm© Mm‘wÊS>oœar Bd gm eÌyUm§ g§hma§ H¥$VdVr & Vñ¶m: em¡¶ª namH«$‘§ M ÑîQ‰>m eÌd: A{n M{H$Vm: A^dZ² &

"Efm aUa“mV² ¶mdV² Z {Zdm¶©Vo VmdV² O¶: gd©Wm Z àmß¶Vo' B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm eÌwg¡{ZH$m: ¶wJnV² AmH«$å¶ Vm‘² AdéÕdÝV: & eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vo AgL²>»çm: AmgZ², {dínbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr ! VWm{n Vñ¶m: ‘Z{g Z r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV² & àË¶wV {ÛJw{UVoZ CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & ¶wÕg‘¶o eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vñ¶m: EH§$ nmX§ H${V©VdÝV: & AZÝVa‘² "BV: na‘² EVñ¶m: H$maUmV² nrS>m Z ^{dî¶{V' B{V {ZU©¶§ H¥$Ëdm Vo {e{~a§ à{VJVdÝV: &

¶Ú{n {dínbm¶m: nmX: ^¾: VWm{n gm hVmoËgmhm Z OmVm & M¡VÝ¶‘y{V©: gm dram“Zm Ed AmgrV² & "œ: ‘¶m ¶wÕ§ H$aUr¶‘² Ed' B{V {Z{üË¶ gm nmX§ nwZ: àmáw‘² EoÀN>V² & AV: gm {ZübV¶m Cn{dí¶ A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ H¥$VdVr & Vñ¶m:

• H$m AÝ¶m ¶wÕ{ZnwUm amkr à{gÕm?• H$: ¶wÕàg“: ¶wî‘m{^: g{dñVa§

lwV: dm n{R>V: ?• A{n lwVm: Am¶wd}Xñ¶

‘mhmËå¶{df¶H$m: H$Wm:?• Ho$ à{gÕm: Am¶wd}XmMm¶m©: ?

F$½doXmV² CX²Y¥Vm AVrd AØþVm amo‘m#mH$m[aUr M Efm H$Wm órUm§ gm‘Ï¶ª Xe©¶{V (F$.1.116.15)& eó{H«$¶m{demaXm¡ A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ àJVd¡ÚH$VÝÌkmZñ¶ ‘ybmYmam¡ ñV: & {dínbm¶m: M[aÌ§ àoaUmXm¶H§$ Ibw gd}fm§ H¥$Vo & - gå^mfUgÝXoe-‘m{gH$mV² &

fð>: nmR>: & drad{ZVm {dínbm&

41

^³Vo$: H$maUmV² A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ bmoh¶w³V§ nmX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm Vm§ ¶Wmnydª H¥$VdÝVm¡ & EVñ‘mV² {dínbm ¶Wmnydª M{bVw§ ¶wÕ§ H$Vwª M g‘Wm© OmVm &

AZÝVa{XZo àmV: gm ‘hVm CËgmhoZ aUa“‘² AmJVdVr & aUa“o Vm§ ÑîQ‰>m Ed eÌwg¡{ZH$m: M{H$Vm: ^rVm: M & Vñ¶m: Xe©Z‘mÌoU Ed Vofm§ Y¡¶ª Zï>§ OmV‘² & gm ¶Xm Am¶wYàhma‘² AmaãYdVr VXm Vo gd©Wm hVmoËgmhm: OmVm: & {dínbm eÌyZ² H$Xbrd¥jmZ² Bd brb¶m H${V©VdVr & ghóm{YH$m: g¡{ZH$m: V¶m g§öVm: &

Ed§ {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ H$maUV: Vpñ‘Z² ¶wÕo IobamOñ¶ Ed O¶: A^dV² &

drad{ZVm {dínbm ^Ìm© gh aUa“§ à{dí¶ em¡¶}U ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘{n A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: AZwJ«hoU nmX§ nwZ: àmßVdVr eÌyZ² g§öVdVr M & EVoZ gmhgoZ gm doXdmL²>‘¶o ~hþYm àe§{gVm &

{dínbm¶m em¡¶ª VWm M ApídZrHw$‘ma¶mo: eë¶{H«$¶mH$m¡eb§ ñ‘aÝVw B{V Añ‘mZ² Cn{Xe{V B{Vhmg: &

1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &A) eÌd: & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdÝV:) Am) IobamO: & (à{dï>dÝV:/à{dï>dmZ²)B) {dínbm & (à{dï>dmZ²/à{dï>dVr) B©) gm ¶wÕ§ & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdVr) C) eÌwg¡{ZH$m: & (AdéÕdÝVm¡/AdéÕdÝV:) D$) g¡{ZH$m: {e{~a§ & (JVdÝV:/JVdÝVm¡) E) eÌwg¡{ZH$m: nmX§ & (H${V©VdÝV:/H${V©VdÝVm¡) Eo) gm aUm“U‘² & (AmJVdË¶m¡/AmJVdVr)Amo) {dínbm Ü¶mZ‘² & (AmaãYdmZ²/AmaãYdVr)Am¡) A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ Vm§ ¶Wmnydª & (H¥$VdÝVm¡/H¥$VdË¶m¡)

2. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A 1. bmoh¶w³V‘² 2. dram“Zm 3. ^rVm: 4. ‘hV² 5. eya:

Am 1. ¶wÕ‘² 2. eÌwg¡{ZH$m: 3. IobamO: 4. nmX‘² 5. {dínbm

3. AYmoXÎmofw {deofUofw ¶m{Z {deofUm{Z {dínbm§ Z dU©¶pÝV Vm{Z n¥WwH²$ Hw$éV &M{H$Vm:, àe§{gVm, rVm, g‘Wm©, {Zübm, EH$m{H$Zr, M¡VÝ¶‘y{V©:, AdéÕm, Mm‘wÊS>oœar, ‘hm{dXþfr, aUHw$ebm, eya:, Zm{¶H$m, Xþ:{IVm &

4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & 1. {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ dU©Z§ Hw$éV &2. {dínbm A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ {H$‘Wª H¥$VdVr ?

^mfmä¶mg:

42

5. nmR>mV² YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV n¥W³Hw$éV M &

6. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV& A[a:, MaU:, dr¶©‘², g“a:, aUm“U‘², ajH$m:, npÊS>Vm, drú¶,doXZm, AJ{UVm: &

7. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV & {‘Ì‘², H$mVaVm, Ag‘Wm©, H$mVa:, namO¶: &

‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘²-AYmoXÎm§ H$m¶ª $Ho$Z H¥$V‘² B{V {bIV & (A) goZm¶m: Zm¶H$Ëdñ¶ ñdrH$aU‘² & (Am) amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U‘² &(B) IobamOñ¶ níMmV² aUa“§ àdoe: & (B©) O¶§ àmáw§ ¶wJnV² AmH«$‘U‘² &(C) {ÛJw{UV-CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ‘² & (D$) EH$nmXH$V©Z‘² &(E) {e{~a§ àË¶mJ‘Z‘² & (Eo) {dínbm¶m: Xe©Z‘mÌoU Y¡¶©ZmeZ‘² &(Amo) ghòm{YH$g¡{ZH$mZm‘² g§haU‘² & (Am¡) Am¶wYàhmaoU CËgmhZmeZ‘² &

8. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘²n{V:

aUHw$eb:eyam

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘²^rV:

EH$mH$shVmoËgmhm

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘²Zm{¶H$mg‘Wm©

amOm

Jm¶V ZÝXV !YrdaJmZ‘²

Zm¶H$: - Am¶m{h ao@@ ! Am¶m{h ao@@ ! Am¶m{h ao@@ ! {dhm¶{g gamJ-apí‘-MÝÐ‘m:VZmo{V gmÝÐ-amo{M-‘ÄOw-MpÝÐH$m:{gÝYwamdKmo{fVm: amoXgrH$ÝXam:¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&&

AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&&Zm¶H$: - MÝÐhmg‘{‚mVm Vm‘gr {à¶m

gd©-Xoh-H$mpÝV-nwÄO-‘ÄOw-dëJZm{Zübm {d^mgVo VmabmoMZm¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&&

AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&&Zm¶H$: - gmJaoU Mwpå~Vm MpÝÐH$m ‘wXm

amOVo {dbmg-hmg-bmñ¶-{M{ÌVmam{JUrd ^mgVo amJa{ÄOVm ¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&&

AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&&

-lr. n[a{jV² e‘m©

~w{ÕOmb§ nya¶V &1. A + B =2. Am + A =3. A + B© =4. B + A =5. B© + A =6. A + D$ =7. A + A =8. D$ + A =9. A + Eo =10. A + C =11. A + F$ =12. A + Am¡ =13. C + A =14. A + Amo =15. F$ + A =16. A + E =

IobV ZÝXV ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

43

JUoem¶ ‘moXH$m: amoMÝVo & {edm¶ {~ëdnÌm{U amoMÝVo & ‘hmbúå¶¡ H$‘b§ amoMVo & JUoe: ‘moXHo$ä¶: ñn¥h¶{V & {ed: {~ëdnÌoä¶: ñn¥h¶{V & ‘hmbú‘r: H$‘bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &

{Z{Ibm¶ bÈx>H$m: amoMÝVo & embm amoMVo & nwñVH$m{Z amoMÝVo & J{UVg§ñH¥$Vo amoMoVo &

H$mí‘ram H$ÊR>hmam¶ ñn¥h¶{V & eeH$mä¶m§ ñn¥h¶{V & ObH«$sS>m¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V & doUdo ñn¥h¶{V &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & CnnX{d^³V¶: (YmVd:)&

1. J‘² = ({ÛVr¶m) nmÊS>dm: hpñVZmnwa‘² AJÀN>Z² &2. Hw$n² = (MVwWu) ‘mVm {eedo H$Xm{n Z Hw$ß¶oV² &3. H«w$Y² = (MVwWu) ñdm{‘Zr ^¥Ë¶m¶ H«w$Ü¶{V &4. Xm-¶ÀN²> = (MVwWu) {eî¶m: Jwado X{jUm§ ¶ÀN>ÝVw &5. H$W² = (MVwWu) Aßgagm¡ XodoÝÐm¶ d¥ÎmmÝV‘² AH$W¶Vm‘² &6. aj² = (n#m‘r) H¥$îU: g‘Q>mV²/AmnX: JmonmbmZ² aj{V &7. {d + a‘² = (n#m‘r) Ëd§ d¥WmH$bhmV² {da‘ &8. pñZh² = (gá‘r) d¶§ ^«mV¥fw pñZøo‘ &9. éM² = (MVwWu) ZaoÝÐm¶ ì¶m¶m‘: amoMVo &10. ñn¥h² = (MVwWu) Jm¡ar Hw$ÊS>bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &

Ef: {Z{Ib: & {Z{Ibm¶ qH$ qH$ amoMVo?

Efm H$mí‘ram & H$mí‘ram H$ñ‘¡/H$ñ¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V ?

{dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²²

44

¶moJmMaUoZ ‘mZdOrdZ§ {Zam‘¶§, gwÝXa§, XrKª ñdñW§ M d{V & emar[aH$-‘mZ{gH$-AmpË‘H$-~bgånmXZmWª ¶moJ: AVrd bm^àX: Ed & "g§¶w³Vamï´>‘hmg^¶m'(UNO) OyZ‘mgñ¶ EH$qde{V{XZmL²>H$: (21 OyZ) {dœ¶moJ{Xdg: Kmo{fV: &

àñVwV: nÚm§e: "hR>¶moJàXr{nH$m'ZmåZ: J«ÝWmV² CÕ¥V: ApñV & n#mXeo eVHo$ ñdmË‘mam‘-¶moJr-‘hmoX¶oZ Ef: J«ÝW: a{MV: & J«ÝWñ¶ ^mfm AVrd gabm gw~moYm M ApñV &

g‘mYmZm¶ gm¡»¶m¶ ZramoJËdm¶ OrdZo & ¶moJ‘odmä¶goV² àmkmo ¶Wme{³V {ZaÝVa‘² && &&1&&

hR>ñ¶ àW‘m“ËdmX² AmgZ§ nyd©‘wÀ¶Vo &Hw$¶m©ÎmXmgZ§ ñW¡¶©‘mamo½¶§ Mm“bmKd‘² &&1&&

[hR>ñ¶ àW‘-A“§ VmdV² AmgZ§ VV² àW‘‘² CÀ¶Vo & AmgZ§ ñW¡¶©‘² Amamo½¶‘² A“bmKd§ M Hw$¶m©V² &]

dm‘moê$n[a X{jU§ M MaU§ g§ñWmß¶ dm‘§ VWm Xjmoê$n[a n{ü‘oZ {d{YZm Y¥Ëdm H$amä¶m§ ÑT>‘²A“xð>m¡ öX¶o {ZYm¶ [M~wH§$ ZmgmJ«‘mbmoH$¶oX²

EVX² ì¶m{Y{dZmeH$m[a ¶{‘Zm§ nÙmgZ§ àmoÀ¶Vo &&2&&[dm‘-D$é-Cn[a X{jU§ MaU§ g§ñWmß¶, Xj-D$é-Cn[a dm‘§ MaU§ g§ñWmß¶ npíM‘oZ {d{YZm H$amä¶m§ ÑT>‘²

A“xð>m¡ Y¥Ëdm, öX¶o {M~wH§$ {ZYm¶, ZmgmJ«‘² AmbmoH$¶oV² & EVX² ¶{‘Zm§ ì¶m{Y{dZmeH$m[a nÙmgZ§ àmoÀ¶Vo]

nmXm“xð>m¡ Vw nm{Uä¶m§ J¥hrËdm ldUmd{Y &YZwamH$f©U§ Hw$¶m©X² YZwamgZ‘wÀ¶Vo&&3&&

[nm{Uä¶m§ nmXm“wð>m¡ J¥hrËdm ldUmd{Y YZwamH$f©U§ Hw$¶m©V² (VV²) YZwamgZ‘² CÀ¶Vo &]

àgm¶© nmXm¡ ^w{d XÊS>ê$nm¡Xmoä¶mª nXmJ«{ÛV¶§ J¥hrËdm &

OmZyn[aÝ¶ñVbbmQ>Xoemodgo{XX§ n{ü‘VmZ‘mhþ: &&4&&

[^w{d nmXm¡ XÊS>ê$nm¡ àgm¶©, Xmoä¶mª (hñVmä¶m§) nXmJ«{ÛV¶§ J¥hrËdm OmZyn[a Ý¶ñVbbmQ>Xoe: dgoV² & BX§ n{ü‘VmZ‘²

Amhþ: &]dm‘moé‘ybm{n©VXjnmX§

OmZmo~©{hd}{ï>Vdm‘nmX‘² &àJ¥ø {Vð>oV² n[ad{V©Vm“:

lr‘Ëñ¶ZmWmo{XV‘mgZ§ ñ¶mV² &&5&&[dm‘moé-‘ybm{n©V-XjnmX§, OmZmo: ~{h: do{ï>V-dm‘nmX§-àJ¥ø n[ad{V©Vm“: {Vð>oV² (VV²) lr‘Ëñ¶ZmWmo{XV‘mgZ§

ñ¶mV² &]

• ì¶m¶m‘oZ Ho$ bm^m:^dpÝV?

• ¶y¶§ H$m{Z ¶moJmgZm{ZOmZrW ?

gá‘: nmR>: & ¶moJ‘mbm &

45

1. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &A) edmgZ§ H$W§ {hVH$a§ ^d{V ? Am) ‘Ëñ¶oÝÐmgZñ¶ H¥$qV dU©¶V &B) nÙmgZñ¶ dU©Z§ H$W§ H¥$V‘² ? B©) ¶moJmgZ¡: Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ?

2. Omb{MÌ§ nya¶V &

3. {MÌm{U ÑîQ‰>m AmgZZm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &

CÎmmZ§ eddX² ^y‘m¡ e¶Z§ VÀN>dmgZ‘² &edmgZ§ l‘ha§ {MÎm{dlmpÝVH$maH$‘² &&6&&

[^y‘m¡ CÎmmZ§ eddV² e¶Z§ VV² edmgZ‘² & edmgZ§, l‘ha§, {MÎm{dlmpÝVH$maH$‘² (ApñV) &]

AË¶mhma: à¶mgü àOënmo {Z¶‘mJ«h: &OZg“ü bm¡ë¶§ M fS²>{^¶m}Jmo {dZí¶{V &&

[AË¶mhma:, à¶mg:, àOën:, {Z¶‘mJ«h: OZg“: bm¡ë¶§ M fpS²>^: ¶moJ: {dZí¶{V &]

¶moJ-{dZme-H$maUm{Z

AË¶mhma:

nR>V ~moYV !

nmXm¡ hñVm¡ OmZwZr Ûo CaümW bbmQ>H$‘² &Aï>m“oZ ñn¥eoX² ^yq‘ gmï>m“àU{Vü gm &&

Am{XË¶ñ¶ Z‘ñH$mamZ² ¶o Hw$d©pÝV {XZo {XZo &OÝ‘mÝVaghòofw Xm[aÐç§ ZmonOm¶Vo &&

AmgZàH$mam: YZwamgZ‘²

¶moJoZ {MÎmñ¶ nXoZ dmMm§ ‘b§ earañ¶ M d¡ÚHo$Z &¶mo@nmH$amoV² V§ àda§ ‘wZrZm§

nVÄOqb àmÄO{bamZVmo@pñ‘ &&

^mfmä¶mg:

46

A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, ^maVgÑeo {dembo Xoeo gwXÿaàmÝVoä¶: AÝ¶àmÝV§ à{V ào{fVm{Z nÌm{U {dZm {dbå~§ {dZm à‘mX§ H$W§ bä¶ÝVo? d¶‘² Añ‘mH§$ {Zdmg{d^mJo nÌno{Q>H$m¶m§ nÌ§ {jnm‘: & VV: VV² nÌmb¶§ à{V JÀN>{V & VV: M {Z{X©ï>§ ñWmZ§ à{V àmßZmo{V & H$W§ e³¶m ^d{V Efm {dVaUì¶dñWm? "{nZ²H$moS²>àUm{b:' BË¶od EVñ¶ àýñ¶ CÎma‘² & {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘mL²>H$: Zm‘ nÌgL²>Ho$Vñ¶ AÝVo {b{IVm: fQ²> gL²>»¶m: & {nZ²H$moS²> Zm‘ ñWmZgL²>Ho$VmL²>H$: & (PIN - Postal Index Number). Am°JñQ> 1972-V‘o {¼ñVmãXo ñdmVÝÍ¶{XZg‘mamoho àYmZ‘pÝÌ-BpÝXam-JmÝYr-‘hmoX¶m¶¡ CnhmarH¥$Vm Efm ‘hÎdnyUm© àUm{b: & Ho$Z Ibw àd{V©Vm B¶§ gL²>Ho$VmL²>H$ àUm{b: ? g: nÌmb¶-A{YH$mar AmgrV² g§ñH¥$VnpÊS>V: J{UVk:

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MÝÐgy¶m£ ~mbH$~m{bH$m: d¥jbVm: MÝÐ: M gy`©: M & ~mbH$m: M ~m{bH$m: M& d¥jm: M bVm: M &

BVa + BVa- {^ÞnXm{Z EH$Ì à`wÁ`ÝVo AÌ & 1. bKweãX: (Ý¶yZñda¶w³V: eãX:) àW‘: doV² &2. g‘ñVnX§ {ZË`§ {ÛdMZo ~hþdMZo dm & 3. g‘ñVnXñ¶ {b“‘² CÎmanXmZwgma‘² &4. {dJ«ho à{VnX§ àW_m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & 5. {dJ«ho, à{VnX§ "M' B{V Aì¶¶‘² Cn`mo³Vì`_² &6. g‘ñVnX§ ~hþdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² AWm©Zwgma‘² & 7. g‘ñVnX§ {ÛdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² EH$dMZ‘² &

H¥${V: 1 - {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g_ñVnXm{Z {bIV &

nÌnwînm{U &

{dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²

H¥${V: 2 - {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g_mg{dJ«h§ {bIV &

ñH$ÝX: M JUoe: M &

53

2. g_mhma: ÛÝÛ: &

_yfH$‘mOm©a_² & (OmVd¡aËd_²) hñVnmX_² & (earamd`dm:)_yfH$: M _mOm©a: M EV`mo: g_mhma: & hñVm¡ M nmXm¡ M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

`yH$m{bj_² & (gyú_Ordm:) h[aÐmHw$L²>Hw$‘‘² & ({ZË¶gmhM¶©‘²)`yH$m: M {bjm: M EVmgm§ g_mhma: & h[aÐm M Hw$L²>Hw$‘§ M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: &

Xþ½YeH©$a‘² & (gmhM¶©‘²) {VbJwS>_² & ({ZË¶gmhM¶©‘²)Xþ½Y§ M eH©$am M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: & {Vbm: M JwS>: M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘² {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g‘ñVnX§ g_mg{dJ«h§ M {bIV &

54

g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V & [J«rî‘mdH$meo Xm¡{hÌm: Xm¡{hÍ¶:M ‘mVm‘øm gh Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$VoZ dmVm©bmn§ Hw$d©pÝV & ‘mVm‘hr Voä¶: g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: {deofmZ² H$W¶{V &]‘mVm‘hr - Añ‘mH§$ ~më¶H$mbo XÿaXe©Zo EH$mË‘Vm¶m: EH§$ JrV‘² AmgrV² & VX² Jm¶m‘: - EH$m MQ>H$m, AZoH$müQ>H$m: & YmÝ¶‘² AÎmw‘² Am¶mVmüQ>H$m: &&

gwYoÝXþ: - ‘mVm‘hr JVg‘¶o Ëd¶m MVwañ¶ H$mH$ñ¶ H$WmJrV§ lm{dV‘² & EH$: H$mH$: V¥fmnr{S>V: &Ob§ Z b^Vo Xÿao Xÿao &&

VÌ EH$: H$mH$: B{V C³V‘² & AYwZm AÌ EH$m MQ>H$m B{V dX{g &n¥Wm - Am‘² & VWm M "EH§$ JrV‘²' BË¶{n C³V‘² & V{h© {H$‘W©‘² AÌ EH$:, EH$‘² B{V ôX: ?doUw: - ({MÝV{¶Ëdm) h§.. ‘¶m kmV‘² & ¶Wm EH$: ~mb:, EH$m ~mbm, EH$§ dZ‘² &‘mVm‘hr - ~hþ gå¶H²$ doUmo &gwYoÝXþ: - V{h© EH$: MfH$:, EH$m boIZr, EH§$ ’o$ZH$‘² & A{n ¶mo½¶‘oVV² ?‘mVm‘hr - ~mT>‘² & gå¶H²$ AdJV§ Ëd¶m & BVmo@{n EH$‘² AmL²>½b-~mbJrV§ ¶y¶§ Jm¶W ñ‘ & A{n ñ‘aW?

Ûm¡ bKy hñVm¡ Vm{bH$mdmXZm¶ & Ûm¡ bKy nmXm¡ J‘ZmJ‘Zm¶ & Ûo bKy ZoÌo Z^moXe©Zm¶ &...

n¥Wm - ‘mVm‘{h, AdJV§ ‘¶m & VWm M Ûm¡-Ûo EV¶mo: ôXmo@{n kmV: & ¶Wm Ûm¡ nwéfm¡, Ûm¡ Xrnm¡ &doUw: - Ûo ’$bo, Ûo CÚmZo &gwYoÝXþ: - ‘{hbmÛ¶§ dm ÐmoUrÛ¶‘² B{V H$W§ d³Vì¶‘² ?‘mVm‘hr - Ûo ‘{hbo Ûo ÐmoÊ¶m¡ dm & BXmZr‘h§ gL²>»¶me¥L²>Ibm§ dXm{‘ & H$W¶V {H$‘oVV² ?

Ì¶: {Vò: Ìr{U & MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a && gwYoÝXþ: - (h{gËdm) ‘¶m AdJV‘² & Ì¶: d¥jm:, {Vò: ‘{jH$m:, Ìr{U ’$bm{Z &... n¥Wm - {Vð> ao & AJ«o Ah§ dXm{‘ & MËdma: ‘wZ¶:, MVò: YoZd:, MËdm[a dmhZm{Z &‘mVm‘hr - gwemo^Z‘² & MmUmjm: ¶y¶‘² & doUw: - BV: na§ d¶§ EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U nR>m‘: &‘mVm‘hr - gmYw & gmYw &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 1 & V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$: &

55

EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U EH $({ZË¶‘² EH$dMZ‘²) {Û ({ZË¶§ {ÛdMZ‘²)

nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§.EH$: EH$m EH$‘² àW‘m Ûm¡ Ûo ÛoEH$‘² EH$m‘² EH$‘² {ÛVr¶m Ûm¡ Ûo ÛoEHo$Z EH$¶m EHo$Z V¥Vr¶m Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²EH$ñ‘¡ EH$ñ¶¡ EH$ñ‘¡ MVwWu Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²

EH$ñ‘mV² EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ‘mV² n#m‘r Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²EH$ñ¶ EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ¶ fð>r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

EH$pñ‘Z² EH$ñ¶m‘² EH$pñ‘Z² gá‘r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

{Ì ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) MVwa² ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²)nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§.Ì¶: {Vò: Ìr{U àW‘m MËdma: MVò: MËdm[aÌrZ² {Vò: Ìr{U {ÛVr¶m MVwa: MVò: MËdm[a{Ì{^: {Vg¥{^: {Ì{^: V¥Vr¶m MVw{^©: MVg¥{^: MVw{^©:{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: MVwWu MVwä¶©: MVg¥ä¶: MVwä¶©:{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: n#m‘r MVwä¶©: MVg¥ä¶: MVwä¶©:Ì¶mUm‘² {Vg¥Um‘² Ì¶mUm‘² fð>r MVwUm©‘² MVg¥Um‘² MVwUm©‘²{Ìfw {Vg¥fw {Ìfw gá‘r MVwfw© MVg¥fw MVwfw©

gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &A) (4) ‘{hbmä¶: VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶ & Am) Vofw (3) Véfw IJm: ZrS>m{Z AaM¶Z² &B) (1) H$no: Q>mo{nH$m n{VVm & B©) EVmgw (2) H¥$Vr {bIÝVw &C) (3) ^wdZmZm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ {Ì^wdZ‘² & D$) (1) Xmgr gÝXoe§ H${WVdVr &E) V¶mo: (2) nañna‘obZ§ Z AmgrV² & Eo) (1) ZJao g: dg{V ñ‘ &Amo) (2) A{n H$dr H$mì¶‘² AnR>Vm‘² & Am¡) H$Wm‘oVm‘² (4) N>mÌoä¶: H$W¶ &A§) Ah§ (3) Mm¡amZ² Aní¶‘² & H$) d¶§ (4) JrVm{Z Jm¶m‘: &I) g: (4) doXmZ² AYrVdmZ² & J) d¶§ (2) ZoÌmä¶m§ ní¶m‘: &K) {ed: (3) ZoÌ¡: ní¶{V &

hgV ZÝXV !

1) ZrVm - AmMm¶} gm Jm¡ar {H$‘{n Z H$amo{V & Am{XZ§ Cn{dí¶ Ho$db§ ì¶Wª g‘¶¶mnZ§ H$amo{V &{e{jH$m - AñVw & {H$ÝVw Ëd§ H$W‘² EVV² OmZm{g ?ZrVm - Ah§ Vw gd©Xm, Vm‘od ní¶m{‘ Ibw !

2) {e{jH$m - N>mÌm:, ø: ^yVH$mb: nm{R>V: {H$b? AYwZm {‘{hH$o, ^yVH$mbñ¶ EH$‘² CXmhaU§ H$W¶ &{‘{hH$m - AmMm¶}, Ah§ Vw ø: AZwnpñWVm Amg‘² &{e{jH$m - CÎm‘§ {‘{hHo$ ! Ëd¶m gå¶H² ^yVH$mb: kmV: !

56

Z Mmoahm¶ª Z M amOhm¶ª Z ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z M ^maH$m[a & ì¶¶o H¥$Vo dY©V Ed {ZË¶§ {dÚmYZ§ gd©YZàYmZ‘² &&1&&

[{dÚmYZ§ Mmoahm¶ª Z (ApñV), amOhm¶ª Z, ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z, ^maH$m[a (A{n) Z (ApñV) & ì¶¶o H¥$Vo A{n (VV²) {ZË¶§ dY©Vo Ed & (gË¶‘od {dÚmYZ§) gd©YZàYmZ‘² (ApñV) & ]

A¶§ {ZO: namo do{V JUZm bKwMoVgm‘² &CXmaM[aVmZm§ Vw dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² &&2&&

[bKwMoVgm§ (H¥$Vo) A¶§ {ZO: na: dm B{V JUZm (ApñV) & CXmaM[aVmZm§ (H¥$Vo) Vw dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² (ApñV)&]namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV ZÚ: &

namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV Jmd: namonH$mamW©{‘X§ eara‘² &&3&&[d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV & ZÚ: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV & Jmd: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV & BX§ eara§ namonH$mamW©‘² (Ed ApñV) &]

OmS>ç§ {Y¶mo ha{V {g#m{V dm{M gË¶§ ‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V nmn‘nmH$amo{V &{MÎm§ àgmX¶{V {Xjw VZmo{V H$s{Vª

gËg“{V: H$W¶ qH$ Z H$amo{V nw§gm‘² &&4&&[gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ ha{V, dm{M gË¶§ {g#m{V, ‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V, nmn‘² AnmH$amo{V, {MÎm§ àgmX¶{V, {Xjw H$s{Vª VZmo{V & H$W¶ ! (gm gËg“{V:) nw§gm§ qH$ ({hV§) Z H$amo{V ?]

¶Ì Zm¶©ñVw nyÁ¶ÝVo a‘ÝVo VÌ XodVm: &¶Ì¡VmñVw Z nyÁ¶ÝVo gdm©ñVÌm’$bm: {H«$¶m: &&5&&

[¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ XodVm: a‘ÝVo & ¶Ì Vw EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: (^dpÝV) & ]MmVH${óMVwamZ² n¶:H$UmZ² ¶mMVo ObYa§ {nnmg¶m &

gmo@{n nya¶{V {díd‘å^gm hÝV hÝV ‘hVm‘wXmaVm &&6&&[(¶Xm) MmVH$: {nnmg¶m ObYa§ {ÌMVwamZ² n¶:H$UmZ² ¶mMVo (VXm) g: (‘oK:) A{n {díd‘² Aå^gm nya¶{V & hÝV hÝV ({H$¶Vr Efm) ‘hVm‘² CXmaVm !]

Vo eV§ {h d¶§ n#m ñdH$s¶o {dJ«ho g{V &na¡ñVw {dJ«ho àmáo d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV‘² &&7&&

[¶w{Y{ð>a: dX{V - ñdH$s¶o {dJ«ho g{V Vo eV§ d¶§ {h n#m (ñ‘:) & na¡: {dJ«ho àmáo Vw d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV§ (ñ‘:) &]nR>H$: nmR>H$ü¡d ¶o MmÝ¶o emódmMH$m: &

gd} ì¶g{ZZmo ko¶m ¶: {H«$¶mdmÝg npÊS>V: &&8&&[nR>H$: nmR>H$: (VWm) M ¶o AÝ¶o emódmMH$m: (gpÝV, Vo) gd} ì¶g{ZZ: ko¶m: & (¶V:) ¶: {H«$¶mdmZ² g: (Ed) npÊS>V: (ApñV) &]

g§ñH¥$V^mfm gw^m{fV¡: g‘bL²>H¥$Vm Ibw & gw^m{fVoä¶: CÕ¥Vm: Z¡H${dYm: g§ñH¥$Vgy³V¶: Z Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$Vo, A{n Vw AÝ¶^mfmñd{n ‘m{‘©H$V¶m CËñ’y$V©V¶m M Cn¶wº$m: Ñí¶ÝVo & àm¶: OZm: gånyUª gw^m{fV§ Z ñ‘apÝV naÝVw gy³V¶: Vofm§ {OˆmJ«o {VðpÝV & ^mfmd¡^d§ dY©¶ÝË¶: EVmÑí¶: gy³V¶: N>mÌ¡: gå¶H²$ n{R>Vì¶m: ñ‘V©ì¶m: M &

Zd‘: nmR>: & gyp³VgwYm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

57

ûcmoH$: 11. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) H¡$: YZ§$Z õr¶Vo ?Am) Ho$fw YZ§ Z {d^Á¶Vo ?B) gd©YZàYmZ§ {H$‘² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &{dÚmYZ§ ì¶¶o H¥$Vo H$W§ dY©Vo ?

3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dY©V Ed &4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &

Mmoa:, ^ma:, {ZË¶‘², {dÚm, YZ‘², àYmZ‘² &5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &

ì¶¶:, {ZË¶‘², àYmZ‘² &ûcmoH$: 2 1. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &

(A) na: + dm + B{V (Am) dgwYm + Ed2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) "A¶§ {ZO:, A¶§ na:' B{V Ho$fm§ JUZm ?Am) Ho$fm§ H¥$Vo dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² ^d{V?

3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &bKwMoVg: CXmaMoVg: OZm: H$W‘² A{^kmVì¶m: ?

4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV

A ñdr¶‘² {MÝVZ‘² AÝ¶: n¥{WdrAm JUZm dgwYm {ZO: na:


A) namonH$mam¶ d¥jm: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ?Am) namonH$mam¶ ZÚ: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ?B) H$m: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV ?B©) eara§ {H$‘W©‘² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &namonH$ma: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? Ho$ namonH$ma‘¾m: ?

3. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &A) d¥jm: ’$bpÝV & Am) ZÚ: dhpÝV &

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &d¥jm:, ZÚ:, eara‘² &

5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & CnH$ma:, na: &

ûcmoH$: 41. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &

A) gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ &Am) gËg“{V: dm{M {g#m{V &B) gËg“{V: {Xe{V &B©) gËg“{V: nmn‘² & C) gËg“{V: {MÎm§ &D$) gËg“{V: {Xjw VZmo{V &

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &gËg“{V: OrdZo qH$ qH$ H$amo{V?

ûcmoH$: 51. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

Zm¶©ñVw, ¶Ì¡Vm:, EVmñVw, VÌm’$bm:, gdm©ñVÌ &2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) XodVm: Hw$Ì a‘ÝVo ?Am) {H«$¶m: Hw$Ì A’$bm: ^dpÝV ?

3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &"¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo '& B{V gyp³V§ ûcmoH$ñ¶

AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV &4. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &

A) Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo & Am) XodVm: a‘ÝVo &B) EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo & B©) gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: &

5. "Zmar' BË¶W©‘² A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV &ûcmoH$: 61. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

A) MmVH$: + = MmVH${óMVwamZ² &Am) gmo@{n = + A{n &B) {dœ‘² + Aå^gm = &B©) ‘hVm‘² + = ‘hVm‘wXmaVm &

^mfmä¶mg:

58

2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &A) MmVH$: n¶:H$UmZ² H§$ ¶mMVo ?Am) ObYa: Ho$db§ MmVH$ñ¶ V¥îUm§ emå¶{V CV

gånyU©{dœñ¶? B) ‘hVm‘² CXmaVm H$ñ¶ Ñï>mÝVoZ km¶Vo ?

3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &‘hVm‘² CXmaVm ûcmoHo$ H$W§ d{U©Vm ?

4. ê$nn[aM¶§ Hw$éV &Aå^gm, ‘hVm‘², {nnmg¶m, n¶:

5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &MmVH$: n¶g: H$UmZ² ObYa§ ¶mMVo &

6. A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV & ObYa:, Aå^:ûcmoH$: 71. $‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

"d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV‘²' B{V gyp³V¨ ñnï>rHw$éV &2. ûcmoH$mV² gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M &

3. ûcmoH$mV² gL²>»¶mdmMH$m{Z {MZwV {bIV M &ûcmoH$: 81. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

A) nmR>H$ü¡d = + M + &Am) MmÝ¶o = + AÝ¶o &B) ì¶g{ZZmo ko¶m: = + ko¶m: &B©) {H«$¶mdmÝg npÊS>V: = {H«$¶mdmZ² +

+ npÊS>V: &2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) Ho$ ì¶g{ZZ: C³Vm: ?Am) H$: npÊS>V: CÀ¶Vo ?

3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &nmpÊS>Ë¶§ H$pñ‘Z² dV©Vo ? ¶WmW©: npÊS>V: H$: ?

4. gw^m{fVmV² g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &dmMH$:, AÜ¶mnH$:, emó{dX:, H$m¶©H$Vm©,{dÛmZ², ~moÕì¶m: &

{dgJm}@h‘²

AmoH$maê$n:

AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:(gmo@h‘²)

(am‘mo JÀN>{V>)

(XodñVWm>)(~mbîfð:>) (h[aíeoVo)

(V¡a{n)(Xod¡Z©)

(gy¶© Bd)

(H$: na:)

{díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

bmonr

a² ê$n:

e² ê$n:f² ê$n:g² ê$n:

AmoH$maê$n:

A{dH$mar ( H$, I n, ’$)

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {dgJ©gpÝY:

59

g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V &‘mVm‘hr - EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U AYrVm{Z Ibw ?

n#mV: Vw gL²>»¶mê$nofw Z {b“ôX: & Vm: ¶WmdV² à¶mo³Vì¶m: &doUw: - kmV‘² & V{h© n#m AmgÝXm:, n#m A‘Ý¶: n#m ^dZm{Z dm &gwYoÝXþ: - VWm M gá ~Q>d:, gá a‚md:, gá¡d M {XZm{Z &n¥Wm - BVmo@{n Aï> VmaH$m:, Aï> ‘wZ¶:, Aï> dgy{Z &‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘‘² & H$míMZ gL²>»¶m: à{gÕm: & ¶Wm Zd amÌ¶: ...doUw: M n¥Wm M - gá F$f¶:, Xe AmZZm{Z, Aï> búå¶:... Ìr{U ^wdZm{Z, Zd aËZm{Z dm &‘mVm‘hr - n¶m©á‘² & Ah‘² AYwZm Hy$Q>àíZ§ dXm{‘ & {^: - ä¶: - ä¶: - AmZm‘² - gw & {H$‘² EVX² ?gwYoÝXþ:- (Cƒ¡: h{gËdm) Z Ef: Hy$Q>àíZ: & EVo Vw {d^p³VàË¶¶m: & JVdf} Ah§ n{R>VdmZ² gå¶H²$

ñ‘am{‘ AYwZm A{n &doUw: - Amohmo gwYoÝXmo ! gË¶‘od VrúUm OmVm Vd ~w{Õ: & V{h© EVo gL²>»¶màË¶¶m: V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV‘² &n¥ m ¶ m � n#m, n#m, n#m{^:, n#mä¶:, n#mä¶:, n#mmZm‘², n#mgw & n#mV: ZdXen¶©ÝV§

ê$nm{U n#m gL²>»¶m Bd ^dpÝV & gË¶§ Ibw ?‘mVm‘hr - Am‘², AVrd ‘w{XVm@pñ‘ & ¶y¶§ gd} g§ñH¥$VnQ>d: & BV:na§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Io{bVw§ g‘Wm©: &gwYoÝXþ:- VÎmw Ëd¶m gh gå^mfUoZ {H${#mX² ì¶mH$aUmä¶mgoZ M &doUw: - gL²>»¶mê$nm{U gå¶JYrË¶ gå^mfUo gL²>»¶mZm‘² A{YH§$ à¶moJ§ Hw$‘©: &n¥Wm - A{J«‘o AdH$meo AÝ¶mZ² gL²>»¶m{deofmZ² kmVw‘² AmJÀN>m‘: &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 2 &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &1. VÌ (5) ~mbHo$fw H$bh: CX²^yV: &2. (6) {~S>mb¡: EH$: Ed ‘yfH$: Ñï>: &3. (7) XrnmZm‘² EH$m Amd{b: J¥ho Ñí¶Vo &4. (9) amÌrUm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ ZdamÌ‘² &5. A{n OmZm{g (7) F$frUm§ Zm‘m{Z ?6. H$m{V©Ho$¶: (6) ‘wI¡: dX{V {H$‘² ?7. amdUñ¶ (10)‘ñVHo$ä¶: {H$arQ>m: n{VVm: &8. (8) bú‘rfw H${V Zm‘m{Z OmZm{g ?9. amOm (9) F${fä¶: XmZ§ XÎmdmZ² &10. (6) dñVwä¶: (3) dñVy{Z

Amdí¶H$m{Z &11. Añ‘m{^: (8) ^ynVrZm§ M[aÌm{U

n{R>Vm{Z &

gL²>»¶mê$nm{U

({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) ff² Aï>Z² ZdZ² {d^p³V:

fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd àW‘mfQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd {ÛVr¶mfS²>{^:> Aï>{^:/

Aï>m{^: Zd{^: V¥Vr¶m

fS²>ä¶: Aï>ä¶:/Aï>mä¶:

Zdä¶: MVwWu

fS²>ä¶: Aï>ä¶:/Aï>mä¶:

Zdä¶: n#m‘r

fÊUm‘² Aï>mZm‘² ZdmZm‘² fð>rfQ²>gw/fQ²>Ëgw

Aï>gw/Aï>mgw

Zdgw gá‘r

60

dmOldm: Zm‘ XmZna: ~«m÷U: AmgrV² & EH$Xm g: {díd{OV²-¶k‘² AH$amoV² & g‘máo ¶ko g: ~«m÷Uoä¶: X{jUm‘² A¶ÀN>V² & X{jUm¶m§ gd©Xm {à¶§ dñVw ¶ÀN>oV² B{V {Z¶‘: & {H$ÝVw {nVm dmOldm: Vw X{jUmê$noU Xþ½YXmZo Ag‘Wm©: Xþ~©bm: d¥Õm: M YoZy: A¶ÀN>V² & Vñ¶ nwÌ: Z{MHo$Vm: VX² Aní¶V² & Ag‘rMrZXmZoZ {nVm ‘o ZaH§$ J{‘î¶{V B{V rË¶m g: {nVa‘² An¥ÀNV², ""{nV:, qH$ Vd AVrd {à¶‘² ?'' P{Q>{V {nVm AdXV², ""dËg, Ëd‘od ‘‘ {à¶V‘: &'' Z{MHo$Vm: nwZ: An¥ÀN>V², ""V{h© ‘m§ H$ñ‘¡ Xmñ¶{V ^dmZ²?'' dmOldgm {H$‘{n CÎma§ Z XÎm‘² & {Ûdma§ {Ìdma§$ Z{MHo$Vgm VXod n¥ï>‘² & VXm H«w$Õ: ^yËdm {nVm Z{MHo$Vg‘² ""Ah§ Ëdm§ ‘¥Ë¶do XXm{‘'' B{V AdXV² &

{nVm H«$moYmdoeo Ed‘² C³VdmZ² B{V Z{MHo$Vm: AOmZmV² & VWm{n {nVw: AmXoenmbZmWª g: ¶‘nwa‘² AJÀN>V² & ¶‘nwao ¶‘: AZwnpñWV: & ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: VÌ¡d Ìr{U {XZm{Z ¶mdV², {H$‘{n A^w³Ëdm AnrËdm ¶‘ñ¶ àVrjm‘² AH$amoV² &

MVwW} {Xdgo ¶‘: ¶‘nwa§ àmá: & jwYmVª {nnmgmVª ~mbm{VqW X¥îQ‰>m Vñ¶ öX¶§ H$éU¶m AÐdV² & ¶‘: Z{MHo$Vg§ "ÌrZ² damZ² ¶mMñd' B{V AdXV² & VV: ~mbH$: àW‘§ da‘² A¶mMV, ""‘‘ OZH$ñ¶ dmOldg: ‘m§ à{V H«$moY: emÝV: ^dVw &'' ""ñdJ©gm{YH$m‘² A{¾{dÚm§ XÎdm ‘m‘² AZwJ¥†mVw'' B{V {ÛVr¶§ da§ g:

• XmZ§ Zm‘ {H$‘² ?

• {H$‘² Cn¶moJeyÝ¶ñ¶ dñVwZ: Ë¶mJ:"XmZ‘²'B{V H$W{¶Vw§ e³¶Vo?

doXm:, ~«m÷Um:, AmaÊ¶H$m: Cn{ZfX: B{V doXdmL²>‘¶naånam dV©Vo & EVñ¶m§ naånam¶m§ à‘wIm: Xe Cn{ZfX: »¶mVm: & Cn{ZfËgw VÎdkmZMMm©-{Zê$nU§ dV©Vo & Cn{ZfËgw AÝ¶V‘m "H$R>mon{ZfX²' & H$R>mon{ZfX: CÕ¥Vm ¶‘-Z{MHo$Vgmo:µ H$Wm &

Xe‘>: nmR>: & {nV¥^³V: Z{MHo$Vm:&

61

A¶mMV & ¶‘: AmZÝXoZ dam¡ àm¶ÀN>V² & VV: V¥Vr¶daê$noU Z{MHo$Vm: AmË‘kmZ‘² A¶mMV & Vñ¶ àmW©Zm§ lwËdm ¶‘: M{H$V: & Z H$mo@{n ‘Ë¶©: AÚn¶©ÝV§ VX² kmVwH$m‘: & Aënd¶g: ~mbñ¶ H$W{‘d àJë^m kmZV¥îUm ? ¶‘: {d{dYàbmo^Z¡: Z{MHo$Vg§ V¥Vr¶damV² {Zdma{¶Vw§ àm¶VV & {H$ÝVw {ZíMb: Z{MHo$Vg: {ZU©¶: & AÝVo da§ XmVw§ dMZ~Õ: ¶‘: V§ km{ZZm‘{n Xþb©^‘² AmË‘kmZ‘² Cnm{XeV² &

1. EH$dm³¶ooZ CÎmaV &

A) dmOldm: H$: ? Am) X{jUm¶m§ qH$ ¶ÀN>oV² B{V {Z¶‘: ?

B) dmOldg: nwÌ: H$: ? B©) V¥Vr¶daê$noU Z{MHo$Vm: {H$‘² A¶mMV ?

C) ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: H${V {XZm{Z ¶mdV² ¶‘ñ¶ àVrjm‘² AH$amoV² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

A) Z{MHo$Vm: ¶‘nwa§ {H$‘W©‘² AJÀN>V² ? Am) Ho$ Ì¶: dam: Z{MHo$Vgm ¶m{MVm: ?

‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘²

1) ¶WmH«$‘§ dXV &A) MVwW} {Xdgo ¶‘ñ¶ ¶‘nwa‘²-AmJ‘Z‘² &

Am) ~mbZ{MHo$Vg: A^w³Ëdm AnrËdm ¶‘ñ¶ àVrjm &

B) jwYmV©ñ¶ ~mbm{VWo: Xe©Z‘² &

B©) Z{MHo$Vg: Ìr{U {XZm{Z ¶mdV² {VVrjm &

C) ¶‘oZ daÌ¶§ XÎm‘² &

• Aå^mo{YO©b{Yn©¶mo{YéX{Ydm©am{Þ{Ydm©[a{Y: &Aå^mo{Y: + Ob{Y:+ n¶mo{Y: + CX{Y:+ dmam{Þ{Y: + dm[a{Y: &namonH$ma: H$V©ì¶: àmU¡a{n YZ¡a{n &àmU¡a{n = àmU¡: + A{n & YZ¡a{n = YZ¡: + A{n &

• CÎm‘m ‘Ü¶‘m ZrMmpñVòmo d¡ àm{UZm§ {dYm: &namW©ñdmW©{dÜd§gm bjUm{Z ¶WmH«$‘‘² &&CÎm‘m: + ‘Ü¶‘m: namW©ñdmW©{dÜd§gm: + bjUm{Z

}

}}

}AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:

a²ê$n: {dgJ©:

a²ê$n: {dgJ©:

bmonr {dgJ©:

• ‘m ‘Zmo ‘Ywnmo ‘oKmo ‘Únmo ‘H©$Q>mo ‘éV² &‘{jH$m ‘ËHw$Umo ‘Ëñ¶mo ‘H$mam Xe M#mbm: &&‘Z: + ‘Yþn: + ‘oK: + ‘Ún: + ‘H©$Q>: + ‘éV² &‘ËHw$U: + ‘Ëñ¶: + ‘H$mam: & AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:‘H$mam: + Xe & bmonr {dgJ©:• g {h ^d{V X[aÐmo ¶ñ¶ V¥îUm {dembm &‘Z{g M n[aVwï>o H$mo@W©dmZ² H$mo X[aÐ: &&X[aÐ: + ¶ñ¶ H$: + X[aÐ:

({dgJ©ñ¶ n[adV©Z§ {ZarjÜd‘² &)

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

^mfmä¶mg:

62

H$‘©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$‘©{U à¶moJ:)

JU¶{V gyM¶Vo H$W¶{V

Yma¶{V nyÁ¶Vo VmS>¶Vo

Kmof¶Vo Mmoa¶{V jmb¶{V

H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V: àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

AÌ {^Þ§

nX§ {H$‘² ?

EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V &1. am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &2. am‘oU J«ÝWm¡ nR>çoVo &3. am‘oU J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo &4. am‘oU Ah§ Ñí¶o &5. am‘oU Amdm§ Ñí¶mdho &6. am‘oU d¶§ Ñí¶m‘ho &

EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéf§ dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$‘©nX§ n[adV©Vo V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV: H$‘©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &

1) ‘Ywa¶m gwYmIÊS>m: AmZr¶ÝVo &

H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

V¥Vr¶m àW‘m

à.nw. ~.d.

à.nw. ~.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V & AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

2) Añ‘m{^: J«ÝW: nR>çVo &H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

V¥Vr¶m àW‘m

à.nw. E. d.

à.nw. E.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V & AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {H«$¶mnX§ qH$ H$W¶{V? - 2 {H«$¶mnXm{Z dm³¶o ApÝdî¶V &1. gwdUª gd©loð>§ JÊ¶Vo & 2. gm¡OÝ¶§loð>‘² CÀ¶Vo & 3. {MÌo ZXr Ñí¶Vo &EVofm§ g‘mZVm H$m?1. àË¶¶: - 2. ‘ybYmVw: +

CÎma‘² -

nR>V ~moYV !! ì¶mgJUoeH$Wm &

^JdVm ì¶mg‘w{ZZm ‘hm^maV§ Zm‘ ‘hmH$mì¶§ {daÀ¶Vo & EVñ‘mV² gÝVwï>: ~«÷Xod: Vñ¶ nwaV: Am{d^©d{V & VXm ì¶mgoZ Z‘«oU àUå¶Vo & ~«÷XodoZ H$Ï¶Vo, ""ho ‘wZo, Ëd¶m ¶V² H$mì¶§ {da{MV§ Vñ¶ boIZ§ H$V©ì¶‘²'' B{V & ì¶mg‘w{ZZm CÀ¶Vo, ""Xod, ‘‘ H$mì¶ñ¶ boIZmWª ZmpñV ¶mo½¶: boIH$: &'' ~«÷XodoZ H$Ï¶Vo, ""lrJUoe: Vd H$mì¶§ {bIoV² & Ëd¶m g: àmW©Zr¶: &'' VV: ~«÷XodoZ {ZJ©å¶Vo &

ì¶mg‘w{ZZm lrJUoe: Amhy¶Vo & lrJUoeoZ àUå¶ H$Ï¶Vo, ""‘w{Zda, ‘¶m qH$ H$aUr¶§ VV² Am{XeVw &'' ì¶mg‘w{ZZm H$Ï¶Vo, ""JUoe, Ëd¶m ‘‘ H$mì¶§ bo{IVì¶‘² &'' JUoeoZ CÀ¶Vo, ""Adí¶§ {bIm{‘ & {H$ÝVw ^dVm gd} íbmoH$m: A{daV§ H$W{¶Vì¶m: &'' ì¶mg‘w{ZZm CÀ¶Vo, "VWmñVw & {H$ÝVw Ëd¶m A{n EH$ñ¶ A{n Ajañ¶ AW©‘² AkmËdm Z bo{IVì¶‘² &'' lrJUoeoZ H$Ï¶Vo, ""Am‘², VWm H$amo{‘'' B{V & VXZÝVa§ ì¶mg‘w{ZZm íbmoH$m: H$Ï¶ÝVo JUoeoZ Vo {b»¶ÝVo & ì¶mg‘w{ZZm H${R>Zm: íbmoH$m: H$Ï¶ÝVo VXm JUoeoZ {MÝVZ§ {H«$¶Vo AW©: km¶Vo {b»¶Vo M &

63

""~më¶mXod {Ûdma§ ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ ñ‘ Ah‘² &'' í¶m‘oZ H$Wm AmaãYm & ""{Ûdma§ ñZmZñ¶ Aä¶mg: CÎm‘: Ed & amÌm¡ {ZÐm¶m: nydª

"í¶m‘Mr AmB©' B{V nmÊSw>a§J gXm{ed gmZo (gmZo JwéOr) ‘hmoX¶oZ ‘amR>r^mf¶m {da{MV§ nwñVH$‘² & Apñ‘Z² nwñVHo$ Vñ¶ AmË‘H$WZnam: H$Wm: gpÝV & EVm: ñ‘aUH$Wm: ~mbH$mZm§ H¥$Vo ~moYnam: g§ñH$maj‘m: ‘mV¥ñZohdY©H$m: M & í¶m‘: à{VamÌ§ ñd{‘Ìoä¶: ñdOrdZmYm[aVm: ñ‘¥{VH$Wm: H$W¶{V & g§ñH¥$VmZwdmXÛmam Añ¶ AmXe©^yVñ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ n[aM¶: H$m[aV: S>m°. ‘ÄOyfm Hw$bH$Uu ‘hm^mJ¶m & Vñ‘mV² nwñVH$mV² A¶§ àg“: &

• ñdÀN>Vm gd©Xm earañ¶ AWdmn[agañ¶ Ed ^d{V {H$‘² ?

• A{n ‘Z: ñdÀN>§ ‘{bZ§ dm ^{dVw‘²Ah©{V ?

• ¶Xm ¶y¶§ hR>§ Hw$éV VXm ¶wî‘mH§$‘mVm qH$ H$amo{V ? hR>§ nya¶{V CV {ZamH$amo{V ? àg“§ dU©¶V &

ñZmZ§ Hw$‘©: MoV² eara§ ñdÀN>§, gVoO:, bKw^ma{‘d M ^mgVo & {ZÐm¶m: nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ Hw$‘©:, EVV² ^d{V ‘Zg: ñZmZ‘² & ¶{X eara§ ‘Z: M ñdÀN>o V{h© {ZÐm CÎm‘m ^d{V &

EH$Xm à{V{XZ{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ J¥h‘² AmJË¶ ñZmZmWª JVdmZ² & gm¶L²>H$mbñ¶ ñZmZmW©‘² A{YH$ñ¶ Obñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Z ^d{V & ñZmZ§ g‘mß¶ ‘¶m C³V‘², ""Aå~, ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘² & Ob§ g‘má§, gËda§ ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘²'' B{V Cƒ¡: AdX‘² Ah‘² & gm¶L²>H$mbo ‘o ‘mVm ñdem{Q>H$¶m Ed ‘‘ eara§ ‘mO©¶{V ñ‘ &

‘mVm AmJVm, ‘‘ A“§ ‘m{O©VdVr Amkm§ M XÎmdVr ""XodnyOmWª nwînm{U AmZ¶, í¶m‘'' B{V & ""‘‘ nmXVbm¡ AmÐm£

ñV: & ‘¥{ÎmH$¶m ‘{bZm¡ ^{dî¶V: & AV: ‘‘ nmXVbm¡ A{n ñdÀN>rHw$é &'' B{V ""nmXVbm¡ AmÐm©¡ ñV: V{h© {H$§ OmV§ ao í¶m‘ ? AYwZm Ho$Z dóoU ‘mO©¶m{‘ ?'' ""Aå~, Vd em{Q>H$m#mb§ nmfmUo {dñVma¶ &'' ""í¶m‘, AVrd hR>ñd^md: A{g &'' B{V C³Ëdm ‘mÌm em{Q>H$m#mb§ {dñVm[aV‘² & Ah§§ MaUm¡ VXþn[a> ñWmn{¶Ëdm ewîH$m¡ H$ma{¶Ëdm {ZJ©VdmZ² & ‘mVw: dó‘² AmÐ©‘² A^dV² &

Vpñ‘Z² g‘¶o V¶m em{Q>H$mn[adV©Z§ H$Vwª Z eŠ¶Vo BË¶{n ‘¶m Z {MpÝVV‘² & naÝVw nwÌMaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z ^doVm‘², nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² EVXWª V¶m ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm & ‘mVm nwÌmWª qH$ qH$ Z H$amo{V, qH$ qH$ Z ghVo, qH$ qH$ Z g‘n©¶{V? Ah§ J¥hñ¶ AÝV^m©J§ JVdmZ², nyOmWª nwînm{U ñWm{nVdmZ² & ‘mVm Xrn§ J¥hrËdm AmJVdVr C³VdVr M, ""í¶m‘, MaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z dV: AV: ¶Wm à¶Vgo VW¡d ‘Z: ‘{bZ§ Z dVw EVXW©‘² A{n à¶Vñd & àmW©¶ Xod§ ewÕ~wX²Ü¶W©‘² &''

^mo {‘Ìm{U, {H$¶ÝV: ‘Ywam: eãXm:! nm{dÍ¶mWª ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ d¶§ à{V{XZ§ à¶Vm‘ho & dóñdÀN>VmWª jmbZMyU©‘² ApñV, earamWª MÝXZ’o$ZH$m{Z gpÝV & eara§ dóm{U M ‘{bZm{Z Z ^dÝVw AV: gd} à¶ËZ§ Hw$d©pÝV & A{n d¶§ ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ à¶Vm‘ho ?''

EH$mXe>: nmR>: & ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm &

64

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &1) {ZÐm H$Xm CÎm‘m ^d{V? 2) ñZmZoZ qH$ ^d{V? 3) H$Xm àmW©Zm§ dXm‘:?4) ‘mVm í¶m‘ñ¶ MaUm¡ Ho$Z ‘mO©¶{V? 5) d¶§ à{V{XZ§ {H$‘Wª à¶Vm‘ho ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV& ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm{df¶o ‘mVm í¶m‘§ H$W§ ~mo{YVdVr?

3. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1. bKw^ma{‘d 2. BË¶{n 3. BVmo@{n 4. VW¡d 5. H$Xm{n

Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1. nmXVbm¡ 2. ñZmZñ¶

B) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: &

4. gyMZmZwgma§ n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &1. Ah§ {Ûdma§ ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ ñ‘ & ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V)2. d¶§ à{V{XZ§ à¶Vm‘ho & (EH$dMZ§ Hw$éV)

5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & eara‘², ‘¥{ÎmH$m, MaUm¡, {‘Ì‘², ‘Z:, ‘¥X², gwöX², {MÎm‘², nmXm¡, Xoh:

6. {déÕmW©H§ eãX§ {bIV & n{dÌ‘², ewîH$‘², ZrM¡:, ñdÀN>‘², A{YH$‘², gËda‘² &

7. CnnX{d^p³V§ ¶moO¶V &1. -------nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ dXm‘: & ({ZÐm¶m:/{ZÐm¶¡)2. EH$Xm {ZË¶{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ ------ AmJV:& (J¥ho/J¥h‘²)

8. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &1. ‘mÌm ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm ¶V: .....&A) gm dfm©¶m§ p³bÞm &Am) VoZ nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² &


}}}

g²ê$n: {dgJ©:

e²ê$n: {dgJ©:

AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:

• h§gíídoV: ~H$íídoV: H$mo ôXmo ~H$h§g¶mo: &Zrajra{ddoHo$ Vw h§gmo h§gmo ~H$mo ~H$: &&h§g: h§ge²~H$: ~H$e²H$: H$mo ôX: ôXmoh§g: h§gmo ~H$: ~H$mo

• Ëd§ ~«÷m Ëd§ {dîUwñËd§ éÐñËd‘² BÝÐñËd‘² A{¾ñËd§dm¶wñËd§ gy¶©ñËd§ MÝÐ‘mñËd§ ~«÷^y^w©dññdamo‘² &&{dîUw: {dîUwg²éÐ: éÐg²A{¾: A{¾g²dm¶w: dm¶wg²gy¶©: gy¶©g²MÝÐ‘m: MÝÐ‘mg²

{deoî¶‘² nmXVbm¡ Aä¶mg: ‘Z: eara‘²

{deofU‘² gVoO: ‘{bZ‘² AmÐm¡© CÎm‘:

^mfmä¶mg:

65

g§ñH¥$V^mfm AVrd g‘¥Õm ^mfm & EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ ^dpÝV Z¡Ho$ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & ¹${MV² EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ {d{dYm: AWm©: A{n dpÝV & AÜ¶oV¦Um§ gwI~moYm¶ g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ nÚ‘¶t aMZm§ H¥$Ëdm n{ÊS>V-A‘aqghoZ A‘aH$mof: J«{WV: & A‘aH$mofnR>ZoZ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ M eãXkmZ§ ^d{V & {d{dYeãXmZm§ dm³¶o à¶moJoU eãXà^wËd§ {gÜ¶{V & ¶Woï>§ J¥†ÝVw eãXaËZm{Z Añ‘mV² eãXaËZmH$amV² & A‘aH$mofàe§gm -

H$doa‘aqghñ¶ H¥${Vaofm gw{Z‘©bm &AmMÝÐVmaH§$ ñWo¶mV² Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘² &&

(N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dYm{Z nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV AÜ¶m{nH$m§ àíZmZ² M n¥ÀN>pÝV &)Z¶Z: - AmMm¶}, H$m Efm {^Þm {dembm

H$nm{Q>H$m ? Ahmo ! {H$¶ÝV: {d{dYm: H$mofm: EVñ¶m§ dV©ÝVo !

AÜ¶m{nH$m - Am‘², gd}fm§ emómUm‘² AÜ¶¶ZmW©‘² EVo H$mofm: Amdí¶H$m: &

gw‘oYm - H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?AÜ¶m{nH$m - H$mof: Zm‘ gL²>J«h: & ¶Wm d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«hU§ Hw$‘©: VW¡d ^mfmH$mofo eãXmZm§

gL²>J«h: ^d{V &lo¶m - H$: Vñ¶ Cn¶moJ: ?AÜ¶m{nH$m - gw¶mo½¶: àíZ: & gå^mfUo boIZo M ^mfmà^wËd-n«mßË¶Wª VW¡d Z¡Ho$fm§ {df¶mUm§ kmZàmßË¶Wª

eãXgånÎmo: gL²>J«hU‘² AVrd Amdí¶H$‘² & Añ‘mH§$ J«ÝWmb¶o g§ñH¥${VH$mofm:, M[aÌH$mofm:, {dídH$mofm: gw^m{fVH$mofm: M BË¶mX¶: ~hd: H$mofm: dV©ÝVo & Vofw "A‘aH$mof:' Zm‘ H$üZ {deof: H$mof: &

ñdßZrb: - A‘aH$mof: ? "A‘aH$mof:' B{V Zm‘ {H$‘W©‘² ? qH$ {dÚVo Apñ‘Z² H$mofo ? AÜ¶m{nH$m- Ef: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: & A‘aqgh: Zm‘ npÊS>V: EVñ¶ aM{¶Vm & AV: H$mofñ¶ Zm‘

"A‘aH$mof:' B{V & nwamVZH$mbo ¶Xm N>mÌm: AÜ¶¶ZmWª JwéHw$b§ à{depÝV ñ‘ VXm AÜ¶¶Zmaåô Vo A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & AYwZm A{n VW¡d àdV©Vo &

Am¶m© - (gmü¶©‘²) qH$ H$mof: H$ÊR>ñWrH$Vwª e³¶: ? VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ?AÜ¶m{nH$m - AW {H$‘² ! nÚ‘¶: Ef: J«ÝW: Jo¶: & AV: ûcmoH$mZm§, gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>Z‘² Bd Vñ¶

H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² AVrd gwb^‘² & VÌ EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo Z¡Ho$ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: dV©ÝVo & ¹${MV² EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ Z¡Ho$ {^Þm: AWm©: A{n dV©ÝVo & AV: Vñ¶ nR>ZoZ Añ‘mH§$ eãXgån{Îm: d¥qÕ JÀN>{V & Añ‘mH§$ ñ‘aUep³V: YmaUm>ep³V: M dY}Vo, CƒmaU‘{n ewÕ§ ^d{V &

Z¶Z: - d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & Vpñ‘Z² H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ?

• eãXgL²>J«hñ¶ H¥$Vo{^Þ^mfmgw Ho$$ eãXm: à¶w³Vm: ?

• ¶wî‘mH§$ J¥ho/{dÚmb¶o Ho$eãXH$mofm: gpÝV ?

• Ho$ eãXgL²>J«hm: ¶wî‘m{^: n{R>Vm: ?

ÛmXe>: nmR>: & A‘aH$mof: &

66

AÜ¶m{nH$m - CngmY©ghò§ (1500) ûcmoH$m: gpÝV & VÌ Ìr{U H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV & AV: "{ÌH$mÊS>H$mof:' B{V EVñ¶ Ana§ Zm‘ & VWm "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V ZmåZm A{n {d»¶mV: Ef: H$mof: &

gw‘oYm - "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V eãXñ¶ H$: AW©: ?AÜ¶m{nH$m- VX{n Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ Ana§ d¡{eîQ>ç‘² & AÌ Z Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: A{n Vw Vofm§ {b“{ZX}e:

H¥$V: & VoZ ^mfm¶m: AmH$bZ§ à¶moJ: M gwH$a: ^d{V &ñdßZrb: - AmMm¶}, VoZ d¶§ g§ñH¥$VH$mì¶m{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z M {dZm¶mg§ n{R>Vw§ e³Zw‘: Ibw &AÜ¶m{nH$m - {Zü¶oZ ! V{h© BV:na§ gd£: A‘aH$mofñ¶ nR>Z‘² Adí¶§ H$V©ì¶‘od &

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &A) H$mofm: {H$‘W©‘² Amdí¶H$m: ? Am) H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? B) H$: A‘aH$mofñ¶ aM{¶Vm ? B©) A‘aH$mofñ¶ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU§ H$ñ‘mV² gwb^‘² ?C) A‘aH$mofo H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ? D$) A‘aH$mofñ¶ {H$‘² AÝ¶V² Zm‘Û¶‘² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &1. "A‘aH$mof'- H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ?

3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &1. d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«h§ Hw$‘©: & 2. A‘aH$mof: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: &

4. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) gL²>J«h‘² (2) à¶moJ: (3) dV©ÝVo (4) ¹${MV²

Am) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

5. gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &1. N>mÌm: A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V)2. VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ? (~hþdMZo {bIV &)3. d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & (EH$dMZ§ Hw$éV &)

6. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H$mof:, A‘aH$mof:, {d»¶mV:, gwb^‘² &

7. dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV &1. J«ÝWmb¶o H$mofm¶ H¥$Vo EH$m {dembm H$nm{Q>H$m {dÚVo &2. N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dY§ nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV &3. A‘aH$mofo {Vò: H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV &

^mfmä¶mg:

{deoî¶‘² {deofU‘²1. H$nm{Q>H$m 1. gwb^‘²

2. H$mofJ«ÝW: 2. {dembm3. H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² 3. {^Þm:4. AWm©: 4. nÚ‘¶:

67

doXdmL²>‘¶o AmJVm H$Wm Efm & nwam nU¶: Zm‘ Agwam: XodmZm§ gdm©: YoZy: ñdXoe‘nmhaZ² & YoZyZm‘² AÝdofUmWª gwnU©: B{V XodmZm§ godH$: JéS>: nUrZm§ Xoe§ JV: & VÌ nUrZm‘² Cnhma¡: de: JéS>: YoZyZm§ {df¶o Z {H$‘{n AH$W¶V² & VoZ ñdm{‘Ðmoh: H¥$V: & AV: Xod¡: nwZ: ga‘m Zm‘ ewZr ào{fVm & {Z^©¶V¶m gwXÿa§ ‘mJ©‘² A{VH«$å¶, agmZXr‘² CÎmr¶© gm nUrZm§ Xoe§ àmám & n{U{^: H¥$V‘² Am{VÏ¶§ V¶m Z ñdrH¥$V‘² & à{V{Zd¥Î¶ Xodoä¶: gdª d¥ÎmmÝV‘² AH$W¶V² & Vñ¶m: ñdm{‘^³Ë¶m àgÞoZ BÝÐoU, Vñ¶¡ da: àXÎm: JéS>m¶ M emn: & ñdm{‘^ºo$: H$V©ì¶nmbZñ¶ Jm¡adH$Wm Zm‘ BX§ nmodmS>mJrV‘² &

nmodmS>m B{V à{gÕ: ‘hmamï´>r¶: bmoH$H$bmàH$ma: & draagàYmZ‘² BX§ nmodmS>mJrV§ a{MV‘² ApñV npÊS>>V-à^mH$a-^mVIÊS>o B{V AmYw{ZH$-g§ñH¥$VboIH$d¶}U &

• àm{UZm§ MmVw¶©H$Wm: H$m: ?• H$pñ‘Z² {MÌnQ>o H$ñ¶m§ H$Wm¶m§ dm àm{UZm H¥$V§ gmhmæ¶§

d{U©V‘² ApñV ?

em{ha: - g^m¶m§ XodamO BÝÐ: {MÝV¶{V H$: ào{fVì¶: &{H$L²>H$amo Z¡H$mo@{n Ñï>: ¶mo ^doV² gXm ñdm{‘{Zð>: &&

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - VXm?em{ha: - godm¶m§ VËnam, XodJU{à¶m,

{Z¶w³Vm JmoYZàmßË¶W©‘² &‘KdVm Amkám ga‘m, àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or &&

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or Or em{ha: - VXm ‘mJ} Ñï>m, VQ>éhVê$Ënm{Q>Zr agm

Obm¡Kg‘¥X²Ü¶m n¥Wwba^gm ¶m{V gagm &&agm§ ÑîQ‰>m ga‘¶m {MpÝVV‘² -

ga‘m - Adí¶§ JÀN>o¶§ ZXr ¶{X ^doV² AÚ gwghm &AVñVm§ ¶mMo@h§ {dZ¶dMgm Z‘«{eagm && ago, Hw$é H¥$nm‘² &Ob§ VdoX‘² & ‘hmJ^ra‘² &Hw$éîd JmY‘² & ¶oZ Vao¶‘² &

na§ M Vra‘² & Ah§ d«Oo¶‘² &

Ì¶moXe>: nmR>: & ga‘m¶m: erb‘² &

68

em{ha: - ñdm{‘Z: emo^ZH$m¶m©W©‘², Am¶©JU‘“bH$m¶m©W©‘² &

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - Am¶©JU‘“bH$m¶m©W©‘² & ho Or Or Or Or &&agm CdmM - Ah§ M loð>m, Ëd§ Vw jwÐm

Z {h ËdXWª, Obàdmh‘² &H$amo{‘ Aën‘², Anga Anga &&

em{ha: - lwËdm VX² dmŠ¶§ ga‘¶m J{O©V‘² &ga‘m - ní¶ ‘o gm‘Ï¶ª, H$m¶©{Zð>mgm‘Ï¶©‘²em{ha: - B{V CŠËdm gm Obo AnVV² -

gm JVm na§ Vra‘² & agm gm AYmo‘wIr ^yVm & b‚m¶m åbmZ‘wIr OmVm & jwÐ¶m H$W§ nam^yVm & ní¶{V jwÐewZt ga‘m‘² &

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX:- ní¶{V jwÐewZt ga‘m‘² & ho Or Or Or Or Or &&em{ha: - Ed§ ga‘m naVra§ àmám &

BV: ní¶{V, VV: ní¶{V db§ n¥ÀN>{V, nUrZ² n¥ÀN>{V &&dZ§ JÀN>{V, Jwhm§ à{de{V &Jwhm¶m§ n{U{^¶©X² éÕ§ à^mo: JmoYZgd©ñd‘² &g‘má‘ÝdofUH$m¶ª, g‘má‘ÝdofUH$m¶©‘² &&

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - à‘w{XVm BÝÐewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or Or &&em{ha: - ga‘¶m YoZd: ApÝdï>m: & EVm§ dmVm©‘² BÝÐ§ d³Vw§ àpñWVm gm & na§ db¡: gm Adamo{YVm &dbm:- ho ga‘o, ho ga‘o, Xþ½Y§ {n~Vw, X{Y ImXVw &

K¥V§ {n~Vw, AÌ {Vð>Vw JmoYZñ¶ ^mJ§ Vwä¶§ XÙ: &&

ga‘m - go{dH$m Zmh§ bmo^ñ¶, go{dH$m Zmh§ ‘mohñ¶ &go{dH$m ñdm{‘Z: BÝÐñ¶ &

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - go{dH$m ñdm{‘Z: BÝÐñ¶ & ho Or Or Or Or Or &em{ha: - AÝVo n{U{^: ga‘m {ZpÝXVm &dbm: - Efm ga‘m Omé ImX{V &

Efm ga‘m Omé ImX{V &em{ha: - ga‘¶m {H${#mV² VÞ lwV‘² & A{n{hV§ XrKª H$U©Û¶‘² & "d¥ÎmmÝV§ d³Vw§$ J‘Z‘maô &'

àpñWVm gË¶{à¶m ga‘m &Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m & ho Or Or Or Or Or &&(eãXmWm©: - JmY‘² = AJ^ra‘², n¥Wwba^gm = AVrd doJoZ, db‘² = nUrZm‘² Ana§ Zm‘, Omé = jwÐmÞ‘², ‘KdmZ² = BÝÐ:)

‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &(1) ga‘m¶m: H$V©ì¶nmbZo Ho$ {d¿Zm: A^dZ² ? (2) ga‘m H$V©ì¶nmbZo {d¿ZmZ² H$W§ Va{V ?(3) nU¶: ga‘m¶m: {ZÝXm§ H$Xm AHw$d©Z² ? (4) nU¶: ga‘m§ {H$‘Wª {ZÝXpÝV ?

^mfmä¶mg:

69

boIZH$m¡eb‘²-3

‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm g§dmX§ nya¶V &g§dm{XZr - , A{n AÚ ½bmZ: A{g ?VmbdmÚ‘² - A{¶, AÚ g§ñH¥$V{XZñ¶

H$m¶©H«$‘: A^dV² & VÌ JrVJm¶Zg‘¶o ~hþ Vm{S>V: dm{XV: M Apñ‘ &

g§dm{XZr - Am‘² & Ah‘{n VÌ & ~mb¡: gh ñdaVmb¶w³Vm Ah‘{n AJm¶‘² & g§dm{XZr-VmbdmÚg§dmX: &

VmbdmÚ‘² - naÝVw Ëd§ Z ½bmZm A{g & Vd dXZ‘² C„g{V &g§dm{XZr - {‘Ì, Ëdm§ VmS>¶pÝV AV: Ëd§ ½bmZ: ^d{g ‘m§ Vw AVrd dmX¶pÝV AV: Ah§

‘Ywa§ Jm¶m{‘ & BX§ ‘‘ ahñ¶‘² &‘ÄOyfm - (hmñ¶¶w³V§, hmñ¶ñ¶, gwöX², dmXH$m:, A^d‘² , H$mo‘bV¶m, ~mbmZm§, embm¶m§)

‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V &

g“UH$: - BXmZtVZo H$mbo g“UH$: ^moOZ‘² Bd & g“UH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ ~hÿ{Z gwH$am{U OmVm{Z & JUZH$m¶ª ^dVw dm AÝdofU§, g: VyU©‘od H$m¶ª H$amo{V & AYwZm Vñ¶ ^«‘U^mf:, Q>°~¶ÝÌ‘², A‘g“UH$: ê$nm{U àM{bVm{Z & ¶{X AmÝVOm©bgw{dYm {dÚwXwnbpãY: dm Z ñV: V{h© H$m¶ª Z ^d{V & VXm Aghm¶: ^d{V & Vñ¶ AË¶{YH$mon¶moJoZ Amamo½¶{df¶H$m: àmXþ^©dpÝV & {H$ÝVw Vñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ Añ‘mH§$ àJ{V: Ed & (AmÝVOm©bo, ‘Zwî¶:, Amdí¶H$:, H$m¶m©{U, EVm{Z, gw¶mo½¶oZ, g‘ñ¶m:, g“UH$ñ¶ )

} }g²ê$n: {dgJ©:

AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:

AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:{dgJ©: &


• {edmo@h§ {edmo@h§ {edñdê$nmo@h‘² &H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h‘² &{ed: Ah‘² {edñdê$n: Ah‘² & H$: Ah‘² g: Ah‘²

• EaÊS>mo@{n VéñVmdV² ‘eH$mo@{n {dh§J‘: &IÚmoVmo@{n {H$b Á¶mo{V: d¶§ Z H$d¶: H$W‘² &&EaÊS>: A{n &‘eH$: A{n &IÚmoV: A{n &

H$d¶: H$W‘² & } A{dH$mar {dgJ©:

Vé: + VmdV² & }

70

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3

(A) ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{ZAñ‘m{^: ñdamÝVZm‘m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & AYwZm ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z Ðï>ì¶m{Z & AÌ ApÝV‘§ ì¶ÄOZ§ {H$‘²? 1. gw‘Zg² - g² 2. Aßgag² - g² 3. {dÛg² - g² 4. {Xe² - e² 5. àmd¥f² - f² 6. d{UO² - O²7. dmM² - M² 8. ^y^¥V² - V² 9. amOZ² - Z² 10. {Ja² - a² 11. dréY² - Y² 12. gwöX² - X²

ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§. ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§.

VH$mamÝV‘² ‘éV² g[aV² OJV² gH$mamÝV‘² MÝÐ‘g² Aßgag² n¶g²

‘éV² "V'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & g[aV² "V'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²‘éV² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: àW‘m g[aV² g[aVm¡ g[aV:‘éV‘² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: {ÛVr¶m g[aV‘² g[aVm¡ g[aV:‘éVm ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘é{Ø: V¥Vr¶m g[aVm g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[a{Ø:‘éVo ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: MVwWu g[aVo g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:‘éV: ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: n#m‘r g[aV: g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:‘éV: ‘éVmo: ‘éVm‘² fð>r g[aV: g[aVmo: g[aVm‘²‘é{V ‘éVmo: ‘éËgw gá‘r g[a{V g[aVmo: g[aËgw

ho ‘éV²/X² ho ‘éVm¡ ho ‘éV: gå~moYZ‘² ho g[aV²-X² ho g[aVm¡ ho g[aV:

‘éV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - ^y^¥V², ‘hr^¥V², ú‘m^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {díd{OV², BÝÐ{OV² B.&

g[aV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - V{S>V², ¶mo{fV², {dÚwV² BË¶mX¶: &

gwöX² (nw§) gånX² (ór) dréY² (ór) BË¶mXr{Z X/Y H$mamÝVeãXê$nm{U A{n ‘éV²/g[aV² Bd &OJV² "V'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & MÝÐ‘g² "g'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

OJV² OJVr OJpÝV àW‘m MÝÐ‘m: MÝÐ‘gm¡ MÝÐ‘g:OJV² OJVr OJpÝV {ÛVr¶m MÝÐ‘g‘² MÝÐ‘gm¡ MÝÐ‘g:OJVm OJX²ä¶m‘² OJ{Ø: V¥Vr¶m MÝÐ‘gm MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘mo{^:OJVo OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: MVwWu MÝÐ‘go MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘moä¶:OJV: OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: n#m‘r MÝÐ‘g: MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘moä¶:OJV: OJVmo: OJVm‘² fð>r MÝÐ‘g: MÝÐ‘gmo: MÝÐ‘gm‘²OJ{V OJVmo: OJËgw gá‘r MÝÐ‘{g MÝÐ‘gmo: MÝÐ‘:gw,

MÝÐ‘ñgwho OJV² ho OJVr ho OJpÝV gå~moYZ‘² ho MÝÐ‘: ho MÝÐ‘gm¡ ho MÝÐ‘g:

OJV² Bd AÝ¶: eãX: - {d¶V² MÝÐ‘g² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - Xwdm©gg², doYg², dZm¡H$g², {Xdm¡H$g², Z{MHo$Vg², dmOldg² BË¶mX¶: &

71

Aßgag² "g'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & n¶g² "g'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²Aßgam: Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: àW‘m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{gAßgag‘² Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: {ÛVr¶m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{gAßgagm Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamo{^: V¥Vr¶m n¶gm n¶moä¶m‘² n¶mo{^:Aßgago Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: MVwWu n¶go n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:Aßgag: Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: n#m‘r n¶g: n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:Aßgag: Aßgagmo: Aßgagm‘² fð>r n¶g: n¶gmo: n¶gm‘²Aßga{g Aßgagmo: Aßgañgw gá‘r n¶{g n¶gmo: n¶:gw,n¶ñgwho Aßga: ho Aßgagm¡ ho Aßgag: gå~moYZ‘² ho n¶: ho n¶gr ho n¶m§{g

Aßgag² Bd AÝ¶: eãX: - Cfg² & n¶g² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - Vng², Aå^g², VoOg², AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², V‘g², ‘Zg², d¶g², dmgg², gag², Z‘g², MoVg² &

1. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV &nw§. ór. Znw§.

--- --- ---

(¶mo{fV², ^y^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {dÚwV², {d¶V², ú‘m^¥V², V{S>V²)3. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &

1. amOm Zm‘ ----- (ú‘m^¥V²) &2. ----- (g[aV²) Ob§ erVb‘² &3. Am¶wd}X: ----- (OJV²) {d»¶mV: &4. dfm©H$mbo ------ ({d¶V²) V{S>V² àH$meVo &5.--- (‘éV²) gmhmæ¶oZ --- ({dÚwV²) {Z‘u¶Vo &

4. ‘hV² B{V VH$mamÝV§ {deofU§ n{R>Ëdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²‘hmZ² Z¥n: ‘hmÝVm¡ Z¥nm¡ ‘hmÝV: Z¥nm: ‘hmZ² Jwé: ‘hmÝVm¡ --- ‘hmÝV: ---‘hmZ² H${d: ‘hmÝVm¡ H$dr ‘hmÝV: H$d¶: ‘hmZ² --- ‘hmÝVm¡ F$fr ‘hmÝV: ---‘hVr {ebm ‘hË¶m¡ {ebo ‘hË¶: {ebm: ‘hVr --- ‘hË¶m¡ --- ‘hË¶: Zm¶©:‘hVr ZXr ‘hË¶m¡ ZÚm¡ ‘hË¶: ZÚ: ‘hVr YoZw: ‘hË¶m¡ --- ‘hË¶: ---‘hV² ZJa‘² ‘hVr ZJao ‘hmpÝV ZJam{U ‘hV² --- ‘hVr {dído ‘hmpÝV ---‘hV² dñVw ‘hVr dñVwZr ‘hmpÝV dñVy{Z ‘hV² ga: ‘hVr --- ‘hmpÝV ---


EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:-- -- OJpÝV àW‘m

Aßgagm -- -- V¥Vr¶m-- -- ‘éËgw gá‘r-- ^y^¥Vmo: -- fð>r

g[aV: -- -- n#m‘r-- VoOgr -- {ÛVr¶m-- -- Cfñgw gá‘r

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

72

(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &

5. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV &nw§. ór. Znw§.

6. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &F$frUm§ ----- (VoOg²) {Xì¶‘² & ----- (Vng²) Vo gm‘Ï¶ª àmßZwdpÝV & ----- (Z^g²) Bd

A‘¶m©{XVm Vofm§ Ñ{ï>: & Ho$MZ F$f¶: ----- (d¶g²) d¥Õm:, A{n M Ho$MZ ----- (Vng²) d¥Õm: & Vofm§ ----- (MoVg²) Hw$gw‘mV² A{n ‘¥Xÿ{Z & Vofm§ gm‘Ï¶©ñ¶ ----- (òmoVg²) ApñV Vofm§ Vnü¶m© & Vo {d‘bm{Z ----- (dmgg²) n[aYma¶pÝV & ----- (àË¶wfg²) gËda‘² CËWm¶ Vo ----- (Vng²) AmMapÝV & YÝ¶mñVo F$f¶: &

"gd©' nw§{b“§ gd©Zm‘ & "gd©' ór{b“§ gd©Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²gd©: gdm¡© gdo© àW‘m gdm© gd} gdm©:gd©‘² gdm£ gdm©Z² {ÛVr¶m gdm©‘² gd} gdm©:gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd£: V¥Vr¶m gd©¶m gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©{^:gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: MVwWu gd©ñ¶¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©ä¶:

gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: n#m‘r gd©ñ¶m: gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©ä¶:gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fm‘² fð>r gd©ñ¶m: gd©¶mo: gdm©gm‘²

gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: gd}fw gá‘r gd©ñ¶m‘² gd©¶mo: gdm©gwho gd© ho gdm£ ho gd} gå~moYZ‘² ho gd} ho gd} ho gdm©:

"gd©' Znw§gH${b“§ gd©Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:gd©‘² gd} gdm©{U àW‘mgd©‘² gd} gdm©{U {ÛVr¶mgd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd£: V¥Vr¶mgd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: MVwWu

gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: n#m‘rgd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fm‘² fð>r

gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: gd}fw gá‘rho gd© ho gd} ho gdm©{U gå~moYZ‘²

"AÝ¶V²' "na' M B{V gd©Zm‘Û¶§ "gd©'eãX: Bd ^d{V &

"AÝ¶V²' gd©Zm‘nXñ¶ Znw§gH${b“o Vw àW‘m¶m§ {ÛVr¶m¶m§ gå~moYZo M AÝ¶V²/AÝ¶X² AÝ¶o AÝ¶m{Z

Ed§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

Xþdm©gg², Cfg², Vng², Aå^g², VoOg², AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², doYg², d¶g², dmgg², n¶g², MoVg², ‘Zg² &

73

(B) YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh: &

EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &

~mbH$: g§ñH¥$V§ nR>{V / AYrVo & gm¡a^: Am‘«§ ImX{V / AíZm{V & gañdVr ‘m§ ajVw/nmVw &

‘mVm Ob§ ¶ÀN>{V / XXm{V & í¶m‘: d¶ñ¶§ dX{V / ~«yVo & d¥Õ: JrV‘² AmH$U©¶{V/e¥Umo{V &

AÌ dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnXÛ¶§ ní¶V & V¶mo: AW©: g‘mZ: {H$ÝVw JUm¡ {^Þm¡ & Vñ‘mV² {dH$aUo A{n {^Þo &

ImX{V = ImX² + A + {V (ImX² 1 n. n.)

AíZm{V = Ae² + Zm + {V (Ae² 9 n. n.)

nR>{V nR²> (1 n. n.) AYrVo A{Y + B (2 Am. n. )ajVw aj² (1 n. n.) nmVw nm (2 n. n.)

¶ÀN>{V Xm-¶ÀN²> (1 n. n.) XXm{V Xm (3 C. n.) dX{V dX² (1 n. n.) ~«yVo ~«y (2 C. n.)

AmH$U©¶{V Am + H$U©² (10 C. n.) e¥Umo{V lw-e¥ (5 n. n.)

Aï>‘rH$jm¶m‘² Añ‘m{^: 1, 4, 6, 10 BË¶ofm§ JUmZm§ ê$nn[aM¶: Ñï>: & Vofm§ {dH$aUm{Z A, ¶, A, A¶ B{V EVm{Z AH$mamÝVm{Z & YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶g‘yho 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUm: gpÝV & Vofw Ho$fm{#mV² {ZË¶- à¶w³VmZm§ YmVwê$nmUm‘² AÜ¶¶Z‘² AÌ H$aUr¶‘² ApñV &

YmVyZm§ àW‘: g‘yh: YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh:

YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²nR²> 1 A nR>{V Ag² 2 - ApñV

Z¥V² 4 ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V Xm 3 {ÛËdê$n‘² XXm{V{bI² 6 A {bI{V eH²$ 5 Zw e³Zmo{VH$W² 10 A¶ H$W¶{V ^wO² 7 Z ^wZp³V

H¥$ 8 C H$amo{Vkm 9 Zm OmZm{V

74

àË¶¶m:bQ²>bH$ma:nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²


{V V: ApÝV àW‘: Vo AmVo AVo{g W: W ‘Ü¶‘: go AmWo Üdo{‘ d: ‘: CÎm‘: E dho ‘ho

bL²>bH$ma:nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²


V² Vm‘² AZ² àW‘: V AmVm‘² AV: V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: Wm: AmWm‘² Üd‘²

A‘² d ‘ CÎm‘: B d{h ‘{h

bmoQ²>bH$ma:nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²


Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² AmVm‘² AVm‘²{h V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: ñd AmWm‘² Üd‘²

Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡ Am‘h¡{d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:



¶mV² ¶mVm‘² ¶w: àW‘: B©V B©¶mVm‘² B©aZ²¶m: ¶mV‘² ¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: B©Wm: B©¶mWm‘² B©Üd‘² ¶m‘² ¶md ¶m‘ CÎm‘: B©¶ B©d{h B©d{h

Ag² (2 n.n.)bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma:


ApñV ñV: gpÝV àW‘: AmgrV² AmñVm‘² AmgZ²A{g ñW: ñW ‘Ü¶‘: Amgr: AmñV‘² AmñVApñ‘ ñd: ñ‘: CÎm‘: Amg‘² Amñd Amñ‘

bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:


AñVw ñVm‘² gÝVw àW‘: ñ¶mV² ñ¶mVm‘² ñ¶w:E{Y ñV‘² ñV ‘Ü¶‘: ñ¶m: ñ¶mV‘² ñ¶mV

Agm{Z Agmd Agm‘ CÎm‘: ñ¶m‘² ñ¶md ñ¶m‘

75

$H¥$ (8 C.n.)nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV àW‘: Hw$éVo $$Hw$dm©Vo $$Hw$d©Vo

H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$éfo $$Hw$dm©Wo Hw$éÜdo

H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©: CÎm‘: Hw$d} Hw$d©ho Hw$‘©ho

nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


AH$amoV² AHw$éVm‘² AHw$d©Z² àW‘: AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$d©V

AH$amo: AHw$éV‘² AHw$éV ‘Ü¶‘: AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘² AHw$éÜd‘²

AH$ad‘² AHw$d© AHw$‘© CÎm‘: AHw${d© AHw$d©{h AHw$‘©{h

nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


H$amoVw Hw$éVm‘² Hw$d©ÝVw àW‘: Hw$éVm‘² Hw$dm©Vm‘² Hw$d©Vm‘²

Hw$é Hw$éV‘² Hw$éV ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$éîd Hw$dm©Wm‘² Hw$éÜd‘²

H$adm{U H$admd H$adm‘ CÎm‘: H$ad¡ H$admdh¡ H$adm‘h¡

nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


Hw$¶m©V² Hw$¶m©Vm‘² Hw$¶w©: àW‘: Hw$duV Hw$du¶mVm‘² Hw$duaZ²

Hw$¶m©: Hw$¶m©V‘² Hw$¶m©V ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$duWm: Hw$du¶mWm‘² Hw$duÜd‘²

Hw$¶m©‘² Hw$¶m©d Hw$¶m©‘ CÎm‘: Hw$du¶ Hw$dud{h Hw$du‘{h

eH²$ (5 n.n.)bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma:


e³Zmo{V e³ZwV: e³ZwdpÝV àW‘: Ae³ZmoV² Ae³ZwVm‘² Ae³ZwdZ²

e³Zmo{f e³ZwW: e³ZwW ‘Ü¶‘: Ae³Zmo: Ae³ZwV‘² Ae³ZwV

e³Zmo{‘ e³Zwd: e³Zw‘: CÎm‘: Ae³Zd‘² Ae³Zwd Ae³Zw‘



e³ZmoVw e³ZwVm‘² e³ZwdÝVw àW‘: e³Zw¶mV² e³Zw¶mVm‘² e³Zw¶w:

e³Zw{h e³ZwV‘² e³ZwV ‘Ü¶‘: e³Zw¶m: e³Zw¶mV‘² e³Zw¶mV

e³Zdm{Z e³Zdmd e³Zdm‘ CÎm‘: e³Zw¶m‘² e³Zw¶md e³Zw¶m‘

76

bQ²>bH$ma: lw (e¥) (5 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma:


e¥Umo{V e¥UwV: e¥ÊdpÝV àW‘: Ae¥UmoV² Ae¥UwVm‘² Ae¥ÊdZ²

e¥Umo{f e¥UwW: e¥UwW ‘Ü¶‘: Ae¥Umo: Ae¥UwV‘² Ae¥UwV

e¥Umo{‘ e¥Uwd:/e¥Êd: e¥Uw‘:/e¥Ê‘: CÎm‘: Ae¥Ud‘² Ae¥Uwd/Ae¥Êd Ae¥Uw‘/Ae¥Ê‘



e¥UmoVw e¥UwwVm‘² e¥UwdÝVw àW‘: e¥Uw¶mV² e¥Uw¶mVm‘² e¥Uww¶w:

e¥Uw e¥UwV‘² e¥UwV ‘Ü¶‘: e¥Uw¶m: e¥Uw¶mV‘² e¥Uww¶mV

e¥Udm{Z e¥Udmd e¥Udm‘ CÎm‘: e¥Uw¶m‘² e¥Uw¶md e¥Uw¶m‘

¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV &1. N>mÌm: ¶e: & (àmßZmoVw, àmßZwdÝVw) 2. Ah§ ~mb: & (Apñ‘, ñ‘:)3. gm nmH§$ & (Hw$éVo, Hw$d©Vo) 4. g: JmVw§ & (e³Zmo{‘, e³Zmo{V) 5. AmMm¶©: nmR>embm‘² &(A¶mV², A¶w:) 6. Ëd§ g§ñH¥$VoZ gå^mfU§ & (Hw$é, H$amoVw)7. A{n Ah§ àdoe§ ? (H$admdh¡, H$ad¡) 8. ‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U & ({MZmo{V, {MÝdpÝV) 9. eya: namH«$‘oU {dO¶§ àmáw§ & (e³Zmo{V, e³ZwdpÝV)

H$‘©dmÀ¶m{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z -1) nm - nm¶Vo & (2 n.n.) km - km¶Vo & • Ü¶¡ - Ü¶m¶Vo & • Ì¡ - Ìm¶Vo &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

$(B©) H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M &

{H«$¶mnXÛ¶‘²

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² (H$V©[a) H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² (H$‘©{U)

(H$Vm© àYmZ:) (H$‘© àYmZ‘²) àYmZËdmV² H$V¥©nXñ¶ àW‘m àYmZËdmV² H$‘©nXñ¶ àW‘m ¶Wm - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝW: nR>çVo & H$: nR>{V ? ~mbH$: & H$: nR>çVo ? J«ÝW: &

à¶moJ: H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² H$V¥©dmÀ¶: àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶: V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V: àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

2) nm - nr¶Vo & (1 n.n.) ‘m - ‘r¶Vo & Xm - Xr¶Vo &3) {O - Or¶Vo & {M - Mr¶Vo &

Zr - Zr¶Vo & àr - àr¶Vo & • J¡ - Jr¶Vo &4) lw - ly¶Vo & ñVw - ñVy¶Vo &

5) H¥$ - {H«$¶Vo & ö - {õ¶Vo &6) V¦ - Vr¶©Vo & ñ‘¥ - ñ‘¶©Vo &7) Z‘² - Zå¶Vo &

77

¶‘² - ¶å¶Vo &J‘² - Jå¶Vo &

8) {bI² - {b»¶Vo &Ñe² - Ñí¶Vo &ImX² - ImÚVo &nR²> - nR>çVo &‘wM² - ‘wÀ¶Vo &

9) nyO² - nyÁ¶Vo &JU² - JÊ¶Vo &H$W² - H$Ï¶Vo &aM² - aÀ¶Vo &VS²> - VmS>çVo &Mwa² - Mmo¶©Vo &d¥ - dm¶©Vo &

"g: Ñí¶Vo' B{V dm³¶ñ¶ AW©: "g: ní¶{V' B{V Z & A{n Vw AÝ¶: H$mo@{n V§ ní¶{V & (am‘oU) g: Ñí¶Vo B{V AW©: & AÌ g: B{V H$‘©nX§, Z Vw H$V©¥nX‘² &

Y¥ - Ym¶©Vo &Kwf² - Kmoî¶Vo &jmb² - jmë¶Vo &‘ÝÌ² - ‘ÝÍ¶Vo &

10) X§e² - Xí¶Vo &J«ÝW² - J«Ï¶Vo &

11) dX² - CÚVo &

Ñe² - ní¶² (1 n.n.) H$‘©dmÀ¶: bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d nwéf: E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

g:/gm/VX² Vm¡/Vo/Vo Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z àW‘: Ñí¶Vo Ñí¶oVo Ñí¶ÝVo

Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘² ‘Ü¶‘: Ñí¶go Ñí¶oWo Ñí¶Üdo Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘² CÎm‘: Ñí¶o X¥í¶mdho Ñí¶m‘ho

H$‘©dmÀ¶{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + ¶ + AmË‘ZonXr¶H$mbmW©àË¶¶: &

dh² - CøVo &dn² - Cß¶Vo &dM² - CÀ¶Vo & ô - hÿ¶Vo &

12) àÀN>² - n¥ÀN>çVo &J«h² - J¥øVo &~«y - CÀ¶Vo &

n#mXe dm³¶m{Z &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² 1. am‘oU g: Ñí¶Vo &4. am‘oU gm X¥í¶Vo &7. am‘oU VV² X¥í¶Vo &10. am‘oU Ëd§ >Ñí¶go &13. am‘oU Ah§ Ñí¶o &

2. am‘oU Vm¡ Ñí¶oVo &5. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶oVo &8. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶oVo &11. am‘oU ¶wdm§ Ñí¶oWo &14. am‘oU Amdm§ Ñí¶mdho &

3. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶ÝVo &6. am‘oU Vm: X¥í¶ÝVo &9. am‘oU Vm{Z X¥í¶ÝVo &12. am‘oU ¶y¶§ Ñí¶Üdo &15. am‘oU d¶§ Ñí¶m‘ho &

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & à¶moJn[aM¶§ M {bIV &1. Z¥Ë¶§ {H«$¶Vo & (Aßgag²)2. gwdUm© JU¶{V & (nwîn)3. ^³Vm: B©ída§ & (nyO¶{V/nyO¶pÝV)4. {MÌnQ>: Ñí¶Vo & (Añ‘X²)5. ~mbH$m: ’$bm{Z & (bô/b^ÝVo)

6. dÝXo ‘mVa‘² & (Añ‘X²)7. am{YH$¶m Ëd§ & (Amhÿ¶Vo/Amhÿ¶go)8. am‘m¶U§ aÀ¶Vo & (dmë‘r{H$)9. Ob§ {n~{g & (¶wî‘X²)10. {ejHo$U d¶‘² & (Cn{Xí¶ÝVo/Cn{Xí¶m‘ho)

H$‘©dmÀ¶-ê$nm{U AÝ¶bH$maofw A{n ^dpÝV &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

78

g_mg- àH$ma:

g‘ñVnX‘² CÎmanXmZm_² Amd{b:

CXmhaUm{Z g‘mg{dJ«h:

{ÛVr`m VËnwwéf:

d¥jm{lV: &

d¥j‘² Am{lV: (‘H©$Q>:) &

{lV, Am{lV, JV, AmnÞ, AVrV, àmá

embmJ_Z‘², H«$_àmá:, ^yJV:, ^y{_JV:, H¥$îUm{lV:, JwUmVrV:, gwImnÞ: &

embm§ J‘Z‘², H«$‘§ àmá:, ^wd§ JV:, ^yq‘ JV:, H¥$îU‘² Am{lV:, JwUmZ² AVrV:, gwI‘² AmnÞ: &

V¥Vr`m VËnwéf:

Ho$e{dhrZ:

Ho$e¡: {dhrZ:/a{hV: &

gånÞ, a{hV, hrZ, {dH$b, d{O©V, `w³V, gÑe, AmT>ç

YZgånÞ:, ~w{ÕhrZ:, MaU{dH$b:, eH©$am{‘{lV:, {MÝVmg_m, ~XagÑe:, dU©{_{lV:, YZmT>ç: &

YZoZ gånÞ:, ~wX²Ü¶m hrZ:, MaUoZ {dH$b:, eH©$a¶m {‘{lV:, {MÝV¶m g‘m, ~XaoU gÑe:, dU£: {‘{lV:, YZoZ AmT>ç: &

MVwWu VËnwéf:

XmZno{Q>H$m

XmZm¶ no{Q>H$m &

AW©_² XoemW©_², H$Ý`mW©_², {dhmamW©_², ajUmW©_², {eënmb`:, VnmodZ_², J«ÝWmb`:, H$m`©e{³V: Hw$ÊS>b{haÊ¶‘², KQ>‘¥{ÎmH$m &

Xoem¶ B{V, H$Ý¶m¶¡ B{V, {dhmam¶ B{V, ajUm¶ B{V, {eënoä¶: Amb¶:, Vngo dZ‘², J«ÝWoä¶: Amb¶:, H$m¶m©¶ e{º$:, Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m‘² {haÊ¶‘², KQ>m¶ ‘¥{ÎmH$m &

(C) VËnwéf:1. {d^{³VVËnwéf: &

1) IJm: dZ§ JVm: & 2) V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z Vofm§ ZrS>m{Z &3) d¥jofw IJmZm§ {Zdmgm¶ ZrS>m{Z gpÝV &4) nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: IJm: AmZÝXpÝV &5) IJmZm§ OrdZ§ l_¡: n[anyU©_² &6) ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: IJm: Üòèrbm: &

1. dZ§ JVm: = dZJVm: & ({ÛVr`m {d^{³V:) 2. V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z = V¥Ua{MVm{Z & (V¥Vr`m {d^{³V:)

3. {Zdmgm` ZrS>m{Z = {ZdmgZrS>m{Z & (MVwWu {d^{³V:) 4. nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: = nO©Ýà{jVm: & (n#m_r{d^{³V:) 5. IJmZm§ OrdZ_² = IJOrdZ‘² & (fð>r {d^{³V:)6. ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: = ñdH$m`©{ZaVm: & (gá_r{d^{³V:)

AÌ àW_nX§ {ÛVr`nXoZ H$`m{MV² {d^ŠË`m g§`wÁ`Vo & AV: Ef: g‘mg: "{d^p³VVËnwéf:' B{V CÀ`Vo &

79

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

n#m_r VËnwéf:

hñVn{VV‘² &

hñVmV² n{VV‘² & (H$adó‘² )

_w³V, ^rV, ÌmV, n{VV, a{jV

àXÿfU_w³V:, XmZdÌmV:, Agwa^rVm, d¥jn{VV_², gn©a{jV: &

àXÿfUmV² ‘w³V:, XmZdmV² ÌmV:, AgwamV² ^rVm, d¥jmV² n{VV‘², gnm©V² a{jV: &

fð>r VËnwéf:

d¥jemIm &

d¥jñ¶ emIm &

{à`, H¥$Vo N>mÌ{à`: _ËH¥$Vo,g_wÐe{³V:, am_mÙ_²,{dÚwËàdmh:,gy`m}X`:, XeaWnwÌ:,{nÌmkm &

N>mÌmUm§ {à¶:, ‘‘ H¥$Vo,g‘wÐñ¶ ep³V:, am‘ñ¶A¶Z‘², {dÚwV: àdmh:,gy¶©ñ¶ CX¶:, XeaWñ¶nwÌ:, {nVw: Amkm &

gá_r VËnwéf:

Z¥Ë¶{ZnwUm &

Z¥Ë¶o {ZnwUm &

Hw$eb, aV, àdrU, _¾, ì`J«, »`mV, {d{XV, em¡ÊS>

H$bmHw$eb:, H«$sS>mnQw>:, H$m¶©aV:, àOmdËgb:, J{UVVÁk:, ^wdZ{d{XV:, OJËà{gÕ: &

H$bm¶m§ Hw$eb:, H«$sS>m¶m§ nQw>:, H$m¶} aV:, àOmgw dËgb:, J{UVo VÁk:, ^wdZo {d{XV:, OJ{V à{gÕ: &

1. g‘ñVnX§ {bIV & 1. H$ënZm‘² AVrV: & 2. J«m‘§ JV: & 3. hñVoZ {b{IV‘²& 4. gå^mfUo MVwa: &5. Obñ¶ {~ÝXw:& 6. kmZñ` bmbgm & 7. H$mH$m¶ ~{b: & 8. MmoamV² ^¶‘² & 9. ^mfm¶m: Aä¶mg: &

2. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² nR>V & EVo eãXm: g‘mgo H$m§ {d^p³V_² AnojÝVo B{V {bIV &1. AmT>ç, 2. JV, 3. ÌmV, 4. em¡ÊS>, 5. AW©_², 6. _w³V, 7. gÑe, 8. {dH$b, 9. {à`, 10. {d{XV

3. [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

g‘ñVnX‘² g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgàH$ma: VnmodZ‘² ----- MVwWu VËnwéf:----- {MÝVm¶m: ‘w³V: n#m‘r VËnwéf:ZoÌhrZ: ZoÌmä¶m§ hrZ: ----- Z¥nH$Ý¶m Z¥nñ¶ H$Ý¶m -----

80

‘mVm à^mVo H$m¶m©b¶§ JÀN>{V & J‘ZmV² nydª gm ‘ÝXmam¶ H$aUr¶m{Z H$m¶m©{U H$W¶{V & H$m¶m©Um‘² Amd{b: Vw àXrKm© AmgrV² & AYwZm gm¶L²>H$mb g‘¶: & ‘mVw: àË¶mJ‘Zg‘¶: & ‘ÝXma: {H$pÄMV² ^rV: ¶V: gdm©{U H$m¶m©{U Z g‘mám{Z & (‘mVm à{de{V)‘mVm - ""ao ‘ÝXma, H$m¶m©Um‘² Amdqb Xe©¶ gËda‘² &''

Amd{b: H¥$V‘²/Z H¥$V‘²e¶ZJ¥hñ¶ ñdÀN>Vm P e¶ZJ¥h§ ñdÀN>rH¥$V‘²&

J¥ho ObnyaU‘² P Ob§ ny[aV‘²&

AdH$ajonU‘² P AdH$a: {já:&

àmVame^jU‘² P àmVame: ^{jV:&

J¥h‘mO©Z‘² O J¥h§ Z ‘m{O©V‘²&d¥jofw Ob{g#mZ‘² O d¥jofw Ob§ Z {g³V‘²&Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½YH«$¶U‘² P Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½Y§ H«$sV‘²&

dm¶wMw„o: ñdÀN>Vm O dm¶wMw{„: Z ñdÀN>rH¥$Vm &{dÎmH$mofmV² YZ-AmhaU‘² O {dÎmH$mofmV² YZ§ Z AmöV‘²&ñdmÜ¶m¶: P ñdmÜ¶m¶: H¥$V: &

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & 1. ‘mYdoZ nÌ‘² & (AmZrV:/AmZrV‘²) 2. ‘H©$Q>oZ Q>mo{nH$m: & (J¥hrV‘²/J¥hrVm:)3. d¥Õ¶m Xodm: & (àm{W©Vm:/àm{W©V:) 4. ¶wî‘m{^: ZmQ H§$ & (Ñï>:/Ñï>‘²)5. CÎm‘¡: H$m¶©‘² & (AmaãYm/AmaãY‘² 6. YoZw{^: V¥Um{Z & (^w³V‘²/^w³Vm{Z)7. JwéUm X{jUm & (¶m{MVm¡/¶m{MVm)

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & Ho$Z H¥$V‘² ? MVwW©: KQ>H$: &

‘ÝXmaoU H$m¶ª H¥$V‘² & ‘mÌm H$m¶ª XÎm‘² & ~mboZ Ob§ nrV‘² &Añ‘m{^: nwñVH$m{Z n{R>Vm{Z& ‘{hb¶m AdH$a: {já: & Vm{^: dóm{U àjm{bVm{Z &N>mÌm{^: nwpñVH$m: {b{IVm: &

nR>V ~moYV &am{ÌJ©{‘î¶{V ^{dî¶{V gwà^mV‘²

^mñdmZwXoî¶{V h{gî¶{V nL²>H$Olr: &BËW§ {d{MÝV¶{V H$mofJVo {Ûao’o$

hm hÝV hÝV Z{bZt JO C‚mhma &&H$íMZ «‘a: ‘YwnmZo ‘¾: gm¶L²>H$mb§ ¶mdV² H$‘bH$mofo Ed {Vð>{V & ¶Xm am{Ì: OmVm VXm H$‘bXbm{Z

{Z‘r{bVm{Z & H$mof~ÕoZ ^«‘aoU {MpÝVV‘², am{Ì: Vw J{‘î¶{V & A{MamXod gwà^mV§ ^{dî¶{V & gy¶©Xod: CXoî¶{V & nwZíM H$‘{bZr à’w${„Vm ^{dî¶{V & Ah§ M H$‘bH$mofmV² ‘w³V: ^{dî¶m{‘ & nwZ: ñdmVÝÍ¶§ bßñ¶o & {H$ÝVw hm hÝV ! H$mofJV: ^«‘a: ¶mdV² BËW§ {MÝV¶{V VmdXod H$íMZ JO¶yW: VÌ Am¶mV: & Vofw EHo$Z JOoZ Z{bZr CËnm{Q>Vm & ^«‘a: Vw H$‘bH$mofo Ed {Z~Õ: &

Ahmo X¡dr {d{MÌm J{V: &

EVV² gdª Ho$Z H¥$V‘² /Z H¥$V‘² ? ‘ÝXmaoU &

81

gmjam {dnarVmüoX² amjgm Ed Ho$db‘² &gagmo {dnarVmo@{n gagËd§ Z ‘w#m{V &&1&&

d¥jmJ«dmgr Z M n{jamO: {ÌZoÌYmar Z M eybnm{U: &Ëd½dóYmar Z M {gÕ¶moJr

Ob§ M {~^«Þ KQ>mo Z ‘oK: &&2&&

VmVoZ H${WV§ nwÌ nÌ§ {bI ‘‘mk¶m &Z VoZ {bpIV§ nÌ§ {nVwamkm Z b{”Vm &&3&&

Z Vñ¶m{XZ© Vñ¶mÝV: ¶mo ‘Ü¶o Vñ¶ {Vð>{V &Vdmß¶pñV ‘‘mß¶pñV ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: &&4&&

‘¥J‘rZg‚mZmZm§ V¥UObgÝVmof{d{hVd¥ÎmrZm‘² &bwãYH$Yrda{newZm {ZîH$maUd¡[aUmo OJ{V &&5&&

J“m¶mü#mbVao dm[a{U à{V{~på~V‘² &emo^Vo VmaH$m¶w³V§$ eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² &&6&&

¶X²d³Ì§ ‘whþarjgo Z Y{ZZm§ ~«yfo Z MmQy>Z² ‘¥fm Z¡fm§ Jd©dM: e¥Umo{f Z M VmZ² àË¶me¶m Ymd{g &

H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z ImX{g na§ {ZÐm{g {ZÐmJ‘o VÝ‘o ~«y{h Hw$a“ Hw$Ì ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vá§ Vn: &&7&&

g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘hm^mÊS>ma§ {dÚVo & H$m{ZMZ gw^m{fVm{Z M‘ËH¥${VnyUm©{Z & Vofm‘² AWm©d~moY: Z gab: & àho{bH$m:, Hy$Q>àíZm: g‘ñ¶mny{V©: M EVo àH$mam: Añ‘mH§$ H¥$Vo ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² Ed & gw^m{fVmZm§ aMZm hmñ¶agnyUm© öÚm M & AV: Ed EVo H$mì¶àH$mam: dmMH$mZm§ ‘Z: {dZmoX¶pÝV &

• àho{bH$m Zm‘ {H$‘² ?• AÝ¶^mfmgw H$m:

àho{bH$m: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?

ñnï>rH$aU‘²ûcmoH$: 1 - gmjam: B{V nX§ {dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "amjgm:' B{V ^d{V & na§ "gag:' B{V nX‘² ¶WmZwH«$‘§ dm {dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "gag:' BË¶od ^d{V & AÌ H${dH$ënZm Ed§ H${dH$m¡eb§ {d^m{V &

ûcmoH$: 2 - g: d¥jñ¶ AJ«o dg{V {H$ÝVw n{jamO: JéS>: Z & Vñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U gpÝV {H$ÝVw g: eybnm{U: eL²>H$a: Z&g: dëH$bgÑe§ dó§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: {gÕ¶moJr Z& g: Ob§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: Z KQ>: Z M ‘oK: & Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo Zm[aHo$b’$b‘² &

ûcmoH$: 3 - VmVoZ H${WV‘², ""ho nwÌ, ‘‘ Amk¶m nÌ§ {bI&'' VoZ nwÌoU nÌ§ Z {b{IV‘² & VWm{n {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm& AW©g“{V: Z Ñí¶Vo& ¶{X "Z VoZ'B{V EH$nX§ {H«$¶Vo MoV² " ZVoZ' B{V nXoZ AW©~moY: ^d{V & ZVoZ Zm‘ Z‘«ñd^mdoZ nwÌoU nÌ§ {b{IV‘² & A{n M {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&

MVwX©e>: nmR>: & H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

82


A) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo X¥í¶Vo ?Am) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo Z X¥í¶Vo ?B) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: ^do¶w: ?B©) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: Z ^do¶w:?

2. H$moï>H§$ nya¶V &

gmja: ‘ZwO: $gag: ‘ZwO:--- ---

(gagËd‘², amjgËd‘², {dnarVËd‘²)

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & amjg:, gag:4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) {dnarVmo@{n = Am) {dnarVmüoV² =

ûcmoH$: 2.1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &A) d¥jmJ«dmgr H$: ? Am) H$: n{jamO: ?B) H$: {ÌZoÌYmar ? B©) H$: eybnm{U: ?C) H$: Ob§ {~^{V© ? D$) H$: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V ?

2. eãXg‘yhñ¶ H¥$Vo EH§$ g§joneãX§ {bIV &A) ¶: d¥jñ¶ AJ«^mJo {Zdg{V -Am) n{jUm§ amOm -B) ¶ñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U -B©) eyb§ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: -C) ¶: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V -

3. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV -A) n{jamO: d¥jmJ«o (dg{V/Z dg{V) &Am) KQ>: Ìr{U ZoÌm{U (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) &B) eybnm{U: Ob§ ({~^{V© / Z {~^{V©) &B©) Zm[aHo$b§ Ëd½dó§ (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) &4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M &n{jamO:, eybnm{U:, Ob‘², ‘oK:, eL²>H$a:, d¥j:,{gÕ¶moJr, JéS>:, Vé:, Vmo¶‘², ObX:, Vnñdr &

ûcmoH$: 3. 1. H$: H§$ dX{V? "nÌ§ {bI &'2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &A) Ho$Z Amkm XÎmm? Am) Ho$Z Amkm Z b{”Vm &B) nÌ§ Ho$Z {b{IV‘² ?3. {deofU-{deoî¶-ApÝdqV nya¶V &

{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘² nwÌ:

{b{IV‘²

4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & ‘‘mk¶m, {nVwamkm5. ûcmoH$mV² "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$nm{U (H$.^y.Ym.{d.)

{MZwV {bIV M &

ûcmoH$: 4. 1. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V &A) {Ì-Aja¶w³Vo eãXo "¶' ‘Ü¶o {Vð>{V &

ûcmoH$: 4 - Hy$Q>àíZ: A¶‘² & Añ¶ CÎma‘² - Vñ¶ Am{X: Z, Vñ¶ AÝV: Z, Vñ¶ ‘Ü¶o ¶: {Vð>{V ( VV² ) Vd A{n ApñV, ‘‘ A{n ApñV&

ûcmoH$: 5 - ‘¥Jm: V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV & ‘Ëñ¶m: Obo {dhapÝV & gmYd: gÝVmof§ ¶ÀN>pÝV & na‘² Apñ‘Z² OJ{V bwãYH$m: ‘¥JmZ², Yrdam: ‘Ëñ¶mZ² VWm Xþï>m: gmYyZ² {ZîH$maU‘od nrS>¶pÝV & AÌ ¶WmgL²>»¶-AbL²>H$ma: {dÚVo &

ûcmoH$: 6 - eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² & B{V H$mMZ g‘ñ¶m dV©Vo & AmH$meo MÝÐmUm§ eV§ H$W§ e³¶Vo? BË¶ofm g‘ñ¶m & g‘ñ¶mny{V©: - J“mZÚm: Ob§ H$„mob¶wº§$ {dÚVo & ¶Xm JJZo VmaH$m: MÝÐ‘m: M {dbgpÝV VXm MÝÐ‘g: eV§ à{V{~å~m{Z J“mZÚm: Obo Ñí¶ÝVo & VXm H${d: H$ënZm§ H$amo{V, "Z^: eVMÝÐ‘²' Bd Ñí¶Vo &

ûcmoH$: 7 - ho Hw$a“, ¶V² Ëd§ Y{ZH$mZm§ d³Ì§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo, ‘¥fm MmQy>Z² Z ~«yfo, Efm§ Jd©dM: Z e¥Umo{f, àË¶me¶m M VmZ² à{V Z Ymd{g & H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z ImX{g na§ {ZÐmJ‘o {ZÐm{g & VV² ‘o ~«y{h, ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vn: VßV‘² ? Efm Hw$a“mÝ¶mop³V: dV©Vo & g‚mZmZ² C{Ôí¶ Efm AÝ¶mop³V:&

^mfmä¶mg:

83

Am) eãXñ¶ Amaåô "Z' {dÚVo &B) eãXñ¶ AÝVo A{n "Z' {dÚVo &

2. àmá‘² CÎma‘² -

3. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &A) Vñ¶ + Am{X: (A + Am)Am) Vñ¶ + AÝV: (A + A)B) Vd + A{n (A + A)B©) A{n + ApñV (B + A)

4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M &

ûcmoH$: 5.1. Vm{bH$mny{Vª Hw$éV &

V¥Ud¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{VObd¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V

gÝVmofd¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V‘ÄOyfm-(g‚mZñ¶,Yrda:,bwãYH$:,‘¥Jñ¶,‘rZñ¶, {newZ:)

2. AYmoXÎmdm³¶m{Z ûcmoH$ñW-g‘mZmW©H$-eãX¡:nwZ: {bIV &

A) h[aU: eînm{U ^j¶{V VWm{n ì¶mY: Vñ¶ eÌw:^d{V&

Am) ‘Ëñ¶: Ob§ {n~{V VWm{n Yrda: Vñ¶ [anw: ^d{V &

B) gËnwéf: {Z:ñn¥h: dV©Vo VWm{n XþO©Z: Vñ¶ A[a:^d{V &

ûcmoH$: 6. 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &A) H$ñ¶m: ZÚm: dU©Z§ gw^m{fVo dV©Vo?Am) eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb§ Hw$Ì emo^Vo ?

2. {deofU¡: OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

3. {deofU§ {bIV &1) dm[a{U &2) Z^ñVb‘² &

4. JL²>Jm B{V eãXñ¶ A‘anL²>p³V§ {bIV &

ûcmoH$: 7.1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &A) Ëd§ Y{ZZm§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo &Am) Ëd§ ‘¥fm MmQy>Z² Z &B) Ëd§ Efm§ Z e¥Umo{f &B©) Ëd§ VmZ² à{V Z Ymd{g &C) Ëd§ H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z &D$) Ëd§ {ZÐm{g &F$) ho Hw$a“, VX² ~«y{h &G ) ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vn: &

2. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &A) Ëd§ Y{ZZm§ d³Ì§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo&Am) Ëd§ {ZÐmJ‘o {ZÐm{g &

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M &dXZ‘², AgË¶‘², eîn‘², ñdmn:, ‘¥J:, ní¶{g

4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXo {MZwV {bIV M &

Z^ñVb‘²

¶{X -- V{h© H«$sS>m - (JUH$m¶ª H$aUr¶‘² & ) EHo$Z JUoZ "¶{X' Cn¶wÁ¶ EH¡$H§$ dm³¶§ boIZr¶‘² & AÝ¶oZ JUoZ "V{h©' B{V nX§

¶moO{¶Ëdm EH¡$H§$ dm³¶§ boIZr¶‘² & "¶{X' {M{Q>H$m: n¥WH²$ ñWmn{¶Vì¶m: & "V{h©' {M{Q>H$m: n¥WH²$ ñWmn{¶Vì¶m: & {ejHo$U H$m@{n EH$m "¶{X' {M{Q>H$m n{R>Vì¶m & AZÝVa§ "V{h©' {M{Q>H$m n{R>Vì¶m & ¶X² dm³¶§ Vñ‘mV² àmß¶Vo VX² AW©nyUª ^doV² dm Z B{V Z ÐîQ>ì¶§ Ho$db§ h{gVì¶‘² &

¶Wm - ¶{X Ah§ {^f½dam ^{dî¶m{‘ V{h© ned: Z{V©î¶pÝV & J J J

84

^mfmä¶mg:

H$pñ‘§{üV² ZJao H${üV² ñd^mdH¥$nUmo Zm‘ H$mo@{n {^jwH$: à{Vdg{V ñ‘ & VoZ {^j¶m àmáoZ g³Vw{nï>oZ H$be: gåny[aV: & V§ M KQ>§ ZmJXÝVo a‚dm ~X²Üdm Vñ¶mYñVmV² H$Q>§ àgm¶© gVV§ V{Ûf¶o {MÝV¶Z² g: gwá: & g: A{MÝV¶V² - ""¶Ën[anyUm}@¶§ KQ>ñVmdV² g³Vw{nï>oZ dV©Vo & ¶{X Xþ{^©j§ ^d{V V{h© Añ¶ {dH«$¶UoZ ê$ß¶H$mUm§ eV§ àmßñ¶m{‘ & VVñVoZ Ah‘² AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶m{‘ & VV: fmÊ‘m{gH$-àgddemV² Vmä¶m§ ¶yW: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@Om{^: à^yVm: YoZy: J«hrî¶m{‘, YoZw{^: ‘{hfr:, ‘{hfr{^: dS>dm:, dS>dmàgdV: à^yVm: Aûdm: ^{dî¶pÝV & Vofm§ {dH«$¶UmËà^yV§ gwdUª àmßñ¶m{‘ & gwdU}Z MVw:emb§ J¥h§ gånËñ¶Vo & VV: H${üV² Y{ZH$: àmád¶ñH$m§ ê$nmT>çm§ H$Ý¶m§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & Amd¶mo: nwÌ: ^{dî¶{V & Vñ¶mh§ gmo‘e‘}{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ & VV: g: OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶: ^{dî¶{V & EH$Xm gmo‘e‘m© ‘m§ Ñï>‰>m ‘Ëg‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & VVmo@h§ H$monm{dï>: A{^Ymñ¶m{‘ m¶m©‘², ""J¥hmU ~mbH$‘²'' B{V & gm@{n ‘‘ dMZ§ Z lmoî¶{V & VmdËH$mbo H$üZ Hw$¸w$a: VÌ AmJ{‘î¶{V & gmo‘e‘m© Vñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@h§ g‘wËWm¶ bJwS>oZ V§ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ &'' Ed§ ñdßZ‘¾: Ü¶mZpñWV: g: VW¡d bJwS>àhma‘² AH$amoV² & VoZ bJwS>àhmaoU g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: g: KQ>: ^¾: A^dV² & ñd^mdH¥$nU: g: nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V² & AV: ~«dr{‘ -

AZmJVdVt {MÝVm‘gå^mì¶m§ H$amo{V ¶: &g Ed nmÊSw>a: eoVo gmo‘e‘©{nVm ¶Wm &&

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &1. {^jwH$ñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? 2. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ KQ>: Hw$Ì ~Õ:?3. gmo‘e‘m© H$ñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V? 4. g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: KQ>: H$ñ‘mV² H$maUmV² ^¾: ?5. gmo‘e‘©{nVw: Zm‘ {H$‘²? 6. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ H$Q>: Hw$Ì àgm[aV: ?

nwam A‘ae{³V: Zm‘ amOm AmgrV² & Vñ¶ nwÌm: {ddoH$a{hVm: emó{d‘wImü & ‘ZmoaÄOH$-H$Wm‘mÜ¶‘oZ {dîUwe‘m© Zm‘ npÊS>V: VmZ² Zr{Vemónma“VmZ² AH$amoV² & VXWª a{MVmZm§ H$WmZm§ gL²>J«h: Ed "n#mVÝÌ‘²' B{V ZmåZm {d»¶mV: & (1) {‘ÌôX: (2) {‘Ìgåàm{á: (3) H$mH$mobyH$s¶‘² (4) bãYàUme: (5) Anar{jVH$maH$‘² B{VVm{Z n#m VÝÌm{U & Anar{jVH$maH$mV² ñdrH¥$Vm àñVwVH$Wm &

AYrVo ¶ BX§ {ZË¶§ Zr{Vemó§ e¥Umo{V M &Z nam^d‘mßZmo{V eH«$mX{n H$XmMZ &&

• {XdmñdßZ: Zm‘ {H$‘²?

• "¶Wm {MpÝVV§ VW¡d

A^dV²' B{V H$Xm{MV²

AZw^yV§ dm ?

n#mXe>: nmR>: & ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² &

85

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: {H$‘Wª nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V²?2. "A{n {XdmñdßZXe©Z§ ¶mo½¶‘² ?' B{V H$Wm¶m: AmYmaoU {bIV &

3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶{V & 2. A¶§ KQ>: g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: &

4. (A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Vñ¶mYñVmV² (2) gmo‘e‘}{V (3) VVmo@h‘² &

(Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) Xþ{^©j‘² (2) ê$nmT>çm‘² (3) Ü¶mZpñWV: (4) ñd^mdH¥$nU:

(B$) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &1. H${üV² Y{ZH$: ñdH$Ý¶m§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & (bQ²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)2. ~mbH$ñ¶ gmo‘e‘m© B{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ & (H$V¥©nXñWmZo "g:' ¶moO¶V &)3. gmo‘e‘m© ‘‘ g‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & ("‘‘' ñWmZo "{nV¥'eãXñ¶ ¶mo½¶ ê$n§ {bIV &)4. EH$: ‘Zwî¶: à{Vdg{V ñ‘ & (ñ‘ {ZîH$mg¶V)5. Ah§ bJwS>oZ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ & (b¥Q²>ñWmZo {bL²>à¶moJ§ Hw$éV)

5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H¥$nU:, Xþ{^©j‘², Aœ:, YoZw:, gwdU©‘², Hw$¸w$a: &

6. g‘ñVnX§ Hw$éV & ñd^mdoZ H¥$nU:, H$monoZ Am{dï>:, bJwS>ñ¶ àhma: &

ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: & nR>V AdJÀN>V !

1) ^¶mV² + ‘w³V: - ^¶mÝ‘w³V: &‘¥V² + ‘¶ya: - ‘¥Ý‘¶ya: &

fQ²> + ‘mg: = fÊ‘mg: &dmH²$ + ‘¶‘² - dmL²>‘¶‘² &

2) Vñ‘mV² + M = Vñ‘mƒ &{dÛV² + OZ: ={dÛ‚mZ: &

(Mw = M dJ©:) (Vw = V dJ©:)

AdH$mamV² + M = AdH$amƒ & EVV² + O¶: = EV‚m¶: &

3) ‘V² + ea: = ‘ÀN>a: &lr‘V² + e‘a: = lr‘ÀN>‘a: &

VV² + lmoVw‘² = VÀN´>moVw‘² & JÀN>oV² + {ed: = JÀN>opÀN>d: &

Vw + Mw = Mw

V² + e² =

M² N²>

dJr©¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + AZwZm{gH$‘² = dJu¶-AZwZm{gH$‘²

4) Vpñ‘Z² + Ed = Vpñ‘Þod &BZ² + AÝV = BÞÝV &

Vpñ‘Z² + CËgdo = Vpñ‘ÞwËgdo &Hw$d©Z² + AmgrV² = Hw$d©ÞmgrV² &

5) gV² + AmMma: = gXmMma: &eamV² + A{n = eamX{n &

fQ²> + {dH$mam: = fS²>{dH$mam: & Vñ‘mV² + Ed = Vñ‘mXod &

6) VX² + H¥$Vo = VËH¥$Vo & jwY² + nrS>m = jwËnrS>m

fS²> + H$ma: = fQ²>H$ma: & ‘¥X² + gm{YV‘² = ‘¥Ëgm{YV‘² &

õñd: ñda: Z² H$mo@{n ñda: = Þ (nyd©‘²) (níMmV²)

dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + ñda:/‘¥Xþì¶ÄOZ‘²=V¥Vr¶ì¶ÄOZ‘²

dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + H$R>moaì¶ÄOZ‘² = àW‘ì¶ÄOZ‘²

86

Ydb: MÝÐ: AmH$meo dV©Vo & Ah§ à{V{XZ§ Ydb§ MÝÐ§ ní¶m{‘, Vwî¶m{‘ M & YdboZ MÝÐoU Z^: {d^m{V & MH$moam: Ydbm¶ MÝÐm¶ ñn¥h¶pÝV & YdbmV² MÝÐmV² {H$aUm: òdpÝV & ny{U©‘m¶m§ Ydbñ¶ MÝÐñ¶ gm¡ÝX¶©‘² Anydª Ibw & ho Ydb MÝÐ, erVbVm§ à¶ÀN> gd}ä¶: &

¶{„“§ ¶X²dMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ &V{„“§ VX²dMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n &&

g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ ¶Wm {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§ {d^³V¶: M n[adV©ÝVo VW¡d {deofUo A{n n[adV©Z§ ^d{V &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:{ZnwU: ~mbH$: {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S>‘² AaÊ¶‘² àW‘m{ZnwU§ ~mbH$‘² {ZnwUm§ ~m{bH$m‘² {Z{~S>‘² AaÊ¶‘² {ÛVr¶m{ZnwUoZ ~mbHo$Z {ZnwU¶m ~m{bH$¶m {Z{~S>oZ AaÊ¶oZ V¥Vr¶m{ZnwUm¶ ~mbH$m¶ {ZnwUm¶¡ ~m{bH$m¶¡ {Z{~S>m¶ AaÊ¶m¶ MVwWu{ZnwUmV² ~mbH$mV² {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>mV² AaÊ¶mV² n#m‘r{ZnwUñ¶ ~mbH$ñ¶ {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>ñ¶ AaÊ¶ñ¶ fð>r

{ZnwUo ~mbHo$ {ZnwUm¶m§ ~m{bH$m¶m‘² {Z{~S>o AaÊ¶o gá‘rho {ZnwU ~mbH$ ho {ZnwUo ~m{bHo$ ho {Z{~S> AaÊ¶ gå~moYZ‘²Ed‘od {ÛdMZñ¶ VWm ~hþdMZñ¶ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: Hw$ebm¡ d¡‘m{ZH$m: àW‘m

d¡‘m{ZH$‘² d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebmZ² {ÛVr¶mHw$eboZ Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZH¡$: V¥Vr¶m

d¡‘m{ZH$m¶ d¡‘m{ZH$mä¶m§ Hw$eboä¶: MVwWuHw$ebmV² Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZHo$ä¶: n#m‘r

d¡‘m{ZH$ñ¶ d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: Hw$ebmZm§ fð>rHw$ebo d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: d¡‘m{ZHo$fw gá‘rHw$eb d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebm: gå~moYZ‘²

Ed‘od "MVwa: ~mbH$:', "CÎm‘: H${d:', "{Z{~S>§ dZ‘²', "XrKm© ZXr', "‘oYm{dZr ~m{bH$m', "nwamVZr H$Wm', "{à¶: gwöX²', "ñZohmbw: {nVm', "aå¶m Cfm:' BË¶ofm§ {deofU-{deoî¶-¶w½‘mZm§ ê$nm{U dXÝVw &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {deofU-{dñVma: &

87

{deofU-{deoî¶¶mo: ¶w½‘§ nya¶V &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:n{dÌ: Obme¶: (n{dÌ) ZXr (n{dÌ) J“mOb‘² àW‘m(ZyVZ) ‘ÊS>n‘² ZyVZm§ ^mfm‘² (ZyVZ) ‘pÝXa‘² {ÛVr¶mg‘¥ÕoZ (H$mof) (g‘¥Õ) naåna¶m g‘¥ÕoZ (ZJa) V¥Vr¶m

(H$mo‘b) ñd^mdm¶ H$mo‘bm¶¡ (bVm) (H$mo‘b) nwînm¶ MVwWunamYrZmV² (Cnm¶) (namYrZm) ~wX²Ü¶m: (namYrZ) OrdZmV² n#m‘r(CÎm‘) nwéfñ¶ CÎm‘m¶m: (n{ÌH$m) CÎm‘ñ¶ (d¥ÎmnÌ) fð>r(ñWyb>) nwÌo ñWybm¶m‘² (H$Ý¶m) (ñWyb>) nmÌo gá‘rho (loð>) F$fo ho loðo> (VnpñdZr) ho (loð>) Am¡fY‘² gå~moYZ‘²

dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & 1. ({demb) d¥jñ¶ AY: n¹$m{Z (’$b‘²) AnVZ²& 2. (d¥Õ) {nVm‘ø¡ (gagm) H$Wm: amoMÝVo &3. {ZnwU¶m (Jm{¶H$m) gh Ah§ (ldUr¶) JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ & 4. ‘¥Ê‘¶o (nmÌ‘²) (erVb) Ob§ {dÚVo &

nR>V ~moYV &• [MV², MZ ¶wVm{Z {deofUm{Z =

[MV², MZ EVX² àË¶¶Û¶‘² A{Z{üVVm§ Xe©¶{V & "{H$‘²' BË¶ZoZ gh V¶mo: Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &(H$: + {MV²) H${üV² Z¥n:, ({H$‘² + MZ) {H$#mZ ZJa‘² &(Ho$Z + {MV²) Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm & (H$ñ¶ + {MV²) H$ñ¶{MV² ‘ZwOñ¶ &

ApñV H${üV² Z¥n: & g: H$pñ‘¨{üV² ZJao AQ>{V ñ‘ & Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm g: AmhÿV: & ‘w{Z: An¥ÀN>V², ""{H$‘² ApÝdî¶{g ‘hmamO?'' Z¥n: H${#mV² H$mb§ {d{MÝË¶ AdXV², ""Z {H$‘{n& ‘‘ H$‘ U§ hñVmV² n[a^«ï>‘²& VX² Ed ApÝdî¶m{‘ &'' F${f: C³VdmZ², ""ho amOZ², ^dmZ² Vw Z¥n: & AÝ¶V² {H$‘{n H$‘U§ Yma{¶Vw§ e³Zmo{f & VWm{n H$‘U{df¶o {H$‘W©‘² EVmdV² {MÝVZ‘² ? àË¶wV ^dV: amÁ¶o {H$¶ÝV: OZm: ~w^w{jVm:, Ho$MZ X[aÐm: Ho${MV² amoJnr{S>Vm: M & H$müZ ‘{hbm: CÚmoJoZ {dZm {ZamYmam: & H¡${üX² ~mbH¡$: {ejU§ Ë¶³V‘² & Ho$fm#mZ {eeyZm‘² AÞm{X{df¶o ‘hVr XþadñWm & Ho$fwMZ {d^mJofw Obì¶dñWm Z g‘rMrZm & EVofm§ H¥$Vo {H$‘{n Hw$é & H$‘U{df¶o {MÝVm§ ‘m Hw$é & amÁ¶ñ¶ ì¶dñWm Z¥nñ¶ na§ H$V©ì¶‘² &''

V²/X² + b² b² Z² + b² ± b²

7) {ZgJm©V² + bä¶Vo = {ZgJm©„ä¶Vo &EVX² + bdU‘² = EV„dU‘² &

CV² + bg{V = C„g{V & H$Xm{MV² + bãY‘² = H$Xm{M„ãY‘² &

8) Apñ‘Z² + bmoHo$ = Apñ‘>>±„moHo$ &J«ÝWmZ² + {bI{V = J«ÝWm±{„I{V &

VmZ² + bmoH$mZ² = Vm±„moH$mZ² & XodmZ² + bg{V = Xodm±„g{V &


{OkmgmnÌ‘²

88

amÁ¶m{^foH$mXZÝVa§ lram‘MÝÐM[aV§ ¶pñ‘Z² ZmQ>Ho$ dV©Vo VX² ZmQ>ç‘² CÎmaam‘M[aV‘² & ^d^y{V… Zm‘ ‘hmH${d… Añ¶ ZmQ>H$ñ¶ aM{¶Vm& Añ¶ ZmQ>H$ñ¶ {ÛVr¶o AL²>Ho$ dV©Vo A¶§ dZXodVm-AmÌo¶r-g§dmX…&

(ZonÏ¶o) ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m…& (VV… à{de{V AÜdJdofm Vmngr)

dZXodVm - Am¶}, H$m nwZ: AÌ^dVr? qH$ à¶moOZ§ XÊS>H$maÊ¶àdoeñ¶?AmÌo¶r - Apñ‘Z² àXoeo ~hd… AJñË¶mX¶… ‘wZ¶… {ZdgpÝV& Voä¶… doXmÝV{dÚm‘² A{YJÝVw‘² AÌ

AmJVm & dmë‘r{H$‘hfo}… Aml‘mV² Bh AmJVmpñ‘ &dZXodVm - Ahmo Amü¶©‘² ! AÝ¶o ‘wZ¶… doXmÝVkmZmWª dmë‘r{H$‘² F${f‘² CnJÀN>pÝV& H$W‘² AÌ^dVr

Vñ¶ Aml‘mV² AÌ AQ>{V?AmÌo¶r - VÌ ‘hmZ² AÜ¶¶ZàË¶yh… CËnÞ…& Vñ¶ ^JdV Ho$Zm{n XodVm{deofoU XmaH$Û¶‘wnZrV‘² &

Hw$ebdm¡ B{V V¶mo… Zm‘Zr& EH$mXedfm©{U ¶mdV² ^JdVm dmë‘r{H$Zm YmÌr Bd nmo{fVm¡ a{jVm¡ M& CnZ¶Z§ H¥$Ëdm Ì¶r{dÚm‘{n AÜ¶m{nVm¡& A{VàXráàkm‘oYo V¶mo…& Z Añ‘mÑem… gm‘mÝ¶m… N>mÌm… Vmä¶m§ gh AÜ¶oVw§ eŠZwdpÝV& ¶V…,

• Ho$ AÜ¶¶ZàË¶yhm…? • ¶wî‘mH$‘² AÜ¶¶Zo ¶{X {d¿Zm…

AmnVpÝV V{h© ¶y¶§ H$W§ VmZ²{ZamHw$éW?

fmoS>e>: nmR>: & ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m: &

89

{dVa{V Jwé… àmko {dÚm§ ¶W¡d VWm OS>oZ Ibw V¶mokm©Zo eq³V H$amoË¶nhpÝV dm&^d{V {h nwZ^©y¶mZ² ôX… ’$b§ à{V VÚWmà^d{V ew{M{~©å~J«mho ‘{UZ© ‘¥Xm§ M¶… &&

dZXodVm - A¶‘Ü¶¶ZàË¶yh…?AmÌo¶r- AÝ¶ü&dZXodVm- AW Ana: H$…?AmÌo¶r- AW¡H$Xm g… ‘h{f©… ‘mÜ¶pÝXZgdZm¶ V‘gmZXrVra‘² AJÀN>V² & VÌ d¥jo EH§$ H«$m¡#m¶w½‘‘²

AmgrV² & ghgm ì¶mYoZ V¶mo… EH$… ~mUoZ {dÕ…& ^y‘m¡ n{VV§ {Züoï>§ ghMa§ ÑîQ‰>m H«$m¡#mr ì¶bnV²& Vñ¶m: H$éU§ {dbmn§ lwËdm AH$ñ‘mV² ‘hf}: ‘wImV² AZwïw>n²N>ÝXgm AlwVnydm© X¡dr dmUr ñ’w$[aVm "‘m {ZfmX, à{Vð>m§ Ëd‘J‘… emœVr… g‘m…......'

dZXodVm - {MÌ‘²& AmåZm¶mV² AZÝVa‘² ZyVZ… N>ÝXgm‘² AdVma…&AmÌo¶r- VoZ {h nwZ… g‘¶oZ ^JdmZ² ~«÷Xod: VÌ Am{d^y©V: "‘hf}, à~wÕ… A{g& aM¶ am‘M[aV‘²'&

B{V AmXoe~Õ… g: dmë‘r{H$: am‘m¶UaMZm¶m§ ‘¾: ApñV & Vñ‘mV² ~«dr{‘, BXmZt VÌ AÜ¶¶Z‘gå^d‘²&

dZXodVm - ¶wÁ¶Vo &AmÌo¶r - {dlmÝVmpñ‘ ^Ðo& gåà{V AJñË¶ml‘ñ¶ ‘mJª H$W¶ &

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &(1) AmÌo¶r dmë‘r{H$‘hf}: Aml‘mV² XÊS>H$maÊ¶§

{H$‘W©‘² AmJVm?(2) XmaH$Û¶ñ¶ Zm‘Zr Ho$ ?(3) dmë‘r{H$: ‘mÜ¶pÝXZgdZm¶ Hw$Ì AJÀN>V² ?(4) H«$m¡#¶m: {dbmn§ lwËd>m ‘hf}: ‘wImV² H$sÑer

dmUr àg¥Vm ?(5) ~«÷Xod: dmë‘r{H$§ {H$‘² Am{XeV² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &(1) AmÌoæ¶m: àW‘: AÜ¶¶ZàË¶yh: H$: ?(2) ~«÷XodoZ ""aM¶ am‘M[aV‘²'' B{V

dmë‘r{H$:$ {H$‘W©‘² Am{Xï>: ?3. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

(1)AmÌo¶r dmë‘r{H$‘hf}: Aml‘mV² XÊS>H$maÊ¶‘²AmJVm&

(2) ì¶mYoZ H«$m¡#m: ~mUoZ {dÕ: &

(3) AÝ¶o ‘wZ¶: doXmÝVkmZmWª dmë‘r{H$G {f‘²CnJÀN>pÝV &

4. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &(1) AJñË¶: (2) dmë‘r{H$:(3) AZwïw^² (4) doXmÝV‘²Am) H$mbdMZn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &(1) ‘wZ¶: dZàXoeo {ZdgpÝV & (EH$dMZo

n[adV©¶V &)(2) aM¶ am‘M[aV‘² & ({bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)B) {deofU-{deoî¶-‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deoî¶‘² {deofU‘²1) ghMa:2) {dbmn:3) Hw$ebdm¡4) dmUr$

1) nmo{fVm¡2) AlwVnydm©3) H$éU:4) {ZíMoï>:

^mfmä¶mg:

90

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4

(A) b¥Q²>bH$ma: ({ÛVr¶: ^{dî¶ËH$mb:) &

ø: -^yVH$mb: AÚ - dV©‘mZH$mb: œ: - ^{dî¶ËH$mb:Ah‘² AnR>‘² &~mbH$m: AIobZ² &‘mVm A¶ÀN>V² &Ëd‘² AZ‘: &am‘: A‘w#mV² &

Ah§ nR>m{‘ &~mbH$m: IobpÝV &‘mVm ¶ÀN>{V &Ëd§ Z‘{g &am‘: ‘w#m{V &

Ah§ n{R>î¶m{‘ &~mbH$m: Io{bî¶pÝV &‘mVm Xmñ¶{V &Ëd§ Z§ñ¶{g &am‘: ‘moú¶{V &

‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

ê$nm{U n{R>î¶m{‘ Io{bî¶pÝV Xmñ¶{V Z§ñ¶{V ‘moú¶{V J{‘î¶{V dú¶{V àú¶m{‘ àmßñ¶{VYmVd: à+Amn² ‘wM² J‘²> dM² Xm àÀN>² Z‘² Iob² nR²>


E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.ñ¶{V ñ¶V: ñ¶pÝV àW‘: ñ¶Vo ñ¶oVo ñ¶ÝVo ñ¶{g ñ¶W: ñ¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ñ¶go ñ¶oWo ñ¶Üdoñ¶m{‘ ñ¶md: ñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: ñ¶o ñ¶mdho ñ¶m‘ho

J‘² (1 n.n.) b^² (1 Am.n.)


J{‘î¶{V J{‘î¶V: J{‘î¶pÝV àW‘: bßñ¶Vo bßñ¶oVo bßñ¶ÝVoJ{‘î¶{g J{‘î¶W: J{‘î¶W ‘Ü¶‘: bßñ¶go bßñ¶Wo bßñ¶Üdo

J{‘î¶m{‘ J{‘î¶md: J{‘î¶m‘: CÎm‘: bßñ¶o bßñ¶mdho bßñ¶m‘ho

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.)


Z{V©î¶{V Z{V©î¶V: Z{V©î¶pÝV àW‘: ‘§ñ¶Vo ‘§ñ¶oVo ‘§ñ¶ÝVo

Z{V©î¶{g Z{V©î¶W: Z{V©î¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ‘§ñ¶go ‘§ñ¶oWo ‘§ñ¶Üdo

Z{V©î¶m{‘ Z{V©î¶md: Z{V©î¶m‘: CÎm‘: ‘§ñ¶o ‘§ñ¶mdho ‘§ñ¶m‘ho

àÀN>² (6 n. n.) ‘wM² (6 Am. n.)


àú¶{V àú¶V: àú¶pÝV àW‘: ‘moú¶Vo ‘moú¶oVo ‘moú¶ÝVo

àú¶{g àú¶W: àú¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ‘moú¶go ‘moú¶oWo ‘moú¶Üdo

àú¶m{‘ àú¶md: àú¶m‘: CÎm‘: ‘moú¶o ‘moú¶mdho ‘moú¶m‘ho

b¥Q²>àË¶¶m: & (^{dî¶ËH$mbàË¶¶m:)

91

{MÝV² (10 n. n.) JU² (10 Am. n.)


{MÝV{¶î¶{V {MÝV{¶î¶V: {MÝV{¶î¶pÝV àW‘: JU{¶î¶{V JU{¶î¶V: JU{¶î¶pÝV

{MÝV{¶î¶{g {MÝV{¶î¶W: {MÝV{¶î¶W ‘Ü¶‘: JU{¶î¶{g JU{¶î¶W: JU{¶î¶W

{MÝV{¶î¶m{‘ {MÝV{¶î¶md: {MÝV{¶î¶m‘: CÎm‘: JU{¶î¶m{‘ JU{¶î¶md: JU{¶î¶m‘:

dm³¶m{Z nR>V &1. d¶§ gm¶§H$mbo CÚmZ§ J{‘î¶m‘: & 2. ‘‘ nwñVH§$ ‘ø§ H$Xm Xmñ¶{g ?3. ~mbH$m: Á¶oð>mZ² Z§ñ¶pÝV &4. N>mÌm: CÎm‘mZ² AL²>H$mZ² àmßñ¶pÝV &5. "qgh, O¥å^ñd ! XÝVmZ² Vo JU{¶î¶m{‘ &6. naœ: ‘‘ ‘mVm‘hr ‘‘ J¥h‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V &

7. ànaœ: ‘mVwb: {ÛM{H«$H$m§ àXmñ¶{V &8. AmJm{‘{Z df} Añ‘mH§$ embm¶m§ gwdU©‘hmoËgd:

gånËñ¶Vo &9. A{J«‘o ‘mgo narjm ^{dî¶{V &10. AmJm{‘{Z df} Ah§ MÝÐ¶mZo Cndoú¶m{‘ &11. A{J«‘§ ¶wJ§ VÝÌkmZoZ Ed nyUª ^{dî¶{V &

• Añ‘mH§$ {‘Ì‘² A{J«‘o ‘mgo H$Ý¶mHw$‘mat J{‘î¶{V & g: VÌ qH$ qH$ H$[aî¶{V B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &1. AÛ¡V: A{J«‘o e{Zdmgao ¶mÌmaå^§ & (H¥$)2. {d‘mZ¶mZoZ g VÌ AÝ¶oÚw: & (à + Amn²)3. àW‘§ H$Ý¶mHw$‘marpñWV§ Xodmb¶§ g: & (Ñe²-ní¶²)4. Vñ‘mV² g‘wÐVra§ & (¶m)5. VÌñW§ gy¶m©ñV‘² & (Ad + bmoH²$)


9) VmZ² + MmoamZ² = Vm§ümoamZ² &{d¿ZmZ² + M = {d¿Zm§ü &

~hÿZ² + VñH$amZ² = ~hÿ§ñVñH$amZ² & EVmZ² + N>mÌmZ² = EVm§ûN>mÌmZ² &

Z²+ M²/N²>/Q²>/R²>/V²/W² • (AZwñdma:), : ({dgJ©:) õñd: ñda: + N> = ÀN>

10) n[a + N>oX: - n[aÀN>oX: &Vé + N>m¶m = VéÀN>m¶m &

‘mV¥ + N>m¶m = ‘mV¥ÀN>m¶m & {d + N>oX: = {dÀN>oX: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

92

{H«$¶mnXê$nm{U &

YmVw:(JU:, nX‘²) bQ²> bL²> bmoQ²> {d{Y{bL²> b¥Q²> H$‘©{U

nR²> (1 n.n.) nR>{V AnR>V² nR>Vw nR>oV² n{R>î¶{V nR>çVo

Xm (1 n.n.) ¶ÀN>{V A¶ÀN>V² ¶ÀN>Vw ¶ÀN>oV² Xmñ¶{V Xr¶Vo

nm (1 n.n.) {n~{V A{n~V² {n~Vw {n~oV² nmñ¶{V nr¶Vo

J¡ (1 n.n.) Jm¶{V AJm¶V² Jm¶Vw Jm¶oV² Jmñ¶{V Jr¶Vo

Ü¶¡ (1 n.n.) Ü¶m¶{V AÜ¶m¶V² Ü¶m¶Vw Ü¶m¶oV² Ü¶mñ¶{V Ü¶m¶Vo

Zr (1 C.n.) n.n. Z¶{V AZ¶V² Z¶Vw Z¶oV² Zoî¶{V Zr¶Vo

Zr (1 C.n.) Am.n. Z¶Vo AZ¶V Z¶Vm‘² Z¶oV Zoî¶Vo Zr¶Vo

ñ‘¥ (1 n.n.) ñ‘a{V Añ‘aV² ñ‘aVw ñ‘aoV² ñ‘[aî¶{V ñ‘¶©Vo

ö (1 C.n.) n.n. ha{V AhaV² haVw haoV² h[aî¶{V {õ¶Vo

ö (1 C.n.) Am. n. haVo AhaV haVm‘² haoV h[aî¶Vo {õ¶Vo

a^² (1 Am.n.) a^Vo Aa^V a^Vm‘² aôV aßñ¶Vo aä¶Vo

Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z¥Ë¶{V AZ¥Ë¶V² Z¥Ë¶Vw Z¥Ë¶oV² Z{V©î¶{V Z¥Ë¶Vo

H«w$Y² (4 n.n.) H«w$Ü¶{V$ AH«w$Ü¶V² H«w$Ü¶Vw H«w$Ü¶oV² H«$moËñ¶{V H«w$Ü¶Vo

‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘Ý¶Vo A‘Ý¶V ‘Ý¶Vm‘² ‘Ý¶oV ‘§ñ¶Vo ‘Ý¶Vo

{bI² (6 n.n.) {bI{V A{bIV² {bIVw {bIoV² bo{Iî¶{V {b»¶Vo

àÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ÀN>{V An¥ÀN>V² n¥ÀN>Vw n¥ÀN>oV² àú¶{V n¥ÀN²>¶Vo

{Xe² (6 C.n.) n.n. {Xe{V A{XeV² {XeVw {XeoV² Xoú¶{V {Xí¶Vo

{Xe² (6 C.n.) Am.n. {XeVo A{XeV {XeVm‘² {XeoV Xoú¶Vo {Xí¶Vo

‘wM² (6 C.n.) n.n. ‘w#m{V A‘w#mV² ‘w#mVw ‘w#moV² ‘moú¶{V ‘wÀ¶Vo

‘wM² (6 C.n.)Am.n. ‘w#mVo A‘w#mV ‘w#mVm‘² ‘w#moV ‘moú¶Vo ‘wÀ¶Vo

nyO² (10 C.n.)n.n. nyO¶{V AnyO¶V² nyO¶Vw nyO¶oV² nyO{¶î¶{V nyÁ¶Vo

nyO² (10C.n.)Am.n. nyO¶Vo AnyO¶V nyO¶Vm‘² nyO¶oV nyO{¶î¶Vo nyÁ¶Vo

ñn¥h² (10 C.n.)n.n. ñn¥h¶{V Añn¥h¶V² ñn¥h¶Vw ñn¥h¶oV² ñn¥h{¶î¶{V ñn¥øVo

ñn¥h²(10C.n.)Am.n. ñn¥h¶Vo Añn¥h¶V ñn¥h¶Vm‘² ñn¥h¶oV ñn¥h{¶î¶Vo ñn¥øVo

Mwa² (10 C.n.) n.n. Mmoa¶{V AMmoa¶V² Mmoa¶Vw Mmoa¶oV² Mmoa{¶î¶{V Mmo¶©Vo

Mwa² (10C.n.)Am.n. Mmoa¶Vo AMmoa¶V Mmoa¶Vm‘² Mmoa¶oV Mmoa{¶î¶Vo Mmo¶©Vo

Ag² (2 n.n.) ApñV AmgrV² AñVw ñ¶mV² ^{dî¶{V ^y¶Vo

eH²$ (5 n.n.) e³Zmo{V Ae³ZmoV² e³ZmoVw e³Zw¶mV² eú¶{V e³¶Vo

lw (5 n.n.) e¥Umo{V Ae¥UmoV² e¥UmoVw e¥Uw¶mV² lmoî¶{V ly¶Vo

H¥$ (8 C.n.) n.n. H$amo{V AH$amoV² H$amoVw Hw$¶m©V² H$[aî¶{V {H«$¶Vo

H¥$ (8 C.n.) Am.n. Hw$éVo AHw$d©V Hw$éVm‘² Hw$duV H$[aî¶Vo {H«$¶Vo

km (9 C.n.) n.n. OmZm{V AOmZmV² OmZmVw OmZr¶mV² kmñ¶{V km¶Vo

km (9 C.n.) Am.n. OmZrVo AOmZrV OmZrVm‘² OmZrV kmñ¶Vo km¶Vo

93

A¶§ "H¥$' YmVmo: Obme¶: & AÌ H${V ‘Ëñ¶m: n[a{MVm: ¶wî‘mH$‘²?

B) ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &

³VdVw mÊS>‘²am‘oU nmR>: n{R>V: & am‘: nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² &am‘oU H${dVm n{R>Vm & grVm nmR>§ n{R>VdVr &am‘oU H$mì¶§ n{R>V‘² & N>mÌm: nmR>§ n{R>VdÝV: &am‘oU nmR>m: n{R>Vm: & ‘{hbm: nmR>§ n{R>VdË¶: &grV¶m H${dVo n{R>Vo & Ah§ nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² &Añ‘m{^: H$mì¶m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & Ëd§ nmR>§ n{R>VdVr &¶Wm H$‘©nX§ n[adV©Vo, ¶Wm H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo, VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo & VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo &

EVX² {H«$¶mnXmV² {^Þ‘² &

"n{R>V' B{V "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + V) VWm M "n{R>VdV²' B{V "³VdVw' àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + VdV²) &

³V-^mÊS>‘²

a{MVdV²kmVdV²a{jVdV²n{R>VdV²

C³VdV²

H¥$VdV²

bãYdV²

n¥ï>dV²C³V

a{jV

kmV

a{MV

H¥$V

n{R>VbãY n¥ï>

YmVw: ³V ê$n‘²

³VdVw ê$n‘²

YmVw: ³V ê$n‘²

³VdVw ê$n‘²

YmVw: ³V ê$n‘²

³VdVw ê$n‘²

{jn² {já {jádV² nm nrV nrVdV² nyO² ny{OV ny{OVdV²Amn² Amá AmádV² nm nmV nmVdV² ^j² ^{jV ^{jVdV²{O {OV {OVdV² Ym {hV {hVdV² ^yf² ^y{fV ^y{fVdV²Zr ZrV ZrVdV² J¡ JrV JrVdV² AW©² A{W©V A{W©VdV²lw lwV lwVdV² Ü¶¡ Ü¶mV Ü¶mVdV² jb² jm{bV jm{bVdV²

H¥$ H¥$V H¥$VdV² H$W² H${WV H${WVdV² VS²> Vm{S>V Vm{S>VdV²

ñ‘¥ ñ‘¥V ñ‘¥VdV² XÊS²> XpÊS>V XpÊS>VdV² Kwf² Kmo{fV Kmo{fVdV²

ö öV öVdV² JU² J{UV J{UVdV² Mwa² Mmo[aV Mmo[aVdV²

94

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

YmVw: ³V ê$n‘²

³VdVw ê$n‘²

YmVw: ³V ê$n‘²

³VdVw ê$n‘²

YmVw: ³V ê$n‘²

³VdVw ê$n‘²

Ñe² Ñï> Ñï>dV² nR²> n{R>V n{R>VdV² ‘Z² ‘V ‘VdV²{Xe² {Xï> {Xï>dV² {bI² {b{IV {b{IVdV² VZ² VV VVdV²ñn¥e² ñn¥ï> ñn¥ï>dV² dÝX² dpÝXV dpÝXVdV² hZ² hV hVdV²g¥O² g¥ï> g¥ï>dV² ‘wM² ‘w³V ‘w³VdV² a‘² aV aVdV²X§e² Xï> Xï>dV² Ë¶O² Ë¶³V Ë¶³VdV² J‘² JV JVdV²Bf² Bï> Bï>dV² ^wO² ^w³V ^w³VdV² dM² C³V C³VdV²àÀN²> n¥ï> n¥ï>dV² ~wY² ~wÕ ~wÕdV² dX² C{XV C{XVdV²Ze² Zï> Zï>dV² a^² aãY aãYdV² dh² D$T> D$T>dV²J«ÝW² J«{WV J«{WVdV² b^² bãY bãYdV² J«h² J¥hrV J¥hrVdV² ‘ÝW² ‘{WV ‘{WVdV² bw^² bwãY bwãYdV² ¶O² Bï> Bï>dV²

ê$nm{U AdbmoH$¶V &

H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘²n{R>V: n{R>Vm¡ n{R>Vm: (nw§.) n{R>VdmZ² n{R>VdÝVm¡ n{R>VdÝV: (nw§.)n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: (ór.) n{R>VdVr n{R>VdË¶m¡ n{R>VdË¶: (ór)n{R>V‘² n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z (Znw§.) n{R>VdV² n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpÝV (Znw§.)

EVm{Z ê$nm{U Xod, ‘mbm, dZ Bd & EVm{Z ê$nm{U ^dV², ZXr, OJV² Bd &

AYmoXÎmm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V, ôX‘² AdJÀN>V & Ho$Z/H$¶m H¥$V‘² & H$: H¥$VdmZ² / H$m H¥$VdVr ?

1. AM©Ho$Z Xod: ny{OV: &2. AM©Ho$Z Xodr ny{OVm &3. AM©Ho$Z X¡dV§ ny{OV‘² &4. {nVm‘øm H$Wm H${WVm &5. MmbHo$Z ê$ß¶H$m{U J{UVm{Z &6. H¥$frdboZ gñ¶m{Z Cám{Z &

1. AM©H : Xod§ ny{OVdmZ² &2. AM©H$: Xodr§ ny{OVdmZ² &3. AM©H$: X¡dV§ ny{OVdmZ² &4. {nVm‘hr H$Wm§ H${WVdVr &5. MmbH$: ê$ß¶H$m{U J{UVdmZ² &6. H¥$frdb: gñ¶m{Z CádmZ² &

1. "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &1. OZ¡: nyOm & (H¥$) 2.{ejHo$U nmR>: Cƒ¡: & (nR²>)3. {eî¶oU X{jUm & (Xm) 4. AZ¶m H$Wm & (aM²) 5. {~S>mboZ jra§ & (nm) 6. ‘¶m {MÌ§ & (Ñe²)2. "³VdVw' àË¶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &1. nwéf: H$m¶ª & (H¥$) 2.‘{hbm em{Q>H$m§ & (Y¥)3. Xodm: ^³VmZ² & (aj²) 4. Ah§ {MÌm{U & (Ñe²)5. H${d: H${dVm§ & ({bI²)

95

amOm - amOm amQ²> nm{W©d: ú‘m^¥Þ¥n^yn‘hr{jV: &Jwé: - CnmÜ¶m¶mo@Ü¶mnH$mo@W ñ¶m{ÞfoH$m{XH¥$X²Jwé: &Zm{gH$m - ³br~o K«mU§ JÝYdhm KmoUm Zmgm M Zm{gH$m &ZoÌ‘² - bmoMZ§ Z¶Z§ ZoÌ‘rjU§ Mjwa{jUr &H$U©: - H$U©eãXJ«hm¡ lmoÌ§ lw{V: ór ldU§ ld: &fQ²>nX:�{Ûao’$nwîn{bS²>^¥“fQ>nX^«‘amb¶: &‘mZdm: - ‘Zwî¶m ‘mZwfm ‘Ë¶m© ‘ZwOm ‘mZdm Zam: &X¡d‘² � X¡d§ {Xï>§ ^mJYo¶§ ^m½¶§ ór [Z¶{V{d©{Y: &{ZnwU: - àdrUo {ZnwUm{^k{dk{ZîUmV{e{jVm: &¶k: - ¶k: gdmo@Üdamo ¶mJ: gáVÝVw‘©I: H«$Vw: &Hw$~oa: - Hw$~oañÍ¶å~H$gImo amOamOmo YZm{Yn: &¶mMH$: - dZr¶H$mo ¶mMZH$mo ‘mJ©Umo ¶mMH$m{W©Zm¡ &‘mJ©: - A¶Z§ dË‘© ‘mJm©ÜdnÝWmZ: nXdr g¥{V: &g¡{ZH$: - ^Q>m ¶moYmü ¶moÕma: goZmajmñVw g¡{ZH$m: &{ZÐm - ñ¶m{ÞÐm e¶Z§ ñdmn: ñdßZ: g§doe BË¶{n &~w{Õ: - ~w{Õ‘©Zrfm YrfUmYr: àkm eo‘wfr ‘{V: &hf©: - ‘wX² àr{V: à‘Xmo hf©: à‘moXm‘moXgå‘Xm: &dM>: - ì¶mhma Cp³Vb©{nV§ ^m{fV§ dMZ§ dM: &eÌw: - [anm¡ d¡[agnËZm[a{ÛfX²ÛofUXþö©X: & Hw$¸w$a: - H$m¡bo¶H$: gma‘o¶: Hw$¸w$amo ‘¥JX§eH$: &H¥$nU: - H$X¶} H¥$nUjwÐ{H$ånMmZ{‘VånMm: &emo^Z‘² � gwÝXa§ ê${Ma§ Mmé gwf‘§ gmYw emo^Z‘² &‘{bZ‘² � ‘br‘g§ Vw ‘{bZ§ H$ƒa§ ‘bXÿ{fV‘² &à^yV‘² - à^yV§ àMwa§ àmÁ¶‘X^«§ ~hþb§ ~hþ &nyU©‘² - g‘J«§ gH$b§ nyU©‘IÊS>§ ñ¶mXZyZHo$ &nwÌ: - AmË‘OñVZ¶: gyZw: gwV: nwÌ: {ó¶m§ Ëd‘r &¶‘: - H¥$VmÝVmo ¶‘wZm^«mVm e‘Zmo ¶‘amS²> ¶‘: &{XZ: - Kòmo {XZmhZr dm Vw ³br~o {Xdgdmgam¡ &amjg:-amjg: H$m¡Un: H«$ì¶mV² H«$ì¶mXmo@òn Amea:& eL²>H$a: � eå^ware: newn{V: {ed: eybr ‘hoœa: &‘oK: � A^«§ ‘oKmo dm[admhñV{S>ËdmZ² dm[aXmo@å~w^¥V²&‘rZ: - n¥Wwamo‘m Pfmo ‘Ëñ¶mo ‘rZmo d¡gm[aUmo@ÊS>O: &Z^: - Z^mo@ÝV[aj§ JJZ‘ZÝV§ gwadË‘© I‘² &‘{hbm - ór ¶mo{fX“Zm ¶mofm Zmar gr‘pÝVZr dYy: &OJV² - {ÌîdWmo OJVr bmoH$mo {dï>n§ ^wdZ§ OJV² &df© - g§dËgamo dËgamo@ãXmo hm¶Zmo@ór eaËg‘m: &ew^‘² - œ:lo¶g§ {ed§ ^Ð§ H$ë¶mU§ ‘“b§ ew^‘² &

amOm, amQ²>, nm{W©d:, ú‘m^¥V², Z¥n:, ^yn:, ‘hr{jV² &CnmÜ¶m¶:, AÜ¶mnH$:, {ZfoH$m{XH¥$V², Jwé: &K«mU‘², JÝYdhm, KmoUm, Zmgm, Zm{gH$m&bmoMZ‘², Z¶Z‘², ZoÌ‘², B©jU‘², Mjw:, A{j: & H$U©:, eãXJ«h:, lmoÌ‘², lw{V:, ldU‘², ld: &{Ûao’$:, nwîn{bQ²>, >^¥“:, fQ>²nX:, ^«‘a:, A{b: &‘Zwî¶m:, ‘mZwfm:, ‘Ë¶m©:, ‘ZwOm:, ‘mZdm:, Zam: &X¡d‘², {Xï>‘², ^mJYo¶‘², ^m½¶‘², [Z¶{V:, {d{Y: &àdrU:, {ZnwU:, A{^k:, {dk:, {ZîUmV:, {e{jV: &¶k:, gd:, AÜda:, ¶mJ:, gáVÝVw:, ‘I:, H«$Vw: &Hw$~oa:, Í¶å~H$gI:, amOamO:, YZm{Yn: &dZr¶H$:, ¶mMZH$:, ‘mJ©U:, ¶mMH$:, AWu &A¶Z‘², dË‘©, ‘mJ©:, AÜdm, nÝWm:, nXdr g¥{V: &^Q>m:, ¶moYm:, ¶moÕma:, goZmajm:, g¡{ZH$m: &{ZÐm, e¶Z‘², ñdmn:, ñdßZ:, g§doe: &~w{Õ:, ‘Zrfm, YrfUm, Yr:, àkm, eo‘wfr, ‘{V: &‘wX², àr{V:, à‘X:, hf©:, à‘moX:, Am‘moX:, gå‘X: &ì¶mhma:, Cp³V:, b{nV‘², ^m{fV‘², dMZ‘², dM: &[anw:, d¡ar, gnËZ:, A[a:, {ÛfX², ÛofU:, Xwö©X² & H$m¡bo¶H$:, gma‘o¶:, Hw$¸w$a:, ‘¥JX§eH$: &H$X¶©:, H¥$nU:, jwÐ:, {H$ånMmZ:, {‘VånM: & gwÝXa‘², ê${Ma‘², Mmé, gwf‘‘², gmYw, emo^Z‘² &‘br‘g‘², ‘{bZ‘², H$ƒa‘², ‘bXÿ{fV‘² &à^yV‘², àMwa‘², àmÁ¶‘², AX^«‘², ~hþb‘², ~hþ &g‘J«‘², gH$b‘², nyU©‘², AIÊS>‘², AZyZH$‘² &AmË‘O:, VZ¶:, gyZw:, gwV:, nwÌ: &H¥$VmÝV:, ¶‘wZm^«mVm, e‘Z:, ¶‘amQ>²,> ¶‘: &Kò:, {XZ‘², Ah:, {Xdg:, dmga: &amjg:, H$m¡Un:, H«$ì¶mV², H«$ì¶mX:, Aòn:, Amea:& eå^w:, B©e:, newn{V:, {ed:, eybr, ‘hoœa: &A^«‘², ‘oK:, dm[admh:, V{S>ËdmZ², dm[aX:, Aå~w^¥V²&n¥Wwamo‘m, Pf:, ‘Ëñ¶:, ‘rZ:, d¡gm[aU:, AÊS>O: &Z^:, AÝV[aj‘², JJZ‘², AZÝV‘², gwadË‘©, I‘² &ór, ¶mo{fV², A“Zm, ¶mofm, Zmar, gr‘pÝVZr, dYy: &OJVr, bmoH$:, {dï>n‘², ^wdZ‘², OJV² &g§dËga:, dËga:, AãX:, hm¶Z:, eaX², g‘: &

œ:lo¶g‘², {ed‘², ^Ð‘², H$ë¶mU‘², ‘“b‘², ew^‘²&

&& A‘aH$mof: && H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘² & {dJ«h: &

96

eãXH$mof… & (nmR>mZwgma‘²)1. g¥ðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: &1) YZñ¶yV… (nw§.) -2) ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m (ór) -3) AL²>Jw{b‘mÌ‘² (Znw§) -2. Aì¶¶‘mbm &1) AënmjaËd‘² (Znw§.) -2) Amñ¶‘² (Znw§.) -3) K«mU‘² (Znw§.) $-4) g¥ï>‘² ({deo.Znw§.) -5) fQ²>nX… (nw§.) -6) Ho$VH$sJÝY: (nw§.) -7) AmK«mVw‘² (Aì¶¶) -8) nagÝVmn: (nw§.) -9) dË‘©Z² (Znw§.) -10) {ÛVr¶m (ór) -11) ñWmZ^«ï… (nw§.) -12) AZwÚ‘: (nw§.) -13) AmöË¶ (A.) -3. YÝ¶m¡ Vm¡ XmV¥¶mMH$m¡ &1) àH¥$Ë¶m (ór) -2) nQw>… (nw§.) -3) ^¥e‘² (A.) -4) ñdpñV (A.) -5) gH$memV² (A.)-6) namd{V©Vw‘² (A.) -7) AmH«$mÝVw‘² (A.) -8) à^yVm (ór) -4. {dÜ¶W©‘mbm &1) MoV² (Aì¶¶) -2) Hw$V… (Aì¶¶) -3) AZ¥V‘² (Aì¶¶) -4) H$mL²>joV ({H«$.) -5) gå¶H²$ (A.) -6) àË¶h‘² (A.) -7) d¥H$: (nw§.) -8) AdbwånoV ({H«$.) -5. qH$ {‘Ï¶m? qH$ dmñVd‘²?1) ‘ÝWZ‘² (Zn§w.) -2) gwImgÝX… (nw§.)-3) Mb^mf… (nw§.) -

4) ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m (ór) -5) ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m (nw§.) -6) bmbm{¶V‘² ({deo.) - 7) ~w^wjm (ór) -8) Am^mgmË‘H$‘² (Znw§.) -6. drad{ZVm {dínbm &1) ^wd‘² (ór) -2) ¶wJnX² (A.) -3) àË¶wV (A.) -4) BV…na‘² (A.) -5) Am¶wYàhma… (nw§.) -6) H$Xbrd¥j… (nw§.) -7) g§öV… ({deo.) -7. ¶moJ‘mbm &1) CÎmmZ‘² (Zn§w.) -2) OmZw (Zn§w.) -3) ì¶mo‘ñW‘² (nw§.)-4) nm{U… (nw§.) -5) àOën: (nw§.) -6) AÝVam¶… (nw§.) -8. {nZ²H$moS>²-àdV©H$… ‘hmZ² g§ñH¥$Vk…&1) AmL²>½b^mfm (ór) -2) Xþ~m}Y‘² (Znw§.) -3) àË¶yhm… (nw§.) -4) {dÛÛaoÊ¶… (nw§.) -9. gyp³VgwYm &1) ^«mV¥^mÁ¶‘² (Znw§.) -2) JUZm (ór) -3) XþhpÝV (YmVwê$n) -4) OmS>ç‘² ({deo.) -5) hÝV - (A.) -6) {dJ«ho - (nw§.) -7) na: (nw§.) -8) ì¶g{ZZ² (nw§.) -10. {nV¥^³V… Z{MHo$Vm: & 1) bm{bV… (nw§.) -2) H«$moYmdoe… (nw§.) -3) {Zdma{¶Vw‘² (A.) -11. ‘Zg… ñdÀN>Vm &1) hR>‘² (Znw§.) -2) CV (A.)-

3) bKw^ma‘² (Znw§.) -4) AmÐ©… (nw§.) -5) em{Q>H$m#mb‘² (Znw§.) -6) {H$¶ÝV… (A.) -7) aOH$… (nw§.) -8) MÝXZ’o$ZH$‘² (Znw§.) -9) ì¶mn¥V‘² (A.) -12. A‘aH$mof… &1) AÜ¶oV¥ (nw§.) -2) ¶Woï>‘² (A.) -3) AmMÝÐVmaH$‘² (Znw§.) -4) AZwemgZ‘² (Znw§.) -5) {dZm¶mg‘² (A.) -13. ga‘m¶m… erb‘² & 1) Cnhma… (nw§.) -2) {H$L²>H$a… (nw§.) -3) ‘KdmZ² (nw§.) -4) VQ>éhVé: (nw§.) -5) Obm¡K… (nw§.) -6) n¥Wwba^gm (ór) -7) {dZ¶dMgm (ór) -8) åbmZ‘wIr (ór) -9) naVra‘² (Znw§.) -10) db: (nw§.) -11) Omé (Znw§.) -14. H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: &1) ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² (Znw§.) -2) gag‘² (Znw§.) -3) n{jamO… (nw§.) -4) eybnm{U: (nw§.) -5) {~^«V² ({deo.) -6) bwãYH$: (nw§.) -7) Yrda: (nw§.) -8) {newZ… (nw§.) -9) M#mbVa… (nw§.) -10) d³Ì‘² (Znw§.) -11) MmQy>Z² (A.) -12) ‘¥fm (A.) -13) àË¶mem (ór.)14) ~mbV¥U‘² (Znw§.) -15) ‘whþ: (A.) -16) Hw$a“: (nw§.) -

97

15. ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² &1) AYrVo ({H«$.) -2) eH«$… (nw§.) -3) g³Vw:$(nw§.) -4) ZmJXÝV: (nw§.) -5) dS>dm (ór.) -6) ¶yW‘² (nw§.) -7) ‘{hfr (ór.) - 8) {dH«$¶U‘² (Znw§.) -

9) MVw…emb‘² (Znw§.) -10) àmád¶ñH$m (ór.) -11) OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶… (nw§.) -12) lmoî¶{V ({H«$.) -13) nmÊSw>aVm (ór.) -14) eoVo ({H«$.) -16. ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m…&1) ZonÏ¶‘² (Znw§.) -2) AÜdJdofm (ór.) -

3) A{YJÝVw‘² (A.) - 4) A{VàXráàkm‘oYo (ór) -5) Añ‘mÑe… (nw§.) -6) OS>… (nw§.) -7) ‘¥Xm (ór.) -8) AmåZm¶… (nw§.) -9) gdZ‘² (Znw§.) -10) {ZfmX: (nw§.) -

KQ>H$narjm 1 àmê$n‘² AL²>H$m: 20(nmR> 1, 2, 3, ^mfmgyÌ‘² 1)

à. 1. A) 1) {MÌ§ X¥îQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV (3 V: 2) 1 2) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: /AL²>H¡$: {bIV (3 V: 2) 1à. 1. Am) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (2 JÚm§em¡) & 8 1) EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (1)

2) gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm/C{MV§ H$maU§/ H$: H§$ dX{V ? (1) 3) JÚm§emV² g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H§$ eãX§ {MZwV & (1) 4) Ûo ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶nXo/{d^³Ë¶ÝVnXo {MZwV & (1)à. 2 A)nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & 3 1. nÚm§e:-1 H$ñ¶m{n EH$ñ¶ ûcmoH$ñ¶ AZwdmX§ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &(2 V: 1) (2) 2. nÚm§e:-2 EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (1) AWdm 2 g‘mZmW©H$m¡/{déÕmW©H$m¡ eãXm¡ {MZwV &(1) Am) ûcmoH§$ nyUª ewÕ§§ M {bIV & (2 V: 1) 2à. 3. ì¶mH$aU‘² & 5 A) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & (3 V: 2) (Zm‘-gd©Zm‘-{H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m) (2) Am) Aì¶¶mZm§/YmVyZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶m{Z {bIV & (3 V: 2) (2) B) dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV & (2 V: 1) (1)

* * *

98

n[a{eï>‘² - 1

nXmä¶mg: &

Zm‘-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:ZrbH$ÊR>m¶ MVwWu

gañdË¶mo: fð>rZjÌm{U {ÛVr¶m

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:dñVwä¶m‘² V¥Vr¶m

{nV[a gá‘rYoZwä¶: n#m‘r

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:MÝX‘ñgw gá‘r

{dÚwVo MVwWu n¶gr àW‘m

gd©Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:Vñ‘mV² n#m‘r

Añ‘m{^: V¥Vr¶mH$¶mo: Ho$fw gá‘r

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:Vd, Vo fð>r

Amä¶m‘² MVwWu^dV: {ÛVr¶m

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:Añ¶m‘² gá‘r

^dVrä¶: MVwWuB‘o B‘m{Z àW‘m

99

bH$ma-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

bQ²>

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² dÝXVo àW‘nwéf:

Z¥Ë¶mdho CÎm‘nwéf:H$W¶W ‘Ü¶‘nwéf:

bL>²>

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² AnR>m‘² CÎm‘nwéf:

AmñVm‘² àW‘nwéf:Ab^Üd‘² ‘Ü¶‘nwéf:

bmoQ²>

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² H$amoVw àW‘nwéf:

nyO¶V‘² ‘Ü¶‘nwéf:JÀN>m‘ CÎm‘nwéf:

{bL²>

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² ajoV‘² ‘Ü¶‘nwéf:

{dÚo‘{h CÎm‘nwéf:^doV² àW‘nwéf:

b¥Q²>

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² jmb{¶î¶{V àW‘nwéf:

d{Y©î¶oWo ‘Ü¶‘nwéf:H$mo{nî¶m‘: CÎm‘nwéf:

ê$nm{U n[a{MZwV &

A.H«$. Zm‘ê$n‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘² AÝV: {b“‘² {d^p³V: dMZ‘²1 ^mZmo:2 ^«mVwfw3 Añ¶m:

A.H«$. YmVw: JU:/nX§ H$mb: nwéf: dMZ‘²1 àmßñ¶m{‘2 AhaV²3 nyÁ¶Vo4 Mmoa¶Vw

100

n[a{eï>‘² - 2

gpÝYH$mof: &

1. gwðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: &1. $H$mo@{n - H$: + A{n &2. nyd©‘od - nyd©‘² + Ed &3. nwZamJÝVì¶‘² - nwZ: + AmJÝVì¶‘² &4. Ho$Zm{n - Ho$Z + A{n &5. ÑîQ‰>¡d - ÑîQ‰>m + Ed &

2.Aì¶¶‘mbm & 1. d³Vw‘mñ¶§ - d³Vw‘² + Amñ¶‘² & 2. Xÿao@{n - Xÿao + A{n & 3. Ho$VH$sJÝY‘mK«m¶ - Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² + AmK«m¶ & 4. ñd¶‘m¶mpÝV - ñd¶‘² + Am¶mpÝV &5. bmoHo$ä¶mo YoZdmo - bmoHo$ä¶: +YoZd: &6. ¶Ëñdën‘{n - ¶V² + ñdën‘² + A{n &7. ñ¶m‘h§ - ñ¶m‘² + Ah‘² &8. àmaãY‘wÎm‘OZm: - àmaãY‘² + CÎm‘OZm: &9. nwZa{n - nwZ: + A{n &

3. YÝ¶m¡ Vm¡ XmV¥¶mMH$m¡ &1. $H$pñ‘¨píMV² - H$pñ‘Z² + {MV² &2. XmVw‘wËgwH$: - XmVw‘² + CËgwH$: &3. n«rVmo@pñ‘ - àrV: + Apñ‘ &4. H$m‘{n - H$m‘² + A{n &5. ZoÀN>m{‘ - Z + BÀN>m{‘ &6. XmVw{‘ÀN>m{‘ - XmVw‘² + BÀN>m{‘ &7. Hw$~oa‘mH«$mÝVw‘² - Hw$~oa‘² + AmH«$mÝVw‘² &8. gwdU©d¥{ï>‘H$amoV² - gwdU©d¥{ï>‘² + AH$amoV² &9. XmVw‘¡ÀN>V² - XmVw‘² + EoÀN>V² &10. A{YH$‘mXmVw‘² - A{YH$‘² + AmXmVw‘² &11. Ûmd{n - Ûm¡ + A{n &12. à{gÕ‘od - à{gÕ‘² + Ed &13. g Ed - g: + Ed &14. H$píMV² - H$: + {MV² &

4. {dÜ¶W©‘mbm &1. Ë¶Oo{ÛÚm§ - Ë¶OoV² + {dÚm‘² &2. Ë¶OoËgwI‘² - Ë¶OoV² + gwI‘² &3. Hw$Vmo {dÚm - Hw$V: + {dÚm &4. Hw$Vmo {dÚm{W©Z: - Hw$V: + {dÚm{W©Z: &

5. YZ‘bãY§ - YZ‘² + AbãY‘² &6. MmZ¥V‘² - M + AZ¥V‘² &7. eÌwä¶m{‘d - eÌwä¶m‘² + Bd &8. Zmn©¶oV² - Z + An©¶oV² &9. Zaü[aV‘mË‘Z: - Za: + M[aV‘² + AmË‘Z: & 10. {H$Þw - {H$‘² + Zw &11. new{^ñVwë¶§ - new{^: + Vwë¶‘² &12. gËnwéf¡[a{V - gËnwéf¡: + B{V &13. ~H$d{ƒÝV¶oXWm©Z² - ~H$dV² + {MÝV¶oV² + AWm©Z² &14. qghdƒ - qghdV² + M &15. d¥H$dƒmdbwånoV - d¥H$dV² + M + AbwånoV &16. eedƒ - eedV² + M &

5. qH$ {‘Ï¶m ? qH$ dmñVd‘² ?1. gË¶‘od - gË¶‘² + Ed &2. VWm{n - VWm + A{n &3. AË¶m{YH$mo@n¶moJ: - AË¶m{YH$: + Cn¶moJ: &4. B¶‘odmdí¶H$Vm - B¶‘² + Ed + Amdí¶H$Vm &5. {H$‘{n - {H$‘² + A{n &

6. drad{ZVm {dínbm &1. VW¡d - VWm + Ed &2. ¶Ú{n - ¶{X + A{n &3. nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘{n - nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘² + A{n &

7. ¶moJ‘mbm &1. nyd©‘wÀ¶Vo - nyd©‘² + CÀ¶Vo &2. Hw$¶m©ÎmXmgZ§ - Hw$¶m©V² + VV² + AmgZ‘² &3. ñW¡¶©‘mamo½¶§ - ñW¡¶©‘² + Amamo½¶‘² &4. Mm“bmKd‘² - M + A“bmKd‘² &5. ZmgmJ«‘mbmoH$¶oX² - ZmgmJ«‘² +

AmbmoH$¶oV² &6. YZwamgZ‘wÀ¶Vo - YZwamgZ‘² + CÀ¶Vo &7. dgo{XX§ - dgoV² + BX‘² &

101

8. n{ü‘VmZ‘mhþ: - n{ü‘VmZ‘² + Amhþ: &9. OmZmo‘©{hd}{ï>Vdm‘nmX‘² - OmZmo: + ~{h: + do{ï>Vdm‘nmX‘² &10. lr‘ñË¶ZmWmo{XV‘mgZ§ - lr‘ñË¶ZmWmo{XV‘² + AmgZ‘² &11. VÀN>dmgZ‘² - VV² + edmgZ‘² & 12. à¶mgü - à¶mg: + M &13. OZg“ü - OZg“: + M &14. fS²>{^¶m}Jmo - fS>²{^: + ¶moJ: &

8. {nZH$moS>-àdV©H$: ‘hmZ² g§ñH¥$Vk: & 1. BVmo@{n - BV: + A{n &2. BË¶od - B{V + Ed &3. {H${#mX{n - {H${#mV² + A{n &4. ‘mgm{YH$mo@{n - ‘mgm{YH$: + A{n &5. AYwZm{n - AYwZm + A{n &6. g“rV‘{n - g“rV‘² + A{n &7. V~bmdmXZo@{n - V~bmdmXZo + A{n &8. gd©‘od - gd©‘² + Ed &

9. gyp³VgwYm &1. dgwY¡d - dgwYm + Ed &2. namonH$mamW©{‘X‘² - namonH$mamW©‘² + BX‘² &3. nmn‘nmH$amo{V - nmn‘² + AnmH$amo{V &4. Zm¶©ñVw - Zm¶©: + Vw &5. ¶Ì¡VmñVw - ¶Ì + EVm: + Vw &6. gdm©ñVÌm’$bm: - gdm©: + VÌ + A’$bm: &7. MmVH${óMVwamZ² - MmVH$: + {ÌMVwamZ² &8. gmo@{n - g: + A{n &9. {díd‘å^gm - {díd‘² + Aå^gm &10. ‘hVm‘wXmaVm - ‘hVm‘² + CXmaVm &11. na¡ñVw - na¡: + Vw &12. nmR>H$ü¡d - nmR>H$: + M + Ed &13. MmÝ¶o - M + AÝ¶o &14. {H«$¶mdmÝg: - {H«$¶mdmZ² + g: &15. dY©V Ed = dY©Vo + Ed &16. {Y¶mo ha{V = {Y¶: + ha{V &

10. {nV¥^º$: Z{MHo$Vm: &1. Ëg‘mg - Ëd‘² + Ed &2. VXod - VV² + Ed &

3. VÌ¡d - VÌ + Ed &4. $H$W{‘d - H$W‘² + Bd &5. km{ZZm‘{n - km{ZZm‘² + A{n &

11. ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm & 1. ~më¶mXod - ~më¶mV² + Ed &2. bKw^ma{‘d - bKw^ma‘² + Bd &3. à{V{XZ{‘d - à{V{XZ‘² + Bd &4. BË¶{n - B{V + A{n &

12. A‘aH$mof: & 1. $H$doa‘aqghñ¶ - H$do: + A‘aqghñ¶ &2. H¥${Vaofm - H¥${V: + Efm &3. d¶‘{n - d¶‘² + A{n &4. VX{n - VV² + A{n &5. H$V©ì¶‘od - H$V©ì¶‘² + Ed &

13. ga‘m¶m: erb‘² &1. ñdXoe‘nmhaZ² - ñdXoe‘² + AnmhaZ² &2. {H$L²>H$amo Z¡H$mo@{n - {H$L²>H$a: + Z¡H$: + A{n &3. ¶mo ^doV² - ¶: + ^doV² &4. AVñVm‘² - AV: + Vm‘² &5. ¶mMo@h‘² - ¶mMo + Ah‘² &6. VdoX‘² - Vd + BX‘² &7. n{U{^¶©X² - n{U{^: + ¶X² &8. g‘má‘ÝdofUH$m¶©‘² - g‘má‘² + AÝdofUH$m¶©‘² &9. Zmh‘² - Z + Ah‘² &10. VÞ - VV² + Z &11. J‘Z‘maô - J‘Z‘² + Amaô &12. {H${#mV² - {H$‘² + {MV² &

14. $H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: &1. {dnarVmüoX² - {dnarVm: + MoV² &2. {dnarVmo@{n - {dnarV: + A{n &3. {~^«Þ - {~^«V² + Z &4. ‘‘mk¶m - ‘‘ + Amk¶m &5. {nVwamkm - {nVw: + Amkm &6. Vñ¶{XZ© - Vñ¶ + Am{X: + Z &7. Vñ¶mÝV: - Vñ¶ + AÝV: &8. Vdmß¶pñV - Vd + A{n + ApñV &9. ‘‘mß¶mpñV - ‘‘ + A{n + ApñV &

102

10. J“m¶mü#mbVao - J“m¶m: + M#mbVao &11. VÝ‘o � VV² + ‘o &

15. ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² & 1. emó{d‘wImíM - emó{d‘wIm: + M &2. ¶ BX‘² - ¶: + BX‘² &3. nam^d‘mßZmo{V - nam^d‘² + AmßZmo{V &4. eH«$mX{n - eH«$mV² + A{n &5. ñd^mdH¥$nUmo Zm‘ - ñd^mdH¥$nU: +

Zm‘ &6. Vñ¶mYñVmV² - Vñ¶ + AYñVmV² &7. ¶Ën[anyUm}@¶‘² - ¶V² + n[anyU©: +

A¶‘² &8. KQ>ñVmdV² - KQ>: + VmdV² &9. VVñVoZ - VV: + VoZ &10. VVmo@Om{^: - VV: + AOm{^: &11. {dH«$¶UmËà^yV‘² - {dH«$¶UmV² +

à^yV‘² &12. Vñ¶mh‘² - Vñ¶ + Ah‘² &13. gmo‘e‘}{V - gmo‘e‘m© + B{V &14. VVmo@h‘² - VV: + Ah‘² &15. {MÝVm‘gå^mì¶m‘² - {MÝVm‘² + Agå^mì¶m‘² & 16. gm@{n - gm + A{n &

16. ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m: & 1. amÁ¶m{^foH$mXZÝVa‘² - amÁ¶m{^foH$mV² + AZÝVa‘² &2. AmJVmpñ‘ - AmJVm + Apñ‘ &3. XmaH$Û¶‘wnZrV‘² - XmaH$Û¶‘² +

CnZrV‘² &4. Ì¶r{dÚm‘{n - Ì¶r{dÚm‘² + A{n &5. ¶W¡d - ¶Wm + Ed &6. V¶mokm©Zo - V¶mo: + kmZo & 7. $H$amoË¶nhpÝV - H$amo{V + AnhpÝV &8. nwZ^y©¶mZ² - nwZ: + ^y¶mZ² &9. VÚWm - VX² + ¶Wm &10. ew{M{~©å~J«mho - ew{M: + {~å~J«mho &11. ‘{UZ© - ‘{U: + Z &12. AÝ¶ü - AÝ¶: + M &13. AW¡H$Xm - AW + EH$Xm &14. AÜ¶¶Z‘gå^d‘² - AÜ¶¶Z‘² +

Agå^d‘² &

15. {dlmÝVmpñ‘ - {dlmÝVm + Apñ‘ &16. A¶‘Ü¶¶ZàË¶yh: - A¶‘² +

AÜ¶¶ZàË¶yh: &17. Ëd‘J‘: - Ëd‘² + AJ‘: &

103

n[a{eï>‘² - 3An{R>V-JÚ‘² &

(1) Véfw {ZdgpÝV {dhJm: & à^mVo Vo AmH$meo CËnVpÝV & {Xem¶m§ {Xem¶m§ n[a^«‘pÝV {XZmdgmZo M ñdZrS>§ àË¶mJÀN>pÝV & {dhJm: YmÝ¶H$UmZ² AmZ¶pÝV à¶ÀN>pÝV M ñdemdHo$ä¶: & dZ‘{Y{Vð>pÝV Hw$a“m & Vo dZo {dMapÝV H$mo‘bm{Z V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV M & VVü ¶Ì Hw$Ìm{n g‘wn{depÝV amo‘ÝW§ M Hw$d©pÝV & XrKm©{U e¥“m{U ‘ñVHo$fw CÛhpÝV Ho${MV² ‘¥Jm: &

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104

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