GNS Science Report 2008 2013-006.pdf · 2013. 9. 12. · GNS Science acknowledges generous funding support for this project from Mighty River Power Ltd and their permission, along

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Milicich, S.D. 2013. Kawerau Geothermal Field Well Logs, GNS Science Report 2013/06 32 p.

S.D. Milicich, GNS Science, PO Box 2000, Taupo © Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, 2013 ISSN 1177-2425 ISBN 978-1-972192-39-9

GNS Science Report 2013/06 i

CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... II KEYWORDS .......................................................................................................................... II 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

2.0 WELL LOGS .............................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Graphic Well Logs .......................................................................................... 5

3.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................... 5

4.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 6

FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Kawerau Geothermal Field showing drillholes, active faults (GNS Science, 2013),

and approximate resistivity boundary zone defined at about 500 m depth......................................... 1 Figure 2 Comparative stratigraphic summary of the main geological units in Kawerau Geothermal

Field. .................................................................................................................................................. 2

TABLES Table 1 Summary of the main stratigraphic units and lithologies in the Kawerau Geothermal Field ............... 3 Table 2 Translation from the previous stratigraphy (vertical) summarised in Bignall and Harvey

(2005) to the stratigraphy described in this paper (horizontal). .......................................................... 4

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Geological reference information ..................................................................................................... 26

GNS Science Report 2013/06 ii

ABSTRACT

This science report presents revised stratigraphic and lithological logs for wells drilled in the Kawerau Geothermal Field between 1952 and September 2012. The revised logs result benefit from insights obtained by U-Pb dating in 2011-12 on selected Kawerau core samples, and detailed petrographic and hand-specimen examination of core and drill chip samples (Milicich et al. (2013 a,b). Consequently, the stratigraphy and lithology in this report supersede those in logs published in Browne (1978) and Tulloch (1990) and other Kawerau geological reports and Resource Consent documentation up to September 2012. The well logs in this report are a record of the geological sequence, from surface to approximately 3 km depth, encountered by wells in the Kawerau (prefixed KA) and Putauaki (prefixed PK) sectors of the Kawerau Geothermal Field. The purpose of this report is to provide a listing of the Kawerau well stratigraphy that can be used by future geothermal research and industry specialists.

KEYWORDS

Kawerau Geothermal Field; well logs; stratigraphy.

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GNS Science Report 2013/06 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Kawerau Geothermal Field is located in the north east of the central North Island of New Zealand. It is situated in the northern-most onshore part of Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), near its eastern boundary with the North Island’s axial ranges (Figure 1). Geothermal activity occurs at the southern end of the NE-trending Whakatane Graben, in an area where the NE-striking active rift of the TVZ intersects the N-trending strike-slip faults of the North Island Shear Belt (Nairn and Beanland, 1989; Mouslopoulou et al., 2007). More than 70 wells used for geothermal production, injection and monitoring have been drilled in the field since the 1950’s.

Figure 1 Map of Kawerau Geothermal Field showing drillholes, active faults (GNS Science, 2013),

and approximate resistivity boundary zone defined at about 500 m depth (after Allis, 1997). Wells with no prefix belong to the ‘KA’ series of wells.

The general geology of the field consists of a faulted Mesozoic-age basement of meta-sandstone and argillite, unconformably overlain by late-Quaternary volcanic and sedimentary strata. There is ambiguity in the categorisation of the Kawerau greywacke. Wood et al. (2001) classified the greywacke at Kawerau as belonging to the Waioeka (petro-) facies of the Pahau terrane (i.e., part of the Torlesse composite terrane: Leonard et al., 2010). In contrast, on the same lithological basis, Adams et al. (2009) and Leonard et al. 2010) assigned the greywacke to the Waipapa composite terrane, and linked it to greywacke exposed at the ground surface ~30 km to the northwest of Kawerau. This ambiguity has yet to be resolved and in this report is only referred to as Mesozoic greywacke.

Differentiation of units encountered by drilling at Kawerau previously was based on lithology of core and drill chip specimens and petrography descriptions. The stratigraphy was documented in Browne (1978), Grindley (1986), Christenson (1987), Nairn (1977, 1981, 1982, 1986), Tulloch (1990) and Allis et al. (1995), and was summarised, based on the

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information at the time by Bignall and Harvey (2005). Improved technology during the past 20 years afforded better quality and more accurate chip sampling during drilling, that in turn allowed more clearly defined unit boundaries to be drawn. However, extensive re-logging of cuttings and core was still needed to correlate strata between recently drilled wells and the older series. The re-logging, aided by U-Pb dates of zircons from key volcanic units (detailed in Milicich et al. 2013 a,b), has resulted in re-interpreted geology and many re-named units.

This science report provides revised well logs in the Kawerau Geothermal Field using this re-interpreted stratigraphy. Figure 2 compares the old stratigraphic names (summarised in Bignall and Harvey, 2005) to the revised / current ones, and Table 1 provides the description of the new stratigraphy, with their ages and proposed type sections. The stratigraphy presented here does not translate units directly (i.e., “Unit X” renamed entirely to “Unit Y”). Rather, in most cases, units encountered in the Kawerau drillholes were variously reassigned into one or several of the newly defined formations. Table 2 demonstrates the translation of the old stratigraphy to the new version given in this report.

Figure 2 Comparative stratigraphic summary of the main geological units in Kawerau Geothermal

Field. The old stratigraphy is also summarised in Bignall and Harvey (2005).

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Table 1 Summary of the main stratigraphic units and lithologies in the Kawerau Geothermal Field (ages from Milicich et al., 2013a). Formation Lithology Thickness Age Type Section (m) (Ma) (mRL) Recent Alluvium Peat deposits; sands and gravels; unconsolidated pyroclastics (incl. Whakamana 10 - 50 Breccia, Rotoiti Breccia) Hydrothermal Eruption Breccias Hydrothermal eruption deposits, from 14,500 and 9000 yr BP 1 - 4 & 2 - 10 Unconsolidated pyroclastics Unwelded pumiceous pyroclastic flows and airfall tuffs 0 - 80 KA27 (25 to -55)

Onepu Formation# Twin surficial domes of rhyodacite (pl, qz, px, hbl, bt) and intrusive (porphyritic 2 - 200 0.15 KA30 (-739 to -849) crystal-rich; corroded qz, pl, mafics) Matahina Formation Partly welded grey-brown ignimbrite & vitric tuff (pl, qz, px) 10 - 410 0.32* PK3 (-11 to -244)

Tahuna Formation# Crystal-rich, fine sandstone, siltstone, muddy lithic-breccia and unwelded pumice- 0 - 360 0.44 KA21 (-477 to -570) rhyolite lapilli tuff

Caxton Formation# Buried domes of spherulitic and banded rhyolite (corroded and fractured qz and pl) 0 - 450 0.36 KA17 (-167 to -307) and intrusive (corroded and fractured qz and pl, ± bt ± amp)

Karaponga Formation# Partly welded crystal-lithic tuffs (pl, qz ± bt) 0 - 180 0.51–0.60 KA21 (-570 to -624)

Onerahi Formation# Tuffaceous to muddy breccias and coarse tuffaceous sandstone 0 - 85 KA17 (-563 to -630) Kawerau Andesite Augite-plagioclase andesite flows, breccias and tuff (in south) 0 - 300 KA48 (-507 to -644) Raepahu Formation Partly welded crystal-vitric tuffs (qz,pl,bt, lithic-poor and qz,pl,bt, ferromagnesians, 0 - 165 1.0 KA23 (-400 to -564) lithic-rich)

Tasman Formation# Muddy breccia, sandstone and siltstone, but widely represented by reddish brown 0 - 25 KA48 (-781 to -786) siltstone

Te Teko Formation# Partly welded grey crystal-vitric tuff (corroded qz, pl, bt) 0 - 255 1.34–1.46 KA23 (-583 to -839)

Rotoroa Formation# Tuffaceous sandstone, poorly sorted crystal and vitric, water-laid tuff, siltstone 0 - 200 2.17–2.4 KA25 (-706 to -898) Waikora Formation Greywacke pebble conglomerate and minor intercalated tuff and siltstone 0 - 450 KA48 (-820 to -1285) Mesozoic greywacke Weathered, sheared greywacke and argillite -

Abbreviations used are pl = plagioclase; qz = quartz; px = pyroxene; hbl = hornblende; bt = biotite; amp = amphibole. *Leonard et al. (2010). Dates of hydrothermal eruption breccias from bracketing tephra ages (Lowe et al., 2013); # new stratigraphic names defined by this study. The Rotoroa and Waikora Formations are part of the Tamurenui subgroup as defined in Milicich et al. (2013b).

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Table 2 Translation from the previous stratigraphy (vertical) summarised in Bignall and Harvey (2005) to the stratigraphy described in this paper (horizontal). X denotes the most common translations, with * denoting less common translations.

Surficial deposits

Onepu Formation

Matahina Formation

Tahuna Formation

Caxton Formation

Karaponga Formation

Onerahi Formation

Kawerau Andesite

Raepahu Formation

Tasman Formation

Te Teko Formation

Rotoroa Formation

Waikora Formation Greywacke

Surficial deposits X Matahina Formation X

Onepu ash * Onepu

Rhyolite X Upper

Tahuna Breccia

X

Huka Falls Formation X X *

Lower Tahuna Breccia

X

Rangitaiki ignimbrites X X X

Caxton Rhyolite X X Kawerau Andesite X Te Teko

Ignimbrite X X Pyroclastic unit A & B * Tasman Breccia * X * *

Ignimbrites A & B * *

Opunoke Ignimbrite X * Pyroclastic

unit C * * Sedimentary units A, B &

C * *

Waikora Formation X X

Greywacke X

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2.0 WELL LOGS

The well logs on pages 8 to 23 use the following abbreviations:

Sst- sandstone

And- andesite

Bp- bypiramidal

Carb- carbonaceous

Bt- biotite

Amp- amphibole

Mag-magnetite

Zst- siltstone

Pum- pumice

Frac- fractured

Xtl- crystals

Pl- plagioclase

Px- pyroxene

Qz- quartz

Rhy- rhyolite

Cong- conglomerate

E-embayed

Spher- spherulites

FeMg- ferromagnesians

Hbl- hornblende

Cuttings and core from KA1, 3-5, 7-8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 were not stored and hence unable to be re-logged. Cuttings and core description from Browne (1978) and Tulloch (1990) were used for these wells and the new nomenclature applied to their stratigraphy. The depths of geological units were not changed in this process.

2.1 Graphic Well Logs

The graphic logs on pages 24 and 25 are detailed visual logs of those wells with core and/or cuttings available at the time of re-logging. Cuttings and core from many of the wells drilled early in the field’s history have not been stored or were found to be mixed or incomplete, and hence could not be re-logged without substantial uncertainty. The ages marked on the logs are from U-Pb dated zircons published in Milicich et al., (2013a).

3.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

GNS Science acknowledges generous funding support for this project from Mighty River Power Ltd and their permission, along with that of Ngati Tuwharetoa Geothermal Assets Ltd, to publish these data. Thanks also go to A8D Trust, Putauaki Trust, Te Tahuna Putakuaki Trust and other local Maori trusts for access to well core and cuttings. Additional funding came from a Victoria University PhD scholarship to Sarah Milicich. PhD supervision was provided by Colin Wilson and Greg Bignall, with funding via the Foundation for Research Science and Technology (FRST) PROJ-20199-GEO-GNS “Harnessing New Zealand’s Geothermal Resources: Hotter and Deeper”, which is now part of the GNS Science CSA (Core Science Area) Geothermal Research Programme. Thanks also to Michael Rosenberg for valuable comments and discussion on the early work at Kawerau and support throughout the work.

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4.0 REFERENCES

Adams, C.J., Mortimer, N., Campbell, H.J., Griffin, W.J. 2009. Age and isotopic characterisation of Torlesse Supergroup and Waipapa Group metasediments in the central North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 52, 149–170.

Allis, R.G., Christenson, B.W., Nairn, I.A., Risk, G.F., Sheppard, D.S., White, S.P. 1995. Kawerau geothermal field: its natural state and response to development. Client Report 72436C.10, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Allis, R.G. 1997. The natural state and response to development of Kawerau Geothermal Field, New Zealand. Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council 21, 3–10.

Bignall, G., Harvey, C.C, 2005. Geoscientific review of the Kawerau Geothermal Field. Client Report 2005/20, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Browne, P.R.L. 1978. Petrological logs of drillholes, Kawerau Geothermal Field. New Zealand Geological Survey Report 84, 57 p.

Christenson, B.W. 1987. Fluid-mineral equilibria in the Kawerau hydrothermal system, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

GNS Science, 2013. GNS Science Active Fault Database http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Products/Databases/Active-Faults-Database-of-New-Zealand.

Grindley, G.W. 1986. Subsurface geology and structure of the Kawerau Geothermal Field. In: M.A. Mongillo (Ed.), The Kawerau Geothermal Field: contributions from the 1982 seminar and other recent scientific investigations. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand, Geothermal Report 10, 49-65.

Leonard, G.S., Begg, J.G., Wilson, C.J.N. (compilers). 2010. Geology of the Rotorua area: scale 1:250,000. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 geological map 5. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Lowe, D.J., Blaauw, M., Hogg, A.G., Newnham, R.M. 2013. Ages of 24 widespread tephras erupted since 30,000 years ago in New Zealand, with re-evaluation of the timing and palaeoclimatic implications of the late-glacial cool episode recorded at Kaipo bog. Quaternary Science Reviews (in press: doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.022).

Milicich, S.D., Wilson, C.J.N., Bignall, B., Pezaro, B., Charlier, B.L.A., Wooden, J.L., Ireland, T.R. 2013a. U-Pb dating of zircon in hydrothermally altered rocks of the Kawerau Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 253, 97-113.

Milicich, S.D., Wilson, C.J.N., Bignall, G., Pezaro, B., Bardsley, C. 2013b. Reconstructing the geological and structural history of an active geothermal field: a case study from New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (submitted).

Mouslopoulou, V., Nicol, A., Little, T.A. and Walsh, J.J. 2007. Displacement transfer between intersecting regional strike-slip and extensional fault systems. Journal of Structural Geology, 29, 100–116.

Nairn, I.A. 1977. Geology of Kawerau geothermal field: preliminary report on new data. Geothermal circular IN/1, Department of Industrial and Scientific Research, Wellington, New Zealand.

Nairn, I.A. 1981. Some studies of the geology, volcanic history, and geothermal resources of the Okataina volcanic centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Ph.D. thesis, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.

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Nairn, I.A. 1982. Geology of Kawerau geothermal field (MK11): results of drilling, 1977-1982, Geothermal circular IAN/4, Department of Industrial and Scientific Research, Wellington, New Zealand.

Nairn, I.A. 1986. Geology of Kawerau geothermal field - results of drilling, 1977-present. In: M.A. Mongillo (Ed.), The Kawerau Geothermal Field: contributions from the 1982 seminar and other recent scientific investigations. Geothermal Report 10, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand, 23–47.

Nairn, I.A. and Beanland, S. 1989. Geological setting of the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 32, 1–13.

Tulloch, A.J. 1990. Petrological logs of drillholes KA 27-35 and KA 10, 17 (deepened), Kawerau Geothermal Field. DSIR Geology and Geophysics contract report. 1990/11.

Wood, C. P., Brathwaite, R. L., Rosenberg, M. D. 2001. Basement structure, lithology and permeability at Kawerau and Ohaaki geothermal fields, New Zealand. Geothermics 30, 461-481.

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KA1 Exploration NZTM E 1926528

NZTM N 5780663

CHF 25 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA01 Surficial Deposits 0 76 0 71 0 71 25 -46 71

KA01 Caxton Formation (extrusive)

76 427 71 422 71 422 -46 -397 351

KA01 Tahuna Formation 427 450 422 445 422 445 -397 -420 >23 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978). KA3 Exploration NZTM E 1926151

NZTM N 5780705

CHF 32 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness

from to from to from to from to (vertical)

KA03 Surficial Deposits 0 22 0 15 0 15 32 17 15 KA03 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded crystal-vitric tuff (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 22 83 15 76 15 76 17 -44 61


Rhyolite lava: massive to flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 83 192 76 185 76 185 -44 -153 109 Rhyolite tuff: rare qz+pl 192 201 185 194 185 194 -153 -162 9 Rhyolite lava: massive to flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 201 500 194 493 194 493 -162 -461 299 Silicified grey zst 500 503 493 496 493 496 -461 -464 3 Rhyolite lava: massive to flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 503 533 496 526 496 526 -464 -494 30


Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, moderately xtl-rich (qz (e + bp + frac, <3 mm) + pl + bt). Qz sub-rounded 533 579 526 572 526 572 -494 -540 46

KA03 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 579 768 572 761 572 761 -540 -729 189 KA03 Raepahu Formation 768 915 761 908 761 908 -729 -876 147

KA03 Caxton Formation (intrusive)

915 972 908 965 908 965 -876 -933 57

KA03 Te Teko Formation 972 1082 965 1075 965 1075 -933 -1043 110


1082 1099 1075 1092 1075 1092 -1043 -1060 >17

Cuttings below the Caxton Formation extrusives are mixed and were not able to provide detail for clear re-logging.


NZTM N 5780885

CHF 37 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA04 Surficial Deposits 0 21 0 15 0 15 37 22 15 KA04 Matahina ignimbrite 21 81 15 75 15 75 22 -38 60


81 498 75 492 75 492 -38 -455 417

KA04 Tahuna Formation 498 500 492 494 492 494 -455 -457 >2 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978).


NZTM N 5779928

CHF 26 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA05 Surficial Deposits 0 20 0 16 0 16 26 10 16 KA05 Matahina ignimbrite

20 51 16 47 16 47 10 -20 31


51 425 47 420 47 420 -20 -394 >379

Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978).

KA7A Exploration NZTM E 1926533

NZTM N 5780583

CHF 23 mRL



KA07A Tahuna Formation 607 653 603 649 603 649 -580 -626 >46

KA07A Caxton Formation (intrusive)

653 683 649 679 649 679 -626 -656 30

KA07A Kawerau Andesite 683 851 679 847 679 847 -656 -824 168 KA07A Raepahu Formation 851 871 847 867 847 867 -824 -844 >20 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978).

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NZTM N 5780491

CHF 26 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA08 Karaponga Formation 588 606 581 599 581 599 -558 -576 >18


606 628 599 621 599 621 -576 -598 22

KA08 Kawerau Andesite 628 835 621 828 621 828 -598 -805 207 KA08 Raepahu Formation 835 922 828 915 828 915 -805 -892 >87 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978).


NZTM N 5780310

CHF 24 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA10 Kawerau Andesite 631 756 628 753 628 753 -599 -724 >125 KA10 Raepahu Formation 756 844 753 841 753 841 -724 -812 88


844 856 841 853 841 853 -812 -824 12

KA10 Te Teko Formation 856 1007 853 1004 853 1004 -824 -975 >151 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Tulloch (1990).


NZTM N 5780705

CHF 23 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA12 Karaponga Formation 625 686 622 683 622 683 -599 -660 >61


686 701 683 698 683 698 -660 -675 15

KA12 Onerahi Formation 701 710 698 707 698 707 -675 -684 9 KA12 Kawerau Andesite 710 838 707 835 707 835 -684 -812 128 KA12 Raepahu Formation 838 920 835 917 835 917 -812 -894 82


920 930 917 927 917 927 -894 -904 10

KA12 Te Teko Formation 931 1002 927 998 927 998 -904 -975 >71 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978).


NZTM N 5780233

CHF 23 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical)


610 647 606 643 606 643 -583 -620 >37

KA14 Karaponga Formation 647 686 643 682 643 682 -620 -659 39 KA14 Kawerau Andesite 686 769 682 765 682 765 -659 -742 83 KA14 Raepahu Formation 769 840 765 836 765 836 -742 -813 >71 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978).


NZTM N 5780996

CHF 55 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA16 Surficial Deposits 0 21 0 16 0 16 55 39 16 KA16 Matahina ignimbrite 21 136 16 131 16 131 39 -76 115


136 426 131 421 131 421 -76 -366 290

KA16 Tahuna Formation 426 441 421 436 421 436 -366 -381 15


441 490 436 485 436 485 -381 -430 49

KA16 Tahuna Formation 490 582 485 577 485 577 -430 -522 92 KA16 Karaponga Formation 582 636 577 631 577 631 -522 -576 54 KA16 Onerahi Formation 636 664 631 659 631 659 -576 -604 28


664 773 659 768 659 768 -604 -713 109

KA16 Kawerau Andesite 773 977 768 972 768 972 -713 -917 >204 Cuttings were highly mixed and correlations are largely inferred from nearby wells.

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NZTM N 5781027

CHF 51 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA17 Surficial Deposits 0 21 0 16 0 16 51 35 16 KA17 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 21 122 16 117 16 117 35 -66 101 KA17 Tahuna Formation Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 122 223 117 218 117 218 -66 -167 101


Rhyolite lava: brecciated, spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 223 247 218 242 218 242 -167 -191 24 Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 247 253 242 248 242 248 -191 -197 6 Rhyolite lava: brecciated, spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 253 302 248 297 248 297 -197 -246 49 Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 302 335 297 330 297 330 -246 -280 34 Rhyolite lava: flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 335 363 330 358 330 358 -280 -307 28

KA17 Tahuna Formation

Breccia: tuff + zst 363 381 358 376 358 376 -307 -325 18 Zst (pale brown with tuff) 381 387 376 382 376 382 -325 -332 6 Tuff 387 396 382 391 382 391 -332 -341 9 Breccia: mostly brown sst +zst + rhy + tuff 396 415 391 410 391 410 -341 -344 19

KA17 Caxton Formation (extrusive) Rhyolite lava: common qz (e, frac, <6 mm) + pl 415 500 410 495 410 495 -359 -444 85

KA17 Tahuna Formation Muddy breccia (tuff/crystal fragments) 500 521 495 516 495 516 -444 -466 21 Zst (brown, carbonaceous) 521 543 516 538 516 538 -466 -487 22 Crystal rich sandstone 543 570 538 565 538 565 -487 -514 27

KA17 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 570 619 565 614 565 614 -514 -563 49

KA17 Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous sst 619 625 614 620 614 620 -563 -569 6 Dark grey zst 625 652 620 647 620 647 -569 -596 27 Tuffaceous sst 652 686 647 681 647 681 -596 -630 34


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding, brecciated, pl (<6 mm) + qz (e + frac; <4 mm), amp 686 792 681 787 681 787 -630 -736 106

KA17 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 792 1092 787 1088 787 1088 -736 -982 301 KA17 No returns 1092 1197 1088 1192 1088 1192 -1037 -1141 104 KA17 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 1197 1200 1192 1195 1192 1195 -1141 -1144 3 KA17 No returns 1200 1295 1195 1290 1195 1290 -1144 -1239 95 KA17 Mesozoic greywacke 1295 1452 1290 1447 1290 1447 -1239 -1396 >157


NZTM N 5781114

CHF 55 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA19 Surficial Deposits 0 9 0 6 0 6 55 49 6 KA19 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 9 128 6 125 6 125 49 -70 119 KA19 Tahuna Formation Rhyolite tuff: rare qz+pl 128 137 125 134 125 134 -70 -79 9

KA19 Caxton Formation (Extrusive)

Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz (e + bp) + pl) 137 247 134 244 134 244 -79 -188 110

Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 247 256 244 253 244 253 -188 -198 9 Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, vesicular, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 256 412 253 409 253 409 -198 -354 156


Breccia: sst + rhy + and + tuff 412 442 409 439 409 436 -354 -381 27 KA19 Brown/grey zst + breccia with tuff clasts 442 457 439 454 436 454 -381 -399 18


Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, xtl-rich (qz (e + bp + frac, <4 mm) + pl + bt). Qz sub rounded 457 552 454 549 454 549 -399 -494 95

KA19 Tahuna Formation Breccia: rhy, sst, tuff, and 552 588 549 585 549 585 -494 -530 36 KA19 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 588 604 585 601 585 601 -530 -546 16 KA19 Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous sst + zst 604 686 601 683 601 683 -546 -628 82


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl (<6 mm) + qz (e + frac; <4 mm), amp 686 866 683 863 683 863 -628 -808 180

KA19 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 866 1022 863 1019 863 1019 -808 -964 156 KA19 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 1022 1111 1019 1108 1019 1108 -964 -1053 >89

2013


KA21 Production compilation of KA21+KA21ST NZTM E 1927158

NZTM N 5780517

CHF 26 mRL



KA21 Surficial Deposits 0 40 0 34 0 34 26 -8 34

KA21 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 40 186 34 180 34 180 -8 -154 146 Tuff: abundant qz (e + bp) + pl 186 253 180 247 180 247 -154 -221 67


Rhyolite lava: brecciated at top, flow banded/spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 253 509 247 503 247 503 -221 -477 256


Muddy breccia 509 512 503 506 503 506 -477 -481 3 Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl, diffuse bedding 512 549 506 543 506 543 -481 -517 37 Grey carb zst, muddy breccia, sst 549 564 543 558 543 558 -517 -533 15 Grey med sst & zst 564 601 558 595 558 595 -533 -570 37

KA21 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 601 655 595 649 595 649 -570 -624 54 KA21 Onerahi Formation Breccia 655 680 649 674 649 674 -624 -648 25


Rhyolite lava: spher, brecciated, pl (<6 mm)+qz (e + frac; <4 mm), amp 680 710 674 704 674 704 -648 -678 30

KA21 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 710 740 704 734 704 733 -678 -707 29 Zst 740 755 734 749 733 747 -707 -722 15 Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 755 805 749 799 747 796 -722 -770 49

KA21 Te Teko Formation Vitric tuff: pl + qz + bt, lithic-xtl rich 805 915 799 909 796 905 -770 -879 109

KA21 Rotoroa Formation

Zst + sst 915 940 909 934 905 930 -879 -904 25 Vitric tuff: pl + qz, lithic-xtl poor 940 1015 934 1009 930 1005 -904 -979 75 Sst + zst 1015 1050 1009 1044 1005 1040 -979 -1014 35 Tuff 1050 1110 1044 1104 1040 1104 -1014 -1078 64

KA21 Mesozoic greywacke 1110 1238 1104 1232 1104 1232 -1078 -1206 >128

KA22 Production NZTM E 1925507

NZTM N 5780223

CHF 61 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA22 Surficial Deposits 0 42 0 37 0 37 61 24 37 KA22 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 42 145 37 140 37 140 24 -79 103


Lapilli tuff: rhyolite pumice, qz + pl + FeMg 145 241 140 236 138 236 -78 -175 98 Vitric tuff: rare qz + pl + very rare bt 241 326 236 321 236 321 -175 -261 85 Lithic lapilli tuff: lithics pumice + tuff. Xtls qz+pl 326 381 321 376 321 376 -261 -315 55 Muddy breccia & sst 381 393 377 389 376 389 -316 -328 12 Tuff: qz + pl, xtl poor 393 399 389 395 389 395 -328 -334 6 Breccia 399 404 395 400 395 404 -334 -343 9 Zst 404 421 400 416 404 416 -343 -356 12 Zst + sst 421 460 416 456 416 456 -356 -395 40 Muddy breccia 460 466 456 462 456 462 -395 -401 6 Dark grey zst 466 479 462 474 462 474 -401 -413 12


Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, xtl-rich (qz (e + bp + frac + subrounded, <6 mm) + pl). 479 546 474 541 474 541 -413 -480 67

KA22 Tahuna Formation Grey zst + fine sst 546 595 541 590 541 590 -480 -530 49 KA22 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 595 674 591 670 590 670 -530 -609 80 KA22 Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous sst 674 736 670 732 670 731 -609 -671 61


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding, pl + qz (e + frac; <4 mm), + FeMg 736 854 731 849 731 849 -670 -788 118

KA22 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 854 921 849 916 849 916 -788 -855 67 KA22 Te Teko Formation Lithic-xtl tuff: pl + qzt 921 1006 916 1001 916 1001 -855 -940 85


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding, pl + qz (e + frac; <4 mm) + FeMg 1006 1128 1001 1123 1001 1123 -940 -1062 122


2013


KA23 Production NZTM E 1925370 NZTM N 5779386 CHF 28 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA23 Surficial Deposits 0 36 0 34 0 34 29 -6 34

KA23 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 36 180 34 179 34 178 -6 -150 144 Rhyolite tuff: pumiceous, qz (bp) + pl + rare bt 180 305 178 303 178 303 -150 -274 125 Rhyolite tuff: pumiceous, xtl-poor qz (e + bp) + pl 305 354 303 352 303 352 -274 -323 49


Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, xtl-rich (qz (e + bp, <6 mm) + pl) 354 399 352 398 352 398 -323 -369 46

KA23 Tahuna Formation Breccia, silty matrix 399 430 398 429 398 429 -369 -400 31 KA23 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl +bt 430 594 429 593 429 593 -400 -564 164

KA23 Tasman Formation Muddy breccia 594 604 593 603 593 603 -564 -574 10 Fine sst + zst 604 613 603 612 603 612 -574 -583 9

KA23 Te Teko Formation

Ignimbrite: qz + pl + hbl 613 704 611 703 611 703 -583 -674 92 Ignimbrite: qz + pl, grainy matrix 704 735 703 733 703 733 -674 -705 30 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + hbl 735 765 733 764 733 764 -705 -735 31 Red zst 765 789 764 788 764 788 -735 -759 24 Ignimbrite: pl + qz + bt + px 789 869 788 867 788 867 -759 -839 79

KA23 Rotoroa Formation Red & grey sst + zst 869 899 867 898 867 898 -839 -869 31 Ignimbrite: xtl + lithic rich 899 905 898 904 898 904 -869 -875 6 Reddish sandy zst + tuffaceous zst 905 930 904 928 904 928 -875 -900 24



NZTM N 5781274

CHF 22 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA24 Surficial Deposits 0 21 0 18 0 18 22 4 18 KA24 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 21 235 18 232 18 232 4 -210 214


Lapilli tuff: pumice lapilli, rhyolite, xtls qz + pl 235 271 232 268 232 268 -210 -246 36 Coarse grey sandstone 271 277 268 274 268 274 -246 -252 6 Lithic-lapilli tuff/breccia 277 357 274 354 274 354 -252 -332 80 Current bedded fine sst + zst, carbonaceous 357 396 354 393 354 393 -332 -371 39 Tuffaceous sst 396 445 393 442 393 442 -371 -420 49 Lithic-lapilli tuff and lithic tuff/breccia 445 530 442 527 442 527 -420 -505 85 Grey zst 530 540 527 536 527 536 -505 -514 9

KA24 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz + pl, lithic-rich 540 549 536 546 536 546 -514 -524 10


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl + qz (e + frac; <4 mm),+ bt 549 658 546 655 546 655 -524 -633 109

KA24 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 658 710 655 707 655 707 -633 -685 52


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl + qz (e + frac; <6 mm),+bt 710 774 707 771 707 771 -685 -749 64

KA24 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg, xtl-poor 774 853 771 850 771 850 -749 -828 79


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl + qz(e + frac; <6 mm), FeMg 853 1052 850 1049 850 1049 -828 -1027 199

KA24 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 1052 1164 1049 1161 1049 1161 -1027 -1139 112 KA24 Mesozoic greywacke 1164 1281 1161 1278 1161 1278 -1136 -1256 >117

2013



NZTM N 5779910

CHF 28 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA25 Surficial Deposits

0 74 0 70 0 70 28 -42 70

KA25 Matahina ignimbrite Welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 74 172 70 168 70 168 -42 -140 98


Rhyolite lava: generally glassy and flow banded. Several flow units. Xtl-poor (qz + pl) 172 479 168 475 168 472 -140 -444 304


Lithic-lapilli tuff: lithics greywacke, argillite, rhyolite, tuff, ignimbrite. Xtls qz + pl 479 491 475 487 472 487 -444 -462 15

Breccia: xtl-lithic rich, muddy matrix 491 509 487 505 487 505 -465 -477 18 Fine sst + zst 509 521 505 517 505 517 -477 -489 12 Tuffaceous sst 521 536 517 532 517 532 -489 -504 15

KA25 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl, xtl-rich 536 555 532 551 532 551 -504 -523 19 KA25 Onerahi Formation Xtl-lithic sst 555 570 551 566 551 566 -523 -538 15 KA25 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 570 691 566 687 566 687 -538 -659 121 KA25 Tasman Formation Red zst 691 701 687 697 687 697 -659 -669 10 KA25 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 701 738 697 734 697 734 -669 -706 37


Red/grey zst 738 808 734 804 734 804 -706 -776 70 Xtl-tuff: qz + pl + lots FeMg 808 826 804 822 804 822 -776 -794 18 Muddy breccia 826 860 822 856 822 856 -794 -828 34 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + lots FeMg 860 884 856 880 856 880 -828 -852 24 Lithic breccia 884 900 880 896 880 896 -852 -868 16 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + rare FeMg 900 930 896 926 896 926 -868 -898 30

KA25 Waikora Formation

Greywacke cong 930 945 926 941 923 938 -895 -910 15 Zst + sst - leaf impressions 945 951 941 947 938 944 -910 -916 6 Greywacke cong 951 981 947 977 944 974 -916 -946 30 Zst 981 1003 977 999 974 996 -946 -968 22 Greywacke cong 1003 1039 999 1035 996 1032 -968 -1004 36



NZTM N 5778564

CHF 31 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA26 Surficial Deposits 0 15 0 7.7 0 7.7 31 24 8 KA26 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded to welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 15 186 8 179 8 179 24 -147 171


Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spehulitic, glassy at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 186 402 179 395 179 395 -147 -363 216

KA26 Tahuna Formation Sedimentary breccia : sst, zst, rhy, tuff 402 427 395 420 395 420 -363 -388 25 KA26 Raepahu Formation Pumice tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + mag 427 500 420 493 420 493 -388 -461 73 KA26 Tasman Formation Sediments: zst + sst + lithics + tuff 500 518 493 511 493 511 -461 -479 18 KA26 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 518 585 511 578 511 578 -479 -546 67


Sst 585 610 578 603 578 603 -546 -571 25 Tuff: qz (bp) + pl + mag 610 689 603 682 603 682 -571 -650 79 Carbonaceous sst + zst 689 695 682 688 682 688 -650 -656 6 Ash tuff 695 719 688 712 688 713 -656 -681 25



NZTM N 5780703

CHF 25 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA27 Surficial Deposits 0 86 0 80 0 80 25 -55 80 KA27 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded to welded ignimbrite (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 86 270 80 264 80 264 -55 -239 184 KA27 Tahuna Formation Ash: fine-grained, vesicular, xtl-poor (qz+pl) 270 330 264 324 264 324 -239 -299 60

KA27 Caxton Formation (extrusive) Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz+pl) 330 500 324 494 324 494 -299 -469 170

KA27 Tahuna Formation Breccia: tuff, rhyolite, sst, zst 500 540 494 534 494 534 -469 -509 40 Brown sst + zst 540 590 534 584 534 584 -509 -559 50 Muddy sst 590 640 584 634 584 634 -559 -609 50

KA27 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + maybe bt 640 660 634 654 634 654 -609 -629 20 KA27 Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous breccia 660 800 654 794 654 794 -629 -769 140


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl + qz (e + frac; <6 mm), FeMg 800 850 794 844 794 844 -769 -819 50

KA27 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt (v. rare) + mag 850 950 844 944 844 944 -819 -919 100


Greywacke + argillite cong 950 986 944 980 944 980 -919 -955 36 Ignimbrite: Qz + pl + bt - xtl-poor 986 1060 980 1054 980 1054 -955 -1029 74 Greywacke cong + some zst 1060 1090 1054 1084 1054 1084 -1029 -1059 30 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + FeMg 1090 1110 1084 1104 1084 1104 -1059 -1079 20 Lithic tuff/breccia 1110 1150 1104 1144 1104 1144 -1079 -1119 40


2013



NZTM N 5780744

CHF 25 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA28 Surficial Deposits 0 25 0 20 0 20 25 5 20 KA28 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 25 120 20 115 20 115 5 -90 95 KA28 Tahuna Formation Ash: fine-grained, xtl-poor (qz+pl) 120 180 115 175 115 175 -90 -150 60


Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulites, minor brecciation, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 180 410 175 405 175 405 -150 -380 230


Brown zst 410 430 405 425 405 425 -380 -400 20 Xtl-rich sst 430 460 425 455 425 455 -400 -430 30 Brown zst 460 520 455 515 455 515 -430 -490 60 Muddy breccia 520 560 515 555 515 555 -490 -530 40


Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl + qz (e + frac; <6 mm), FeMg 560 1140 555 1135 555 1135 -530 -1110 580

KA28 Mesozoic greywacke 1140 1345 1135 1340 1135 1340 -1110 -1315 205

KA28 Onepu Formation (intrusive)

Rhyolite: Xtl-rich; qz (e, <8 mm), pl (<5 mm); amp (<1 mm) 1345 1420 1340 1415 1340 1415 -1315 -1390 75



NZTM N 5778980

CHF 38 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA29 Surficial Deposits 0 65 0 60 0 60 38 -22 60 KA29 Matahina ignimbrite Welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 65 105 60 100 60 100 -22 -62 40


Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, glassy obsidian, glass at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 105 180 100 175 100 175 -62 -137 75

Rhyolite lava: flow banded, perlitic, finely vesicular, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 180 270 175 265 175 265 -137 -227 90

Rhyolite lava: vuggy, flow banded, brecciated at top, perlitic glass at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 270 460 265 455 265 455 -227 -417 190

KA29 Tahuna Formation Tuff: lithics + xtls fine matrix 460 470 455 465 455 465 -417 -427 10 KA29 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl + bt 470 490 465 485 465 485 -427 -447 20 KA29 Tasman Formation Xtl-lithic sandstone 490 520 485 515 485 515 -447 -477 30

KA29 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 520 590 515 585 515 585 -477 -547 70 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt (more qz, less bt) 590 680 585 675 585 675 -547 -637 90

KA29 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 680 710 675 705 675 705 -637 -667 30 KA29 Mesozoic greywacke 710 1410 705 1405 705 1405 -667 -1367 >662 KA30 NZTM E 1924626

NZTM N 5779725

CHF 40 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical)

KA30 Surficial Deposits Breccia(?): common Matahina ignimbrite lithics, pumice, rhyolite, andesite, zst 0 30 0 25 0 25 40 15 25

KA30 Matahina ignimbrite Welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 30 206 25 201 25 201 15 -161 176 Tuff: lithics (pum, rhy, zst), xtl-rich (qz (e + bp, <3 mm) + pl + altered bt) 206 440 201 435 201 435 -161 -395 234

KA30 Tahuna Formation Brown zst 440 470 434 464 434 463 -394 -423 29 Breccia: muddy matrix, tuff clasts + other lithics 470 540 464 534 463 533 -423 -493 69

KA30 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 540 630 534 624 533 621 -493 -581 88


Ignimbrite: qz + pl - pum rich 630 670 624 664 621 660 -581 -620 39 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt - lithic rich 670 720 664 714 660 707 -620 -667 47 Dark grey zst 720 730 714 724 707 716 -667 -676 9 Ignimbrite: pl + qz - xtl poor 730 800 724 794 716 779 -676 -739 63

KA30 Onepu Formation Rhyolite: xtl-rich; qz (e, <5 mm), pl (<5 mm); amp (<1 mm) 800 936 794 930 779 889 -739 -849 110

KA30 Rotoroa Formation Muddy fine sst 936 1016 930 1010 889 955 -849 -915 66 KA30 Mesozoic greywacke 1016 1220 1010 1214 955 1143 -915 -1103 >188

2013


KA31 NZTM E 1926018

NZTM N 5780040

CHF 24 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA31 Surficial Deposits

0 38

24 -14 38

KA31 Matahina ignimbrite

38 75

-14 -51 37


75 735

-51 -711 660


735 797

-711 -773 62


797 1027

-773 -1003 230

KA31 Mesozoic greywacke

1027 1616

-1003 -1592 >589 Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells.

KA32 NZTM E 1927290

NZTM N 5781074

CHF 22 mRL



KA32 Surficial Deposits 0 85 0 80 0 75 22 -53 75

KA32 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 85 235 80 230 80 230 -58 -208 150 Tuff: lithics (pum, rhy, zst), xtl-rich (qz (e + bp, <3 mm) + pl) 235 300 230 295 230 295 -208 -273 65


Grey zst and pumiceous tuff 300 320 295 315 295 315 -273 -293 20 Lithic pumice tuff 320 450 315 445 315 445 -293 -423 130 Tuffaceous sst 450 540 445 535 445 535 -423 -513 90 Breccia 540 600 535 595 535 595 -513 -573 60 Sst + zst 600 630 595 625 595 625 -573 -603 30 Breccia 630 660 625 655 625 655 -603 -633 30

KA32 Raepahu Formation Lithic pumice tuff 660 840 655 835 655 835 -633 -813 180 KA32 Te Teko Formation Vitric tuff 840 950 835 945 835 945 -813 -923 110


Greywacke cong + tuff 950 970 945 965 945 965 -923 -943 20 Tuff + greywacke cong 970 1000 965 995 965 995 -943 -973 30 Greywacke cong + tuff 1000 1025 995 1020 995 1020 -973 -998 25 Tuff + greywacke cong 1025 1075 1020 1070 1020 1070 -998 -1048 50 Greywacke + tuff 1075 1085 1070 1080 1070 1080 -1048 -1058 10 Tuff + greywacke cong 1085 1110 1080 1105 1080 1105 -1058 -1083 25 Greywacke cong + tuff 1110 1130 1105 1125 1105 1125 -1083 -1103 20


KA34 NZTM E 1925716

NZTM N 5778646

CHF 33 mRL


KA34 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 61 186 55 180 55 180 -22 -147 125 Pumiceous tuff: pumice, glass, rhyolite lava, xtl-rich (qz + pl) 186 310 180 304 180 304 -147 -271 124


Rhyolite lava breccia: variety of rhyolite lithologies 310 320 304 314 304 314 -271 -281 10 Perlitic grey glass 320 350 314 344 314 344 -281 -311 30 Rhyolite lava breccia: variety of rhyolite lithologies 350 360 344 354 344 354 -311 -321 10 Perlitic grey glass 360 370 354 364 354 364 -321 -331 10 Rhyolite lava: glassy and spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 370 413 364 407 364 409 -331 -376 45

KA34 Tahuna Formation Muddy sst + zst 413 480 407 474 409 474 -376 -441 65 KA34 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 480 500 474 494 474 494 -441 -461 20 KA34 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite : qz + pl + bt lithic rich 500 660 494 654 494 654 -461 -621 160

KA34 Rotoroa Formation Sediments: sst + red zst 660 720 654 714 654 714 -621 -681 60 Ignimbrite : pl + qz - xtl +lithic poor 720 750 714 744 714 744 -681 -711 30 Muddy fine sst 750 770 744 764 744 764 -711 -731 20


2013


KA35 NZTM E 1926131

NZTM N 5780701

CHF 34 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA35 Surficial Deposits glass, pumice, rhyolite, qz (e + bp) + pl 0 30 0 24 0 24 34 10 24 KA35 Matahina ignimbrite Silicified ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 30 80 24 74 24 74 10 -40 50


Rhyolite lava: pumiceous 80 100 74 94 74 94 -40 -60 20 Rhyolite breccia: mixed rhyolite lithologies 100 230 94 224 94 224 -60 -190 130 Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 230 586 224 580 224 573 -190 -539 349

KA35 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 586 810 580 804 573 780 -539 -746 207 KA35 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl, lithic rich 810 930 804 924 780 884 -746 -850 104 KA35 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 930 1111 924 1105 884 966 -850 -1000 >83

KA36 NZTM E 1926879

NZTM N 5780397

CHF 23 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA36 Surficial Deposits 0 26 0 20 0 20 23 3 20 KA36 Matahina Ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 26 160 20 154 20 154 3 -131 134


Rhyolite breccia: mixed rhyolite lithologies 160 200 154 194 154 194 -131 -171 40 Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, glassy at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 200 250 194 244 194 244 -171 -221 50


Pumiceous rhyolitic tuff: Lithics of rhyolite lava, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 250 360 244 354 244 354 -221 -331 110

Lithic breccia 360 460 354 454 354 454 -331 -431 100 Ignimbrite : qz (e) + pl 460 540 454 534 454 534 -431 -511 80 Sst + zst 540 570 534 564 534 564 -511 -541 30

KA36 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl 570 590 564 584 564 584 -541 -561 20 KA36 Onerahi Formation Waterlaid tuff + sst 590 600 584 594 584 594 -561 -571 10

KA36 Caxton Formation (intrusive) Rhyolite lava: xtl poor (<2 mm qz + pl), flow banding 600 690 594 684 594 684 -571 -661 90

KA36 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 690 840 684 834 684 834 -661 -811 150 KA36 Raepahu Formation Lithic breccia: tuffaceous 840 900 834 894 834 894 -811 -871 60

KA36 Caxton Formation (intrusive) Rhyolite lava: xtl poor (<2 mm qz + pl), flow banding 900 1060 894 1054 894 1054 -871 -1031 160


KA37 NZTM E 1926935

NZTM N 5780451

CHF 23 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA37 Surficial Deposits 0 76 0 70 0 70 23 -47 70 KA37 Matahina ignimbrite Welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 76 160 70 154 70 154 -47 -131 84


Rhyolite breccia: mixed rhyolite lithologies 160 210 154 204 154 204 -131 -181 50 Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, glassy at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 210 270 204 264 204 264 -181 -241 60


Pumiceous rhyolitic tuff: lithics of rhyolite lava, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 270 410 264 404 264 404 -241 -381 140

Pumice breccia + sst + zst 410 480 404 474 404 474 -381 -451 70 Vitric tuff: qz + pl 480 540 474 534 474 534 -451 -511 60 Sst 540 590 534 584 534 584 -511 -561 50

KA37 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 590 630 584 624 584 624 -561 -601 40 KA37 Onerahi Formation Breccia 630 660 624 654 624 654 -601 -631 30

KA37 Caxton Formation (intrusive) Rhyolite: pl (<6 mm)+qz(e + frac; <4 mm), amp 660 720 654 714 654 714 -631 -691 60

KA37 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 720 865 714 859 714 859 -691 -836 145 KA37 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl - lithic-rich 865 990 859 984 859 984 -836 -961 125 KA37 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt - lithic-poor 990 1130 984 1124 984 1124 -961 -1101 140 KA37 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 1130 1160 1124 1154 1124 1154 -1101 -1131 30 KA37 Mesozoic greywacke 1160 1518 1154 1512 1154 1512 -1131 -1489 >221

2013


KA37A NZTM E1926935 N5780451 (CHF) NZTM E1927020 N5780369 (TD) CHF 23 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA37A Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 720 855 714 849 714 849 -691 -826 135 KA37A Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl - lithic-rich 855 990 849 984 849 984 -826 -961 135 KA37A Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt - lithic-poor 990 1065 984 1059 984 1059 -961 -1036 75 KA37A Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 1065 1095 1059 1089 1059 1089 -1036 -1066 30 KA37A Mesozoic greywacke 1095 1310 1089 1310 1089 1310 -1066 -1287 >221

KA38 Reinjection NZTM E 1926246 (CHF) NZTM N 5780862 CHF 35 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA38 Surficial Deposits Pumice, rhyolite, xtls (qz + pl) 0 20 0 15 0 15 35 20 15 KA38 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 20 60 15 55 15 55 20 -20 40 KA38 no returns 60 170 55 165 55 165 -20 -130 110


Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, pumiceous base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 170 290 165 285 165 285 -130 -250 120

Breccia: rhyolite, tuff, pumice 290 360 285 355 285 355 -250 -320 70


Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, large (<5 mm) qz (frac + e) like peas 360 390 355 385 355 385 -320 -350 >30

KA39 Reinjection NZTM E 1926648 (CHF) NZTM N 5780486 CHF 23 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA39 Surficial Deposits 0 60 0 55 0 55 23 -32 55 KA39 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 60 115 55 110 55 110 -32 -87 55

KA39 Caxton Formation (extrusive) Rhyolite lava: pumiceous, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 115 343 110 338 110 338 -87 -315 >228

KA40 Reinjection NZTM E 1926544 (CHF)

NZTM N 5780381

CHF 23 mRL



KA40 Surficial Deposits 0 35 0 30 0 30 23 -7 30 KA40 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 35 80 30 75 30 70 -7 -47 40


Rhyolite breccia: glass, flow banded, spherulitic. Xtl poor (qz + pl) 80 95 75 90 75 90 -52 -67 15

Rhyolite lava: pumiceous, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 95 315 90 310 90 310 -67 -287 >220

KA41 Production NZTM E 1926384 (CHF)

NZTM N 5779647

CHF 25 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA41 Surficial Deposits 0 40 0 30 0 30 25 -5 30 KA41 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 40 90 30 80 30 80 -5 -55 50


Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, pumiceous top, glass at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 90 420 80 410 80 410 -55 -385 330

KA41 Tahuna Formation Fine xtl-sst, muddy matrix 420 465 410 455 410 455 -385 -430 45 KA41 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (bp)+pl, xtl-lithic rich 465 495 455 485 455 485 -430 -460 30 KA41 Onerahi Formation Coarse tuffaceous xtl sst 495 545 485 535 485 535 -460 -510 50 KA41 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-poor (silicified) 545 565 535 555 535 555 -510 -530 20 KA41 Tasman Formation Red zst 565 575 555 565 555 565 -530 -540 10 KA41 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 575 675 565 665 565 665 -540 -640 100


Sediments : red zst 675 735 665 725 665 725 -640 -700 60 Breccia: and, rhy, tuff, sst, ignimbrite 735 765 725 755 725 755 -700 -730 30 Sediments: red zst 765 770 755 760 755 760 -730 -735 5 Ignimbrite: rare qz + bt, fine grained 770 880 760 870 760 870 -735 -845 110

KA41 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 880 915 870 905 870 905 -845 -880 35 KA41 Mesozoic greywacke 915 1955 905 1945 905 1909 -880 -1884 >1004

2013


KA42 Production NZTM E 1926375 (CHF)

NZTM N 5779652

CHF 25 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA42 Surficial Deposits 0 40 0 30 0 30 25 5 20 KA42 Matahina ignimbrite Non- welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 40 90 30 80 30 80 5 -45 50


Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, pumiceous top, glass at the base, xtl-poor (qz+pl) 90 425 80 415 80 415 -45 -380 335

KA42 Tahuna Formation Fine sst & zst 425 440 415 430 415 430 -380 -395 15 KA42 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (bp) + pl 440 450 430 440 430 440 -395 -405 10 KA42 Onerahi Formation Coarse xtl-lithic sst 450 530 440 520 440 520 -405 -495 80 KA42 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz+pl 530 550 520 540 520 540 -495 -515 20 KA42 Tasman Formation Red zst 550 565 540 555 540 555 -515 -530 15 KA42 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt + FeMg 565 670 555 660 555 659 -530 -634 104


Sediments: red zst 670 690 660 680 659 679 -634 -654 20 Sediments: sst + zst 690 740 680 730 679 728 -654 -703 49 Breccia: and, rhy, tuff, sst, ignimbrite 740 790 730 780 728 777 -703 -752 49 Ignimbrite: rare qz + bt, fine grained 790 880 780 870 777 862 -752 -837 85

KA42 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong, zst (grey & red) and tuff 880 900 870 890 862 881 -837 -856 19 KA42 Mesozoic greywacke 900 1030 890 1020 881 1003 -856 -978 122

KA42 Onepu Formation (intrusive)



KA43 Deviated Reinjection NZTM E1928789 N5781488 (CHF)

NZTM E1928321 N5781639 (TD)

CHF 25 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA43 Surficial Deposits 0 35 0 25 0 25 25 0 25

KA43 Matahina ignimbrite Non- welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 35 270 25 260 25 260 0 -235 235 Pumiceous tuff: Abundant free xtls qz (e + bp) +pl. Intervals rich in lithics and carbonaceous material 270 360 260 350 260 350 -235 -325 90


Muddy breccia 360 415 350 405 350 405 -325 -380 55 KA43 Tuff: qz+ pl 415 440 405 430 405 430 -380 -405 25 KA43 Tuffaceous sst 440 525 430 515 430 515 -405 -490 85 KA43 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (frac + e; <4 mm) + pl 525 550 515 540 515 540 -490 -515 25 KA43 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 550 730 540 720 540 720 -515 -695 180 KA43 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (bp) + pl + mag - xtl-poor 730 800 720 790 720 789 -695 -764 69 KA43 Tasman Formation Sediments: red zst 800 810 790 800 789 799 -764 -774 10 KA43 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz + pl + bt - xtl-poor, more lithics 810 885 800 875 799 872 -774 -847 73

KA43 Waikora Formation Greywacke gravel and tuff 885 900 875 890 872 887 -847 -862 15 Greywacke cong, carbonaceous siltstone 900 910 890 900 887 896 -862 -871 9 Greywacke cong 910 1330 900 1320 896 1218 -871 -1193 388


KA43 Onepu Formation Rhyolite: Xtl-rich; qz (e, <8 mm), pl (<5 mm); amp (<1 mm) 1930 1940 1920 1930 1284 1849 -1814 -1824 10


KA44 Reinjection NZTM E 1928792 (CHF)

NZTM N 5781468

CHF 25 mRL

Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA44 Surficial Deposits 0 25 0 15 0 15 25 10 15

KA44 Matahina ignimbrite Non- welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 25 290 15 280 15 280 10 -255 265 Pumiceous tuff. Abundant free xtls qz (e + bp) +pl. Intervals rich in lithics and carbonaceous material 290 360 280 350 280 350 -255 -325 70


Muddy breccia + sst + zst 360 410 350 400 350 400 -325 -375 50 Tuff: qz + pl 410 430 400 420 400 420 -375 -395 20 Sst + zst - carbonaceous 430 470 420 460 420 460 -395 -435 40 Tuff: qz + pl, lots pum 470 485 460 475 460 475 -435 -450 15 Sst + zst - carbonaceous 485 505 475 495 475 494 -450 -469 19

KA44 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl - xtl-rich 505 535 495 525 494 524 -469 -499 30 KA44 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 535 725 525 715 524 711 -499 -686 187 KA44 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 725 800 715 790 711 785 -686 -760 74 KA44 Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 800 805 790 795 785 790 -760 -765 5 KA44 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl - xtl-poor, lithic-rich 805 865 795 855 790 849 -765 -824 59

KA44 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 865 880 855 870 849 864 -824 -839 15 Greywacke cong and carbonaceous zst 880 890 870 880 864 874 -839 -849 10 Greywacke cong 890 1345 880 1335 874 1296 -849 -1271 422

KA44 Mesozoic greywacke 1345 2484 1335 2474 1296 -821 -1271 846 >1178

2013


KA44A Reinjection NZTM E 1928792 (CHF) NZTM N 5781468 CHF 25 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical)

KA44A Tahuna Formation

Tuff: qz + pl, lots lithics 410 425 400 415 400 425 -344 -387 >25 Grey sst 425 470 415 460 425 470 -387 -432 45 Tuff: qz + pl 470 480 460 470 470 480 -432 -442 10 Sst + zst 480 505 470 495 480 495 -442 -497 15

KA44A Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl, lithic-rich 505 540 495 530 495 530 -497 -502 35 KA44A Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 540 750 530 740 530 731 -502 -703 202 KA44A Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 750 795 740 785 731 773 -703 -744 41 KA44A Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 795 800 785 790 773 777 -744 -749 5 KA44A Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt + FeMg 800 885 790 875 777 855 -749 -826 77

KA44A Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 885 900 875 890 855 868 -826 -840 14 Greywacke cong, carbonaceous zst 900 910 890 900 868 877 -840 -826 9 Greywacke cong 910 1340 900 1330 877 1278 -826 -1250 401

KA44A Mesozoic greywacke 1340 2592 1330 2582 1278 2448 -1250 -2420 >1170

KA45 Production

NZTM E 1925996 (CHF) NZTM N 5779064 CHF 31 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA45 Surficial Deposits 0 35 0 25 0 25 31 6 25 KA45 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 35 160 25 150 25 150 6 -119 125


Rhyolite lava: variably pumiceous/ flow banded/ spherulitic. Xtl-poor (qz + pl) 160 465 150 455 150 455 -119 -424 305

KA45 Tahuna Formation Tuffaceous sst 465 490 455 480 455 480 -424 -449 25 Muddy xtl sst 490 515 480 505 480 505 -449 -474 25

KA45 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 515 550 505 540 505 540 -474 -509 35 KA45 Tasman Formation Xtl sst 550 575 540 565 540 565 -509 -534 25


Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + rare bt 575 615 565 605 565 605 -534 -574 40 Ignimbrite: brown, qz + pl + mag 615 630 605 620 605 620 -574 -589 15 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 630 650 620 640 620 640 -589 -609 20 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt 650 690 640 680 640 680 -609 -649 40 Red zst 690 705 680 695 680 695 -649 -664 15 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt + rare mag 705 750 695 740 695 740 -664 -709 45

KA45 Rotoroa Formation Sediments: tuff, greywacke, red zst, sst (some carb.) 750 805 740 795 740 795 -709 -764 55 Tuff: qz (bp) + pl 805 810 795 800 795 800 -764 -769 5


KA46 Production NZTM E1926004 N5779059 (CHF) NZTM E1925724 N5779119 (TD) CHF 31 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA46 Surficial Deposits 0 65 0 55 0 65 31 -34 65 KA46 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 65 165 55 155 65 155 -34 -124 90



KA46 Tahuna Formation Xtl-lithic sst, muddy matrix 465 520 455 510 456 520 -425 -489 64 KA46 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 520 545 510 535 520 535 -489 -504 15 KA46 Tasman Formation Sediments: red zst + sst 545 590 535 580 535 580 -504 -549 45


Ignimbrite: qz + pl 590 610 580 600 580 600 -549 -569 20 Ignimbrite: brown, qz + pl + mag 610 640 600 630 600 630 -569 -599 30 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 640 665 630 655 630 655 -599 -624 25 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt 665 690 655 680 655 679 -624 -648 25 Red zst 690 705 680 695 679 694 -648 -663 15 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt + minor mag 705 770 695 760 694 758 -663 -727 64

KA46 Rotoroa Formation Tuff + greywacke + red & grey zst + sst 770 800 760 790 758 789 -727 -758 31 Tuff: qz (bp) + pl 800 825 790 815 789 812 -758 -781 23

KA46 Mesozoic greywacke 825 2031 815 2021 812.1 1898.9 -781 -1959 >1178

2013


KA47 Production NZTM E1926944 N5780453 (CHF) NZTM E1923653 N5772345 (TD) CHF 31 mRL Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA47 Surficial Deposits 0 70 0 60 0 60 31 -29 60 KA47 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 70 165 60 155 60 155 -29 -124 95


Rhyolite lava: flow banded, glass at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 165 270 155 260 155 260 -124 -229 105


Pumiceous rhyolitic tuff: Lithics of rhyolite lava, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 270 420 260 410 260 410 -229 -382 150

Muddy breccia 420 460 410 450 410 450 -382 -422 40 Pumice breccia + sst + zst 460 480 450 470 450 470 -422 -442 20 Vitric tuff: qz (e) + pl 480 530 470 520 470 520 -442 -492 50 Muddy breccia 530 590 520 580 520 580 -492 -552 60

KA47 Karaponga Formation Crystal-lithic breccia: qz (e + bp) + pl 590 635 580 625 580 624 -552 -596 45 KA47 Onerahi Formation Muddy breccia 635 650 625 640 624 639 -596 -611 15

KA47 Caxton Formation (intrusive) Rhyolite lava: pl (<6 mm)+qz (e + frac; <4 mm), amp 650 710 640 700 639 699 -611 -671 60

KA47 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 710 850 700 840 699 837 -671 -809 139 KA47 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl - lithic-rich 850 985 840 975 837 969 -809 -941 131 KA47 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl - lithic-poor 985 1040 975 1030 969 1020 -941 -992 52 KA47 Waikora Formation Tuff + greywacke cong 1040 1100 1030 1090 1020 1077 -992 -1049 57 KA47 Mesozoic greywacke 1100 2071 1090 2061 1077 2001 -1049 -1969 >924

KA48 Injection NZTM E1928803 N5781487 (CHF)

NZTM E1929095 N5781325 (TD)

CHF 18 mRL

Well Formation mKD

(mRF) mKD

(mRF) mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness

from to from to from to from to (vertical) KA48 Surficial Deposits 0 40 0 30 0 30 18 -12 30

KA48 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 40 275 30 265 30 265 -12 -247 235 Pumiceous tuff: Abundant free xtls qz (e + bp) +pl. Intervals rich in lithics and carbonaceous material 275 345 265 335 265 335 -247 -317 70

KA48 Tahuna Formation Muddy + tuffaceous sst and zst 345 415 335 405 335 405 -317 -387 70 Tuff: qz+pl- xtl + lithic-rich 415 420 405 410 405 410 -387 -392 5 Grey sst 420 495 410 485 410 485 -392 -467 75

KA48 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz+pl- xtl + lithic-rich 495 535 485 525 485 525 -467 -507 40 KA48 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 535 695 525 685 525 682 -507 -664 157 KA48 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-lithic rich 695 815 685 805 682 799 -664 -781 117 KA48 Tasman Formation Red/brown zst - paleosol 815 820 805 810 799 804 -781 -786 5 KA48 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp)+ pl + bt 820 855 810 845 804 838 -786 -820 34 KA48 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong (minor intercalated soft sediments) 855 1330 845 1320 838 1303 -820 -1285 465 KA48 Mesozoic greywacke 1330 2137 1320 2127 1303 2103 -1285 -2085 >800

KA50 Injection NZTM E1928803 N5781487 (CHF)

NZTM E1923653 N5772345 (TD)

CHF 18 mRL


KA50 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 45 275 35 265 35 265 -17 -247 230 Pumiceous tuff: Abundant free xtls qz (e + bp) +pl. Intervals rich in lithics and carbonaceous material 275 355 265 345 265 345 -247 -327 80

KA50 Tahuna Formation Breccia: brown matrix, lithic-rich 355 425 345 415 345 415 -327 -397 70 Tuff: qz (e) + pl- xtl-rich 425 435 415 425 415 425 -397 -407 10 Sst (some tuffaceous) 435 505 425 495 425 495 -407 -477 70

KA50 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl- xtl-rich 505 545 495 535 495 535 -477 -517 40 KA50 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 545 710 535 700 535 699 -517 -681 164 KA50 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl + FeMg- xtl-poor 710 820 700 810 699 807 -681 -789 108 KA50 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt- xtl-poor 820 850 810 840 807 837 -789 -819 29 KA50 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 850 1260 840 1250 837 1232 -819 -1214 395 KA50 Mesozoic greywacke 1260 3081 1250 3071 1232 3001 -1214 -2983 >1739

2013


PK1 Exploration NZTM E 1928189 (CHF)

NZTM N 5779537

CHF 22 mRL

Well Formation mRKB mRKB mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) PK01 Surficial Deposits 0 60 0 55 0 55 25 -30 55 PK01 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite:qz (e + bp) + pl + px 60 100 55 95 55 95 -30 -70 40

PK01 Caxton Formation (Extrusive)

Rhyolite lava 100 145 95 140 95 140 -70 -115 45 Rhyolite pyroclastics 145 175 140 170 140 170 -115 -145 30 Rhyolite lava 175 405 170 400 170 400 -145 -375 230

PK01 Tahuna Fomration Sedimentary breccia: sst, zst, rhy, tuff 405 420 400 415 400 415 -375 -390 15 PK01 Karaponga Formation Pumice tuff: qz (e) + pl + bt +rutile(?) 420 475 415 470 415 470 -390 -448 55 PK01 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz+pl - lithic rich 475 580 470 575 470 582 -448 -559 112 PK01 Tasman Fomration Sediments: red/brown zst 580 600 575 595 582 592 -559 -570 11 PK01 Te Teko Formation Pumice tuff : qz + pl + bt + mag 600 645 595 640 592 635 -570 -613 42

PK01 Waikora Formation

Greywacke cong 645 740 640 735 635 721 -613 -699 86 Tuff: qz + pl 740 750 735 745 721 729 -699 -707 8 Greywacke cong 750 805 745 800 729 777 -707 -754 48 Tuff: qz + pl 805 850 800 845 777 816 -754 -794 39 Fine carbonaceous sst 850 890 845 885 816 851 -794 -829 35 Sst + greywacke pebbles 890 915 885 910 851 873 -829 -850 22

PK01 Mesozoic greywacke 915 2000 910 1995 873 1768 -850 -1746 >895 PK3 Exploration NZTM E1927863 N5780992 (CHF)

NZTM E1927790 N5780541 (TD)

CHF 21 mRL

Well Formation mRKB mRKB mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) PK03 Surficial Deposits 0 37 0 32 0 32 21 -11 32

PK03 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 37 270 32 265 32 265 -11 -244 233 Lapilli tuff: Glass, rhyolite, xtl-rich qz (e + bp) + pl 270 330 265 325 265 325 -244 -304 60


Rhyolite lava: Glassy, flow banded. Xtl-poor (qz + pl). Glass at base 330 430 325 425 325 425 -304 -404 100

PK03 Tahuna Formation

Tuffaceous sst 430 540 425 535 425 530 -404 -509 104 Tuff: qz+pl 540 570 535 565 530 559 -509 -538 29 Muddy breccia + zst 570 600 565 595 558 588 -538 -567 30 Dark grey zst 600 665 595 660 588 648 -567 -627 60

PK03 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz(e) + pl, xtl-rich 665 705 660 700 648 667 -627 -676 19 PK03 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-lithic rich 705 825 700 820 667 767 -646 -745 100 PK03 Tasman Formation Red/brown zst - paleosol 825 830 820 825 767 770 -745 -746 3 PK03 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - lithic-poor 830 978 825 973 770 885 -746 -864 115

PK03 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong + tuff 978 1122 973 1117 885 1012 -864 -991 127 Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-poor 1122 1185 1117 1180 1012 1071 -991 -1050 59 Greywacke cong 1185 1235 1180 1230 1071 1118 -1050 -1097 47

PK03 Mesozoic greywacke 1235 1643 1230 1648 1118 1526 -1097 -1505 >408

PK4 Exploration NZTM E1927866 N5780244 (CHF)

NZTM E1928338 N5780739 (TD)

CHF 21 mRL




Rhyolite lava: Glassy, flow banded. Xtl-poor (qz + pl). Glass at base 370 408 365 403 365 391 -344 -370 26


Muddy breccia 408 468 403 463 391 463 -370 -442 72 Tuff: qz (e) + pl- lithic-rich 468 480 463 475 463 475 -442 -454 12 Xtl-lithic sst (breccia) 480 528 475 523 475 523 -454 -502 48 Grey zst 528 576 523 571 523 571 -502 -550 48

PK04 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz + pl, common xtls 576 624 571 619 571 617 -550 -596 47 PK04 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 624 672 619 667 617 659 -596 -638 42 PK04 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 672 732 667 727 659 717 -638 -696 58 PK04 Tasman Formation Red/brown zst - paleosol 732 737 727 732 717 722 -696 -701 5 PK04 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl + bt + FeMg 737 888 732 883 722 863 -701 -842 141

PK04 Waikora Fomration

Greywacke cong 888 1020 883 1015 863 987 -842 -966 123 Tuff: qz (e) + pl + FeMg - xtl-rich 1020 1044 1015 1039 987 1009 -966 -988 22 Greywacke cong 1044 1128 1039 1123 1009 1087 -988 -1066 78 Tuff: qz(bp) + pl + minor FeMg - xtl-rich 1128 1176 1123 1171 1087 1132 -1066 -1111 44 Greywacke cong 1176 1224 1171 1219 1132 1175 -1111 -1154 44 Tuff qz + pl + rare FeMg- xtl-poor 1224 1248 1219 1243 1175 1197 -1154 -1176 22


2013


PK5 Exploration, vertical NZTM E 1928648

NZTM N 5780809

CHF 20 mRL



PK05 Caxton Formation (Extrusive) Rhyolite lava: Glassy, perlitic. Xtl-poor (qz + pl) 295 335 285 325 285 325 -265 -305 40


Muddy litihc-xtl sst + zst 335 375 325 365 325 365 -305 -345 40 Tuff: qz + pl- xtl-lithic rich 375 395 365 385 365 385 -345 -365 20 Muddy xtl-lithic sst 395 415 385 405 385 405 -365 -385 20 Xtl sst 415 455 405 445 405 445 -385 -425 40 Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-lithic poor 455 465 445 455 445 455 -425 -435 10 Muddy xtl sst 465 525 455 515 455 515 -435 -495 60

PK05 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl 525 565 515 555 515 555 -495 -535 40 PK05 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 565 625 555 615 555 615 -535 -595 60 PK05 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 625 755 615 745 615 745 -595 -725 130 PK05 Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 755 760 745 750 745 750 -725 -730 5 PK05 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp)+ pl + bt + FeMg -xtl-ltihic poor 760 825 750 815 750 815 -730 -795 65

PK05 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 825 985 815 975 815 975 -795 -955 160 Tuff: qz + pl- xtl-lithic-rich 985 990 975 980 975 980 -955 -960 5 Greywacke cong 990 1185 980 1175 980 1175 -960 -1155 195

PK05 Mesozoic greywacke 1185 2310 1175 2300 1175 2300 -1155 -2280 >1120 PK6 Exploration NZTM E1927129 N5779619 (CHF)

NZTM E1926724 N5779726 (TD)

CHF 28 mRL

Well Formation mRKB mRKB mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) PK06 Surficial Deposits 0 35 0 25 0 25 28 3 25

PK06 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 35 120 25 110 25 110 3 -82 85 Lapilli tuff: Glass, rhyolite, xtl-rich qz (e + bp) + pl 120 150 110 140 110 140 -82 -112 30

PK06 Caxton Formation (extrusive)


PK06 Tahuna Formation Xtl-rich sst 510 520 500 510 500 510 -472 -482 10 PK06 Karaponga Formation Tuffaceous, lithic-xtl sst (possibly ig.) 520 570 510 560 510 560 -482 -532 50 PK06 Onerahi Formation Breccia, abundant andesite lithics 570 610 560 600 560 600 -532 -572 40 PK06 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-lithic rich 610 650 600 640 600 640 -572 -612 40 PK06 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-lithic rich 650 710 640 700 640 700 -612 -672 60

PK06 Rotoroa Formation Red paleosol + sst 710 740 700 730 700 730 -672 -702 30 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 740 800 730 790 730 790 -702 -762 60 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt + FeMg 800 860 790 850 790 850 -762 -822 60

PK06 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 860 910 850 900 850 900 -822 -872 50 PK06 Mesozoic greywacke 910 2089 900 2079 900 2005 -872 -1977 >1105

PK4a Exploration; side track of PK4

NZTM E1928338 N5780739 (CHF)

NZTM E1928280 N5781456 (TD)

CHF 21 mRL

Well Formation mRKB mRKB mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical)

PK04A Tahuna Formation

Coarse xtl sst 400 470 395 465 395 464 -374 -443 >69 Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-rich 470 480 465 475 464 474 -443 -453 10 Medium xtl-sst 480 550 475 545 474 543 -453 -522 69 Grey zst 550 580 545 575 543 571 -522 -550 28

PK04A Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl - xtl-lithic rich 580 620 575 615 571 609 -550 -588 38 PK04A Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 620 690 615 685 609 674 -588 -653 65 PK04A Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl+lihic-poor 690 830 685 825 674 797 -653 -776 123 PK04A Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 830 835 825 830 797 801 -776 -780 4 PK04A Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt + FeMg 835 944 830 939 801 891 -780 -870 90

PK04A Waikora Formation

Greywacke cong + zst + coal 944 1090 939 1085 891 1007 -870 -986 116 Tuff: qz (e) + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 1090 1110 1085 1105 1007 1023 -986 -1002 16 Greywacke cong 1110 1270 1105 1265 1023 1144 -1002 -1123 121 Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-poor 1270 1315 1265 1310 1144 1178 -1123 -1157 34

PK04A Mesozoic greywacke 1315 1922 1310 1917 1178 1646 -1157 -1625 >528

2013


PK7 Exploration NZTM E 1927124 (CHF)

NZTM N 5779626

CHF 28 mRL

Well Formation mRKB mRKB mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) PK07 Surficial Deposits 0 25 10 15 0 15 28 13 15

PK07 Matahina Ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 25 120 15 110 15 110 13 -82 95 Glass, rhyolite, xtl-rich qz (e + bp) + pl 120 175 110 165 110 165 -82 -137 55

PK07 Caxton Formation (extrusive)


PK07 Tahuna Formation Xtl-rich sst 510 520 500 510 500 510 -472 -482 10 PK07 Karaponga Formation Tuffaceous, lithic-xtl sst (possibly ig.) 520 570 510 560 510 559 -482 -531 49 PK07 Onerahi Formation Breccia, abundant andesite lithics 570 630 560 620 559 618 -531 -590 58 PK07 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-lithic rich 630 650 620 640 618 637 -590 -609 19 PK07 Tasman Formation Red paleosol in ignimbrite 650 670 640 660 637 655 -609 -627 19 PK07 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite : qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 670 740 660 730 655 717 -627 -689 62

PK07 Rotoroa Formation

Sst (some carbonaceous) 740 790 730 780 717 759 -689 -731 42 Sst gravelly (rewoked ig from below) 790 830 780 820 759 793 -731 -765 34 Red zst 830 850 820 840 793 811 -765 -783 18 Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt + FeMg 850 900 840 890 810 855 -782 -827 45

PK07 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 900 940 890 930 855 892 -827 -864 36 PK07 Mesozoic greywacke 940 2145 930 2135 892 2059 -864 -2031 >1166

PK8 vertical NZTM E 2838675

NZTM N 6341668

CHF 20 mRL

Well Formation mRKB mRKB mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness from to from to from to from to (vertical) PK08 No Returns 0 40 0 30 0 30 20 -10 30

PK08 Matahina Ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 40 235 30 225 30 225 -10 -205 195 Lapilli tuff: Glass, rhyolite, xtl-rich qz (e + bp) + pl 235 285 225 275 225 275 -205 -255 50


Rhyolite breccia: glass, flow banded, spherulitic. Xtl poor (qz + pl) 285 335 275 325 275 325 -255 -305 50


Muddy sst/zst 335 380 325 370 325 370 -305 -350 45 Brown zst 380 410 370 400 370 400 -350 -380 30 Muddy xtl sst 410 435 400 425 400 425 -380 -405 25 Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-rich 435 450 425 440 425 440 -405 -420 15 Coarse sst 450 470 440 460 440 460 -420 -440 20

PK08 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz + pl- xtl + lithic-rich 470 485 460 475 460 475 -440 -455 15 PK08 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 485 520 475 510 475 510 -455 -490 35 PK08 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl- xtl + lithic-rich 520 640 510 630 510 630 -490 -610 120 PK08 Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 640 645 630 635 630 635 -610 -615 5 PK08 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 645 695 635 685 635 685 -615 -665 50

PK08 Waikora Formation

Greywacke cong 695 825 685 815 685 815 -665 -795 130 Tuff: qz + pl- xtl & lithic-rich 825 840 815 830 815 830 -795 -810 15 Greywacke cong 840 865 830 855 830 855 -810 -835 25 Tuff: qz + pl- xtl & lithic-rich 865 915 855 905 855 905 -835 -885 50 Mix-tuff + greywacke 915 945 905 935 905 935 -885 -915 30 Greywacke cong 945 1045 935 1035 935 1035 -915 -1015 100 Mix-tuff + greywacke + carb zst 1045 1070 1035 1060 1035 1060 -1015 -1040 25 Tuff: qz + pl- xtl & lithic-rich 1070 1110 1060 1100 1060 1100 -1040 -1080 40 Greywacke cong + carb. zst + sst + tuff 1110 1145 1100 1135 1100 1135 -1080 -1115 35

PK08 Mesozoic greywacke

1145 2667 1135 2657 1135 2657 -1115 -2637 1522

PK08 Onepu Formation (intrusive)



2013


2013


2013


APPENDIX 1: GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE INFORMATION

GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PYROCLASTIC AND CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Grain Size (mm)

Pyroclastic - Unconsolidated Pyroclastic - Lithified Sedimentary –

Unconsolidated Sedimentary – Lithified

< 2 Ash Tuff Clay, silt, sand Mudstone, siltstone, sandstone

2 – 64 Lapilli ash Lapilli tuff granule, pebble, cobble (Granule, Pebble, Cobble) conglomerate

> 64 Block/bomb Tuff breccia Boulder Boulder conglomerate

Modified from White, J.D.L. and Houghton, B.F., Primary Volcaniclastic Rocks, Geology, August 2006, v. 34, no. 8, p. 677-680.

LITHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PYROCLASTIC SEDIMENTS AND ROCKS

After Jerram, D., and Petford, N., 2011, The Field Description of Igneous Rocks, 2nd Ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 238p.

ALTERATION ASSEMBLAGES / MINERALOGY

Assemblage Mineralogy Fluid Conditions

Advanced Argillic Alunite, diaspore, quartz, ± pyrophyllite (>300°C), ± chalcedony, ± kaolinite, ± dickite, ± anhydrite

Acid-sulphate fluids form from oxidised steam condensates

Intermediate Argillic Kaolinite, smectite, and interlayered illite-smectite Low-T (<250°C), acid to neutral pH and low

salinity fluids

Phyllic Illite/sericite, quartz, pyrite ± anhydrite ± minor chlorite, calcite, titanite and rutile

Moderate- to high-T (>200°C), acid to neutral fluids at a range of salinity; Common in permeable zones and adjacent to veins

Propylitic Chlorite, illite/sericite, epidote, quartz, albite, calcite and anhydrite

Moderate-T (>200°C), near-neutral pH fluids, commonly in low permeability areas

Potassic K-feldspar, biotite, quartz, magnetite, muscovite, ± anhydrite, ± apatite, ± sulphides

High-T (>300°C), near-neutral pH fluids, close to or within intrusions

After Guilbert, J.M. and Park, C. F. Jr., The Geology of Ore Deposits, 1986, Freeman: New York, 985p.

2013


ALTERATION INTENSITY

Intensity Number Description

Unaltered 0 Fresh rock; primary mineralogy and texture preserved (Note: unaltered rock can be weathered).

Weak 1 Texture and most primary mineralogy (>75%) preserved; small patches of groundmass replaced with secondary minerals

Moderate 2 Texture preserved; primary mineralogy partially (25-75%) replaced; generally ferromagnesian minerals and phyllosilicates are replaced by secondary minerals but feldspars are preserved

Strong 3 Texture preserved; primary mineralogy completely replaced by secondary minerals

Intense / Pervasive 4 Texture completely obliterated and primary mineralogy completely replaced by secondary minerals

(except for primary quartz, zircon, and apatite)

MINERAL / ROCK PROPORTIONS (in alteration, vein, or cuttings descriptions)

Term Number Equivalent %

Absent 0 0

Rare 1 < 5 %

Minor 2 5 – 20 %

Common 3 20 – 50 %

Abundant 4 > 50 %

2013


DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGICAL TERMS FOR VOLCANIC AND PYROCLASTIC ROCKS

Term Definition / Association

Anhedral

Aphyric

Amygdaloidal

Breccia

Clast

Mineral devoid of crystal faces

Crystals not visible to the naked eye (i.e. lacking phenocrysts)

Vesicles filled with secondary minerals

Coarse (usually >2mm) fragmental rock consisting of angular clasts of one or more lithologies

Rock fragment (includes juvenile clasts and lithics)

Cryptocrystalline

Euhedral

Eutaxitic

crystals not discernible with a microscope (<5 µm)

minerals entirely bound by crystal faces

Planar texture caused by compaction of glass shards or pumice clasts

Fiamme

Flow-banding

Holocrystalline

Hypocrystalline

Hot volcanic ejecta fragments (generally pumice) deformed by compaction in a pyroclastic deposit

Volcanic texture resulting from slow creep of lava (generally rhyolite) while still plastic

Rock composed entirely of crystals

Rock containing both crystals and volcanic glass; synonymous with hypohyaline

Ignimbrite Volcanic rock formed by widespread deposition and consolidation of ash flows and volcanic ejecta; includes welded tuff and non-welded but recrystallised/lithified ash flows

Juvenile Clast Rock fragment derived directly from erupting magma

Lithic

Lithophysae

Microlitic

Monomict(ic)

Ophitic

Perlitic

Rock fragment derived from pre-existing rock

Ovoid structures representing gas bubbles in devitrified rhyolitic glass and welded pyroclastic deposits

Texture of needle-like crystals (often of plagioclase) in volcanic rocks, only visible microscopically

Brecciated rock containing only one lithology

Texture of coarse ferromagnesian crystals (often pyroxenes) enclosing plagioclase lathes

Texture of concentric/arcuate fractures resulting from contraction and hydration of some volcanic glass upon

cooling

Pilotaxitic Texture of felted mass of acicular or lathe-like crystals in a volcanic rock

Phyric

Polymict(ic)

Porphyritic

Spherulitic

Containing crystals visible to the naked eye

Brecciated rock containing multiple lithologies

Large crystals (phenocrysts) in a fine-grained groundmass

Devitrification texture consisting of spherical aggregates of radiating, intergrown quartz and K-feldspar needles

Subhedral Minerals partly bound by crystal faces

Tephra Collective term for all unconsolidated clastic materials ejected from a volcano, including dust, ash, cinders, lapilli, scoria, pumice, bombs, and blocks

Trachytic

Tuff

Volcanic texture exhibiting parallel flow-aligned feldspar in groundmass of volcanic rocks

General term for all consolidated pyroclastic rocks

Welded Tuff Glass-rich pyroclastic rock indurated by the welding together of its glass shards under the combined action of heat from the particles, overburden weight, and hot gases.

Vitric

Vitriclastic

Glassy; synonymous with holohyaline

Fragmented rock containing clasts of volcanic glass

Vitrophyric Phenocrysts lie in a glassy matrix

After Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., Eds., Dictionary of Geological Terms, 3rd Ed., 1984, American Geological Institute, Anchor: New York, 571p. Also after Winter, J.D., An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, 2001, Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 697

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GNS Science Report 2008 2013-006.pdf · 2013. 9. 12. · GNS Science acknowledges generous funding support for this project from Mighty River Power Ltd and their permission, along